ROLE OF ENERGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Energy

The discovery of fire, the domestication of animals, the discovery of fossil fuels, the electrification of
cities, the oil wars in the Middle East, and advances in nuclear physics are all pivotal points in
human history. Energy is a multifaceted concept; it is central to science and education, it plays
pivotal role in economic growth, and it has a dominant position in international affairs. Conventional
energy sources are major sources of environmental stress at global as well as local levels.
Emissions from fossil fuels drive a range of global and regional environmental changes, including
global climate change, acid deposition and urban smog. Coal mining disturbs vast areas of natural
habitat, hydropower development can have significant environmental and social costs, and the
exploration for and extraction of oil and natural gas can have significant impacts, particularly in
sensitive ecosystems..


The Importance of Energy in Our Daily Life
From the time you wake up to the time you go to sleep at night, energy has affected your life. Energy
is important in everyones life, whether you notice it or not. Without it people would have a harder
time waking up and an even harder time getting anywhere. Energy is important whether its solar
energy, mechanical energy, nuclear power, or the energy your body makes that allows you to talk,
move, and walk.



What is the role of energy in the
development of human society?



Environment - Given the increasing demands for energy in our global society and the
need to provide clean energy for future growth, solar energy is an attractive alternative to
conventional energy sources, such as coal or oil.For me in particular, solar energy holds the promise
of providing even impoverished persons with easy access to clean and affordable energy.

Economy - one point in particular troubles and that is the relative exclusiveness of
new technologies to only wealthy societies.New technology is inherently expensive, and
unfortunately, many of the future energy advancements made by mechanical engineers are not likely
to be available to persons in developing countries. The repressed economic conditions in these
regions will prevent third world populations from enjoying the benefits the new technologies can
offer. On a personal level, these benefits should be available to all members of society, regardless
of race or economic status. Energy is thus at the heart of everybody's quality of life and a crucial
factor for economic competitiveness and employment.

Transportation - if you will go to school, which involves energy getting
there. If you get a ride to school in either a school bus or a car, gasoline is used to power
the car. You will probably pass a traffic light on your way to school and that is powered by
electricity. Without energy cars would be going all over the place and crashing all the time.
Traffic lights help manage the chaos.

Home - Energy is important to heat our homes, and most houses have gas, oil or
electric heaters. You might turn on lights in your house, when it gets dark. Electricity allows
you to light up the room and make it bright. We may also turn on the TV, and energy is
needed to bring breaking news to us. It brings pictures and sound to us from the television.


Communication and information technology - Today, its much easier
to communicate with others than it was just a decade ago. We can send and receive messages
instantly with a number of new technologies. This has improved our lives in many ways by allowing
us to become more interconnected and knowledgeable about the world.This useful technologies
uses energy. Nowadays, we are happy with the advance of new technologies such as email, cellular
phones and beepers. People can talk with each other through mobile phones, chat through the
Internet and leave a massage through e-mail or beeper if someone is not at home. Technology has
indeed created an effective way for people to keep in touch with one another. In addition to this,
new technologies like television and the Internet helps us get information quicker and
easier. Moreover, people can read books or download music songs, movies, games, software, and
pictures throughout the network.
















The Rules
A number with no sign is considered to be
POSITIVE. For example:
3 = +3
8 + 2 = ( + 8) + ( + 2)
8 - 3 = ( + 8) - ( + 3)
Sometimes you find the '+' sign in front of a positive number, other times it is omitted,
especially in higher level classes. In the first time I recommend you to use it (rewrite the
problem with '+' signs), but as you proceed you should try to solve the problems without it.
I show you examples here for both ways.
NOTE: Signed numbers should always be in parantheses. As a general rule, we can never
write two signes next to each other:
Instead of 5 + -3 you should write: 5 + (- 3 ). Or instead of 4 + +2 you should
write: 4 + (+ 2 ).



First ask yourself: Do the numbers have the same sign?
Based on your answer choose rule #1 or rule #2.
Rule 1. If the nubers have same signs
Ignore the signs of the numbers
Add the unsigned numbers together
Include the original sign of the numbers to the answer
Examples:
(+5)+(+4) (-3)+(-7) 2 + 4 = (+2)+(+4)
Add the UNSIGNED numbers
5 + 4 = 9 3 + 7 = 10 2 + 4 = 6
Include the original sign to your answer
+ 9 - 10 + 6
Rule 2. If the nubers have different signs
Ignore the signs of the numbers
Subtract the smaller number from the larger one
Include the original sign of the LARGER number to the answer
Examples:
(-5)+(+4) (+3)+(-7) -2 + 4 = (-2)+(+4)
Subtract the UNSIGNED numbers:
5 - 4 = 1 7 - 3 = 4 4 - 2 = 2
Include the original sign of the LARGER number to your answer:
- 1 - 4 + 2





Turn your subtraction into addition as follows:
Change the operation sign from subtraction to addition
AND change the sign of the second number at the same time
Follow the rules for addition above

Examples:
(-6)-(+4) (+4)-(-7) -3 - 4 = (-3)-(+4)
Change to addition:
(-6) + (-4) (+4)+(+7) (-3)+(-4)
Follow the rules of addition:
- 10 + 11 - 7



Believe or not, the hard part is over. Multiplication and division are far easier than addition
and subtraction.
They even have the same rules:
Ignore the signs and do the operation (multiply or divide)
If the original signs were the same, your answer is POSITIVE
If the original signs were different, your answer is NEGATIVE


Examples:
(-6) (+4) (+4) (-7) (-12) (-4)
Ignore the sign and do the operation:
6 4 = 24 4 7 = 28 12 4 = 3
Follow the rule of signes:
- 24 - 28 + 3


Laws of Exponents
Exponents are also called Powers or Indices

The exponent of a number says how many times to use the
number in a multiplication.
In this example: 8
2
= 8 8 = 64
In words: 8
2
could be called "8 to the second power", "8
to the power 2" or simply "8 squared"
So an Exponent just saves you writing out lots of multiplies!
Example: a
7

a
7
= a a a a a a a = aaaaaaa
Notice how I just wrote the letters together to mean multiply? We will do that a
lot here.
Example: x
6
= xxxxxx
The Key to the Laws
Writing all the letters down is the key to understanding the
Laws
Example: x
2
x
3
= (xx)(xxx) = xxxxx = x
5

Which shows that x
2
x
3
= x
5
, but more on that later!
So, when in doubt, just remember to write down all the letters (as many as the
exponent tells you to) and see if you can make sense of it.
All you need to know ...
The "Laws of Exponents" (also called "Rules of Exponents") come from three
ideas:

The exponent says how many times to use the number in a
multiplication.

A negative exponent means divide, because the opposite of
multiplying is dividing

A fractional exponent like 1/n means to take the nth root:



If you understand those, then you understand exponents!
And all the laws below are based on those ideas.
Exponent rules
Exponent rules, laws of exponent and examples.
What is an exponent
Exponents rules
Exponents calculator
What is an exponent
The base a is raised to the power of n is equal to the multiplication of a, n times:
a

n
= a a ... a
n times
a is the base and n is the exponent.
Examples
3
1
= 3
3
2
= 3 3 = 9
3
3
= 3 3 3 = 27
3
4
= 3 3 3 3 = 81
3
5
= 3 3 3 3 3 = 243
Exponents rules and properties
Rule name Rule Example
Product rules
a
n
a
m
= a
n+m
2
3
2
4
= 2
3+4
= 128
a
n
b
n
= (a b)
n
3
2
4
2
= (34)
2
= 144
Quotient rules
a
n
/ a
m
= a
n-m
2
5
/ 2
3
= 2
5-3
= 4
a
n
/ b
n
= (a / b)
n
4
3
/ 2
3
= (4/2)
3
= 8
Power rules
(b
n
)
m
= b
nm
(2
3
)
2
= 2
32
= 64
b
n
m

= b
(n
m
)
2
3
2

= 2
(3
2
)
= 512

m
(b
n
) = b
n/m

2
(2
6
) = 2
6/2
= 8
b
1/n
=
n
b 8
1/3
=
3
8 = 2
Negative exponents b
-n
= 1 / b
n
2
-3
= 1/2
3
= 0.125
Zero rules
b
0
= 1 5
0
= 1
0
n
= 0 , for n>0 0
5
= 0
One rules
b
1
= b 5
1
= 5
1
n
= 1 1
5
= 1
Minus one rule

(-1)
5
= -1
Derivative rule (x
n
)' = nx
n-1
(x
3
)' = 3x
3-1

Integral rule x
n
dx = x
n+1
/(n+1)+C x
2
dx = x
2+1
/(2+1)+C
Exponents product rules
Product rule with same base
a
n
a
m
= a
n+m

Example:
2
3
2
4
= 2
3+4
= 2
7
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 128
Product rule with same exponent
a
n
b
n
= (a b)
n

Example:
3
2
4
2
= (3 4)
2
= 12
2
= 12 12 = 144
See: Multplying exponents
Exponents quotient rules
Quotient rule with same base
a
n
/ a
m
= a
n-m

Example:
2
5
/ 2
3
= 2
5-3
= 2
2
= 2 2 = 4
Quotient rule with same exponent
a
n
/ b
n
= (a / b)
n

Example:
4
3
/ 2
3
= (4/2)
3
= 2
3
= 2 2 2 = 8
See: Dividing exponents
Exponents power rules
Power rule I
(a
n
)
m
= a
nm

Example:
(2
3
)
2
= 2
3 2
= 2
6
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64
Power rule II
a

n
m

= a

(n
m
)
Example:
2
3
2

= 2
(3
2
)
= 2
(3 3)
= 2
9
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 = 512

Power rule with radicals
m
(a
n
) = a
n/m

Example:
2
(2
6
) = 2
6/2
= 2
3
= 2 2 2 = 8
Negative exponents rule
b
-n
= 1 / b
n

Example:
2
-3
= 1/2
3
= 1/(2 2 2) = 1/8 = 0.125