1

Design of Seismic Design of Seismic- -

Resistant Steel Resistant Steel
Building Structures Building Structures
Design of Seismic Design of Seismic- -Resistant Resistant
Steel Building Structures Steel Building Structures
1 - Introduction and Basic Principles
2 - Moment Resisting Frames
3 - Concentrically Braced Frames
4 - Eccentrically Braced Frames
4 4 - - Eccentrically Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames EBFs EBFs) )
Description of Eccentrically Braced Frames
Basic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frames
AISC Seismic Provisions for Eccentrically Braced
Frames
Eccentrically Braced Frames ( Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs EBFs) )
Framing system with beam, columns and braces. Al least
one end of every brace is connected to isolate a segment
of the beam called a link.
Resist lateral load through a combination of frame action
and truss action. EBFs can be viewed as a hybrid system
between moment frames and concentrically braced
frames.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in the links.
EBFs can supply high levels of ductility (similar to
MRFs), but can also provide high levels of elastic
stiffness (similar to CBFs)
2
e
e
e
e
Some possible bracing arrangement for EBFS
e e e e
e
e
3
4
5
6
Energy Dissipation Mechanisms
MRF CBF
EBF
M
V
P
Forces in Beams and Links
e e
Inelastic behavior of link controlled by:
Flexural yielding
Shear yielding
A combination of flexural and shear
yielding
Will shear or flexure control the behavior of the
link?
The length of the link (e) serves as a key
design parameter.
Shorterlinks expected to yield in shearand
longerlinks are expected to yield in flexure.
7
Howlong is longand howshort is short?
e
V V
M M
Shear vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Static equilibrium of link: Ve = 2M or e
2M
V
=
Shear yielding occurs when: V = V = 0.6F (d 2t ) t
p y f w

Flexural yielding occurs when:

= fully plastic shear
M = M = Z F
p y
= fully plastic moment
e
V
p
V
p
M
p
M
p
Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Shear and flexural yielding occur simultaneously
when V=V
p
and M=M
p
or, when: e
2M
V
p
p
=
e
V
p
V
p
M M
Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Shear yielding only will occur when V=V
p
and M < M
p
or, when: e
2M
V
p
p

8
e
V V
M
p
M
p
Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Flexural yielding only will occur when V < V
p
and M = M
p
or, when: e
2M
V
p
p

Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:

e
2M
V
p
p

Simple Plastic Theory (assume no strain hardening and

no shear - flexure interaction):
SHEAR YIELDING LINK:
FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK:
e
2M
V
p
p

Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:

e
1.6M
V
p
p

Real Behavior - accounting for strain hardening:

PREDOMINANTLY SHEAR YIELDING LINK:
PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK:
e
2.6 M
V
p
p

COMBINEDSHEAR ANDFLEXURAL YIELDING:

1.6 M
V
e
2.6 M
V
p
p
p
p

Example: W18x40 A992
kips in
ksi in

= = = 3920 50 4 . 78 ZF M
3
y p
( )
( )
kips
159
5 31 0 5 52 2 9 17 50 6 0
2 6 0
=
=
=
. . . .
.
w f y p
t t d F V
5 2
159
3920
kips
kips in
= =

p
p
V
M
9
Example: W18x40 A992 (cont)
5 2
V
M
p
p
= 0 4 6 1 =
p
p
V
M
. 5 6 6 2 =
p
p
V
M
.
PREDOMINANTLY SHEAR YIELDING LINK: e 40"
PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK: e > 65"
COMBINEDSHEAR ANDFLEXURAL YIELDING LINK: 40" <e 65"
Shear Yielding Links
e
1.6 M
V
p
p

Provide best overall structural performance for:

strength
stiffness
ductility
V

e
=

e
Link Deformation: (radian)

Experimental Responseof a Shear Link:

W10x33(A992) e=23" =1.1M
p
/V
p
10
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Link Rotation, (rad)
L
i
n
k

S
h
e
a
r

F
o
r
c
e


(
k
N
)
2002 AISC Seismic Provisions
Section 15
Eccentrically Braced Frames
15.1 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) Scope
EBF are expected to withstand significant
inelastic deformation in the links when
subjected to the design earthquake.
Diagonal braces, columns, and beam
segments outside of link shall be designed
to remain essentially elastic under maximum
forces that can be generated by the fully
yielded and strain-hardened link.
11
15.2 Links
Links shall comply with width-thickness ratios
in Table I-8-1.
Specified minimumyield stress of steel used
in link shall not exceed 50 ksi.
Web of a link shall be single thickness without
doubler-plate reinforcement and without web
penetrations.
15.2 Links
Except as limited below, required shear
strength of Link V
u
shall not exceed the
design shear strength of the link V
n
.
Where:
=0.9
V
n
=nominal shear strength of link (lesser
of V
p
or 2M
p
/e) (kips)
V
p
=0.6F
y
A
w
(kips)
A
w
=(d
b
2t
f
)t
w
15.2 Links
Link rotation angle is inelastic angle between
link and beamoutside link when total story
drift equals design story drift, .
Link rotation shall not exceed:
(a)0.08 radian for links of length 1.6M
p
/V
p
or
less
(b)0.02 radian for links of length 2.6M
p
/V
p
or
greater
(c)Value obtained fromlinear interpolation for
link lengths between 1.6M
p
/V
p
and 2.6M
p
/V
p
Link inelastic rotation angle (
p
):
eh
L
p

=
Story drift
e

h
L
12
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Full depth web stiffeners shall be provided on
both sides of link web at diagonal brace
ends of link.
Stiffeners shall have a combined width not
less than (b
f
2t
w
) and a thickness not less
than 0.75t
w
nor 3/8 in., whichever is larger
where b
f
andt
w
are link flange width and link web
thickness, respectively.
Link stiffeners at
brace ends of link
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(a)Links lengths 1.6M
p
/V
p
or less shall be
provided with intermediate web stiffeners
spaced:
(30t
w
-d/5) for =0.08
rad
(52t
w
-d/5) for =0.02
rad
or less
(linearly interpolate between 0.08 and 0.02)
Design Requirements for EBF Links
Link Stiffeners are required to prevent buckling
of the web in shear
Intermediate
stiffeners
13
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(b)Links lengths greater than 2.6M
p
/V
p
and
less than 5M
p
/V
p
shall be provided with
intermediate web stiffeners placed at a
distance 1.5 b
f
fromend of link
14
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(c)Links lengths between 1.6M
p
/V
p
and
2.6M
p
/V
p
shall be provided with
intermediate web stiffeners meeting the
requirements of (a) and (b), above
(d)Intermediate web stiffeners are not required
in links lengths greater than 5M
p
/V
p
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections must be capable
of sustaining maximumlink rotation angle
based on link length (i.e. as specified in
Section 15.2).
Strength of link connection, measured at
column face, must be equal to at least the
nominal shear strength of link, V
n
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
(a)Using prequalified connection per
Appendix P
(b)Providing project-specific tests or tests
fromthe literature per Appendix S
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: Where reinforcement at beam-to-
column connection at link end precludes
yielding of beamover the reinforced length,
the link is permitted to be the beam
segment fromend of reinforcement to the
brace connectionand
15
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: Where such links are used and
link length does not exceed 1.6M
p
/V
p
, cyclic
testing of connection is not required if
design strength of reinforced section and
connection equals required strength based
on strain-hardened link per Section 15.6
Full depth stiffeners per Section 15.3 to be
placed at link-to-reinforcement interface.
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Comments:
Currently no prequalified link-to-column
connections
FEMA 350 prequalified moment connections
not necessarily suitable for link-to-column
connections
Suggest avoiding EBF configurations with
links attached to columns until further
research available on link-to-column
connections
16
15.5 Lateral Bracing of Link
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both top
and bottomlink flanges at each end of link.
Required strength of link end lateral bracing is
0.06R
y
F
y
b
f
t
f
(i.e. link flange force)
17
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Required combined axial and flexural strength
of diagonal brace shall be forces generated
by 1.25R
y
V
n
(i.e. shear strength of link).
Design strength of brace shall be based on
LRFD Specification Section H
Design Requirements for EBF Beam-Outside-Link
Beamoutside link
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Design of beamoutside the link:
(1)Required strength of beamoutside of link
shall be forces generated by 1.1R
y
V
n
(i.e.
shear strength of link).
For purposes of determining design
strength of beamoutside of link, R
y
may
be used to calculate available strength
(i.e. you can use on both demand a
capacity sides of equation)
18
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Design of beamoutside the link:
(2)Beamshall be provided with lateral bracing
where indicated as required by analysis.
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both
top and bottomflanges and each brace
shall have a required strength of at least
0.02F
y
b
f
t
f
.
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
At connection between diagonal brace and
beamat link end of brace, intersection of
brace and beamcenterlines shall be at the
end of the link or in the link.
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Required strength of diagonal brace-to-beam
connection at link end of brace shall be at
least expected nominal brace strength as
given in Section 15.6.
No part of this connection shall extend over
the link length.
19
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
If brace resists portion of link moment,
connection shall be designed as a FR
connection.
Brace width-thickness ratio shall satisfy
p
per
LRFD SpecificationTable B5.1
Test on Full-Scale 6-Story EBF: Final failure by
buckling of gusset plate
20
21
15.8 Required Column Strength
In addition to requirements in Section 8,
required strength of columns shall be
determined based on load combinations
fromapplicable building code
except that moments and axial loads
introduced into column at connection of a
link or brace shall not be less than those
generated by 1.1R
y
V
n
(i.e. expected nominal
strength of the link) .