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1. The document discusses the history of Christianity in the city of Antinoe in Egypt from the 4th century AD onward. It describes several Christian churches and monasteries that were built in and around the city during this time period.
2. Extensive archaeological excavations have uncovered many well-preserved remains of Roman and Byzantine churches from the 4th century, including one church near the southern cemetery that had an unusual layout.
3. Remains of multiple monasteries dating from the 5th century to the 10th century have also been found near Antinoe, including Deir Sanbat, Deir al-Nasara, and Deir al-Dik which had cells
1. The document discusses the history of Christianity in the city of Antinoe in Egypt from the 4th century AD onward. It describes several Christian churches and monasteries that were built in and around the city during this time period.
2. Extensive archaeological excavations have uncovered many well-preserved remains of Roman and Byzantine churches from the 4th century, including one church near the southern cemetery that had an unusual layout.
3. Remains of multiple monasteries dating from the 5th century to the 10th century have also been found near Antinoe, including Deir Sanbat, Deir al-Nasara, and Deir al-Dik which had cells
1. The document discusses the history of Christianity in the city of Antinoe in Egypt from the 4th century AD onward. It describes several Christian churches and monasteries that were built in and around the city during this time period.
2. Extensive archaeological excavations have uncovered many well-preserved remains of Roman and Byzantine churches from the 4th century, including one church near the southern cemetery that had an unusual layout.
3. Remains of multiple monasteries dating from the 5th century to the 10th century have also been found near Antinoe, including Deir Sanbat, Deir al-Nasara, and Deir al-Dik which had cells
The emperor Diocletian proclaimed it a metropolis, and from the fourth
century on, it was a significant Episcopal see, with a wealth of Christian churches and monasteries within its immediate environs. In the early fourth century, the city saw considerable Christian martyrdom, including a number of well known saints. Among them was t. Colluthus, a physician, who was martyred in either !"# or !"$ AD. %is will on papyrus has been one of the more interesting finds in the area. As the protector of the city, t. Colluthus was especially revered there as a saint. &e also learn of Antinoe's Christian heritage from the (ausiac %istory )*$.+, *-.+., where presumably /alladius tells us that he 0spent four years in Antinoe in the Thebaid and in that time I gained a knowledge of the monasteries there. About twelve hundred men dwell around the city living by the toil of their hands and practicing asceticism to a high degree. Among them there are also anchorites who have confined themselves in rocky caves... In the town of Antinoe are twelve monasteries of women.0 &hen the Arabs con1uered Egypt in 2#+, the city soon declined, but it was still noted in the tenth century by everus of Antioch as 0the Ansina bishopric0. %owever, by the twelfth century, Ibn 3ubayr, a traveler tells us that this ancient 3reek city had been destroyed by aladin. In the archaic period, the last mention of the city occurs in the fourteenth century. 4egrettably, the city remained almost intact until the founder of modern Egypt, 5uhammad Ali )+$67*8+-7*., had most of the finer materials carried off for use in the construction of a large sugar refinery. Though only traces remain, we do know however that it took on the appearance of a typical 4oman urban center almost void of any Egyptian influence, with a chessboard plan, porticoes with columns, triumphal arches, baths, an amphitheater, hippodrome, temples and as Egypt moved into the Christian era, many churches and monasteries. %owever, there are e9tensive remains of the less valuable brick buildings. :or many years, Antinoe has been the ob;ect of e9tensive research and e9cavation carried out by an Italian led team. Thanks to the Egyptian climate, the cemeteries opened in recent years have supplied the science of Christian anti1uity with many noteworthy ob;ects. 4oman and <y=antine burial8places have been found in a wonderful state of preservation. The bodies, before burial, underwent a preparation very different from that used by the ancient Egyptians. The dead were provided with a mask instead of mummification, which was no longer practiced. pecifically, they have unearthed many churches, some of which were part of monastic comple9es. /erhaps the most interesting of these remains is a church located near the southern cemetery. It was e1uipped with an apse surrounded by a concentric series of columns and a an unusual nave. %ere, two outer aisles are e9tremely narrow and served only as ambulatories. The inner aisles were almost twice as wide as the outer aisles, and even wider than the nave itself. &hile unusual, this church, which probably dates to the fourth century, was typical of that period's Christian architecture in Egypt, which was later superseded by other styles. >ear the north cemetery, a basilica with a nave and two aisles, likely dating to the fourth century, was also discovered. In addition, trace remains of smaller and larger churches have been unearthed within the city. ome of these have only a nave, while others have two or four aisles. A large construct situated on the eastern edge of the ancient city, the Church of the %oly ?irgin )5ortuary Chapel of the %oly ?irgin in the >ecropolis. was partially restored in +-!#. %ere, the altar room is locked with an iron gate. There are paintings on the eastern and southern walls that are badly damaged. %owever, on the southern wall, one may still make out traces of a painting of Theodosia between aint Colluthus and the %oly ?irgin. tored within the altar room are three socles )pedestals. and one column. There is also scant remains of a s1uare church with an apse, which was most certainly a component of a large monastic community, for associated with it are ten rooms containing ten beds each. &ithin the western section of the ruins of the city, near the cliff that separates the high plateau from the bed of the >ile, a church believed to date to the si9th century has also been unearthed by archaeologists. It has a choir and a triple sanctuary and there remains considerable painted decorations. This church is also thought to have been a part of a monastic community. The Monasteries of Sanbat and al-Nasara (Deir Sanbat and Deir al- Nasara) About two kilometers north of Antinoe in the desert area along the lower rocky escarpments lie several 1uarries which form a semicircle. In the center of this semicircle are the remains of a Christian monastery with walls that were built of crude bricks. About this ancient monastery, are at least nine cells, most of which are on the slopes to the south of the ruins. &ithin some of the cells are graffiti of crosses, while others are adorned with the 0alpha and omega0. Around the emicircle are the remains of two ancient churches, behind one of which was another monastery. A section of the building was cut into the rock, while the other part was enclosed within a brick wall. ome of the cells belonging to this monastery are still visible. The walls of the attached church are adorned with several wall paintings. %ere also is a niche, which in turn contains three small niches separated from one another by columns, surmounted by a dome. A small door communicates with the court of the monastery, where the remains of cells around the court can be seen. The second church, further south, also contains wall paintings of saints and some Coptic graffiti, as well as a cross enclosed by a double circle. &e believe that these two monasteries are those of anbat and al8 >asara, though current documentation makes their specific identification unclear. The Monastery of al-Dik (Deir al-Dik) (ittle remains of this monastery, located about four kilometers north of Antinoe, which was built of crude, unbaked brick. It sits near the bank of the >ile opposite the Island of hiba. The ruins measure some +#2 by -7 meters and the (aura )cells of the anchorites. e9tends for over one and a half kilometers north of the monastery. urrounding a cave church, there are at least si9teen cells in the (aura. The church itself was rectangular and had one nave with four bays and a single sanctuary. The church is noteworthy because of its numerous wall paintings of crosses. In addition, there is a two story cave monastery hewn from the rock. The entire comple9 appears to have been surrounded by a high enclosure wall. The settlement itself was founded by Abba Apollo and may date back to as early as the fifth or si9th century, though the monastery itself was most likely built later, in the tenth century. All about the (arua, the surrounding mountains are honeycombed with caves that anchorites occupied in the past. Deir Abu Hinnis @nly a few kilometers south of Antinoe is the village of Deir Abu %innis where the Church of aint Aohn the hort is situated. This is probably the best known ruins in this area, so it has been addressed as a separate topic within our discussions on ancient monasteries and churches. Deir al-Barsha The 5onastery :our miles further south from Deir Abu %innis is the 5onastery of aint <ishoi )/shoi. )Arabic Deir Anba <ishai. at Deir al8<arsha )also known as Deir al8>akhla.. Deir al8<arsha is a rich archaeological site with pharaonic 1uarries and many tombs predating the Christian era. This monastery sits on the east side of the >ile 4iver and consists of the Church of aint <ishoi, in the northern section of the comple9, with the ruins of the monastic buildings west of the church and a well to the north. Actually the church building consists of a lower church and an upper chapel, also dedicated to t. <ishoi. In the lower church, the semi8 circular apse, the rectangular room north of the apse, the khurus )choir. and the pillars of the nave probably belong to the original building. There are three sanctuaries )haikals. that are dedicated to aint <ishoi, aint 3eorge and the %oly ?irgin. The screen that stands before the sanctuaries is constructed of burnt brick and is apparently very old. @f course, it is adorned with icons of aint <ishoi, aint 3eorge and the %oly ?irgin. To the north of the sanctuary dedicated to aint <ishoi is a small gynaikion and beside it is the staircase leading to the upper church. There is a bakery for the Eucharist )1urban. in the southwest corner of the church, and a baptistery in the northwest corner. The upper church is almost certainly older than the lower church. It has two sanctuaries with walls that are decorated with several layers of paintings. %ere, the haikal screen is of stone and displays a date of +*$7 A5 )+$22 AD.. The church is surmounted by five domes that form the sign of a cross and are beautifully decorated with stars, crosses and other geometrical designs. Traditionally, it is believed that the upper church was used by the local population as a place of refuge during times of danger and persecution. (ocal tradition also holds that the monastery was founded by none other than aint <ishoi, who settled here after his monastery in &adi al8 >atrun was sacked by fierce <edouins in #"6 AD. %e is said to have died here in #+6 AD. @bviously a large monastic center, during the si9th and seventh centuries, it is said that some one thousand monks populated this community. &e understand that the Church of aint <ishoi was used on a regular basis until ;ust a few years ago, but now only on special occasions. Interestingly however, until very recently, the church was used for weddings on aturday afternoons. Afterwards, the bride and groom would spend the night in the sanctuary, and would only return to their home after the Divine (iturgy on unday morning. The Surrounding Area Today, as long ago, al8<arsha remains a largely Christian community. About one kilometer into the mountains behind the village are hermitages, which were created from the ancient tombs. They are situated at all levels on both sides of the wadi, and ;ust beyond tomb seven, on the north face of the wadi, are several small 1uarries with ancient Coptic graffiti. @n the south side of the wadi are tombs decorated with Coptic crosses and the 0alpha and omega0. eferen!es" Title Author DatePublisher Reference Number 2000 Years of Coptic Christianity Meinardus, Otto F. A. 1999 American University in Cairo ress, !he "#$% 9&& '2' (11) Christian *+ypt, Coptic Art and Monuments !hrou+h !-o Mi..ennia Capuani, Massimo 1999 /itur+ica. ress, !he "#$% 00 11'202'020 ( Churches and Monasteries of *+ypt and #ome %ei+3ourin+ Countries, !he A3u #a.ih, !he Armenian, *dited and !rans.ated 3y *vetts, $.!.A. 2001 4or+ias ress "#$% 00 9&1(9120&0 )
(Studies On Themes and Motifs in Literature 99) Virgulti, Ernesto - Boldt-Irons, Leslie Anne - Federici, Corrado - Disguise, Deception, Trompe-l'Oeil - Interdisciplinary Perspectives-Peter Lang (2009)