The evolutionary line of descent leading to humans diverged from chimpanzees, our closest

relatives, about 5 to 6 million years ago in eastern and southern Africa; Homo sapiens emerged
from Africa 250,000 years ago.
-In Africa, 20 to 30 hominids, or human like species, emerged; they all were bipedal, therefore
they had the ability to walk on two legs
-These hominid species changed over time, as evidenced by their size of their skulls, which
showed how their brains grew larger; eventually all of these species died out, except Homo
sapiens
-Homo habilis made and used simple stone tools while others started eating meat. Homo
erectus began to migrate out of Africa, shown by their fossils found in Eurasia and they were
the first to control the use of fire.
-The Out of Africa thesis is Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago into
Eurasian landmass, then Australia, the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific Islands, and finally
settled on every habitable region

2. WRITE OUT THE QUESTION
-The Paleolithic era is the phase of human history during which the initial migrations took place;
Paleolithic literally means the "old Stone Age"
-Our ancient ancestors, which was fewer than 10,000 at that time, had limited stone tools and
very limited technology to confront the outside world.
-During this time, people lead a generally more food collecting or gathering way of life. It was
before agriculture allowed people to domesticate animals and grow food.
-This era lasted 11,000 years ago and represents 95 percent of the time humans were on earth,
but it only accounts 12 percent of everyone who has lived on this planet.
-Homo sapiens colonized the world and made themselves home in the cold Arctic, the rain
forests, mountains, deserts, and plains. This achievement has not been accomplished by any
other large species

3.
-11,000 years ago people began the laborious task of domesticating animals and selecting seeds
to be planted for the first time in different parts of the world.
-Many people depended on luck, such as the climate, soil, wild plants, and the few animals that
were available for domestication.
-Many agricultural people did not have any political structures; Most of them lived a sedentary
lifestyle in a small village
-Arid or dry regions were impossible for farming, so pastoralist were prevalent there. Pastoralist
depended on their herd of domesticated animals. They were nomads because they had to
move frequently to search for pasturelands.
-The Americas were at a disadvantage because of the lack of animals that would be
domesticated. There was only one large mammal, the alpaca or llama

4
-The Neolithic Revolution brought about civilizations, which are societies based on complex
cities governed by powerful states.
- The political, economic, and cultural life give rise to cities. these socities have a formal political
authority that controls a specific territory.
-The appearance of states and cities started around 3500 BCE, which thousands of years after
the agricultural movement. Many people continued living in communities without urban
structures thousands after 3500BCE.
-These states have rigid class divisions between the upper and lower class, patriarchy or male
dominance, specialization because of surplus, fixed law codes, and huge warfare.
-The first civilizations were independently formed and include, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Pakistan,
northern India, China, Peru, and Mexico.

5
-Many history books and courses believe it is more important to start talking about when
civilizations appeared 5,000 years ago or when agriculture started 12,000 years ago.
-Historians identify real history with writing and written record. They dismiss the Paleolithic era
because people could not write.
-Other people were amazed by the many changes that agriculture brought. Since no real
changes happened in human history before agriculture, there was no history.
-However, the first 200,000 years of humanity does include some record of their remains that
we have learned from, such as stones, bones, fossilized seeds, rock paintings, and many other
things.
-They deserve our attention because these first people showed many achievements; they were
the first people to settle, to create the earliest societies, and created a foundation for human
history.

6
-Time and climate erased many records of hominids. During this time the human revolution
occurred. Cultural became defined as learned ways of living that shaped behavior.
-The first 150,000 years of human life was in Africa. The beginnings of human migration out of
Africa and to Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas started 100,000 years ago. Homo
sapiens have migrated to every possible place, which is something done by no other species.
-Humans started to inhabit new environments, which is shown by their innovations that were
left behind. There was evidence of tools of hunting and fishing, stone blades, and so on.
-Before 100,000 years ago there was sign of social and symbolic behaviors that now
characterize human activity. Early humans used body ornaments, beads, pigments such as the
ochre.
-Their longest journey occurred during the ice age 20,000 years ago. The advantage of these ice
sheets lowered sea levels and created land bridges among various places that were once
separated.

7.
-They changed their hunting habits. They focused on reindeer, horses, and developed new tools
like spear throwers, the bow and arrow, and different stone tools.
-Humans left record of their life with many cave paintings that could means many things. The
used colors like red, yellow, brown and black to draw animals, humans, human hands, and
abstract designs, which would have been writing,
-Some of these people could have settled in more permanent places and temporarily
abandoned nomadic life. They had partially underground houses made of bones and tusk of
animals in place of caves and rock shelters.
-There was a network of human communication and cultural diffusion all over Europe. Female
figurines, carved from stone, clay or bones and had exaggerated breasts and hips, were found
all over Europe, from Spain to Russia.
-They adapted to the Ice Age conditions by creating new technologies, which includes bone
needles, multilayered clothing, weaving, nets, storage pits, baskets, and pottery.

8.
-Humans migrated to Australia around 60,000 years ago. They came from Indonesia and were
the first to use boats.
-There were few people living here. The population was at about 300,000 in 1788. They had
many separated worlds and one loosely connected world because of migration,
communication, and trade.
-The people there developed 250 languages, collected a variety of roots, seeds, and grasses;
and hunted small and large animals and had simple tools for their hunting gathering life
-They developed Dreamtime, a complex outlook on the world. Using stories, ceremonies, and
art, they talked about the beginnings; how people inhabited the land, how they relate to
animals, and connect to the past.
-The exchange of goods linked people over hundreds of miles. They traded stones, pigments,
materials for ropes and baskets, feathers and shells for ornaments, and pituri, an addictive
psychoactive drug. Songs, dances, and stories also were exchanged.
9.
-The first migrations occurred between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago because it took time for
people to enter the frigid lands of eastern Siberia. They could have across the Bering Strait or
the sea down the west coast of North America.
-Clovis people had the most widespread and defined cultural traditions due to cultural diffusion
and indirect communication. The flourished from 12,000 to 11,000 years ago.
-The Clovis camped over huge areas where they hunted large animals, like mammoths and
bison, which provide food for many weeks in the cold winter. They also hunted smaller animals
and gathered wild plants.
-At 10,900 years ago, all the Clovis people disappear from record, which was the same time
large animals became extinct. They could have hunted the animals to extinction, or the drier
climate caused megafaunal extinction, or the extinction of large mammals.
-There was more diversity after the disappearance of the Clovis. Hunters on the Great plain
continue to hunt bison and people on the desert lived near water to eat fish and birds. Many
people stayed hunter gatherings into modern time, while others became farmers.

10.
-The last phase of human migration was rapid, extensive and waterborne with people using
canoes and navigational skills to travel from Bismarck, Solomon islands, and the islands of
Philippines. It made the Austronesian family of languages the most wide spread in the world.
-The difference between the Pacific voyages and the other human migrations was that they
were taken by people with agricultural technology. People carried domesticated plants and
animals.
-There was a deliberate intention to make colonize new lands. Both men and woman made
these journeys.
-A highly stratified society or chiefdoms was created. In ancient Hawaii, a class of chiefs with
political and military power ruled over commoners.
-There was a dramatic impact on the environment. Many species of birds, especially large
flightless birds became extinct. The destruction of forest of Rapa Nui brought famine, conflict,
and a decline in society.

11.
Many historians believe that there is nothing worth studying about until the Neolithic era
because of the lack of writing, however the Paleolithic era is very significant. The hunting and
gathering way of life sustained humankind for more than 95 percent of the time Homo sapiens
have been on earth. While the changes they bought were slow, they accomplished many
achievements. They were the first to settle on the planet, create the earliest human societies,
and reflected on nature, life and death. Bipedalism is a major achievement that separates
humans from many animals. The ability to walk upright allows people to use tools and they
were the first to make simple stone tools. Also, People created many amazing artwork that can
still be found in Spain and France. They provide some record and show how people lived back
then. They were able to control and use fire, which gives them warmth and safety. Humans
were able to learn how to adapt to a multitude of environments on earth and they are the only
large animal able to do that. Studying this time period shows why there are some places where
people still hunt for food and gather for berries. They provide the foundation for the rest of
human history. Humans have to have start from somewhere. If this period was left out, human
history would be incomplete.