GIS Data Structures and Applications

Digitale Ruimtelijke Data 2011
Geographical Information Systems en Remote Sensing

Geographical Information Systems Geographical Information Systems
Alfred Wagtendonk J anuary 31th 2011 Alfred Wagtendonk, J anuary, 31th, 2011
Spatial Information Laboratory,
Institute for Environmental Studies
1
Outline lecture
What is GIS?
A bit of history A bit of history
Definitions
What is GIS data? What is GIS data?
Spatial versus geographic data
Raster and vector models Raster and vector models
2
What is a GIS? A bit of history
Planimeter (Coradi, 1886) divider caliper (steekpasser) Map engraving on lithographic stone (1915)
3
Field mapping Theodolite
Kern PG-2 stereoplotter
The impact of GIS
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are considered Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are considered
'the biggest step forward in the handling of
geographic information since the invention of the g g p
map (DoE
1
, 1987, p 8)
4
1
DoE - Department of Environment (1987) Handling Geographic Information (H.M.S.O., London)
Succes of GIS thanks to
Data integration capabilities
Desktop computer Desktop computer
GPS
Satellite data Satellite data
Internet
Location based applications such as car navigation Location based applications such as car navigation
5
Outline lecture
What is GIS?
A bit of history A bit of history
Definitions
GIS or GIScience?
Applications
What is GIS data? G S
6
What is a GIS? - definitions
A system of hardware
Geographical Information System
A system of hardware,
software, people and
procedures designed to
support the capture,
management,
manipulation analysis manipulation, analysis
and display of
spatially-referenced data
for solving complex
spatial planning and
management problems
7
management problems.
What is a GIS? - definitions
No clear cut definition for GIS: many different definitions No clear-cut definition for GIS: many different definitions
GIS is defined according to capability and purpose for
which it is applied c t s app ed
Often used definition is from Burrough (1986): g ( )
A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing,
retrieving at will, transforming and displaying
spatial data from the real world
8
spatial data from the real world
What is a GIS? Tool or Science?
Geographical Information Science
Recognition of GIS as a formalisation of geographic
theory and practise.
9
What is a GIS? Tool or Science?
Concerns about possible misuse of GIS:
Move from GIS as a concert pianist model as a tool
confined to experts, to a child of ten model in which
h f GIS i il bl ll (Mi h l the power of GIS is available to all (Michael
Goodchild, 2006)
GIS should be used in combination with knowledge
instead of being a substitute for it and people using instead of being a substitute for it and people using
GIS should therefore be trained in the nature of
geographical phenomena.
10
What is a GIS? Disciplines & applications
Scientific disciplines using GIS
Earth and environmental sciences
-Environmental impact / risk assessment
-Natural resources management
Spatial economics
-Economic value mapping
-Geomarketing Natural resources management
-Erosion/hydrologic modeling
-Geological mapping / mineral exploration
Cartography
Geomarketing
-Transportation economics
-Land use modeling
Landcape ecology Cartography
Remote sensing/photogrammetry
Geodesy/cadastral surveying
Spatial statistics
Landcape ecology
Health geography
Criminology
Archaeology Spatial statistics
Civil engineering
Historical geography
Archaeology
Public participation GIS
Forestry
11
Climate change sciences
What is a GIS? Disciplines & applications
Daily life GIS applications
Utilit t ( L ti b d i (LBS) -Utility management (energy
infrastructure, water supply,
telecommunication, sewage, etc.)
-Location based services (LBS)
-(Militairy) terrain evaluation
-Geobrowsers
-Water management (water
boards)
-Transport infrastructure
-Internet mapservices (news
sites, online house finding
services, traffic congestion, Transport infrastructure
management and traffic control
-Land administration (cadastre)
Car na igation
services, traffic congestion,
weather reports, etc.)
-Etc.
-Car navigation
-Fleet management
-City planning
12
-Precision agriculture
See for more examples e.g.
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/index.htm
GIS data
What is GIS?
What is GIS data?
Introduction
Raster and vector models
Coordinate systems & projections
Georeferencing
Data Quality
13
GIS Data
Geographic data: data with a known location on earth Geographic data: data with a known location on earth
(where)
Attribute data: description of spatial data features
(what)
Topology: definition of spatial data relationships
(how)
14
GIS Data
Examples of geographic data
I
15
GIS Data
Examples of spatial data
Take notice: spatial data geographic data
16
GIS Data
Examples of geographic data 122155
486900 486900
Coordinate system:
y
Rijksdriehoekstelsel
Netherlands
17
GIS Data
Known locations on earth
18
GIS Data
19
GIS Data
Examples of attribute data
- The population of town X is 34568 people
20
GIS Data
Examples of attribute data
- The number of cars per household per neighborhood is 0,6
Aantal autos per
huishouden
21
GIS Data
Spatial
component
Non-spatial
t
component
(geometry, object,
entity or feature)
component
(attributes)
22
GIS Data
Topology: spatial relations in GIS
Source: http://www.edc.uri.edu/nrs/classes/NRS409/Lectures/3GISdefined/topology.gif
23
GIS Data
Examples of topological questions
- Does Schiphol airport border the Amsterdam forest park Does Schiphol airport border the Amsterdam forest park
(Amsterdamse bos)?
24
Source: Kadaster-TDN, Soil statistics map 2000 Netherlands 1:10.000
Geographic Data: introduction
Examples of topological
questions questions
- Can I cross the Ca c oss t e
Amstel river via the
Utrechtse brug
i f h
?
coming from the
Amsteldijk?
?
25
Source: Google Maps, October 2009
GIS Data
Examples of topological questions
- Are there black schools located in white areas, or vice Are there black schools located in white areas , or vice
versa?
26
Source: Broekhuizen, J ., M. J ansen, J . Slot (2008) Segregatie in het basisonderwijs in
Amsterdam, Gemeente Amsterdam Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek
Geographic Data structures
Geographic phenomena can have clear boundaries, no real
(diffuse) boundaries or virtual boundaries
27
Geographic phenomena with clear boundaries
discrete phenomena, e.g. trees, streams, buildings
(Mostly) presented as point, line or
polygon features in vector data polygon features in vector data
28
Geographic phenomena with no real (diffuse) boundaries
continuous phenomena, e.g. slope, precipitation, temperature
(Mostly) represented with raster data
(or with contour lines in vector data)
Can be visualized/
analyzed in 3D
surface models
29
Geographic phenomena with virtual or agreed boundaries
administrative phenomena, e.g. countries, provinces, postcodes administrative phenomena, e.g. countries, provinces, postcodes
(Mostly) presented as statistical
polygon areas in vector data. p yg
30
Outline Lecture
What is GIS?
What is GIS data?
Introduction
Georeferencing
Data Quality
h f d d l l d Where to find digital spatial data?
31
Geographic Data structures: raster and vector
Two ways of storing geographic features: raster and vector
32
Source: http://cookbook.hlurb.gov.ph/files/images/RasterVector.preview.jpg
Vector data:
Points are stored as single xy coordinates
Li i f i t Lines are series of points
Polygons are composed of closed lines
Attributes are attached to each feature
through an unique numeric code
Many attributes may be stored in each file
33
Vector model example:
Topographical map (discrete data) Topographical map (discrete data)
34
Raster data:
One gridcell can only contain one value at a time
M tl i t ( ft d b ) Mostly as integers (often as code numbers)
Floating point (decimals/real) values, or sometimes text
characters also possible
Stored as an array of values in table or text file
35
Spatial detail controlled by cell size (resolution)
5 km
500m
25 km
Hi h l ti
L l i
36
High resolution,
small cell size
Low resolution,
large cell size
Raster model example:
Travel time to
highway access
( i d ) (continuous data)
37
Raster advantages Raster advantages
Suitable for data with high spatial variability
Spatial analysis often simpler and faster,
especially raster overlays (map algebra)
Some types of analysis only possible with
raster
Easy to integrate with satellite data
38
Raster disadvantages
Topological relationships are not explicit
Requires huge computer memory for high resolutions
Poor cartographical presentation on low resolution
39
Vector advantages
Efficient data storage (about 10% compared to
raster data)
Topological analyses are more efficient or only
possible with vector (e.g. network analysis) p g y
Greater spatial accuracy possible (cartography)
40
Vector disadvantages
Complex data-structure
Combining maps (overlay operations) slower Combining maps (overlay operations) slower
Precision of boundaries can be misleading
Production of vector maps is expensive (time-
consuming)
41
42
Source: T.Nijeholt at nl.wikibooks
Choosing your data model (raster and/or vector):
Type of original data Type of original data
(discrete/continuous)
Available input data Available input data
Choosing not always
necessary necessary
43
Choosing your data model
(raster and/or vector):
Expected type and scale of
analyses (storage and
processing speed)
Cartographic detail needed
Vector raster conversion
44
Geographic Data: organisation
Layer based approach: aye based app oac
Each topic is stored in a
separate data layer separate data layer
b h d For both raster and vector
45
Geographic Data: input
I t d t t Input data types
S d di iti d Scanned or digitized maps
Aerial photographs Aerial photographs
Satellite images g
Field observations / GPS
Tables
46
Existing GIS data
Outline Lecture
What is GIS?
What is GIS data?
Introduction
Georeferencing
Data Quality
47
Geographic Data: coordinate systems and projections
A map is a projection of the earths rounded surface on a
flat surface
See lectures and practical
W d d 2 F b on Wednesday 2 February
48
Geographic Data: Georeferencing
Georeferencing: Linking information of geographical
phenomena to a place on the Earths surface phenomena to a place on the Earth s surface
More about georeferencing coming Friday, 4 February
49
Outline Lecture
What is GIS?
What is GIS data?
Introduction
Georeferencing
Data Quality
50
Geographic Data: Data Quality
To judge data quality metadata is needed
Metadata are the who, what, when, where, why and how of
the data
Main components of metadata are: Main components of metadata are:
Identification
Source administration
Data organisation
Distribution conditions
Spatial reference
Spatial extent
Quality (accuracy, lineage, completeness, logical consistency)
b l d l d d 6 b
51
More about spatial data quality on Wednesday 16 February
Outline Lecture
What is GIS?
What is GIS data?
Where and how to find digital spatial data? Where and how to find digital spatial data?
Exercise:
Introduction in D107 at 14:00
Practical this afternoon at 14:30 in S203 and S205
52
Questions? Questions?

GIS Data Structures and Applications

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Digitale Ruimtelijke Data 2011

Geographical Information Systems en Remote Sensing

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