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6 10 MAC 2000
REKABENTUK TETULANG KONKRIT
(BS8110)
NOTA-NOTA SYARAHAN
Oleh :
Ng Kok Seng
Unit Struktur,
Bahagian Khidmat Pakar
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
CONTENT OF COURSE
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives of Course
Objectives of Design
History and Design Methods
Properties/Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
2. LIMIT STATE PRINCIPLES (BS8110)
Principles and Requirements (Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States)
Code of Practices
Organisation of BS8110 Codes
Characteristic Strength of Material
Definition for Concrete and Reinforcement
Design Strength of Materials/Partial Safety Factors
Characteristic Loads
Design Loads (Live, dead and Wind loads)
Robustness
3. DURABILITY
Reasons for increased emphasis on durability
Cover and concrete quality provisions
Durability grades
Definition of environment
Fire Resistance
Sulphate attack
Alkali-silica reaction
Use of PFA, GGBFS and Microsilica
4. ANALYSIS OF FRAMES AND BEAMS
Braced Vs. Unbraced Frame
Load Arrangements
Redistribution of Moment
Continuous Beams
5. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS - ULTIMATE LIMIT
STATE (BS8110)
General Theory/Assumptions
Strain and Stress Distributions
Derivation of Design Formula (Simplified Stress Block BS8110 )
Under-reinforced, Over-reinforced and Balanced design
Design Charts
Rectangular/ Flanged Beams
Design Procedures
Work Examples
6. REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Column Design
End Conditions to determine effective heights of column
Design Example
7. SOLID SLABS
General
Simplified Loading Patterns
1 -way slabs
2 way slabs
Shear/ detailing
8. SHEAR IN BEAMS AND SLABS
9. DESIGN DETAILS
Minimum and maximum steel percentages
Anchorage, laps, local bond
Anchorage of Bundled Bars
Curtailment rules
Bar spacing
10. DESIGN EXAMPLES
Framed Buildings - slabs
- beams
- columns
Footing
Case Study Retaining Wall
11. DEMONSTRATION OF DESIGN SOFTWARE - GTSTRUDL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of Design
Design defined simply as a sequence of activities
performed to produce a service or utility which is
safe, functional, economic and aesthetically
acceptable.
The objectives are: -
1) Performance of Structure
(a) Safety: no danger against human life;
(b) Serviceability: comfortable use of
structure
(c) Profitability : profit to user/owner/society
(d) Aesthetically characteristics :
fine/pleasant view for user
and people around structure
2) Cost of Structure
(a) Initial cost: inexpensive material,
constructibility, and simple design;
(b) Maintenance cost : maintenance free,
easy repair;
(c) Demolition/replacement cost.
1.2 Design Methods
Several design methods for reinforced concrete
structures
Working Stress Design (WSD),
- established 1910s
- working stress under service loads <=
allowable working stresses (i.e. Ult,
stress/Factor of safety)
- disappearing from codes around the world.

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
- established in the United States (1856
1971), the United Kingdom (1957 1972)
and the USSR (until recently).
- Stress induced by factored load (Working
Load x F.S.) <= reduced strength.
- reduction in strength/capacity due to
possibilities of material strength being lower
than the nominal value, inaccuracies of
design formulae, uncertainty of failure modes
and underestimation of the importance of the
member/structure.
Limit State Design (LSD)
universally accepted method, CP110 (1972),
BS8110(1985)
a critical state beyond which the structural
performance of the structure, or part of it,
tenders the structure unfit for use i.e. the
structure ceases to fulfil the function or to
satisfy the condition for which it was
designed.
Use (Working load x F.S). and (Ult.
Strength/F.S)
VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Compressive Strength (20 to 60 N/mm
2
)
Flexural Strength (15 % of cube strength)
Tensile Strength (10 % of Compressive strength)
Modulus of Elasticity, E
c
, (varies depending on
concrete strength e.g. fcu=30 N/mm
2
, mean E
c
=26
KN/m
2
and typical range between 19 31KN/m
2
)
Poissons Ratio, (typically 0.1 to 0.2)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ( 10
--5
per
0
C)
Shrinkage Strain (depend on constituent materials,
however max. cement ratio specify as 550kg/m
3
to
prevent excessive shrinkage and thermal effect)
Density ( typically 24 KN/m
3
)
Durability
- recent emphasis as in BS8110 where additional
provisional for Limit States
- depends on various factors such as
constituent materials, curing, quality of
workmanship and curing, exposure conditions etc.
Impermeability
Resistance to Abrasion
Resistance to Sulphate Attack
and many others!
ADVANTAGES AND DIADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
ADVANTAGES DIADVANTAGES
1. Ability to be casted
2. Economical
3. Durable/Impermeable
4. Fire Resistance
5. Energy Efficient
6. On Site Fabrication
7. Aesthetic Properties
1. Low Tensile Strength
2. Low Ductility
3. Volume Instability
4. Low Strength-weight
Ratio
Cement Replacement Materials,
e.g. pozzolanas- Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA)
Granulated Ground Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBFS)
(BS6699)1992 and BS8110 Pt 1
Microsilica
2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS
q Whats Limit State?
A critical state beyond which the structural performance of the
structure, or part of it, tenders the structure unfit for use i.e. it
ceases to fulfil the function or to satisfy the condition for which
it was designed.
q Whats considered as Failure or unfit for use ?
TABLE 2.2: Failure Criteria
1 Collapse Failure of one or more critical sections, overturning or
buckling.
2 Deflection adversely affects the appearance or efficiency of the
structure.
3 Cracking adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the
structure.
4 Vibration due to wind or machinery, cause discomfort/alarm,
damage the structure or interfere with its proper
function.
5 Durability Porosity of concrete.
6 Fatigue cyclic loadings
7 Fire
Resistance
Insufficient resistance to fire leading to 1,2 and 3
above.
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
q Whatre the limit states (BS8110) ?
2 main groups
a) Ultimate Limit State
Structure (or part of it) collapses i.e. it is not sufficient to withstand
the design loads and unstable.
- by rupture of one or more critical sections,
- transform from elastic or inelastic instability
- loss of equilibrium as a rigid body, and so on.
b) Serviceability Limit States
- excessive deflection, cracking, vibration, durability, fatigue, fire
resistance, lightning, etc
In practice, 3 limit states considered ,
TABLE 2.3: Limit State in BS8110
Serviceability limit states Ultimate
Limit State Deflection Cracking
Objective
Provision of
adequate
safety
Structure should
not deflect so as
to impair use of
structure
Cracking should
not be such as to
damage finishes
or otherwise
impair usage
Loading
regime
Design
ultimate
loads
Design service load
Performanc
e limit
Structure
should not
fail
Deflection
should not
exceed specified
limits. Normally
met by
span/effective
depth ratio
Crack width
should not
exceed 0.3mm
generally
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
q Basic Requirements in design
- consider each limit state and provide suitable margin of safety
- Usually design for the Ultimate Limit State, then checks
serviceability limit
- Part 2 of BS8110 provided method for calculation of deflections
and crack widths
- durability and fire resistance compliance by grade of concrete,
cement content, cover to reinforcements etc. (decided before
calculation begin)
q Some considerations in design:
- Variations in materials in the structure and in test specimens
- Variations in loading
- Constructional inaccuracies
- Accuracy of design calculations
- Safety and serviceability
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
CODE OF PRACTICE
q WHY CODE?
- gives guidelines on how design to be carried out
- compliance is strongly advisable
- only a guidelines, designers free to make use of his/her own
knowledge and experience to arrive at a decision
q SOME CODES
- BS 8110 (1985), replacing CP110
- ACI (latest rev. 1995)
- JSCE etc
q SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS DIDS PERSPECTIVE
- DID structures located in difficult environment e.g. marine
remote site with poor access
soft foundation soil
aggressive environment exposure conditions
- Consider
higher concrete grade (C30 or greater)
generous cover
more durable concrete: low w/c ratio, strong dense
aggregate, cement replacement materials, min. cement
content etc. more dense and reduce permeability
better construction practices (3Cs cement content,
compaction and curing)
location of construction joints and edges subjected to
aggressive hydraulic action of water
detailing of reinforcement for better compaction of concrete
q How is BS 8110: 1985 STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE Organised?
Table 2.4 Contents of BS8110 Code
Part 1. Code of Practice for design and construction
Section one. General.
Section two. Design objectives and general recommendations.
Section three. Design and detailing: reinforced concrete.
Section four. Design and detailing: prestressed concrete.
Section five. Design and detailing: precast and composite construction.
Section six. Concrete: materials, specification and construction.
Section seven. Specification and workmanship: reinforcement.
Section eight. Specification and workmanship: prestressing tendons.
Part 2. Code of Practice for special circumstances
Section one. General.
Section two. Non-linear methods of analysis for the ultimate limit state.
Section three. Serviceability calculations.
Section four. Fire resistance.
Section five. Additional considerations in the use of lightweight aggregate concrete.
Section six. Autoclaved aerated concrete.
Section seven. Elastic deformation, creep, drying shrinkage and thermal strains of
concrete.
Section eight. Movement joints.
Section nine. Appraisal and testing of structures and components during
construction.
Appendix A. Bibliography.
Part 3. Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubt and symmetrically
reinforced rectangular columns.
q Whats Characteristic Strength of Materials (f
cu
and f
Y
)?
- value of the cube strength of concrete (f
cu
) or the yield or proof
stress (f
Y
) of reinforcement below which not more than 5% of the test
results fail.
- Statistically, the value is
f
k
= f
m
- 1.64s
Where f
m
= mean strength of actual test results
s = standard deviation (1.64 is the constant complying with
5% of test results
Frequency
Of results
strength
Mean strength
Characteristic
Strength
1.64 S
f
k
= f
m
- 1.64s f
m
5% of
results
to left
of this
line
Strength
Fig 2.1 Characteristic Strength
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
- Typical values of f
k
Table 2.5: Characteristic strength of reinforcement
(Comply with BS 4449, BS 4461 or BS 4483)
Designation Nominal. fy
sizes(mm)
(N/mm2)
Hot-rolled mild steel All sizes 250
High-yield steel All sizes 460
Table 2.6 Characteristic strength of concrete
Conc. grade Char.Compressive
stgth
At 28-days (N/mm2)
C10 10.0
C12.5 12.5
C15 15.0
C20 20.0
C25 25.0
C30 30.0
C35 35.0
C40 40.0
C45 45.0
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
q WHATRE DESIGN STRENGTH OF MATERIALS?
partial safety factor,
m
For Concrete,
m
- allow for possible differences between f
k
and actual structural
strength
For reinforcement,
m
- difference in cross-sectional area between assumed and actual
steel
produced, corrosion etc.
Table 2.7: Values of for concrete and steel at different limit states
Values of
m
Limit State Concrete Steel
Ultimate 1.5. 1.15
Deflection 1.0 1.0
Cracking 1.3 1.0
Note:
-
m
(both materials) at ULS is higher (reduce the probability of
failure and failure should also be localised.
-
m
concrete is >
m
reinforcement (failure in concrete is
sudden)
-
m
deflection is related to the whole member,
m
(both
materials) =1.0.
-
m
cracking bet. 1.0 and 1.5 (concrete), 1.0 for reinforcement (
only parts of the member affected)
m

K
f
strength Design =
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
BS8110 design stress-strain curve for concrete, shown in Fig 2
0.67( fcu /
m
)
stress
2.4 x 10
-4
( fcu /
m
) 0.0035
FIG. 2.2 design stress-strain relation for normal weight concrete (fcu in
N/mm
2
)
Note:
-
design strength =characteristic strength/
m
- maximum design strength = 0.67 fcu /
m.
- design strength reduced to 0.67fcu for concrete cube test
strength Vs. actual structural compressive strength
- for SLS elastic modulus may be taken from a table in the code,
i.e. a linear stress-strain relationship is assumed with a
specified value of E
c
depending on fcu.
For reinforcement the short-term stress-strain relationship is shown in
Fig. 2.3 The elastic modulus is 200KN /mm
2
.
200KN/ mm
2
.
strain
FIG. 2.3 Short-term design stress-strain relation for reinforcement (fy
in N/mm
2
.)
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
5.5

( fcu /
m
)KN/mm
2
Parabolic
curve
Compression
Tension
fy /
m
fy /
m
Tension
Strain
q WHATS CHARACTERISTIC LOAD?
For loading, characteristic load (F
k
), use
- CP 3: Chapter V, Part 1; Dead (G
K
)and imposed loads (Q
K
)
- CP3 Part 2: Wind loads(W
K
)
- BS 6399 : Part I for dead and imposed loads
- Handbooks or manuals e.g. Reinforced Concrete Designers;
Handbook by Reynolds.
Dead loads:
normally permanent and constant
e.g. self-weight, permanent fixtures and finishes
usually calculated on a slightly conservative basis, so that a
member will not need redesigning because of a small change in
its dimensions
Impose loads:
transient, variable, more difficult to determined accurately.
e.g. wind or human occupants, furniture, or machinery; pressures
of wind, retained earth or water; and the forces caused by thermal
expansion or shrinkage of the concrete.
Wind loads
imposed load but a separate category when its partial factors of
safety are specified; and when the load combinations of the
structure are being considered.
depends on the locations the building, size and height, openings
in walls, etc.
(CP3 Part 2: Wind loads(W
K
))
Others loads
Dynamic loads by impact or surge
Wheel loads are rolling loads, placed in position to give maximum
moments and shears.
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
q WHATS DESIGN LOADING?
Design load = Characteristic load x
f
(partial factor of safety
factor);
Why
f
?
1. Possible unusual increases in the load beyond those in
deriving the characteristic load.
2. Inaccurate assessment of effects of loading.
3. Variation in dimensional accuracy achieved in
constructions.
4. The importance of the limit state being considered.

f
varies for different
limit states
combination of loading.
Table 2.8 Values of
f
at ultimate limit state
Load type
Dead Imposed
Earth &
water
pressur
e
Win
d
Load Combination Advers
e
Bene
fi-cial
Adverse Bene
fi-cial
1 Dead and Imposed
(and earth and
water pressure)
1.4 1.0 1.6 0 1.4 -
2 Dead and Wind
(and earth and
water pressure)
1.4 1.0 - - 1.4 1.4
3 Dead and Imposed
(and earth and
water pressure)
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Note:
- arrangement of loads to cause the most severe effects
- adverse' partial factor - applied to loads that produce a
more critical design condition.
- 'beneficial factor - applied to loads that produce a less
critical condition.
- minimum design load is 1.0 G
k
2.0 Limit State Principles (cont)
- Load combination (2) is generally for a stability
condition, most critical case may arise when moments
due to 1.4 G
k
on some parts of the structure are
additive to wind moments due to 1.0 G
k
on other parts
of the structure form the restoring moments.
- Load combination (3), a factor of 1.2 is used
throughout the structure
For SLS, the load combinations specified by BS8110 are:
1. Dead and Imposed Load - 1.0 G
k
1.0 Q
k

2. Dead and Wind Load - 1.0 G
k
1.0 W
k
3. Dead, Imposed and Wind Load - 1.0 G
k
1.0 Q
k
0.8 W
k
q WHATS ROBUSTNESS?
- Related to structural integrity of the structures.
- Avoid damage to small areas or failure of single
elements leading to collapse of major parts of the structure.
- Clause 2.2.2.2 / 3.1.4of BS 8110 : Part 1 lists the
precautions
All buildings should be capable of resisting a minimum
horizontal force (Notional horizontal force)
All buildings are provided with effective horizontal ties.
For buildings >= 5 storeys, check for key elements on
layout
For buildings >= 5, any vertical load bearing element
(other than the key element) should be detailed such
that its loss will not cause considerable damage.
3.0 DURABILITY
q WHATS IS DURABLITY OF CONCRETE?
- a durable concrete is one that will withstand, to a
satisfactory degree, the effects of service
conditions to which it will be subjected, such as
weathering, chemical action, and wear.
q WHY MORE EMPHASIS ON DURABILITY IN
BS8110/CP110 ?
- Corrosion of rebars in bridges in UK and USA
- Extensive Corrosion of rebars in Middle East
- Use of calcium chloride as accelerators, cause
damage in multi-storeys caldding panels in UK
- Concern with Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
- Chloride attack on bridges
- A lot of problems with durability with post-war
housing in UK
- Increase in strength of cement, higher strength with
lower w/c ratio
- Use of cement replacement materials, e.g. PFA,
GGBFS and microsilica
q WHATRE THE PROVISIONS FOR DURABILITY IN
BS8110 ?
- dealt in 3 main places in Code
a) Section 2 (2.2.4) - general issues
b) Section 3 (3.3) - choice of suitable cover and
appropriate quality of concrete. (most significant
set of provisions related to durability to designer)
c) Section 6 (6.2 Durability of structural concrete)
- general treatment of durability with special
reference to mechanisms leading to degradation of
the concrete (i.e. sulphate attack, ASR, frost),use
of pfa, ggbfs
3.0 durability (cont..)
q DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT (Provision in
BS8110)
- Environment and the corresponding requirements
for cover and concrete quality listed in Table 3.1 and
3.2
Table 3.1 : Exposure Conditions (From Table 3.2 BS
8110)
Environment Definition
Mild Concrete surfaces protected against
weather or aggressive conditions.
Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered: -
From severe rain or freezing whilst wet.
Concrete subject to condensation.
Concrete surfaces continuously under
water.
Concrete in contact with non-aggressive
water.
Concrete in contact with non-aggressive
soil.
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to: -
driving rain
alternate wetting and drying and
occasional freezing
severe condensation.
Very severeConcrete surfaces exposed to:
seawater spray
de-icing salts, directly or indirectly
corrosive fumes
severe freezing conditions while wet.
Extreme Concrete surfaces exposed to abrasive
action e.g.
seawater carrying solids
flowing water with pH < 4.5
machinery or vehicles.
3.0 Durability
Table 3.2: NOMINAL COVER TO ALL
REINFORCEMENT (INCLUDING LINKS) TO MEET
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS (Table 3.4 in BS8110)
Conditions of exposure Nominal cover
as defined in Table I
mm mm mm mm mm
mm
Mild 25 20 20 20 20
Moderate - 35 30 25 20
Severe - - 40 30 25
Very severe - - 50 40 30
Extreme - - - 60 50
-Maximum free water/
cement ratio 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
0.45
-Minimum cement content
kg/m3 275 300 325 350
400
-Lowest grade of concrete C30 C35 C40 C45
C50
Notes:
- Normally if strength of concrete meet the required
grade, it is deemed to satisfy the w/c ratio and
cement content values.
- Actual cover should not be less than nominal cover
minus 5mm.
- For precast concrete, where very low w/c ratios
and cement contents were well below the appropriate
values in Table 3.2, such mixes are also likely to be
very durable, and the minimum cement contents may
be reduced up to 10% provided the minimum water
cement ratio is reduced by the same percentage.
- The addition of pfa or ggbfs together with OPC for
the 'cement' in the Table 3.2 used for checking the
w/c ratio and cement content is allowed provided the
mixes with and without additions would have equal
durability if they were of equal 28-day strength.
3.0 Durability(cont)
q FIRE RESISTANCE
The general arrangement of the material on fire
resistance in the code is as follows:
- Section 3.3 in Part 1 : tables of minimum bar size
Vs. nominal cover for the normally specified periods
of fire resistance. (simple and conservative)
- Part 2 (Section 4): more comprehensive tables
given in the BRE guidelines (with slight
modifications in the case of walls).
- Design for fire by direct calculation is permitted,
reference to the Institution of Structural
Engineer/Concrete Society recommendations.
q Requirements for concrete exposed to sulphate
attack (Cl.6.2.3.3)
- Table 6.1 BS8110. Specified min. Cement
content, w/c ratios related to concentration of
sulphate
- Use of pfa or ggbfs in concretes to resist sulphates
is permitted.
q Alkali Silica reaction (ASR) Cl. 6.2.5.4
- Considered only in cases where there will be a
high moisture level in the concrete and the mix will
have a high alkali content and a reactive aggregate is
being used.
- Under such circumstances, Alkali content of the
concrete should be reduced to below 3kg/m
3
of NA
2
0
equivalent by using a low alkali cement, a low
cement content or by using a composite cement
including at least 30% pfa or 50% ggbfs.
4.0 ANALYSIS OF FRAMES AND BEAMS
q GENERAL
- Generally, the design procedure can be started by assuming
the ultimate limit state as the critical limit state.
- Computer programs are common nowadays. The
structure can be analysed as a complete frame. e.g.
GTSTRUDL, STAAD III, ATSstructE , Microstran etc.
- Hand calculations, carried out by taking parts of the
complete frame.
- Assessment of section sizes will have to be
made. The so-called rule of thumb is available for
use, i.e. the limiting span/depth ratio specified in
the Codes of Practise. Having assumed some
section the structure can now be analysed.
q FRAME ANALYSIS
Classified into 2 categories i.e. braced frame and Unbraced
frame
- Braced Frame
frame not providing lateral stability
only vertical loads are concerned
series of sub frames are being considered. Each
sub frame consists of the beams at one level
together with the columns above and below,
assumed to be fixed at their ends remote from
those beams, unless the assumption of pinned-
end is more reasonable like for the case of
foundation which unable to develop moment
restraint. See Figure 4-1
For continuous beam sub-frame, Table 3.6 (Cl.
3.4.2.) M and V can be used
i) Q
k
< G
k
ii) Load fairly uniform over 3 or more spans
iii) Variation in spans < 15 % of the largest
- Unbraced Frame (Cl. 3.2.1.3.2)
frame providing lateral stability
consider both lateral and vertical loads
use of computer program would be very practical since
hand analysis can be very tedious.
will sway even without horizontal loads.
Simplified analysis as described in Pg 411, Reinforced and
Prestressed Concrete Design by Kong & Evans (3
rd
Edition)
Note: - The Codes thus warns a designer that the
effects of sway should be considered for frames less
than three bays.
q LOAD ARRANGEMENT (Braced Frame)
See Figure 4-1 for beams
For one-way slabs, (Cl. 3.5.2.3), designed for single
loading case (1.6Q
k
+ 1.4G
k
) on all spans M and V
taken from Table 3.13 provided :-
i)
area of each bay > 30 m
2
ii) Q
k
/ G
k
<= 1.25
iii) Q
k
<

5 kN/ m
2
(excluding partitions)
iv) Variation in spans < 15 % of the largest
q REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS Clause 3.2.2 (an
optional)
- transferring some of the calculated moment (by elastic
analysis) at one position to another position in a member,
thus reducing rebar requirement/ congestion .
- Conditions
Equilibrium between internal forces and external
loads must be maintained i.e. overall height of
bending moments remains the same for any
particular loading.
Resistance moment at any section should be at
least 70% of moment at that section obtained from
an elastic maximum moment.
After redistribution, neutral axis depth, x
( 0.4d) where =ratio of moment after and
before redistribution.
Effective Span of Beam
L1 = Clear spacing between supports
L2 = distance between the centres of bearings,
Simply supported: smaller of L2 or ( L1 + d )
Continuous beam: L2
Cantilever : smaller of (L1 + d) or (Up to centre of
Support)
Slender Beams
The clear distance between lateral restraints
simply supported beam < 60bC, or 250bC2/d
(whichever is the lesser)
Cantilever < 25bC, or 100bC2/d whichever is the
lesser.
Shear Resistance of Beams
1. Shear stress v = V / b
V
d
2. If v > v
C
the whole of the shearing force should be
provided by shear reinforcement.
v
C
given in Table 4.5 for various % of bending
reinforcement and various effective depths for 30N/mm2
concrete.
3. v < 0.8 fcu or 5 N/mm2 whichever is the lesser.
4. If v < v
C
, prov. nominal shear reinforcement throughout
the span of the beam (Table 4.6)
5. Where v > v
C,,
shear reinforcement provided throughout the span of the beam
as noted in Tables 4.6 Tables 4.7 and 4.8 tabulate values that, when
multiplied by the depth of the beam (mm), give the shear resistance for
particular values of A
Sv
and s
v
6. s
v
<= 0.75d
7. Not necessary to provide shear reinforcement in slabs, bases, pile cap and
similar members if v does not exceed v
C.
8.

<= 50 % of shear reinforcement may be in the form of included bars (see
BS8110:Part 1)
Deflection of Rectangular Beams
If the span/effective depth ratio < ratio in Table 4.9.
deflection of a beam will not be excessive and <
approximately 1/250 of the span.
Deflection of Flanged Beams
span/effective depth ratio same as for rectangular beam
but
b
W
/b > 0.3, linear interpolation between tile values given in
Table 4.9 for rectangular beams and for flanged beams
with b
W
/b =0.3 may be used.
Anchorage Bond Stress
Recommenations for the design of anchorage bond
stresses are shown in BS 8110: Part 1.
Local Bond Stress
Local bond stress may be ignored, as force in a bar can
be developed by the appropriate anchorage length
Laps in Bars
For tension reinforcement: design anchorage tension
length
For compression reinforcement: design anchorage
compression x 1.25
In both cases lap lengths for bars of unequal size (or wires
in fabric) may be based on upon the smaller bar.
Notes:-
1 lap at the top of a section
minimum cover 2 x rebar size,
lap length x 1.4
2. lap at the corner of a section
minimum cover 2 x rebar size, OR
clear distance between adjacent laps 75mm
6 x rebar
size
(whichever is the
greater)
lap length x 1.4.
3. Both 1 and 2 apply
lap length x 2.0
(Values for lap lengths are given in Table 4.12
as multiples of bar size)
Hooks and Bends
The effective anchorage length of a hook or bend should
be measured from the start of the bend to a point four
times the bar size beyond the end the bend. This may be
taken as the lesser of 24 times the bar size, or
1. For a hook eight times the internal radius of the hook
or the active length of the bar in the hook, including
the straight portion whichever is greater
2. For a bend - four times the internal radius of the bend
with a maximum of 12 times the bar size, or the actual
length of the bar whichever, is greater.
Curtailment of Bars
In any member subject to bending, every curtailed bar
should extend (except at end support) beyond the
calculated cut-off point for a distance equal to the effective
depth of the member or 12 times the bar size, whichever is
greater. In addition, bars should not be stopped off in a
tension zone, unless one of the following conditions is
satisfied:
1. The bars extend an anchorage length appropriate to
their design strength (0.87fy) from the point at which it
is no longer required to assist in resisting the bending
moment.
2. The shear capacity of the section, where the
reinforcement stop, provide double the area required
for the moment at such points.
Anchorage of Bars
As a simply supported end of a member one of the following requirements should
be fulfilled:
1. Effective anchorage equivalent to 12 bar sizes plus beyond the centre line of
support (No hook or bend should begin before the centre of the support)
2. Effective anchorage equivalent to 12 bar sizes plus (d/2
from the face of the support. .(No bend should begin
d/2 from the face of the support.)
3. For slabs if the design ultimate shear stress the face of
the support is less than half the appropriate value v
C
,
recommended in Table 4.5 a straight length of bar
beyond the centre-line of the support equal to either
one third of the support width or 30 mm, whichever is
greater.
Simplified rules for the curtailment of bars are given in BS
8110: Part 1.
Cover
BS 8110: Part 1. Table 4.13 : - conditions of exposure Vs.
nominal cover
Minimum Distance Between Bars
The lateral dimension between bars should be the
maximum-sized aggregate plus 5 mm or the bar size,
whichever is greater. Vertical dimension between bars
should be two-thirds of the maximum-sized aggregate.
Maximum Distance Between Bars in Tension
General rules for establishing the maximum distance
between bars in tension are given in BS8110 : Part I.
Table 4.13 Nominal cover to all reinforcement (including
iini
Minimum and Maximum Percentages of
Reinforcement in Members
The minimum and maximum percentages of reinforcement
appropriate for various conditions of loading and types of
member are given in BS8110:Part 1
5. Reinforced Concrete Column
- Ultimate Limit State (BS8110)
Notes are in Transparencies Format
6. Solid Slabs
- Ultimate Limit State (BS8110)
Notes are in Transparencies Format
7. SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BEAMS/ SLABS
(Clause 3.5.5)
3. Shear stress v = V / b
V
d
4. If v > v
C
the whole of the shearing force should be
provided by shear reinforcement.
v
C
given in Table 4.5 for various % of bending
reinforcement and various effective depths for 30N/mm2
concrete.
3. v < 0.8 fcu or 5 N/mm2 whichever is the lesser.
4. If v < v
C
, prov. nominal shear reinforcement throughout
the span of the beam (Table 4.6)
9. Where v > v
C,,
shear reinforcement provided throughout the span of the beam
as noted in Tables 4.6 Tables 4.7 and 4.8 tabulate values that, when
multiplied by the depth of the beam (mm), give the shear resistance for
particular values of A
Sv
and s
v
10. s
v
0.75d
11. Not necessary to provide shear reinforcement in slabs, bases, pile cap and
similar members if v does not exceed v
C.
12.

50 % of shear reinforcement may be in the form of included bars (see
BS8110:Part 1)
Deflection of Rectangular Beams (clause 3.5.7, 3.4.6)
If the span/effective depth ratio < ratio in Table 3.10
deflection of a beam will not be excessive and <
approximately 1/250 of the span.
Deflection of Flanged Beams3.4.6.3
span/effective depth ratio same as for rectangular beam
but
b
W
/b > 0.3, linear interpolation between the values given in
Table 3.10 for rectangular beams and for flanged beams
with b
W
/b =0.3 may be used.
DESIGN DETAILS (BS 8110)
Minimum areas of tension reinforcement
(BS8110: Clause 3.12.5) prevent shrinkage/thermal
cracks etc.
(a) Rectangular beams:
A
s
(min) 0.13% bh
(b) Flanged beams (web in tension):
b
w
= web width b = effective flange width
f b
w
/b < 0.4, A
s
(min) 0.18% b
w
h
If b
w
/b > 0.4, A
s
(min) 0.13% b
w
h
(c) Flanged beams (flange in tension over a continuous
support):
T-beams A
s
(min) 0.26 % b
w
h
L-beams. A
s
(min) 0.2 % b
w
h
(d) Transverse reinforcement in flanged beams:
Provided near the top surface of the flange over the
full effective width b.
A
st
(min) 0.15% h
f
l where h
f
= flange thickness
l = beam span.
(will prevent longitudinal cracks along web-flange
junction)
Minimum areas of compression reinforcement
(BS 8110: Clause 3.12.5)
rectangular beam, A
s
' 0.2% bh
flanged-beam (web in compression): A
s
' 0.2%
b
w
h
bars 16 mm
Maximum areas of main reinforcement
(BS 8110: Clause 3.12.6)
A
s
' and A
s
4% of bh (or 4% b
w
h for flange beam)
Links or stirrups
(BS 8110: Clauses 3.4.5 and 3.12.7)
- to resist shear or contain the compression reinforcement
against outward buckling.
Requirements:
a) bars 8 mm
b) Where compression reinforcement is used in a
beam
links bars x largest compression bars
spacing 12 x smallest compression bars
c) Min. links are regd along entire spans in beam
Slenderness limits
(BS 8110: Clause 3.4.1.6) prevent lateral buckling
Slenderness limits = clear distance between lateral
restraints
d = effective depth
b
c
= the breadth of the compression face of the beam
midway between
restraints.
Table 7-1 Slenderness limits
Type of beam Slenderness limit
Simply supported/ 60b
C
or 250 b
C
2
/d (whichever is the
lesser)
Continuous
Cantilever 25 b
C
2
or 100 b
C
2
/d (whichever is the
lesser)
Minimum distance between bars
(BS 8110: Clause 3.12.11. 1)
(a) Horizontal clear distance between bars
h
agg
+ 5 mm, or (whichever is greater)
( = size of the larger bars if they are unequal)
(b) Vertical clear distance ( 2 rows)
2/3 h
agg
or (whichever is greater)
(c) Sufficient space should be left between bars to
enable the vibrator to be inserted.
Maximum distance between bars (BS 8110: Clause
3.12.11.2) - for crack control, only applied to tension bars
(See Table 3.30 and related Clauses in BS 8110:
Part 1)
Minimum lap length (BS 8110: Clause 3.12.8)
For Bars,
lap length 15 x or 300mm (whichever is the
greater)
For fabric reinforcement
lap length 250 mm.
For tension bars: design anchorage tension length
For compression bars: design anchorage
compression x 1.25
(In both cases lap lengths for bars of unequal size (or
wires in fabric) may be based on upon the smaller
bar.)
Notes:-
2 lap at the top of a section
min. cover 2 x : lap length x 1.4
b) lap at the corner of a section
minimum cover 2 x , OR
clear distance bet. adjacent laps 75mm or
6 x rebar size
(whichever is the
greater)
lap length x 1.4.
c) Both 1 and 2 apply: lap length x 2.0
Refer Table 3.29 (BS8110) for lap lengths Vs. bar
size
Curtailment and anchorage of bars
(BS8110: Clause 3.12.9)
(a) bar extend beyond theoretical cut-off point d or 12

whichever is greater. (except at end support)

Theoretical cut-off point = location where the
resistance moment of the section, considering only the
continuing bars, is equal to the required moment.
(b) bar stopped in tension zone should satisfy the
additional requirement that it extends a full
anchorage length from the theoretical cut-off point,
unless other conditions detailed in Clause 3.12.9.1 of
BS 8110 are satisfied.
(c) Simple end support, tension bar should have an
effective anchorage of 12 bar sizes beyond the centre
line of the support unless other conditions detailed in
Clause 3.12.9.4 of BS 8110 are satisfied. The
effective anchorage lengths of hooks and bends are
explained in Fig. 6.6- 1.
Anchorage of links
(BS 8110, clause 3.12.8.6)
Bars as links
Fully anchored if satisfies
(a) 90
0
bend : > its own bar size and continues
beyond for a minimum length of 8 x its own size.
(b) 180
0
bend : > its own bar size and continues
beyond for a minimum length 4 x its own size.
For Grade 250 bars, r = 2 x bar size
For Grade 460 bars; r = 3 x bar size for bar sizes < 20
mm
r = 4 x bar size for bar sizes > 25
mm
Fabric as links
(BS 8110, Clause 3.12.8.7)
Fully anchored when length of the anchorage either:
2 x welded wires, or
1 x welded wire of size not less than 1.4 times
the size of the wire being anchored.
Simplified rules for curtailment of bars
(BS 8110: Clause 3.12.10.2)
Problems:
-In practical design, bending moment diagrams are often
not drawn for members of secondary importance
-and the theoretical cutoff points are not then known
without further calculation.
Thus, simplified rules for slab and beam provided
- loading substantially uniformly distributed
- in case of continuous slab/beam, spans approx.
equal
See BS 8110 Figure 3.24 and 3.25
Concrete cover for durability
(BS 8110: Clause 3.3)
Exposure conditions,Table 3.2
Durability, Table 3.4.
Fire resistance, Table 3.5.
Cover Nominal max. size of aggregate (3.3.1.3).
or equiv. size of two or more bars
(3.3.1.2).
Fire resistance (BS8110: Clause 3.3.6)
For beam : depends on width and cover, as shown in
Tables for cover.
Fire resistance requirements may dictate
the size of the beam (BS8110 : Figure 3.2)
K KU UR RS SU US S P PE EN NY YE ED DI IA AA AN N R RE EK KA AB BE EN NT TU UK K
U UN NT TU UK K T TE EM MU UD DU UG GA A P PR RO OF FE ES SS SI IO ON NA AL L
PADA
6 10 MAC 2000
REKABENTUK TETULANG KONKRIT
(BS8110)
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Oleh :
Ng Kok Seng
Unit Struktur,
Bahagian Khidmat Pakar
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
Exposure condition-internal mild
External moderate
Fire resistance
Dead loads -partitions and finishes 1.5 kN/m
2
external cladding 5 kN/m
litiposed loads-roof 1.5 kN/m
2
floors 3 kN/m
2
Allowable soil-bearing pressure 200 kN/m
2
Characteristic strengths
Concrete: fcu 40 kN/mm
2
Reinforcement:fy (main bars) 460 kN/ mm
2
f
yv
(links) 250 kN/ mm
2
Example 1 (slab)
Design and detail the reinforcement for one panel of the
typical floor shown in Fig. 1
SOLUTION
(See Fig. Ex1-1)
Step 1 Durability and fire resistance
From Table 3.4,
nominal cover for mild exposure condition = 20 mm
From Table 4.4,
fire resistance for 1 hr., 20mm cover, continuous slabs
min. thickness > 95 mm O.K.
Nominal cover = 20 mm
Fire resistance OK
Step 2 Loading-per metre width of slab
Self-weight = (0.180 m) (24 kN/mm
3
) (5.5 m) = 23.8
Partitions and finishes = (1.5) (5.5) = 8.3
Characteristic dead load G
k
= 32.1 kN/ m
width
Characteristic imposed load Q
k
= (3) (5.5) = 16.5 kN/ m
width
Design load F = 1.4 G
k
+ 1.6 Q
k
= 44.9 + 26.4
= 71.3 kN/ m width
G
k
= 32.1 kN/ m Q
k
= 16.5 kN/ m F = 71.3 KN/ m
Step 3 Ultimate moments
From Table 3.13 (interior support),
M at supports = 0.063FL = (0.063)(71.3)(5.5) = 24.7 kNm/m
M at midspan = 0.063FL = 24.7 kNm/m
Step 4 Main reinforcement
Effective depth d = 180 - 20 bar = 154 mm, say
Supports : K = M/(f
cu
bd
2
) = (24.7)(10
6
) =0.026
(40) (1000) (154
2
)
z/d = 0.94 xld = 0.13
where z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9) and z/d = d 0.45x
(NOTE : z/d 0.95 )
From Cl. 3.4.4.4
As = M/(0.87 f
y
z) = 24.7 x 10
6
= 426mm
2
/m
(0.87) (460) (0.94) (154)
From Cl. 3.10.5.3 Table 3.27
Min. tension steel = 0.13%bh = 234 mm
2
/m 426 mm
2
/m
Hence
As = 426 mm
2
/m , Provide: Top: T10 @ 150 (523 mm
2
/m)
Midspan: M/(f
cu
bd
2
) =0.026 (as at supports)
Bottom : T10 @ 150 (523 mm
2
/m)
Step 5 Shear
From Table 3.13,
V = 0.5F = (0.5) (71.3 from Step 2) = 35.7 kN/m
v= V/b
v
d = (35.7)(10
3
) = 0.23 N/m
2
(1000) (154)
< 0.8 f
cu
(= 5.1 N/ mm
2
)
From Table 3.9,
For As/b
v
d = 523/(1000)(154) = 0.34%
v
c
= 0.65 N/ mm
2
> v
Shear resistance OK
Step 6 Deflection
From Table 3.10,
basic span/depth ratio = 26 (cont. slab)
M/(bd
2
) = (24.7)(10
6
) = 1.04
(1000) (154
2
)
From Table 3.11 Mod. Factors for tension bars (cl. 3.4.6.5)
modification factor = 1.38
Hence
allowable span/depth ratio = (26) (1.38) = 35.9
actual span/depth ratio= 5500/154 = 35.7 < allowable
Deflection OK
(Note : if not O.K., change d, As or cal. Actual Defl.)
Step 7 Cracking
3d = (3) (154) = 462 mm clear
spacing between bars = 150 - bar < 462 mm OK
For fy =460, h < 200mm , h = 180 mm OK
no further checks are required.
Cracking OK
Step 8 Secondary reinforcement
From Cl. 3.12.5.2.,
minimum secondary reinforcement = 0.13% bh
= (0.0013) (1000) (180) = 234 mm/m
T10 @ 300 (262 mm
2
/m)
Step 9 :Robustness Cl. 3.1.4.3 and 3.12.3.4)
Longitudinal tie force F
t
= 20 + 4 times (no. of storeys) or 60
(whichever is lesser)
F
t
= 20 + (4)(4) = 36 kN/m < 60
F
t
= 36 kN/m
(g
k
+ q
k
) (l
r
/5) F
t
= (32.1/5.5) + (16.5/5.5)(5.5)(36)
7.5 7.5 5
= 46.7 kN/m > F
t
Minimum continuous internal tie = 46.7 x 1000 = 116.7 mm
2
/m
(0.87)(460)
Bottom T10 at 400 (196 mm
2
/m)
From Table 3.2,
full anchorage lap length = 32
The required lap length = (32 )[f
s
/ 0.87f
y
]
=(32 ) [As req (116.7)]
[As prov.(196) ]
= 19 = 190 mm
From 3.12.8,
Min. lap length = 300 mm or 15 (whichever greater)
Min. Lap length = 300mm ( > 19 )
Tie lap length = 300 mm
Step 10 Reinforcement details
See Figure 1-2 for reinforcemens details. Note the following comments regarding BS 8110's
detailing requirements:
(a) Main bars at midspan (mark 1)
Curtailment: in a continuous slab the main tension bars
at midspan should extend to within 0.21 of the supports,
and at least 40% should extend into the support.
Bar spacing: the clear spacing should not exceed 3d (462
mm) or 750 mm whichever is the less.
(b) Secondary bars (marks 2, 3, 4 and 6)
Bar spacing: the clear spacing should not exceed 3d (462
mm) or 750 mm whichever is the less.
Minimum area: All secondary bars > minimum area of
0.13%bh
Minimum lap length: the minimum lap length should not
be less than 15 or 300 mm whichever is the less.
(c) Main bars at supports (mark 5)
Curtailment: the main bars at supports should extend a
distance of at least 0.15L or 45, from the face of support
whichever is greater, and at least 50% should extend
0.3L
(d) Transverse reinforcement across main beam (mark 5)
Table 3.27 slab & the main beam =flanged beam.
Transverse reinforcement > 0. 15 % h
f
L at the top surface
and across the full effective width of the T-beam flange. The
effective width is b
w
+ 0.2L
z
= 350 + (0.2) (0.7 of 9000) =
1610 mm; 1610/2 = 805 mm. That is, the transverse
reinforcement must extend at least 805 mm into the span on
each side of the main beam, and the area of this transverse
reinforcement should not be less than (0.0015) (5500) (180)
= 1485 mm
2
/5.5 m = 270 mm
2
. In Fig. 1-2, the bars 'mark
5' extend 850 + 175 1025 mm (> 805 mm) into the span,
and they have an area of (T10 at 150) 523 mm
2
/ m (> 270
mm
2
/m).
(e) Transverse reinforcement across edge beam (mark 7)
effective flange width of the edge beam =b
w
+ 0.1L = 710
mm; the min. area of the transverse reinforcement is
0.15%Lh
f=
(0.0015)(5500) (180) = 1485 mm
2
= 270 mm
2
/ m.
The area of the bars 'mark 7' (T10 at 150) is 523 mm
2
/ m and
the bars extend the full effective width.
Example 2 (Beam)
With reference to the typical floor of the building in Fig. 1,
design and detail a main floor beam.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Durability and fire resistance
From Table 3.4,
nominal cover for mild exposure condition = 20 mm cover
to main bars = 20 + link = 35 mm, say
From Table 4.4
350 mm beam width and 35 mm cover to main bars, the
fire resistance > 1 hour
Nominal cover = 20 mm
Fire resistance OK
Step 2 Loading
Dead load from 180 slab:
= 31.7 kN/m
Self-weight (0.55 - 0.18) x 0.35 x 24 = 3.1 kN/m
Characteristic dead load g
k
= 34.8 kN/m
Characteristic imposed load q
k
= 3 x 5.5= 16.5 kN/m
Design load F = 1.4 g
k
+ 1.6 q
k
= 48.7 + 26.4 = 75.1 kN/m
g
k
=34.8 kN/m q
k
=16.5 kN/m F =75.1 kN/m
Step 3 Ultimate moments
BS 8110: Clause 3.2.1.2.4
continuous beams in framed structure can be analysed by
assuming that the columns provide vertical restraint but no
rotational restraint. Figure 2-1 bending moment envelope of 3
laoding cases with 0 distribution
Step 4 Shear forces
Figure 2-2 shows the shear force envelope.
Step 5 Longitudinal reinforcement
Internal support B
M = 629 KNm
(No moment redistribution)
K = M/f
cu
bd
2
= (629)( 10
6
) = 0.199 > 0.156
(40)(350)(475
2
)
Compression reinforcement is required.
d' = 50 mm
From z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9) and z/d = d 0.45x
zld = 0.775 xld = 0.5
From Cl. 3.4.4.4,
As = M M
u
(where M
u
= Kf
cu
bd
2
)
0.87fy (d - d')
= (629)(10
6
) - (0.156)(40)(350)(475
2
)
(0.87)(460)(475-50)
= 800 mm
2
(From Cl. 3.12.5 when compression steel is required, the
minimum area to be provided = 0.2% bh = 385 mm
2
< 800
mm
2
OK)
As = M
u
/(0.87fyz)+ As (where M
u
= K f
cu
bd
2
)
= (0.156)(40)(350)(475
2
) + 800
(0.87) (460) (0.775)(475)
= 4145 mm
2
Top 6T32 (4825 mm
2
)
Bottom 2T32 (1608 mm 2)
Span AB Cl. 3.4.1.5,
effective flange width = 350 + 0.2(0.7 of 9000)
= 1610 mm
From bending moment envelope
M = 760 kNm
M/( f
cu
bd
2
) = 760 x 10
6
(40)(1610)(5) where d = 500
= 0.047 < 0.156
singly reinforced
From z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9) and z/d = d 0.45x
Z/d = 0.94 x/d = 0.13
Note that: z/d <=0.95 x = (d-z)/0.45
xld = 0. 13. Therefore 0.9x = (0.9)(0.13)(500) = 59
mm < hf, i.e. stress block within flange thickness.
From Cl. 3.4.4.4,
As = M/( 0.87f
y
z) = (760)( 10
6
)
(0.87)(460)(0.94)(500)
= 4040 mm
2
Bottom 4T32 + 2T25 (4150 mm
2
)
End support A
Assume nominal fixing moment equal to 40% of the initial
fixed end moment.
M = 40% of 507 kNm
= 203 kNm
K = M/( f
cu
bd
2
) = (203)( 10
6
) = 0.058 < 0.156
(40)(350)(500
2
)
z/d = 0.93 x/d =0.16
As = M/( 0.87f
y
z) = (203)( 10
6
)
(0.87)(460)(0.93)(500)
= 1091 mm
2
3T25 U-bars (1473 mm 2)
From Table 3.29,
ultimate anchorage bond length = 32 = 800 mm
required anchor length = (1091)(800)
(1473)
= 593 mm
Span BC
effective flange width = 350 + (0.2)(0.7 of 7000)
= 1330 mm
From bending moment envelope
M = 460 kNm
K = M/( f
cu
bd
2
) = (460)( 10
6
) = 0.035 < 0.156
(40)(1330)(500
2
)
Singly reinf.
z/d = 0. 94 x/d = 0.13 (i.e. 0.9x < h
f
)
N.A in flange
As = M/( 0.87f
y
z) = (460)( 10
6
)
(0.87)(460)(0.94)(500)
= 2446 mm
2
5T25 U-bars (2454mm 2)
End support C
Design for 40% of the initial fixed-end moment
M = 40% of 307 kNm
= 123 kNm
K = M/( f
cu
bd
2
) = (123)( 10
6
) = 0.035 < 0.156
(40)(350)(500
2
)
Singly reinf.
z/d = 0.94 x/d =0.13
As = M/( 0.87f
y
z) = (123)( 10
6
)
(0.87)(460)(0.94)(500)
= 654 mm
2
2T25 U-bars (982 mm 2)
From Table 3.29,
ultimate anchorage bond length = 32 = 800 mm
required anchor length = (654)(800)
(982)
= 533 mm
See Fig. for curtailment diagram
Step 6 Shear Reinforcement
Min. tension reinf. = 2T25 i.e. As= 982 mm
2
100As/b
v
d = (100)(982) = 0.56
(350) (500)
From Table 3.9
v
c
= 0.61 N/mm
2
Min. Links provided where
v (v
c
+ 0.4) i.e. V (v
c
+ 0.4) b
v
d
(Table 3.8 Cl. 3.4.5.10)
V (0.61 + 0.4)(350)(500)
= 177 kN
Fig. shows the 177 kN limits for min. links
superimposed on the shear force envelope
A
sv
(min links) (0.4b
v
s
v
)/(0.87f
yv
)
A
sv
/s
v
(min links) (0.4b
v
)/(0.87f
yv
)
= (0.4)(350) = 0.64
(0.87)(250)
Min. links R12 @ 300mm (A
sv
/s
v
=0.75)
Check v < 0.8 f
cu
(= 5.1 N/ mm
2
) or 5 N/ mm
2
- ok
Link Requirements
Location V
kN
v
N/ mm
2
Eff.
Reinf.
As/ b
v
d
%
v
c
N/ mm
2
A
sv
/ s
v
mm
Provid
e
Support A 266 1.52 3T25 0.84 0.7 1.32 R12 at
150
Support
BA
382 2.18 6T32 2.76 0.95 2.0 R16 at
150
Support
BC
323 1.85 6T32 2.76 0.95 1.45 R12 at
150
Support C 175 1.0 2T25 0.56 0.61 0.63 R12 at
300
Step 7 Deflection
Table 3.10 basic span/depth ratio = 20.8
(for b
w
/b 0.3)
M/bd
2
= (760)(10
6
) = 1.89
(1610) (500
2
)
Table 3.11
Modification Factor =1.1
Allow. Span/depth ratio = 20.8 x 1.1
= 22.9
actual span/depth ratio = 9000/500 = 18.0 < 26.6
span/depth ratio ok
Step 8 Cracking
Bar spacing and corner distance
Tension Spacing a
b
Spacing a
c
bars Moment Actual Allowed Actual Allowed
Redist.
Support B 0% 120mm 135mm 60mm 80mm
top
Span AB: 0% 51mm 160 mm 60 mm 80 mm
bottom
Span BC 0% 137.5mm 132 mm 60 mm80mm
bottom
Crack widths OK
Step 9 Robustness(BS8110:Clauses3.1.4.3,3.12.3.4, and
3.12.3.6)
I nternal longitudinal ties (BS 81 10: Clause 3.12.3.4. 1).
F
t
= 20 + 4 times No. of storeys = 36 kN/m
From Step 2 of the solution to floor design,
g
k
= 32.1-5.5 = 5.84 kN/m
2
of floor
q
k
= 16.5/5.5 = 3.00 kN/m 2 of floor
Check:
(g
k
+ q
k
) (l
r
/5) F
t
= {(5.84 + 3.00)}(9/5)(36)
7.5 7.5
= 76.4 kN/m > F
t
Hence
Tie force = (76.4) (5.5) = 420 kN
Min. cont. internal tie = 420 x 1000 = 1049 mm
2
(0.87)(460)
Bottom 2T32 (1608 mm
2
continuous support B)
Check lap length (Tension laps) Table 3.29
cover to lapped bars= 20 + link = 36 mm < 2 (64mm)
Cl. 3.12.8.13(a) & (b)
spacing bet. adjacent laps 100 mm
< 6 (192 mm)
Hence apply a factor of 1.4 to Table 3.29, so that:
full tension lap length = (1.4)(32) = 45
required lap length = (As req.) (45)
(As prov.)
=[1049] (45)(32) = 939 mm
[1608]
Extend the tie bars 1500 mmfrom the column face at the
support B.
External column tie (BS 8110: Clause 3.12.3.6. 1).
(a) 2Ft = 2(36) = 72 kN.
(Floor height)(F
t
)= [4 - 0.18] (36) = 55 kN
2.5 2.5
Hence 72 kN need not be considered further
(b) 3% of total design ultimate vertical load carried by column
3% of 1500 kN (45kN)
45 kN < 55 kN in (a)
Hence, tie force 55 kN.
Minimum continuity external tie
={(55)(1000)}/{0.87(46)}= 137 mm
2
The 25 mm U-bars at the external supports provide ample area.
Step 10 Reinforcement details
See reinf. Details.
Figure shows the reinforcement details.
Example 3 (I nternal Column)
Design and detail an internal column, B9 for to the braced
building frame shown
SOLUTION
Step 1 Durability and fire resistance
From Table 2.5-7,
nominal cover for mild exposure = 20 mm (use 30 mm)
cover to main bars = 30 + link = 40 mm, say
From Table 3.5-1,
for 380 square column with 40 mm cover to main
bars, the fire resistance exceeds 1 hour
Nominal cover = 30 mm
Fire resistance OK
Step 2 Column and beam stiffnesses
Figure for details
Columns: all floors
I = bh
3
= 380 X 380
3
= 1.74 x 10
9
12 12
I = 1.74 x 550
9
= 435 x 10
3

4000
Floor beams
I = bh
3
= 350 X 550
3
= 4.85 x 10
9
mm
4
12 12
9m span I = 4.85 x 10
9
= 539 x 10
3
mm
3

9000
7m span I = 4.85 x 10
9
= 693 x 10
3
mm
3

7000
Roof beams
I = bh
3
= 350 X 500
3
= 3.65 x 10
9
mm
4
12 12
9m span I = 3.65 x 10
9
= 406 x 10
3
mm
3

9000
7m span I = 3.65 x 10
9
= 521 x 10
3
mm
3

7000
Step 3 Moments in column
Floor junctions
(I/l) = (435 + 435 + 270 + 347) x 10
3
= 1487 x
10
3
For Loading Case 1:-
Out-of-balance mom. = 507 142 = 365 kNm
M in column = 365 x (435/1487) =107 kNm
Roof junction
(I/l) = (435 + 203 + 261) x 10
3
= 899 x 10
3
Out-of-balance mom. = 226 kNm
M at top of 3
rd
floor column = 226 x (435/899) =109
kNm
Step 4 Effective column height
Foundation to I st floor
Eqn 30 Cl. 3.8.1.6.1
effective col. Ht. l
e
= l
O
From Table 3.21 Cl. 3.8.1.6.2
N-S direction = 0.9 (end conditions: top = 1, bottom =
3)
Hence
l
ex
= 0.9 l
0
= 0.9 x 4000 = 3600 mm
l
ex
/ h = 3600/380 = 9.5 < 15
E-W direction: = 1.0 (end conditions: top = 3, bottom =
3)
Hence
l
ey
= 1.0 x 4000 = 4000 mm
l
ey
/ b = 4000/380 = 10.5 < 15
short column
lst to 2nd floor; 2nd to 3rd floor; 3rd floor to roof
From Table 30:
N-S direction = 0.75 (end conditions: top = 1, bottom =
1)
Hence
l
ex
= l
O
= 0.75 x 4000 = 3000 mm
l
ex
/ h = 3000/380 = 7.9 < 15
E-W direction: = 1.0 (end conditions: top = 3, bottom =
3)
Hence
l
ey
= 1.0 x 4000 = 4000 mm
l
ey
/ b = 4000/380 = 10.5 < 15
short column
Step 5 Axial loads
Axial loads on column (see Table )
Column design loads (kN)
Beam
Load
I mposed
a
Dead
a
Floor
support
ed V (kN) V
=
1.6q
k
V= 1.4q
k
Case 3 1.4g
k
+1.6q
k
1.4g
k
+ 1.6q
k

Roof 617
b
16
8
168 449
b
Self-weight 12 461
3
rd
733 25
8
426 475
Self-weight 12 948
2
nd
733 25
8
684 475
Self-weight 12 1435
1st 733 25
8
942 475
Self-weight 12 1922
a
g
k
& q
k
Taken from step 2
b
For roof, taken from roof main beam sehich are not shown
Reduced imposed loads (see Table )
3rd floor to roof 100% of 168 = 168 kN
2nd to 3rd floor 90% of 426 = 382 kN
Ist to 2nd floor 80% of 684 = 547 kN
Foundation to lst floor 70% of 942 = 659 kN
Total axial loads (see Table above)
3rd floor to roof N3r = 168 + 461 = 629 kN
2nd to 3rd floor N23 = 382 + 948 = 1330 kN
lst to 2nd floor N12 = 547 + 1435 = 1982 kN
Foundation to lst flr Nfl = 659 + 1922 = 2581 kN
N
3r
= 629 kN N
23
= 1330 kN N
12
12 = 1982
kN: N
fl
= 2581 kN
Step 6 Design bending moments
BS 8110's design minimum eccentricity = 0.05h
Minimum design moment = 0.05hN (Cl. 3.8.2.4)
Foundation to lst floor level:
0.05h N
fl
= 0.05 x 380 X 10
-3
X 2581 (see Step 5)
= 49 kNm
Elsewhere, N < N
fl
and hence 0.05hN < 49 kNm.
Therefore the column design is governed by the
column moments in Step 3 as these are larger than
0.05hN.
M (roof J unction) = 109 kNm M (floor junction) = 107
kNm
Step 7 Reinforcement
f
cu
= 40 N/mm
2
; f
y
= 460 N/mm
d = 380 - 40 - (bar )/2 = 0.85 approx.
h 380
Refer to Design chart, and the results are as shown in
Table below
location N/bh M/bh
2
A
sc
reqd. A
sc
prov.
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
mm
2
mm
2
3
rd
to roof 4.4 2.0 0.4% bh = 578
c
4T25(1960)
2
nd
to 3
rd
fl. 9.2 2.0 0.4% bh = 578
c
4T25(1960)
1
st
to 2
nd
fl. 13.8 2.0 0.4% bh = 578
c
4T25(1960)
Fdn to 1
st
fl. 17.9 2.0 1.4% bh = 2021 4T25(1960)
c
Min. steel ratio = 0.4 %
Step 8 Reinforcement details(see Fig )