1

Qualcomm, Inc.
3G and WLAN Interworking for
Fixed Fixed- -Mobile Convergence Mobile Convergence
Presentation for the CDG Technology
Forum on Inter-Technology Networking
April 30, 2008, San Francisco
Presenter: Rolf de Vegt, rolfv@qualcomm.com
2
Qualcomm, Inc.
Agenda
1. Context and Introduction
2. Trends and Drivers for 3G/WLAN Interworking
3. Highlights of 3G-WLAN Inter-working Standards and System
Architecture
4. Benefits of using 802.11n for WLAN Inter-working
5. Features and Enhancements for Improved 3G WLAN Inter-
working
6. Technology Trial Results
7. Conclusions
3
Qualcomm, Inc.
1. Context and Introduction
The theme of the conference is Inter-Technology Networking
The purpose of this presentation:
Outline the trends and drivers leading to increased adoption of WLAN
Cellular Interworking
Provide an overview of relevant standards and system architectures
Highlight the benefits of using 802.11n technology
Inform you about key enhancements QC identified for 3G WLAN
Interworking
Share the results of a Field Trial of Qualcomm 3G WLAN Interworking
enhancements.
4
Qualcomm, Inc.
2. Trends and Drivers for 3G/WLAN
Interworking
5
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G/WLAN Interworking for Converged IP Services
Operator Controlled
3G/WLAN Offering
3G 3G WLAN WLAN
Operator Operator
Services Services
Operator Operator
Client Client
System Selection Transparent to the User System Selection Transparent to the User
Seamless Inter Seamless Inter - -System Handoff System Handoff
Single Mobile Number Single Mobile Number
Benefits to Customers
Same Data and Voice Services Across Systems
Same Authentication/Authorization
Additional Revenue Opportunity
Improved WLAN AP Configurations
6
Qualcomm, Inc.
End User Trends
A third of wireless voice minutes are used
either at home or at work
Fixed-mobile substitution is a reality
Over 13 million landline phones replaced in
North America by 2007 (iGR, 03/07)
Increasing adoption of VoIP
Portablephones and softphones can be
used anywhere with an IP connection
Increasing usage of wireless data
Fast growth of 3G data services
Need for converged 3G/WLAN data services
Work
10%
Home
24%
Car
40%
Other
26%
Source: Yankee Group, 2005
Embedded Wireless
Notebooks
US Wireless Voice Minutes Usage
7
Qualcomm, Inc.
Drivers for Wireless Operators
Coverage
In-building coverage extension
High data rates in poor 3G coverage areas
Reduce Churn
Increase stickiness through custom plans
Enhance corporate plans (e.g. wireless PBX)
Cost Reduction
Minimizes transport costs
Delay network investment to improve capacity
New Services and Revenues
Bundled services
Accelerate wireline substitution
Rich services in poor 3G coverage areas
Wireless operators entering traditionally fixed domains
Residential flat rate
Homezone plan
Per minute billing
standard plan
WLAN hotspots
extends
Homezone
coverage
8
Qualcomm, Inc.
Drivers for Wireline Operators
Wireline and MVNOs operators expanding services beyond the home
Through partnerships, operators can offer mobile services
Reduce Churn
Strengthen product portfolio and brand
Single bill for all services
Cost Reduction
Reduce MoU on partner network
Use own transport network (DSL, Cable)
New Services and Revenues
Become main communications provider
Recapture lost users and minutes to wireline substitution
Residential
VoIP plan
provides
limited
mobility
Standard MNO
provided mobility
services
WLAN
hotspots
extends
VoIP
coverage
9
Qualcomm, Inc.
Cellular/VoWLAN Dual-mode Handsets
A Growing Number of Cellular/VoWLAN dual-mode handsets available
DoCoMo launched Passage Duple service (WCDMA/VoWLAN) at end of 2004
Orange Unik launched in Oct 06
T-mobile HotSpot@Home launched in J une 2007
Other service launches include BT, Telecom Italia, Telia Sonera, etc.
10
Qualcomm, Inc.
3. Highlights of 3G-WLAN Standards
and System Architecture
11
Qualcomm, Inc.
Standards Support 3G/WLAN Interworking
MMD
Rev-0 and Rev-A published
Rev-B will be published Dec07
VCC: X.P0042 (Stage-2 and 3)
HRPD VoIP 1X-CS
WiFi VoIP 1X-CS
Published by Oct 07
IMS
Rel-5 and Rel-6 published
Rel-7 frozen in Dec06
Rel-8 expected to be frozen in 4Q08
VCC: WiFi VoIP CS
TS 23.206 (Stage-2) and TS 24.206
(Stage-3) as part of Rel-7
UMA GAN
Access to A/Gb Intf (Rel 6/7) Published
Access to Iu Intf (Rel-8) In Progress
Approved:
11a/b/g: power saving optimizations
11e: QoS and talk time improvement
11r: Inter-AP handoffs
In progress:
11n: Increased throughput and range
11u: WLAN / Cellular interworking
11v: Further standby time improvement
12
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G/WLAN Interworking for Packet Data Services
Allows 3G subscribers to use WLAN to access an operators packet
data services
E.g., rich multimedia to mobile phones and connectivity for laptops at hotspots
Standardized in 3GPP (I-WLAN TS23.234) and 3GPP2 (X.S0028-200)
Authentication and security provided by PDIF and existing AAA
Multimedia Session Continuity (MMSC) to support seamless handoff being defined
in 3GPP (Rel-8) and 3GPP2
WLAN
Access
Network
PDG/PDIF
PDG/PDIF
Internet
3G Packet Data
Service (including
Internet)
AAA
AAA
13
Qualcomm, Inc.
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
Cellular Domain
Abis A
C
WLAN Access
CSCF
CSCF
VCC AS
VCC AS
MGCF
MGCF
MGW
MGW
IMS Domain
IS-41
ISC
IS-41
AP
BTS
VLR
HLR/AC
HSS
PDIF
PDIF
Internet
PSTN
3G-WLAN Voice Interworking Architecture (3GPP2)
WLAN AP:
Air link authentication
Optimized configurations
Dual mode handset:
Dual RF chains
IMS client software
MMD/IMS core network:
CSCF: SIP server
HSS for authentication
Media Gateway: MGW
MGCF
VCC AS:
Manages mobile reachability info
Selects access for mobile terminated sessions
(UE selects access for mobile originated sessions)
Anchors all IMS sessions
14
Qualcomm, Inc.
Voice Call Continuity: WLAN-3G Handoff
Mobile decides to handoff from WLAN to 3G
Establish CS call and send signaling to VCC-AS
CS voice connection established to MGW
Tear down WLAN VoIP connection
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
CSCF
CSCF
VCC AS
VCC AS
MGCF
MGCF
MGW
MGW
BTS
VLR
HLR/AC
HSS
PDIF
PDIF
ISUP
SIP
15
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G-WLAN Voice Interworking Architecture (3GPP)
RNC
RNC
MSC
MSC
Iub
Iu-cs
C
B
ISUP
ISUP
WLAN Access
CSCF
CSCF
VCC AS
VCC AS
MGCF
MGCF
MGW
MGW
IMS Domain
MAP
ISC
SH
SH
MEGACO
SIP
MAP
AP
Node-B
VLR
HLR/AC
HSS
PDG
PDG
Internet
PSTN
VCC AS:
Manages mobile reachability info
Selects access for mobile terminated sessions
(UE selects access for mobile originated sessions)
Anchors all IMS sessions
PDG: provides VPN entry into carrier Intranet
Dual mode handset:
Dual RF chains
IMS client software
16
Qualcomm, Inc.
4. Benefits of Using 802.11n for
WLAN Interworking
17
Qualcomm, Inc.
Introduction to 802.11n
Latest generation of Wi-Fi Technology
Wi-Fi Alliance started certifying interoperability of devices based on
Draft 2.0 of the upcoming 802.11n standard in June 2006
Certification of Approved 802.11n based devices scheduled to start
in July 2009
Key Enhancements to Legacy Wi-Fi in 802.11n standard:
Increased Throughput and Range due to the use of MIMO
WFA draft 2.0 testing, tests for 2 Spatial Streams, Standard specifies up to 4
spatial streams, with a max link rate of 600 Mbps
Increased Throughput due to the use of Frame Aggregation
Techniques and/or the use of 40MHz channels
Up to 5X the Throughput and 2X the Range compared to Legacy Gear
18
Qualcomm, Inc.
Key Advantages of 802.11n
Enterprise and Hot Spot
Home Environment
Whole Home Coverage; a
strong Wi-Fi signal that can
blanket the entire home
A whole family sharing an
internet connection on a wide
array of devices without
degradation
Moving HD video and audio
streams effortlessly from device
to devices, throughout the home
Best user experience with voice
calls, video games and other
multimedia applications
Back up large files in a snap
Plenty of bandwidth to support
data-intensive applications (e.g.
video) and more users
Reach hard-to-cover spots like
stairwells, corridors, and exterior
areas with ease
Support more users on a more
efficient WLAN infrastructure
Ability for legacy 802.11a/b/g
clients to connect
Reduced CapEx and OpEx for
Hot Spot providers, due to larger
coverage areas of APs
19
Qualcomm, Inc.
802.11n Access Points with Legacy Wi-Fi Radios
in Mobile Devices
11n AP Legacy Client
Most WLAN enabled Mobile
Devices currently shipping with
802.11a, b or g
Even without 802.11n Radios on
the client side, notable Range and
Power Consumption Benefits:
Increased Receive Sensitivity
at Access Points
Transmit Diversity at Access
Point
Higher Data Rates Enabled at
any given point
Lower Output Power required
of Client
20
Qualcomm, Inc.
Benefits of Having 802.11n on Both Sides of the Link
Range Extension for a Single Data Stream due to Support of Space
Time Block Coding (STBC)
Higher Throughput and Extended Range for Mobile Devices with
Multiple Antennas (1x2 and 2x2 implementations)
Higher Peak data-rates with Spatial Multiplexing:
2 Spatial Streams: 130 Mbps
1 Spatial Stream: 65 Mbps
Legacy a/g: 54 Mbps
Higher Throughputs for transfer of large files (Music, Video,
Pictures) due to Aggregation Techniques (A-MPDU orA-MSDU)
Range Extension Due to the use of the Legacy Duplicate Mode
Power Safe Features
Increased Overall Network Capacity
11n will Spur Migration to the 5 GHz band
5GHz is cleanerspectrum; fewer risks for interference
New 802.11n deployments can segregate voice on 5 GHz
21
Qualcomm, Inc.
5. Features and Enhancements for
Improved 3G WLAN Interworking
22
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G WLAN Interworking Considerations
Robust Handoffs between Networks
Triggers and algorithms for efficient handoff
End-to-end call quality management
Efficient Power Management
Improving WLAN standby and talk time
Voice over WLAN Performance
QoS Management over WiFi
Interference in unlicensed spectrum
System Search and Selection
23
Qualcomm, Inc.
Mobile-Based Algorithms Enables Seamless
Inter-system Handoff
Robust and Efficient Handoff Algorithms achieve
Make-before-break handoff with no call drop
Maximize WLAN range while maintaining voice quality
Minimize packet losses during handoff
Stable handoff avoiding unnecessary ping-pong
Handoff Algorithms Also Need to Handle Diverse Network
Deployments and Usage Scenarios
3G / WLAN handoffs with varying loading
WLAN to WLAN handoffs in enterprise settings
Mobile-Centric Algorithm Can Meet all the Requirements Without
Network Changes
3G Network
WLAN
24
Qualcomm, Inc.
Multiple, Intelligent Triggers for Robust Handoff Operation
Signal Strength Based Handoff Alone Does Not Provide
Adequate Performance
RSSI measurement is noisy near handoff boundary
Does not detect interference for WLAN connection
Cannot monitor uplink quality
Does not detect backhaul failures
Improved Handoff Algorithm Combines PHY, MAC, and
Application Layer Triggers for Greater Reliability
1. Signal strength (RSSI)
2. Uplink MAC frame failures and retransmissions
3. Downlink VoIP frame losses
4. Backhaul QoS degradation (PQMF)
Internet
VCC AS
VCC AS
MGW
MGW
PDG/PDIF
PQMF Server
PDG/PDIF
PQMF Server
3G Network
MAC: Uplink Metrics
PHY: RSSI
APP: VoIP Frame Loss
APP: Path Quality Monitoring Function
25
Qualcomm, Inc.
Reliability Improvement Through Application Layer
Monitoring
Path Quality Monitoring Function (PQMF) Measures Path Quality Between
Device and Operators Network
Secure, adaptive, ping-type procedure with low overhead
Server function provided by PDG/PDIF
With PQMF, Mobile Devices Can More Accurately Decide When to HO
Prevent initiate call on an overloaded WLAN system
Respond to WLAN QoS failures during call silence periods
Distinguish between local and remote link failures
Internet
Path Quality Monitoring Function
VCC AS
VCC AS
MGW
MGW
PDG/PDIF
PQMF Server
PDG/PDIF
PQMF Server
3G Network
26
Qualcomm, Inc.
Battery Life Close to 3G Phones
Improved talk time by transitioning to sleep
during calls
Based on power save mechanisms such as U-APSD
(802.11e)
Examples: talk time up to 6 hours in WiFi mode for T-
Mobile Hotspot@Home phones
Improved standby time by intelligent WiFi
scans and longer sleep periods
Example: a standby time of 4 days is claimed for T-
Mobile Hotspot@Home phones
27
Qualcomm, Inc.
High Quality VoIP Calls in WLAN
WLAN Can Meet Requirement of Voice Quality in
Mixed Traffic
VoIP bandwidth is low compared to WLAN throughput
Explicit QoS provided for VoIP by 802.11e (WMM)
VoIP Traffic Should Be Prioritized over the
Backhaul Appropriately
May require agreements with ISPs
PQMF helps to detect backhaul QoS failures and
handing over to cellular if needed
Adaptive De-Jitter Buffer Improves Voice Quality
Mitigate Effects of Variable Packet Delay
28
Qualcomm, Inc.
Smart System Search and Selection
Algorithms Optimized to Find and Select New Systems in a
Fast and Efficient Manner
Minimize frequency of system scans and increase battery life
Identifying authorized, commonly used WLAN hotspots
Idle handoff between WLAN and WAN (and vice versa)
Finding systems quickly enough for mobility transition
Active Scan algorithm can provide an order of magnitude
performance improvement vs. basic scanning algorithm
29
Qualcomm, Inc.
6. 3G/WLAN Interworking
Technology Trial Results
30
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G/WLAN Interworking Validated by
Technology Trial
Six weeks of real-world testing of handoffs between 3G and WLAN
Over 700 VCC calls with over VCC 1200 handoffs
Residential settings: suburban, urban, dense apartments
Enterprise settings with full coverage, spotty coverage
Scenarios designed to test performance limits
Extensive walking test
Poor cellular coverage
WLAN and backhaul loading: downloads, uploads
Interference from microwave ovens, Bluetooth, cordless phones
Extensive data collection and analysis used to fine-tune algorithms
and parameter Settings
Carrier-grade VoWLAN with imperceptible handoffs
between 3G and WLAN
31
Qualcomm, Inc.
Field Trial Architecture
32
Qualcomm, Inc.
6. Conclusion
33
Qualcomm, Inc.
3G/WLAN Chipset Solutions Available
Leveraging its expertise in 3G and WLAN technologies, Qualcomm
provides a leading 3G/WLAN interworking solution
Commercial chipsets and software for UMTS and CDMA
Fully tested MSM software for both 3G and WLAN
Fully integrated IMS VoIP client software
IMS/MMD standards compliant
Supports IMS/CS handoff (VCC)
IOT test with infrastructure vendors
Successful IOT test with Nortel IMS and VCC-AS
Successful IOT test with other vendors
J oint development with Kineto for UMA-GAN solution
WLAN
MSM
34
Qualcomm, Inc.
Conclusion
Qualcomm is leveraging its expertise in 3G and 802.11 technologies
to provide a leading 3G/WLAN Interworking solution
802.11n technology provides key advantages in range, throughput,
power consumption and network capacity
Efficient algorithms and triggers enable robust seamless handoffs
QoS and interference mitigation offer high voice quality over WLAN
Smart system search and selection to maximize battery life
IMS-based 3G/WLAN interworking is a reality that operators can
leverage to provide FMC and future services
Qualcomm provides complete 3G/WLAN solutions for terminals
Chipsets and IMS client software
Extensive testing by technical trial and IOT