2) Brief explanation about how calculus used within context

Calculus in medicine (more specifically measurement of blood glucose levels) is an important tool
utilized for accuracy, though not as important clinical but rather medical analysis and research. In the
context of observing blood glucose in a Type 2 diabetic patient, using differential and integral calculus
ould be important in seeing the rate of increase as ell as directions and trends to predict future
outcomes or facilitate in further diagnosis. !sing differential calculus allos one to eventually find out
the rate of change hich is important especially in glucose levels to prevent it becoming too high or
too lo and acting accordingly. It can also be used to find ho the shape changes ithout having to
divide the shape. " differential is more of a method to calculate rate than actually using a formula.
They are used to find the slope and the derivatives, used for rates of change (Introduction to
#ifferential Calculus, $%%&). 'ometimes, a general trend ould be preferred to see a pattern rather
than exact numerical data, such as a simple (uic) chec)*up rather than deeper investigation. Integral
calculus ould be more important hen prescribing medication and because it is more focused on the
amount, is important in finding volume of glucose in the blood. It finds the area under the curve by
adding them together and +oining small slices of a graph together, giving a more accurate graph as it
factors in every change. This is particularly useful in medicine hen honing in on more intricate details
to determine concentration of glucose and medicine in the body and metabolism rates.
4) Explanation why particular trendlines chosen and how effectively
they model scenario
,or the first section in the graph, an exponential graph as chosen because it best shoed a curve
sloping don, rather than a polynomial hich gave a more accurate -
2
value of $ but described the
pattern as a parabola. The second trendline as chosen as a polynomial to both describe the slope of
the previous curve and follo a general trend in the data sloping up. .oever, it does ignore a point
entirely to follo the trend. " polynomial trendline as chosen for the third because it accurately
folloed the sloing rate of change before a steep increase again. It also folloed the points (uite
closely, as shon in the high -
2
value (/.%%). The final polynomial trendline as chosen because it
provided the most accuracy for the various fluctuations. These trends are shon more clearly in the
scatterplot graph than the line graph. "ll ere chosen for their strong relationships beteen data and
line (-
2
value 0 /.12). 3olynomial 4 as the least accurate because it had to attempt to follo the
fluctuations in glucose level. 5rder 6 as chosen in that particular polynomial to create more curves
to follo the numerous fluctuations, increasing accuracy.
6) Explanation of what derivative tells about function, focus on
scenario
The derivative of the first function describes the rate at hich the glucose level is changing. "t this
point of the graph, it can be determined as the highest rate of change from the rest by substituting
values (the days in hich the function is occurring, 4 and $) and subtracting the highest value from the
loest. In relation to blood glucose, it is suggested that there may have been a large countering of
glucose. 7hen x8/, the derivative shos the maximum value of the slope. It is a negative hich
describes the direction and a concave upards. 5n the second function, the slope of the tangent
increases hich means that the rate is increasing (uic)ly. The rate of change is slo at first,
suggesting that the counter is earing off, before a larger spi)e appears indicating that the rate of
glucose flo in bloodstream is higher than the rate of medication flo. The third function is a general
decrease but ith a sloer rate of change. It can be determined that the rate of medication passing in
the bloodstream is no greater than the rate of glucose flo. This is one of the early indications that
the patient has begun to actively attempt to loer blood glucose. 9y the final function, it is much more
apparent, ith fluctuations in the data and relatively loer rates of change compared to the previous
functions. 9ecause of the consistency in glucose increase and decrease, the patient may be on a
schedule of smaller doses of medication instead, depending on blood glucose level to hover around
the ideal level, hich appears to be around $4/*$:/ mg;d<.
8) Compare contrast methods
"ll of the methods of finding the "!C cover at least the bottom section of a curve but the <-- and
Trapezoidal -ule (T-) decrease in accuracy hen they approach the curve itself. The T- hugs the
curve better than the <-- and ---. .oever, integral calculus is the strongest, calculating the exact
area under the curve. The <-- overestimates the right corner and is only an approximation of the
area under the curve. This approximation is also present in the T- but to a lesser extent. The time to
calculate using <-- and T- is fairly (uic) if a rough estimate is anted. Integral Calculus easily ta)es
the longest in exchange for high accuracy. In terms of ease, the <-- and T- are (uite easy to
calculate but integral calculus contains higher complexity using certain e(uations. Ta)ing this all into
account, integral calculus ould be the most useful in this scenario due to the accuracy re(uired for
the fluctuations and the effect a miscalculation can have on a patient.
) Explain what area under curve represents
The area under a curve represents a cumulative figure, a reflection of the body exposure to
medication and dosage of drug(s) ('epia.unil.ch, n.d.). ,or example, if a certain slice of the graph as
ta)en out, the average glucose level could be measured over a specific time interval. This can be
useful in isolating patterns to distinguish abnormalities in data or sudden increase;decrease in rate of
change. 9y figuring out the rate of change and thus effects of the medication, it can be compared ith
other graphs to determine a better drug or for further research in drug testing. It is fairly important to
)no the area under a curve for blood glucose as a rong prescription can cause an influx of blood
glucose and cause hyperglycemia due to a variety of reasons (=I##>, 2/$4). "s the area under the
curve also represents rate as it goes across the x axis, it can provide a more detailed vie of hat is
happening, such as hether it is positive or negative, steepness in slope, concave or convex etc.
"gain, if a (uic) chec)*up as re(uired, it ould not be as important ith finding the area under the
curve, though it can be beneficial and more comprehensive. 9ecause of this, in terms of accuracy,
hen finding the area under a curve, it could be (uite important that the accuracy is exact due to the
re(uirement of medications hich can cost more if more is used as ell as some being detrimental or
excreted as extra aste.
<ine ?raph (To sho trends)
'catterplot ?raph@
.
<-- (left -ectangular -ule)
Trapezoidal -ule
5riginal ?raph #ata
"nnals, (n.d.).
9I9<I5?-"3.A@
$. "nnals, (n.d.). Blood Glucose of Type 2 Diabetic Patient. BimageC "vailable at@
http@;;annals.org;data;Dournals;"IE;$%%/4;&,,$.+peg B"ccessed 22 Eay. 2/$:C.
2. Introduction to #ifferential Calculus. ($%%&). $st ed. Beboo)C Christopher Thomas, pp.2:*22.
"vailable at@ Introduction to #ifferential Calculus B"ccessed 21 Eay. 2/$:C.
4. =I##>, (2/$4). Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2: When Your Blood Glucose is
Too High or Too Lo ! "ational Diabetes #nfor$ation %learinghouse. BonlineC "vailable at@
http@;;diabetes.nidd).nih.gov;dm;pubs;type$and2;loglucose.aspx B"ccessed $ Dun. 2/$:C.
:. 'epia.unil.ch, (n.d.). &rea under the cur'e. BonlineC "vailable at@
http@;;sepia.unil.ch;pharmacology;index.phpFid866 B"ccessed $ Dun. 2/$:C.