Interpretation of Results:

The experiment demonstrated the amplifiers frequency response. So far in the previous
experiments, the gain of amplifiers was determined with input signal fixed at 1 kHz. Now in this
experiment the voltage gain is measured over some frequency range if input signal.

The first part of the experiment is the determination of amplifier capacitances. A common
emitter amplifier was used and the DC potentials of the circuit were obtained. It was found out that the
transistor is properly working. Based on the data gathered, increasing frequency having the source and
input voltage constant, resulted to different amplified output signals where the output voltage is equal
to the load voltage.

The second part of the experiment shows the gain roll-off property. In this part, octaves and
decades were used in setting the change in frequency. A decade is a ten times change in frequency with
respect to the reference, whereas, an octave correspond to a two-time increase or decrease in
frequency. The load voltage is the amplified output voltage since it is increased with respect to the
voltage source, producing a 180 degrees phase reversal. Thus, negative sign is implied. It was noted that
the voltage gain of the amplifier varies with varying frequency from low to high. At instance of low and
high frequency, the gain deviates from its ideal or stable condition. Thus, the frequency response is
nearly ideal over a wide range of the reference which is the mid frequency.

The last part of the experiment leads to the measurement of the bandwidth due to the lower
cut-off and upper cut-off frequencies. For this part, we have a frequency reference of 1 kHz, and first
found out for the lower and upper cut-off frequencies. We know that the difference in the reference
frequency to the cut-off frequencies is 70.7% of the reference voltage equal to 3dB. From here we have
computed for the bandwidth. By observing the data obtained, it was found out that the direct-coupled
amplifier has the largest bandwidth while the transformer-coupled has the smallest bandwidth.





















Conclusion:

Amplifiers have capacitances, like the external coupling or bypass capacitors and the internal
parasitic capacitances of transistors. Frequency affects the reactance of these capacitances and in turn
varies the gain of an amplifier. The frequency response of an amplifier is the change in gain when an
input signal frequency varies. Definitely the voltage gain of the amplifier is the ratio of output voltage to
input voltage whereas it indicates how much the amplifier increases the input signal. Probably voltage
gain varies with varying frequency from low to high. At instance of low and high frequency, the gain
deviates from its ideal or stable condition. Thus, the frequency response is nearly ideal over a wide
range of the reference which is the mid frequency.

During the roll-off condition of an amplifier, it shows the attenuation in gain of an amplifier
below or above its cut-off frequencies. There is certain attenuation for every octave or decade. It is
clearly seen from the data obtained that there is a sudden change to AC gain when the frequencies
varied by decades. Thus, a very low or high frequency would affect to the stability of an amplifier.

An amplifier exhibits bandwidth within it shows its maximum gain within this bandwidth. This
means that an amplifier has reliable gain at a certain range of frequencies due to the lower and upper
cut-off frequencies. The cut-off frequency is the frequency where the output voltage decreases to 70.7%
of the maximum value. Given the upper and lower cut-off frequencies, operating bandwidth is
determined by just getting their difference. An increase or decrease in signal frequency beyond the
operating bandwidth causes severe attenuation making the amplifier almost useless.

Having all the procedures done properly attaining the requirements needed, all the objectives of
the experiment are said to be successfully met.


References:
Lecture Notes in Electronics 2
Ph.D. Paglinawan, Arnold. Paglinawan, Charmaine. Sejera, Marloun. Sejera, Marianne. Chua, Vic
Dennis.