SECTION 1

(1)INTRODUCTION


Vocabulary
Oracle Corporations standard procedural language for relational
databases which allows basic program logic and control flow to be
combined with SQL statements PL/SQL


Try it/Solve it
1). Circle the programming language meeting the criteria
Criteria
3GL
4GL
Is proprietary to Oracle Corporation
Nonprocedural
Procedural
Is ANSI-compliant
Language
PLSQL SQL
PLSQL SQL
PLSQL SQL
PLSQL SQL
PLSQL SQL
PLSQL SQL

2). In your own words, describe why a procedural language like PL/SQL is
needed
pentru ca e mai simplu sa se scrie un bloc PLSQL decat care sa
substituie un numar mare de integorari SQL

3). Define a procedural construct.
unitati din program (bucati de cod) ce pot fi scrise o singura data si
utilizate de mai multe ori
4). List some examples of procedural constructs in PL/SQL.
variabile, cursoare, instructiuni de decizie si repetitive (bucle)
5). In the following code, identify and circle examples of these procedural
constructs: variable, conditional control, SQL statement


DECLARE
v_first_name varchar2(40);
v_last_name varchar2(40);
v_first_letter varchar2(1);
BEGIN
SELECT first_name, last_name into v_first_name, v_last_name
FROM students
WHERE student_id=105;
v_first_letter := get_first_letter(last_name);
IF 'N' > 'v_first_letter' THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The last name for: '||first_name||'
'||last_name||' is between A and M');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The last name for: '||first_name||'
'||last_name||' is between N and Z');
END IF;
END;



(2)BENEFITS OF PL/SQL

Vocabulary
The ability for PL/SQL programs to run anywhere an Oracle server runs.
Portability
The basic unit of PL/SQL programs-also known as modules. block
An error that occurs in the database or in a users program exception

Try it/Solve it
1). Why is it more efficient to combine SQL statements into PL/SQL blocks?
pentru ca aceste blocuri pot constitui module de sine statatoare ce
pot fi reutilizate sau nu (o mai buna organizare a codului)
2). Why is it beneficial to use PL/SQL with an Oracle database? List at least three
reasons.
portabilitate
modularitate (prin crearea si utilizarea blocurilor)
tratarea excepiilor
3). How is PL/SQL different from C and Java? List three differences.
foloseste b.d. Oracle sau instrumente Oracle
e mai usor de invatat
portabilitatea
4). List three examples of what you can build with PL/SQL code.
programe puternice
blocuri PL/SQL

(3) CREATING PL/SQL BLOCKS

Vocabulary
Unnamed blocks of code not stored in the database and do not exist after they
are executed blocuri anonime
A program that computes and returns a value functie
Named PL/SQL blocks that are stored in the database and can be declared as
procedures or functions subprograme
Software that checks and translates programs written in high-level programming
languages into binary code to execute compilator
A program that performs an action and does not have to return a value
procedura


Try it/Solve it
1). Complete the following chart defining the syntactical requirements for a
PL/SQL block:
Optional or Mandatory? Describe what is included in this section
DECLARE O declaratii de variabile, cursoare etc
BEGIN M instructiuni SQL si PL/SQL
EXCEPTION O se specifica ce trebuie sa se intample
atunci cand apare o situatie anormala
END; M

2). Which of the following PL/SQL blocks executes successfully? For the blocks
that fail, explain why they fail
A. BEGIN
END;
nu exista nicio instructiune
B. DECLARE
amount INTEGER(10);
END;
lipseste cuvantul cheie BEGIN, inceputul sectiunii executabile,
sectiune ce este obligatorie
C. DECLARE
BEGIN
END;
nu exista nicio instructiune
D. DECLARE
amount NUMBER(10);
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(amount);
END;
Correct

3). Fill in the blanks:
A.PL/SQL blocks that have no names are called _anonymous_blocks_.
B. _Functions_ and _procedures_ are named blocks and are stored in the
database.
4). In Application Express, create and execute a simple anonymous block that
outputs Hello World.
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello world.');
END;

Hello world.
Statement processed.
0.05 seconds
Extension Exercise
1) Create and execute a simple anonymous block that does the following:
Declares a variable of datatype DATE and populates it with the date that
is six months from today
Outputs In six months, the date will be: <insert date>.

DECLARE
data DATE:= ADD_MONTHS(sysdate,6);
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('In six months will be: '||data);
END;

In six months will be: 24/Aug/2014
Statement processed.


SECTION 2


(1) USING VARIABLES IN PL/SQL


Vocabulary
Identify the vocabulary word for each definition below:
Used for storage of data and manipulation of stored values. variabile
values passed to a program by a user or by another program to customize the
program valori

Try It/Solve It
1). Fill in the blanks.
A. Variables can be assigned to the output of a _subprogram_.
B. Variables can be assigned values in the _executable_ section of a PL/SQL
block.
C. Variables can be passed as _parameters_ to subprograms.

2). Identify valid and invalid variable declaration and initialization:
number_of_copies PLS_INTEGER; valid
printer_name CONSTANT VARCHAR2(10); invalid
deliver_to VARCHAR2(10):=Johnson; valid
by_when DATE:= SYSDATE+1; invalid

3).Examine the following anonymous block and choose the appropriate
statement.
DECLARE
fname VARCHAR2(20);
lname VARCHAR2(15) DEFAULT 'fernandez';
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( FNAME ||' ' ||lname);
END;
A. The block will execute successfully and print fernandez.
B. The block will give an error because the fname variable is used without
initializing.
C. The block will execute successfully and print null fernandez.
D. The block will give an error because you cannot use the DEFAULT keyword to
initialize a variable of the VARCHAR2 type.
E. The block will give an error because the FNAMEvariable is not declared.

4). In Application Express:
A. Create the following function:
CREATE FUNCTION num_characters (p_string IN VARCHAR2)
RETURN INTEGER AS
v_num_characters INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT LENGTH(p_string) INTO v_num_characters
FROM dual;
RETURN v_num_characters;
END;

Function created.

B. Create and execute the following anonymous block:
DECLARE
v_length_of_string INTEGER;
BEGIN
v_length_of_string := num_characters('Oracle Corporation');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_length_of_string);
END;

18

Statement processed.

5). Write an anonymous block that uses a country name as input and prints the
highest and lowest elevations for that country. Use the wf_countries table.
Execute your block three times using United States of America, French Republic,
and Japan.
(A) DECLARE
v_high INTEGER;
v_low INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT LOWEST_ELEVATION, HIGHEST_ELEVATION INTO v_low,
v_high FROM wf_countries WHERE COUNTRY_NAME = 'United States
of America';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_high||' '||v_low);
END;

6194 -86

Statement processed.

(B) DECLARE
v_high INTEGER;
v_low INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT LOWEST_ELEVATION, HIGHEST_ELEVATION INTO v_low,
v_high FROM wf_countries WHERE COUNTRY_NAME = French
Republic ';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_high||' '||v_low);
END;


4807 -2

Statement processed.


(C) DECLARE
v_high INTEGER;
v_low INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT LOWEST_ELEVATION, HIGHEST_ELEVATION INTO v_low,
v_high FROM wf_countries WHERE COUNTRY_NAME = Japan';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_high||' '||v_low);
END;
3776 -4
Statement processed.


(2) RECOGNIZING PL/SQL LEXICAL UNITS


Vocabulary
Identify the vocabulary word for each definition below:
An explicit numeric, character string, date, or Boolean value that is not
represented by an identifier. lexical unit
Symbols that have special meaning to an Oracle databasedelimitatori
Words that have special meaning to an Oracle database and cannot be used
as identifiers. cuvinte rezervate
Describe the purpose and use of each code segment and are ignored by
PL/SQL. comentarii
Building blocks of any PL/SQL block and are sequences of characters
including letters, digits, tabs, returns, and symbols. lexical units
A name, up to 30 characters in length, given to a PL/SQL object identificator


Try It/Solve It
1). Fill in the blanks.
A. An __identifier__ is the name given to a PL/SQL object.
B. A __reserved__word__ is a word that has special meaning to the
Oracle database.
C. A __delimitator__ is a symbol that has special meaning to the Oracle
database.
D. A __literal__ is an explicit numeric, character string, date, or Boolean
value that is not represented by an identifier.
E. A__comment___ explains what a piece of code is trying to achieve.

2.Identify each of the following identifiers as valid or invalid. If invalid, specify
why.
Identifier

Valid
(X)
Invalid
(X)
Why Invalid?

Today X
Last name X
todays_date X
number_of_days_in_february_this_ X >30
year X Cuv.rez.
Isleap$year X
#number X Incepe cu #
NUMBER# X


Number1to7 X

3. Identify the reserved words in the following list.
Word Reserved?
create Y
make N
table Y
seat N
alter Y
rename Y
row Y
number Y
web N
4.What kind of lexical unit (for example Reserved word, Delimiter, Literal,
Comment) is each of the following?










(3) RECOGNIZING DATA TYPES


Vocabulary
Identify the vocabulary word for each definition below:
Store large blocks of single-byte or fixed width multi-byte NCHAR data in the
database. NCLOB
Hold values, called locators, that specify the location of large objects (such as
graphic images) that are stored out of line. LOB
Hold a single value with no internal components. scalar
Store large unstructured or structured binary objects. BLOB
Contain internal elements that are either scalar (record) or composite (record
and table) composite
Store large binary files outside of the database. BFILE
Hold values, called pointers, that point to a storage location. references
A schema object with a name, attributes, and methods. object
Store large blocks of character data in the database. CLOB

Value Lexical Unit
SELECT Reserved word
:= Delimiter
'TEST' Literal
FALSE Literal
-- new process Comment
FROM Reserved word
/*select the country with the
highest elevation */

Comment

V_test Identifier
4.09 Literal
Try It / Solve It
1). In your own words, describe what a data type is and explain why it is
important.
un tip de data este dat de multimea de constrangeri si de un
interval de valori intre care se poate situa o variabila ce apartine tipului de data
respectiv
2.Match the data type category (LOB, Scalar, Composite, Reference, and
Object) with the appropriate definition. Each data type may be used more than
once.
Description Data Type
Stores a large amount of data LOB
Has internal components that can be
manipulated individually

Composite
Has a name, attributes, and methods Object
Includes CLOBs, BLOBs, BFILEs, and
NCLOBs
LOB
Has no internal components Scalar
Includes TABLEs, RECORDs, NESTED
TABLEs, and VARRAYs
Composite
Includes TIMESTAMP, DATE,
BINARY_INTEGER, LONG, LONG RAW,
and BOOLEAN

Scalar

Holds values, called pointers, that point to
a storage location
References

3). Enter the data type category for each value into the Data Type Category
column. In the Data Type column, enter a specific data type that can be used
for the value. The first one has been done for you.




Value



Data Type
Category
Data Type


Switzerland Scalar VARCHAR2
100.20 Scalar BINARY_FLOAT
1053 Scalar BINARY_INTEGER
12-DEC-2005 Scalar DATE
False Scalar BOOLEAN
Index Last_name

Composite



TABLE


1 'Newman'
2 'Raman'
3 'Han'
A movie LOB BFILE
A soundbyte LOB BFILE
A picture LOB BLOB