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The toughness index is obtained from the load-deflection graph and is given by the ratio

of the area under the graph (at the point of two times the deflection at first crack) divided
by four times the area under the graph at the point of first crack.
Toughness was calculated as the energy equivalent to the area under the load deflection
curve as per the procedure given in the AT! "-#$#%.
tiffness of the beam specimen was found as the slope of the load-deflection curve
upto the elastic region of the curve.
Toughness &ndices
This index is computed by dividing the total area under the load deflection curve (up to
the given service level deflection) by the area under the same curve' (up to the first crack
deflection).
(oad )eflection *e haviour (T oughness)
(oad deflection curves are a standardi+ed method of quantifying the energy a beam
absorbs during its load induced flexural deflection. The area under the curve represents
the energy absorbed by the beam and is often referred to as the toughness.
Toughness is calculated according to AT! "#$#% and ,"-.' using load deflection
data taken from third point loading as applied to beams in the static flexural test.
Toughness is the ability of a material to counteract crack propagation by dissipating
deformation energy
The area under the loaddeflection curve from the initial +ero load to the final +ero load
(that is' up to the total deflection value) represents theexternal work done. This total area
divided by the cross-sectional area of the beam is a measure (assuming a single fracture
plane) of fracture toughness of the material.
A toughness index to measure the energy absorption of fibre reinforced concrete
The compression specific toughness energy (CTcf) absorption (N.m) was calculated as
the area under the load-deformation curve at a maximum deflection of ultimate
strain of 0.0333 mm.mm
-
for all the cylindrical test specimens. !n order to
calculate the area under the load-deformation curve exactly" a computer
program was written in #ortran $anguage based on Trape%oidal &ule.
!n order to 'uantify the effect of steel fiber addition on the descending portion of the
stress-strain curve of N((#&) and *((#&)" compression specific toughness
criterion is used" defined as the area under the complete stress-strain curve.
!n general" crac+ing of the concrete begins to ta+e place before
reaching the ultimate load as can be observed by the decrease in
the slope of the ascending part of the stress-strain curve. ,pon
reaching the ultimate load" the internal crac+s begin to
interconnect- therefore" the overall stiffness of the test specimen
is reduced. The presence of the steel fibers in the concrete
perpendicular to the applied direction of the load can lead to a
reduction in the lateral deformations because of their stiffness
effect hence the toughness of the steel fiber reinforced concrete
is increased. This increase in toughness is influenced by the
volume fraction of the steel fibers and on the effectiveness of the
steel fibers on bridging the tensile crac+s
./
.
!t can be seen from #igures " ." and 3 (for N((#&)) that the
area under stress-strain curve increases by the increase in the
fiber volume fraction. #igures " ." and 3 obviously show that the
post-pea+ portion of the stress-strain curve is affected by the
addition of steel fibers whereas the slope of the ascending branch
is not much affected. The descending branch of the stress-strain
curve decreases by the increase in the fiber volume fraction. This
means that the ductility increases with the addition of steel fibers
to plain normal strength concrete.
In general, the term Energy absorption capacity of given material could be obtained only from the
load versus deflection curve of the specimen. -nergy absorption capacity is obtained
from area under the curve up to first crack load.
Load Deflection Behaviour (T oughness
Load deflection curves are a standardi!ed method of "uantifying the energy a beam absorbs during its load
induced fle#ural deflection$ The area under the curve represents the energy absorbed by the beam and is often
referred to as the toughness$ Toughness is calculated according to %&T' ()*)+ and ,&(E-, using load deflection
data ta.en from third point loading as applied to beams in the static fle#ural test$ Deflection is measured at the mid/
point usingelectronic dial gauges. The test is deflection controlled and a plot of both the
elastic and plastic regions of failure recorded.
toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform without fracturing
Toughness can be determined by measuring the area (i.e.'
by taking the integral) underneath the stress-strain
curve
The area covered under stress strain curve is called toughness.&f the upper limit of integration
up to the yield point is restricted then the energy absorbed per unit volume is known as the
modulus of resilience
Toughness is measured in units of /oules per cubic metre (,0m
1
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