RA no. 5487 - (as amended by PD no. 11) - Private security agency law.

Private Detective Agency - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission conducts or
carries on or holds himself out as conducting or carrying on a detective agency or detective
service.

Private Detective - any person who is not a member of a regular police agency or armed forces
who does detective work for hire, reward or commission.

Watchmen/Security Guard - person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure
either residential or business establishment or both or any building, compound or area for hire or
compensation or as an employee thereof.

Security Agency - any person, association, partnership or corporation who recruits, trains,
muster ,furnishes, solicit individuals or business firms, private or government owned or
controlled corporation to engage his services or those of its watchmen.

Who May Organize Security Agency
1. Any Filipino Citizen or a corporation, partnership or association.
2. With a minimum capital required by law.
In case of corporation, association, or partnership - must be 100 % owned and controlled
by Filipino citizen.
No person shall organize or have interest in more than one agency.
Qualification of an Operator or Manager of a Security Agency:
1. At least 25 years of age
2. College graduate and/or commissioned officer in the
inactive service of the AFP
3. Good moral character
4. No previous record of any conviction of any
crime/offense involving moral turpitude
5. Not suffering from any of the following
disqualifications:
1. dishonorably discharged or separate from the AFP
2. mentally incompetent
3. addicted to the use of narcotic drugs
4. habitual drunkard
An elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on account of
the function of their respective offices in the implementation and enforcement of the
provision of RA 5487 and person related to such government employees by affinity or
consanguinity in the third civil degree shall not hold any interest, directly or indirectly in
any security guard agency.

Basic Qualification of a security Guard
1. Filipino citizen
2. High school graduate
3. Physically and mentally fit
4. Not less than 21 nor more than 50 years old
5. At least 5'4" in height
6. Not suffering from any disqualification under RA
5487
Veterans shall be given priority in employment as security guard or private detective.
Person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be employed as
security guard or private detective.
Private detective, detective agency, security guard, security agency must first obtain
license from the PNP.
Employees employed solely for clerical or manual work need not be licensed.
The license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place in the
agency office.
The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation of all private detective and
security guard agencies.
The City/Municipal Mayors has the power as director of the City/Municipal civil defense
to deputize private detective and security guards to help maintain peace and order or
prevent or arrest law violators in case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity.
They shall take orders from the Chief of Police for the duration of the fire, inundation,
earthquakes, riots or other emergency.
A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess firearms.
Firearm must not be higher than .45 caliber.
Agency is entitled to possess firearm not exceeding one firearm for every security guard
in its employ.
Security guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or shotgun.
Firearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of duty in proper
uniform within the compound of the establishment except when he escorts big amount of
cash or valuables in or out of said compound.
The Chief PNP shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and paraphernalia to
be worn by the security guards.
Uniforms must be different from the PNP/AFP.
Salary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribe by law.
Limitations and Prohibitions on a Security Agency
1. No agency operating in the City of manila and
suburbs may employ more than 1000 watchmen or
security guards.
2. No agency operating in other cities and first class
municipalities may employ more than 500 watchmen
or security guards.
3. No agency operating in municipalities other than
first class may employ more than 200 watchmen or
security guards.
4. No person, corporation, partnership or association
may organize more than one agency in any one city
or municipality.
5. No agency shall offer, render or accept services to
gambling dens or other illegal enterprises.
6. The extent of the security service being provided
by any security agency shall not go beyond the
whole compound or property of the person or
establishment requesting the security service
except when they escort big amount of cash.

Who can Issue rules and regulations to carry out the purpose of RA 5487? ans. the chief
PNP, in consultation with the Philippines Association of Detective and Protective Agency
Operators.

What are the penal provisions for violation of RA5487 or its implementing rules? ans.
1. Suspension, fine or cancellation of license to
operate with the forfeiture f bond filed with the
Chief PNP.
2. Imprisonment ranging from 1 to 4 years and fine, in
the discretion of the courts.

Physical security - describes the measures that are designed to deny access to unauthorized
personnel from physically accessing a building, facility, stored information and guidance on how
to design structures to resist potentially hostile acts.
- a system of barriers placed between a potential intruder and the material or
installation to be protected.

Security - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury, destruction,
intimidation or fear. Freedom from fear or danger or defense against crime.

Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the potential intruder
and the matter to be protected. Protective device against hazards, threats, vulnerability and risks.

Purpose/Goals of Physical security
1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings
2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards

How to deter potential intruders
1. install warning signs -
2. build fences
3. put vehicle barriers
4. install vehicle height restriction
5. implement restricted access point
6. install sight lighting and trenches

How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - access control at the
1. gates
2. doors
3. locks

How to detect intrusion
1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv

Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a fire brigade.

Notable security guards:
1. Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the resignation of
US president Richard Nixon.
Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use of physical
barriers, architectural design and enhanced security measures of a particular location.

Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the
control of its residents.

Demography - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

Principles of Physical Security
1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the
property in order to benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a
number of variable factors and therefore may be
achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth
resulting to accumulated delay time which may lead
to the apprehension of the intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.

2 Kinds of Barriers
1. Natural
2. Artificial

5 Types of Barriers
1. Human
2. Animal
3. Natural
4. Energy/Electrical/Electronic
5. Structural

3 Line of Defense
1. Perimeter Barrier - 1st line of defense.
2. Building Exterior - 2nd line of defense.
3. Interior Controls - 3rd line of defense.

Perimeter Barrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized persons.
Other Purposes
1. It defines the boundary of the property to be
secured.
2. It creates a physical and psychological deterrent
to unauthorized entry.
3. It delays intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension
of intruders.
4. It assists in a more efficient and economical
employment of guards.
5. It facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian
and vehicular traffic.
Components:
1. Types of Fencing (solid/full view)
2. The top guard
3. Types of Protective Alarms Systems
4. Types of Protective and Emergency Lighting's
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
Systems/Energy Barriers

Building Exterior - Components:
1. walls
2. Doors
3. Windows
4. Roof Openings
5. Fire Escapes
6. Protective Alarm Systems
7. Protective and Emergency lightnings
8. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
Systems/Energy Barriers

Interior Controls - Components:
1. ID Systems
2. Protective Alarm Systems
3. Protective Emergency Lighting's
4. Communication Systems
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
Systems/Energy Barriers
6. Restricted Areas (storage areas/utilities)
7. Access Control
8. Key Control
9. Emergency Plans
10.Guards

Natural barriers or features - such as cliffs,ravines,and rivers which delay or make more
difficult to entry of intruders.

Barriers - any line of boundary and separation,natural or artificial,places,or serving as limitation
or obstruction.Anything that bars,keep out,obstruct progress,or prevents encroachment or
intrusion.

Structural barriers - features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to
delay the intruder.ex.walls,ceilings,locks,safe,windows.

Human barriers - guards,charges of quarters,office personnel,shop workers etc. who stand
between the intruder and the matter to be protected.

Animal barriers - usually guard dog.ex. trained German shepherds used as guards,goose,and
turkeys can also be included.

Energy barriers - usually electrical or electronics devices used to provide assistance to guard
personnel.ex. protective lightnings,anti intrusion devices.

Full view fence - it is designed primarily to prevent physical access between two
areas.Constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the fence.

Physical Security Features:
1.Natural barriers - natural terrains features must be
considered from the stand point of their values to
intruder as cover and concealment.Normally the
first type considered very often we have to accept
and work around them.
2.Fences
a. solid fence - one is constructed in such a way that
visual access through the fenced structure is
denied.
b. full view fence - constructed in such a way that
usual access is permitted through the fence.

Advantages of a full view fence
1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to
keep area surrounding of the installation under
observation.
2. it does not create shadows which would provide
cover and concealment for the intruder.

Disadvantages of a full view fence
1. It allows visual access to the installation,its
personnel,its guard and its activities.
2. It allows the intruders to become familiar with the
movements and the time schedule of the guard
patrols thereafter allowing him to pick the time for
attempting penetration which would most
advantageous to the intruder.

Advantages of solid fence
1. Denies visual access of the installation of the
intruder.
2. Denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
familiar with the personnel,activities and the time
schedule of the movements of guards in the
installations.

Disadvantages of solid fence
1. It prevents the guards from observing the area
around the installation.
2. It creates shadows which may be used by the
intruder for cover and concealment.

Minimum acceptable requirements for fence used security barriers
1. Height - 8 feet at a minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom - not to exceed 2 inches.If the
fences are not tight then it should extend even
closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension
of 4X4 inches.
4.Steel fence post - the round type should at least be
2 inches at the smallest diameter.
5. Fence post - should be set in concrete or in firm
soil using commercial drive anchors to a depth of 3
feet and the maximum distance post is 10 feet.
6. Fence top (Top Guard) - there should be something
on the top of the fence to deter persons attempting
to go over fence.ex.use of barb wire overhang.The
arms holding the barbwire should be extended at 45
degree angle in the direction of the expected
approach.
7. Fence area - it should be declared trees and
vegetation and debris of other materials which
would offer concealment of the intruder or would
aid him in scaling the fence.
8. Fence Gates - gates should be limited to the no.
necessary for efficient and sage operation of the
installation.
9. Fence Opening - all opening in the fence in excess
of 96 inches must be locked barbed or screen in
such a way that they may be interlocked and
opened from the inside and only by selected
personnel.
10.Multiple fence - is used should at least be 10 feet
apart and the overhang on the top of the inner
fence should point inward.

4 Basic functions that must be accomplished by the guard system
1. Detect intruders
2. Sound alarms
3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4. Identify authorized personnel

Personnel Control Identification
2 Types of identification
1. Personal Recognition - is the most effective
2. Artificial Identification - badges,passes etc.

System of Employment of Personnel Control Identification
1. Pass system - a method used by security to screen
visitors or person admitted into building premises.
2. Single pass or Badge system - the least expensive
and the least secure.
3. Group pass and Badge system - one ID for one
group.
4. Multiple pass system - separate pass is required for
access to various areas in need ex.color coding
5. Spot magnetized identification passes - a code may
be placed in the device and when passes through a
machine,the code on the device is read,if it contains
wrong code or no code at all,it will alarm.
6. Access list - it contains the names of authorized
persons or personnel and is checked against
identification cards such as drivers licenses,draft
registration etc.

Visitor control - the measures used would depend on the sensibility of the installation but could
include the following:
1. Escort - expensive but most secure
2. Time traveled - if there is a long delay or time lapse
between the departure and arrival,the visitor may
be required to show cause for the delay.
3. Visitors logs - should contain identifying data,
reasons of visit,time in and hour etc.
4. Visitors entrances - separate access for visitors and
separate for employees .

Utility and maintenance personnel - escort system could be used.If these people visit the
installations on a regular basis some of the systems previously could be used.

Package control - there should be provisions made to check packages being taken in and taken
out.

Photography - extreme caution must be exercised in areas where classified information is
displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation.

Vehicular control and identification
* Most common identification is for registering at the headquarters or gates and putting of sticker
on the windows of the vehicles.
* For visitors,the following systems are used:
1. Escort
2. Driver pool - the most secure but the most
expensive.In this system,car is driven by qualified
driver employed by the installation from the
entrance to its destination and after the
conclusion of the business of the visitor.car is
driven back to the installations entrance.
3. Time travel - used in less sensitive installations
4. Grid system - a very complicated system.The
installation is divided into grid ad squares like a
map.Each square is given a no. or letter
designation.The visitor is then given a map and
shown the route to take to his destination and
should not deviate from the prescribed route,
otherwise he could be stopped and questioned
by the guards.
5. Search of vehicles - sign should be put at the
entrance to the installation that any vehicle
entering is subject to search anytime.

Types of Protective Alarm Systems
1. Central station system - the control station is
located outside the installations.When the alarm is
sounded by a subscriber, the central station
notifies the police or protection agency.
2. Property system - the control system is located
inside the installations with its own firefighter,law
enforcer,ambulance,or bomb disposal unit.
3. Local alarm - the signalling is near the alarm itself.
When the intruder enters the installation,the alarm
goes off scaring the intruder.Purpose is just to
scare not to apprehend intruder.
4. Auxiliary alarm - the installation owned the
protective alarm with a unit in the nearest police
station so that in case of need,direct call is possible.

Kinds of Alarms
1. Intrusion alarm - any detecting devices using
electric and their combinations to signal an alarm
when actuated.
2. Laser beam alarm - a laser emitter floods the wall or
fence with a beam so that when this beam is
disturbed by a physical object,an alarm is activated
3. Photocell alarm - an invisible or visible beam is
emitted and when disturbed,it activates an alarm
or mechanical device that opens a door or lift
movable barriers,activated by light.

Basic component of an alarm system
1. Annunciation - the heart of the system of the
detecting device and is the component that
activates the triggering unit.
2. Transmission - it transmit what is detected.
3. Triggering device - the one which emits those aural
or visual signals or both.

Security Survey - The detailed check and audit of what an installation or plant does not have in
relation to its protection from hazards.

Security Inspection - a precess where physical
examination is conducted to determine compliance with established security policies and
procedures as a result of security survey.

Purpose of security survey
1. To determine existing state or condition of security
2. To locate weaknesses and possible defense
3. To determine degree of protection required

Security hazards - an act or condition which result in a situation conductive to a breach of the
protection system and the subsequent loss or compromise of defense,information,company
secrets,or damage to property,personnel,or facilities.

Hazards - exposure to loss or injury.

Two General Categories of Security Hazards
1. Human hazard - caused by human
action.Ex.sabotage,pilferage,theft
2. Natural Hazard - caused by natural phenomena.



Fire extinguishers are devices commonly found indoors and are used to douse fire and prevent its
spread. They are small metal canisters that contain compressed gas (usually nitrogen) that, when
activated, propel a directed spray of flame-retardant
chemicals. Fire extinguishers are only effective if
building occupants understand where and why they
are used.

Fire Type

Fire extinguishers are distinguished based on the
types of fires on which they are effective. These fires
are classified by their fuel source and assigned
identifying letters as follows:
A class Fires that result from ordinary
combustibles, such as wood and paper.
B class Fires that result from combustible liquids,
such as kerosene, gasoline, oil, and grease.
C class Fires of an electrical nature. These result
from the combustion of circuit breakers, wires,
outlets, and other electrical devices and equipment.
Extinguishers designed to handle this type of fire
cannot use chemicals that are conductive since
conductive agents increase the risk of electric shock to the operator.
D class Fires resulting from combustible metals, such as sodium, potassium, titanium, and
magnesium. These fires occur mostly in chemical laboratories and are rare in most other
environments.
K class These types of fires consume vegetable oils, animal fats, and generally happen in kitchens.

*Note* Although, technically, the letter rankings listed above refer to fire types, these symbols can
also be used to identify the extinguishers themselves. For instance, an extinguisher that uses CO2 can
be called a CO2 extinguisher or a BC extinguisher."
Extinguisher Types

No fire extinguisher can be safely and effectively used for every type of fire. Some contain chemicals
that are ineffective in certain situations and can even cause harm to the operator if misapplied. To
prevent confusion, extinguishers are classified by the type of chemical agents they contain. A few of
the most common extinguisher types are listed below:
Dry Chemical There are two types of fire extinguishers that use a dry chemical. One is called multi-
purpose dry chemical and uses ammonium phosphate as the extinguishing agent, which is effective
on A, B, and C class fires. This chemical is corrosive and must be scrubbed from surfaces after
use. These types of extinguishers are very common and are found in schools, homes, hospitals and
offices. Sodium bicarbonate is used in extinguishers known as regular dry chemical, which are
capable of handling B and C class fires. These extinguishers are found in garages, kitchens and
laboratories. Sodium bicarbonate is easy to clean and non-toxic.

Carbon Dioxide These extinguishers contain liquid CO2 that is expelled as a gas. They are effective
against B and C class fires. Unlike other chemicals, CO2 does not leave a harmful residue and is
environmentally friendly. It also poses very little danger to electronics and is effectively employed in
laboratories, computer rooms, and other areas with sensitive equipment.
Water Extinguishers These extinguishers are most suited for A class fires. However, they cannot
be used in B, C or "D" class fires. In "B" and "D" class fires, the water will spread the flames. In a
"C" class fire, the water is conductive and poses a risk of electric shock to the operator. However, the
misting nozzle of a "Water Mist" extinguisher breaks up the stream of deionized water so that there is
no conductive path back to the operator. Since the agent used is water, these types of extinguishers
are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Wet Chemical Fire Extinguishers These devices are designed to combat K class fires and commonly
use potassium acetate. They are appropriately employed in commercial kitchens and restaurants,
especially around deep fryers. The chemical is emitted as a fine mist that does not cause grease to
splash onto other surfaces. They can also be used in A class fires.
Inspection

InterNACHI inspectors should:
check that a portable fire extinguisher exists within a 30-foot travel distance of commercial-
type cooking equipment that uses cooking oil or animal fat.
check that a portable fire extinguisher is within 75-feet of travel on every floor.
check for the presence of portable extinguishers, and determine that they are located in
conspicuous and readily available locations immediately available for use, and not obstructed
or obscured from view.
confirm that access to extinguishers is not obstructed.
make sure that the hose (if so equipped) is intact and not obstructed.
make sure the pressure dial reads in the green or charged area. It should also be clear and
readable.
check that the pull pin is securely fastened within the handle and held in place by the tamper
seal.
check for visible dents or cracks in the extinguisher body.
check that the extinguisher is in its proper location and mounted correctly.
check for modifications that might reduce the extinguishers functionality.
make sure that the fire extinguisher has a label and that is is legible.
Inspectors should not do the following:
test fire extinguishers.
determine the adequate number of fire extinguishers needed or their ratings.
ignite or extinguish fires.
Extinguisher Testing and Replacement

The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) recommends that extinguishers should be tested
every twelve years or five years, depending on the type. The standard method of testing,
hydrostatic, is conducted underwater where the cylinders are subjected to pressures that exceed
their ratings. Vessels that fail the test are condemned and destroyed, while the rest are reassembled
and put back into service.

According to the NFPA, extinguishers should be destroyed if any of the following conditions are present
(they should not be tested):
a. where repairs by soldering, welding, brazing, or use of patching compounds exist.
b. where the cylinder threads are worn, corroded, broken, cracked or nicked.
c. where there is corrosion that has caused pitting, including pitting under a removable nameplate or
nameband assembly.
d. where the fire extinguisher has been burned in a fire.
e. where a calcium chloride-type of extinguisher agent was used in a stainless steel fire extinguisher.
f. where the shell is of copper or brass construction joined by soft solder or rivets.
g. where the depth of a dent exceeds 1/10 of the greatest dimension of the dent if not in a weld, or
exceeds 14 in. (0.6 cm) if the dent includes a weld.
h. where any local or general corrosion, cuts, gouges or dings have removed more than 10 percent of
the minimum cylinder wall thickness.
i. where a fire extinguisher has been used for any purpose
other than that of a fire extinguisher.
When should a fire extinguisher be used?

Small fires can be controlled through the use of household
or commercial fire extinguishers. A household extinguisher
can often completely douse a very small fire and prevent
the need for professional assistance. Even if a fire cannot
be completely doused, a homeowner can potentially
control a blaze long enough with an extinguisher for
firefighters to arrive. Fire extinguishers should not be used
if the operator is not sure they have the proper type of
extinguisher, if they are not sure how to use it, or if they
cannot avoid smoke or are in imminent danger. If the
operation of an extinguisher will place building occupants
in danger, they should evacuate the building and wait for
fire crews to arrive.

What is on an extinguishers label? You'll find:
essential information about the types of fires they
can combat. Newer devices have pictures that correspond directly to the fire types listed
above. Older models have letters serve the same purpose.
a numerical rating that designates the extinguishing potential for that particular model (class
A and B).
instructions for operation.
a tag that indicates if and when an inspection occurred.
Do fire extinguishers expire?

Fire extinguishers expire and they do this for a few different reasons. One common way is that, over
time, the seal on the neck will weaken and allow compressed gas to escape. Extinguishers that have
lost much of their pressure will not operate. Pressure within an extinguisher can be conveniently
checked through a pressure gauge. ABC class extinguishers (ammonium phosphate) have the
tendency to fail due to solidification of the chemical in the canister base. Homeowners and inspectors
can delay this process by periodically shaking the extinguisher. Expensive extinguishers that have
expired, especially those designed for commercial use, can be refilled and resealed by companies who
specialize in this service. Inexpensive models are disposable.

Unfortunately, an expiration date cannot be fully trusted and there is no foolproof way to know if an
extinguisher is no longer functional. Due to the extremely destructive potential of fires and the
relatively low cost of extinguishers, it is advisable to replace or recharge questionable extinguishers.

In summary, extinguishers are classified based on their chemical ingredients, all of which have their
own strengths and limitations. It is important to know what type of extinguisher combats what type of
fire. Fire extinguishers are critical indoor components that must be maintained and inspected
regularly.




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