Biology

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

"FLAGTOP"
F: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
L: Luteinizing Hormone
A: ACTH
G: Growth Hormone
T: Thyroi Stimulating Hormone
O: !SH " melanOcyte stimulating hormone
P: Prolactin
FSH in males
irectly stimulates s#ermatogenesis " s#erm loo$ li$e "FiSH%" &n 'emales( FSH o)*iously
stimulates o*arian 'ollicles +which secrete estrogens( which stimulate enometrial
#roli'eration,%
LH in males
stimulates anrogen secretion so males )ecome "Li$e Hairy A#es" +LH - A,% Anrogens
also stimulate s#ermatogenesis( so LH also inirectly stimulates s#ermatogenesis% &n
'emales( LH stimulates the cor#us luteum +which secretes estrogens an #rogesterone(
which stimulate the enometrium,%
Autonomic .er*ous System
Sym#athetic: 'ight or 'light
Parasym#athetic: rest an igest
Causes o' /e*iations 'rom Hary"0ein)erg 12uili)rium
"!aggie !ay /oes .ot Smo$e"
!utations( !igration( genetic /ri't( .on"ranom mating( Selection%
Cell Cycle
"Go Sally Go3 !a$e Chilren3"
G4( S( G5( !( C
Growth #hase 4( /.A Synthesis +re#lication,( Growth #hase 5( !itosis( Cyto$inesis%
!itosis
"Peo#le !eet An Tal$"( or
"P!AT"
Pro#hase( !eta#hase( Ana#hase( Telo#hase%
!eiosis
"P!AT 65"
Pro#hase &( !eta#hase &( Ana#hase &( Telo#hase &(
Pro#hase &&( !eta#hase &&( Ana#hase &&( Telo#hase &&(
+.ote: 7 ha#loi aughter cells instea o' 5 i#loi aughter cells,
Chorate Features
"/o .ot Pinch Peo#le"
/orsal( hollow ner*e cor
.otochor
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
/e*elo#mental Stages
"!ust Be Goo"
!orula( Blastula( Gastrula
Fat"solu)le 8itamins
"A/19"
8itamins A(/(1( an 9
Gastrointestinal Hormones
+i%e% ones that originate 'rom the G& tract,
"Garlic Clo*es Smell 162uisite"
Hormone Source Target Triggers 1''ects
Gastrin Gastric mucosa Stomach Foo in stomach( #sychic 'actors &ncrease HCl
secretion : gastric em#tying
Cholecysto$inin +CC9, /uoenal mucosa Gall)laer : #ancreas Amino acis(
#e#ties( 'atty acis in uoenum Contraction o' gall)laer : secretion o' #ancreatic
;uice
Secretin Gastric mucosa Pancreas Aci in uoenum &ncrease )icar)onate secretion
1nterogastrone +gastric inhi)itory #e#tie, /uoenal mucosa Stomach Fat igestion
#roucts in uoenum /ecreases gastric em#tying
Hormones that &ncrease Bloo Glucose
"ST1.GG"
Somatotro#in +growth hormone,
Thyroi hormones +thyro6ine an triioothyronine,
1#ine#hrine
.ore#ine#hrine
Glucagon
Glucocorticosterois
&mmunoglo)ulins
"!A/G1"
&g!( &gA( &g/( &gG( &g1
9ingoms
"!y Poor Frien Pic$s A##les"
!onera( Protista( Fungi( Plants( Animals
!ale <e#roucti*e Tract +#ath o' s#erm,
"S181. =P"
Semini'erous tu)ules
1#iiymis
8as e'erens
1;aculatory uct
+.othing,
=rethra
Penis
!enstrual Cycle
"FOL+, !+a,PS"
O*arian cycle: Follicular #hase( O*ulatory #hase( Luteal #hase
!enstrual cycle: !enstrual 'low( Proli'erati*e #hase( Secretory #hase
The o*arian cycle controls the menstrual cycle% The cycles )egin +ay >, when
menstrual 'low starts% At ay 47( the luteal an secretory #hases )egin an last until ay
5?( a'ter which the cycles )egin again%
!olecular Genetics
"1@ons 1@#resse( &.trons &. the trash"
/.A e6#ression into mature m<.A
"C=T the PA"
Cytosine( =racil( an Thiamine are PArimiines +one"ring structures,
"GAPur"
Guanine an Aenine are P=<ines +two"ring structures,
"All Tigers Can Growl"
Aenine )ons to ThymineB Cytosine )ons to Guanine
Or( "Pure Sil*er Ta6i"
Purines( A an G( )on to #yrimiines( T an C( res#ecti*ely
O6yhemoglo)in /issociation Cur*e
Thin$ o' an e6ercising muscle 'or a rightwar shi't:
16ercising muscle is:
hot(
aciic +lactic aci,(
hy#ercar)ic(
an has increase 5(C"/PG%
16ercising muscle )ene'its 'rom increase o6ygen unloaing 'rom re )loo cells%
Proteases in the /uoenum
"1at Tener Chic$en Chun$s 1legantly"
1ntero$inase
Try#sin
Chymotry#sin
Car)o6y#e#tiase
1lastase
.ote: The 'irst enzyme is #rouce )y intestinal mucosal cells( while the others are
#rouce in inacti*e #recursor 'orms )y the #ancreas%
1ntero$inase con*erts try#sinogen into try#sin
Try#sin con*erts other try#sinogen molecules into try#sin
Try#sin con*erts chymotry#sinogen into chymotry#sin
Try#sin con*erts #rocar)o6y#e#tiase into car)o6y#e#tiase
Try#sin con*erts #roelastase into elastase
Scienti'ic !etho
&nucti*e <easoning
"&S GOHH"
&nuction: S#eci'ic - General% Or( O)ser*ation - Hy#othesis - Hy#othesis"testing%
The inucti*e #rocess #rocees 'rom s#eci'ic o)ser*ations to a general hy#othesis%
/eucti*e <easoning
"/+o,GS"
/euction: General - S#eci'ic
The eucti*e #rocess #rocees 'rom a general hy#othesis to #reictions a)out s#eci'ic
o)ser*ations%
Seimentation
<ate o' Se/imentation is #ro#ortional to Size an /ensity
!ore #recisely(
terminal *elocity o' #article - raius5 6 +ensity " ensity o' meium,
Sizes
"Bowel !o*ement" or "B!"
A Bacterium is a)out 4 !icron +4 mm,
A eu$aryotic cell is a)out 4> times larger +4> mm,
A *irus is a)out 4>> times smaller +>%>4 mm,
.ote: these are *ery( *ery rough guies% The ranges o' sizes are wie%
Striate !uscle
"D&AH"
D"line( &")an( A")an( H"zone
Ta6onomy
"9ing Philli# Came O*er From Great S#ain"
9ingom Phylum Class Orer Family Genus S#ecies
8erte)rate Features
"C18ASAC9"
Ce#halization
1nos$eleton
8erte)rae
A6ial s$eleton
S$ull
A##enicular s$eleton
Close circulatory system
9ineys
0hite Bloo Cells
+&n orer o' ecreasing num)ers%,
".o)oy Li$es !y 1ucational Bac$groun"
. .eutro#hils
L Lym#hocytes
! !onocytes
1 1osino#hils
B Baso#hils
General Chemistry
Boning
"HO.C"
H re2uires 4 more electron in its outer shell to )ecome sta)le%
O re2uires 5%
. re2uires C%
C re2uires 7%
Cation
The "t" in cation loo$s li$e a #lus sign: "caEion%"
1lectrochemistry
<euction occurs at the CathoeB O6iation at the Anoe%
<emem)er that the terms )eginning with consonants are together( an those )eginning
with *owels are together%
"L1O is A G1<C +;er$,"
Loss o' 1lectrons is O6iation( which occurs at the Anoe% Gain o' 1lectrons is
<euction( which occurs at the Cathoe%
1lectrolysis
"!&T enough"
!oles e#osite at an electroe F &tGnF
Gi))Hs Free 1nergy
"Goo Honey Tastes Sweet"
/G F /H " T/S
"Gee3 Plus Arty3 Than$ you3"
/G F /G- E <TlnI
"/elicious Gra#e'ruit " .ot For 1*eryone"
/G- F "nF1-
Henerson"Hassel)alch 12uation
"H9 E AHA"
or "Hong 9ong E American Hos#ital Association"
#H F #9a E log4>+A"GHA,
Hyrogen Boning
"FO."
0hen a hyrogen atom is attache to either a 'luorine( o6ygen( or nitrogen atom( it can
'orm a hyrogen )on )etween it an another 'luorine( o6ygen( or nitrogen atom%
.ernst 12uation
"0e minus Arty +is, enough( than$ you%"
1 F 1- " +<TGnF,lnI
Paramagnetism
&' a com#oun has at least one un#aire electron(
it is Paramagnetic(
an will )e Pulle towar a magnetic 'iel%
&' not( it is iamagnetic( an is wea$ly re#elle )y a magnetic 'iel% There is also a thir
ty#e o' magnetism: 'erromagnetism( which is #resent in what we casually call "magnets("
e%g% iron( nic$el( co)alt%
Iuantum .um)ers
".ational Li)rary +o', !eicine Sizzles"
n( l( m( s
l Iuantum .um)ers
"Sensual Peo#le /o Fore#lay"
s( #( ( '% Then it 'ollows the al#ha)et: g( h( i( ;( $( etc%
State Functions
"8G PH1ST" +8ery Goo Festi*al,
The 'ollowing are all state 'unctions:
8 'or *olume
G 'or Gi))Hs 'ree energy
P 'or #ressure
H 'or enthal#y
1 'or internal energy
S 'or entro#y
T 'or tem#erature
Organic Chemistry
Aition o' Amine to Car)onyl Grou#
"S1 P&" +or "S1e P&e",
Seconary amine - 1namine
Primary amine - &mine
+.ote: tertiary an 2uaternary amines o not react with the CF> grou#%,
CisGtrans +Geometric, &somers
"D: Dame Die
1: 1##osite"
D 'or same sie an 1 'or o##osite sies
Con'ormations
Gauche con'ormation: &tHs "gauche" +ina##ro#riate, 'or one methyl grou# to stan too
close to another grou#%
Cyclohe6ane ring: 0hen you ha*e low energy( you sit own in a "CHA&<" to rest%
"BOATS" can )e ti##y( so they are less sta)le%
&somers
"SS " 1/ " CC"
&somers o' a sugar: &' the secon lowest "OH is on the Le't( the molecule is L%
&' the "OH is on the <ight( itHs /%
!eso Com#ouns
"!eSo com#ouns ha*e a !irror o' Symmetry"
Thus( e*en though they may ha*e stereogenic centers( they are achiral an so o not
ha*e enantiomers%
.!<
/own'iel is /eshiele%
!eta"/irecting Grou#s on a Benezene <ing
"Iueen 1liza)eth SeconHs .a*y Commans( Controls( Communicates"
I Iuaternary amino ".<CE
1 1ster "COO<
S Sul'onic aci "SOCH
. .itro ".O5
C Car)onyl "CHO
C Car)o6yl "COOH
C Cyano "C.
Ortho" an Para" /irecting Grou#s on a Benezene <ing
"AHA AHA P"
A Al$yl "<
H Halogen "@
A Al$o6yl "O<
A Amino ".H5( ".H<( ".<5 +not ".<CE,
H Hyro6yl "OH
A Amie ".HCO<
P Phenyl "CJHK
Ty#es o' <eactions
"S1A !Ou<.S CA.ne P1As"
Su)stitution 1lectro#hilic " Aromatic
!ost Other <eactions " .ucleo#hilic Su)stitution
Car)onyl " Aition .ucleo#hilic
Pi )ons " 1lectro#hilic Aition
Physics
Basic Physical Iuantities
"Ta$ing Lu6urious Limos !ore .o6ious Than Cycling"
Tem#erature +9,
Length +m,
Luminous intensity +C,
!ass +$g,
.um)er o' #articles +moles,
Time +s,
Charge +C,
Ca#acitors
"Iuintessential Curriculum 8itae"
I F C8
"1nglan Hails Iueen 8ictoria"
1 +energy store, F -I8
1lastic !oulus
"1ssay"
1lastic moulus F stress G strain
i%e% "es" G "ai" or "essay"
Stress is associate with the 'orss +'orce, a##lie%
Strain is the e'ormation #rouce%
1lectromagnetic S#ectrum
"<&8=@Ga"