Digital Re-print -

May | June 2014

High feedstuffs costs: Improving nutritional
value of swine diets by processing conditions
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ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS
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For over 40 years, and in more than
50 countries, Tapco has been solving the
problem of bent & torn steel buckets.
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apco nonmetallic buckets have the ability to absorb impact in the
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return to their original shape and keep on working for you.
Tapco buckets weigh less than their pressed steel counterparts, lack sharp edges
and therefore are far safer and easier to handle when fitting an elevator.
With 900,000 buckets in 93 sizes stocked throughout the world,
Tapco has what you want, when you need it! Tapco also maintains
over 15 million elevator bolts in imperial and metric threads in six
styles. Tapco fanged elevator bolts have been specifically designed
to work with nonmetallic buckets.
Contact Tapco or visit www.tapcoinc.com today.
Replace your steel buckets with Tapco the buckets
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FANGED HEAD
Elevator Bolt
Have You Experienced
This In Your Elevator?
BentENG_GFMT_April2014_Layout 1 4/17/14 10:35 PM Page 1
P
ig production costs have increased
more than 10 percent during
the last five years, primari-
ly due to higher feedstuff prices.
Feed costs contribute more than 60
percent of total pig production costs (in
the USA and Brazil even as high as 70-75
percent, respectively (LEI, 2013)).
As feed milling affects the dietary nutri-
tional value and feed efficiency of pigs,
profit over feeds costs can be improved by
optimising the feed milling process.
The effects of processing of feed on its
nutritional value are highly underestimated.
Profit of animal production in the end is
determined by both feed production costs
and animal performance. Both should both
be optimised to get the highest return on
investment, as the highest feed mill through-
put will probably not result in the best
technical quality of the feed.
On the other hand the best technical
quality might not be needed for maximised
nutritional value or optimal pig performance.
Feed millers have a very large tool box to
optimise technical quality of the feed.
Here, attention is paid to grinding and
compacting (or pelleting), which are the
tools that have the higher impact on nutri-
tional quality of feed, assuming that dosing
and mixing will be done with the right
accuracy.
Grinding for optimal particle size
In pigs it is consistently shown, oppo-
sitely to broiler production, that reduction of
dietary particle size improves daily gain and
feed conversion rate (FCR).
Goodband et al. (1993) reported that
FCR improved by more than five per-
cent when reducing feed particle size from
767m to 634m (dgw, dry sieving) of corn
in meal diets and Rojas et al. (2013) dem-
onstrated that reducing particle size of corn-
based diets improves nutrient digestibility
and energy value of feedstuffs by increasing
surface area (see Figure 2).
The type and intensity of grinding (roller
mills verses hammer mills) has an impact not
only on particle size distribution, but also on
particle shape, bulk density and surface area.
These are additional criteria to consider
when evaluating the impact of grinding pro-
cess on digestibility and animal performance.
At this point, it is important to realize
that, although optimal feed particle size
ranges from 500-700m, there is no single
optimum value as the optimum depends on
type of raw material (for example, type of
cereals, soybean meal, DDGS), feed form
(mash verses pellet), age of the animal
(piglet, growing/finishing pig, sow) and health
status.
Despite the linear increase in feeding
value by reduced feed particle size (see
Figure 2), too small particles are disadvanta-
geous as they might cause gastric ulcers.
In addition, fine grinding requires high
energy inputs.
Effects of cereal type and feed form on
pig performance were studied by Gidley et
al. (2012). They showed that particle size,
especially the coarser fractions, had larger
impact than feed form in barley and sorghum
diets (see Figure 3).
From grinding to pelleting
Grinding and pelleting are tools that
interact: At one side grinding affects pel-
let quality and on the other side pelleting
reduces particle size further. The effects of
grinding on pellet quality are discussed at
end of this paper.
The pelleting step is considered a sec-
ondary grinding. It has been shown that the
percentage of coarse fraction (> 1.4mm)
is reduced by 15 percent in coarse meal
diets after pelleting, and the fine fraction
(<0.4mm) is increased by more than 5 per-
cent (Wolf et al. (2010) after pellet analyses
with wet sieving method. In order to assess
the grinding effect of pelleting , wet sieving
of mash before pelleting and pellets is the
recommended method
Pelleting improves pig
performance
Pelleting improves feed efficiency in pigs
High feedstuffs costs:
Improving nutritional value of swine diets by
processing conditions
by Ester Vinyeta, Animal Nutrition Manager, Bhler AG, Feed & Biomass
Figure 1: Feed mill plant, a tool box to
optimise feed value
42 | May - June 2014
GRAIN
&
FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
F
ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS
The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. 2014 Tapco Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel.: +1 314 739 9191 Fax: +1 314 739 5880 Email: info@tapcoinc.com www.tapcoinc.com
For over 40 years, and in more than
50 countries, Tapco has been solving the
problem of bent & torn steel buckets.
STYLE CC-HD (HEAVY DUTY)
Polyethylene Elevator Bucket
Also available in Polyurethane & Nylon

T
apco nonmetallic buckets have the ability to absorb impact in the
elevator leg and give or yield to bypass an obstruction then
return to their original shape and keep on working for you.
Tapco buckets weigh less than their pressed steel counterparts, lack sharp edges
and therefore are far safer and easier to handle when fitting an elevator.
With 900,000 buckets in 93 sizes stocked throughout the world,
Tapco has what you want, when you need it! Tapco also maintains
over 15 million elevator bolts in imperial and metric threads in six
styles. Tapco fanged elevator bolts have been specifically designed
to work with nonmetallic buckets.
Contact Tapco or visit www.tapcoinc.com today.
Replace your steel buckets with Tapco the buckets
with the memory.
FANGED HEAD
Elevator Bolt
Have You Experienced
This In Your Elevator?
BentENG_GFMT_April2014_Layout 1 4/17/14 10:35 PM Page 1
by more than five percent, com-
pared to meal diets, as shown
both in nursery pigs and in grow-
ing-finishing pigs.
This effect, however, is
dependent on the conditioning
time and temperature and shear
forces during pelleting.
There is little consensus about
the reason for increased per-
formance in pigs fed pelleted
diets. Some argue it is because
of increased bulk density and
palatability, which is not in agree-
ment with decreased feed intake
observed in some cases. Others
claim that a higher growth is due
to higher nutrient digestibility due
to starch gelatinisation and pro-
tein denaturation.
Crumbled pellets, conditioned
at 90C improved feed efficiency
by 5.2 percent compared to meal
diets in five weeks-slaughter pigs
fed wheat-barley-corn based
diets, whereas expandate feed
(120C) resulted in lower benefit
over mash and crumbled pellet
(Millet et al., 2012).
In nursery pigs, total tract
digestibility of protein and energy
improves when feeds are condi-
tioned and pelleted or extruded.
Lundblad et al. (2011) showed
that there was no additional ben-
efit of expanding over steam pel-
leting at 47C or 90C on feed
efficiency.
However, extrusion in spite
of having reduced feed intake,
probably caused by low bulk
density, resulted in increased
piglets performance, due to
higher nutrient digestibilities.
Pellet quality (PDI) has a
large impact on production per-
formance of pigs.
When percent fines
exceeds more than 20 percent
at feeder, benefits of pelleting
will be much smaller. Main fac-
tors affecting PDI and their rel-
evance are indicated in Figure 5.
Formulation-size-
specification
Diet formulation: Experienced
nutritionists and feed millers
know that wheat-based diets
result in better PDI compared
to corn-based diets; increasing
protein content improves PDI,
and specific protein sources, such
as soybean isolates have larger
effect (Briggs et al., 1999).
Different fiber can have
opposite results: adding five
percent of cellulose may have
positive effect, whereas lignin
at same amount has detrimen-
tal effect (Buchanan & Moritz,
2009).
Figure 2: The metabolise energy (Kcal ME/kg DM) increase by
reduction of particle size in corn-based diets fed as meal in
barrows (29kg BW) (Source: Modified from Rojas et al., 2013)
Figure 3: Effect of grain type, feed particle size (regrinding
of particles with size >1.8mm or >0.9mm in barley and
sorghum respectively) and feed form (mash verses pellet)
on FCR in growing pigs
May - June 2014 | 43 GRAIN
&
FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
F
by more than five percent, com-
pared to meal diets, as shown
both in nursery pigs and in grow-
ing-finishing pigs.
This effect, however, is
dependent on the conditioning
time and temperature and shear
forces during pelleting.
There is little consensus about
the reason for increased per-
formance in pigs fed pelleted
diets. Some argue it is because
of increased bulk density and
palatability, which is not in agree-
ment with decreased feed intake
observed in some cases. Others
claim that a higher growth is due
to higher nutrient digestibility due
to starch gelatinisation and pro-
tein denaturation.
Crumbled pellets, conditioned
at 90C improved feed efficiency
by 5.2 percent compared to meal
diets in five weeks-slaughter pigs
fed wheat-barley-corn based
diets, whereas expandate feed
(120C) resulted in lower benefit
over mash and crumbled pellet
(Millet et al., 2012).
In nursery pigs, total tract
digestibility of protein and energy
improves when feeds are condi-
tioned and pelleted or extruded.
Lundblad et al. (2011) showed
that there was no additional ben-
efit of expanding over steam pel-
leting at 47C or 90C on feed
efficiency.
However, extrusion in spite
of having reduced feed intake,
probably caused by low bulk
density, resulted in increased
piglets performance, due to
higher nutrient digestibilities.
Pellet quality (PDI) has a
large impact on production per-
formance of pigs.
When percent fines
exceeds more than 20 percent
at feeder, benefits of pelleting
will be much smaller. Main fac-
tors affecting PDI and their rel-
evance are indicated in Figure 5.
Formulation-size-
specification
Diet formulation: Experienced
nutritionists and feed millers
know that wheat-based diets
result in better PDI compared
to corn-based diets; increasing
protein content improves PDI,
and specific protein sources, such
as soybean isolates have larger
effect (Briggs et al., 1999).
Different fiber can have
opposite results: adding five
percent of cellulose may have
positive effect, whereas lignin
at same amount has detrimen-
tal effect (Buchanan & Moritz,
2009).
Figure 2: The metabolise energy (Kcal ME/kg DM) increase by
reduction of particle size in corn-based diets fed as meal in
barrows (29kg BW) (Source: Modified from Rojas et al., 2013)
Figure 3: Effect of grain type, feed particle size (regrinding
of particles with size >1.8mm or >0.9mm in barley and
sorghum respectively) and feed form (mash verses pellet)
on FCR in growing pigs
May - June 2014 | 43 GRAIN
&
FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
F
DDGs have variable effect on PDI,
depending on particle size, fiber and protein
content. Several authors (Feoli, 2008 and
Knauer et al., 2013) found that adding 30
percent DDGs increased PDI, whereas
other studies show a decreased pellet
durability when increasing inclusion level in
the diets (Fahrenholz et al., 2013, Loar et
al., 2010).
Particle size: Reduction of particle size
improves pellet quality (PDI) as has been
shown in some studies: in corn-soy diets,
reduction from 1000m to 400m improved
PDI from 79 to 86 percent/m (Wondra et
al., 1995) and from 543m to 233m the
PDI improvement was up to 99 percent
(Stark, 1994).
Similar results were found by Knauer
et al. (2013)
when reducing particle size of soybean meal
to 450m.
In the case of DDGS, it has not been
shown clear improvement of PDI by reduc-
ing particle size whereas it seems there is
a benefit of when DDGS have been previ-
ously pelleted in origin and re-grinded in the
feedmill.
Conditioning and die specifications: con-
sidering a range of particle size of the mash
between 500-700m, the conditioning tem-
perature should range between 60C to 80C
to achieve good PDI (fines 10 percent).
In general, pig diets are pelleted at 4mm,
but hole length varies considerably among
regions and feedmillers, from 4x40 up to
4x60/70.
The selection of the die (diameter and
active hole lengths) is upon diet formula-
tion and target PDI. It seems obvious
that when hole length is increased, PDI
is improved but production (tonne/hour)
is decreased and energy consumption
increased. The economical optimum at
feed mill may not fit with the optimum for
animal production.
Take home messages
- Profit over feeds costs can be improved
by optimising the feed milling process.
Optimising nutrient utilisation by the
animal has a tremendous impact in pig
production costs
- The optimal feed particle size ranges
between 500-700m (dgw), but
depends on type of raw material, feed
form, age of the animal and health
status
- Particle size and feed form affect feed
intake and feed efficiency. Bulk density
and percent fines or PDI should be
accounted for to optimise animal
performance
- Pelleting improves feed efficiency by
more than five percent compared to
meal diets, providing a good pellet
quality
The benefit of more intense thermal
treatment, such as expansion is not clear.
Extrusion process may increase digestibil-
ity of nutrients in nursery pigs but attention
to feed intake should be paid.
Figure 4: Effect of feed structure on performance
of growing-finishing (five weeks-slaughter) pigs fed
wheat-barley-maize-soya diets.
44 | May - June 2014
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FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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