04/4/2014

Counterpoints

#1, 2 pg. 79

1. (a) What factors contributed to the depression?
- As Canadas economy is very closely linked with that of the United States, as soon as
The U.S. economy crashed Canadas economy would soon follow. As the demand for
raw materials and newsprint dropped around the world many people lost their jobs which
meant that they could not afford other luxuries such as cars therefore all of the people
working in the factories would also become jobless. This trend continued until
approximately 30% of Canadas workforce was jobless.
(b) Show how a reduction in consumer spending can result in a slowdown in the
economy.
- The moment consumers stop buying a product there will be less and less sales of that
product which means factories producing this type of product will become useless,
leading to unemployment and therefore depression.

2. Why was the depression so severe in Canada? What part of the country was hardest
hit?
- Canada was hit especially hard because of its dependency on the export of primary
resources. As both of Canadas main exports, wheat from the Prairie Provinces and
newsprint from British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec dropped in demand, Canadas
economy crashed. Another factor being that first the United States then other countries
began to put up tariffs to protect their own domestic economies by making foreign goods
more expensive. Farmers in the Prairies were especially hard hit by the collapse of
wheat prices.

#1-3 pg. 86

1. What seemed to be the governments attitude towards those people who had lost their
jobs? Why do you think this was the case? Do you think this attitude exists today
towards the unemployed?
- Both the Prime ministers, King and Bennett, at the time believed that the situation was
temporary and that in time, the economy would recover. Today we have many programs
controlled by the government to prevent depression and to help the people in the case of
one, therefore the government views must have changed.


2. What did people have to do to qualify for the pogey? Why do you think people were
given vouchers instead of cash?
- People had to wait in line for hours and then publicly declare their financial failure. They
also had to swear that they did not own anything of value and prove that they were being
evicted from their home. They were given vouchers so that the aid could not be used on
anything other than food.

3. Why did Makenzie King fail to win the election in 1930?
- Makenzie King failed to understand that unemployment was a major issue for Canadian
voters, therefore he didnt want to contribute to the municipal and provincial
governments who would be able to help reboot the economy by introducing more jobs.

#1, 2 pg. 89

1. Do you think Kings interest in spiritualism affected his ability to function as a prime
minister? Is it necessary to know such private details to evaluate his role in Canadian
history?
- I do not think that his interest in spiritualism should affect his ability to function as a
prime minister unless he found comfort in communicating to the dead which helped him
with his duties in some way or another

2. How was Bennett perceived by Canadians during the Depression? Do you think the
image of him was justified?
- He was seen as a selfish and useless prime minister by the people as the situation got
worse. In a way he can still be seen as a useless president as he did not do much to
help with the depression but one can see that he was not completely selfish as he sent
small sums of his own money to people in need.

#1-3 pg. 90

1. List the political parties that were started during the Depression. State who the
parties supporters were; their leaders; and their policies.
- CCF (Cooperative Commonwealth Federation) were supported by farmers, labourers,
socialists, intellectuals and discontented Liberals, whose leader was J.S. Woodsworth.
Their policies included public ownership of key industries as well as social programs to
assist people in need of money.
- Union Nationale was supported by the Roman Catholic Church and the rural voters,
whose leaders was Maurice Duplessis.

4/16/2014

Green book

#1-4 pg. 112

1. Why did the new of the start of the war in 1939 bring out no rejoicing throngs?
- The people at the time were looking for jobs not glory and the horrors of the First World
War and the hardships of the depression had soured Canadians on the world outside
their borders.

2. What policy towards World War II did King initially advocate?
- King revived the War Measures Act and created a Wartime Prices and Trade Board to
control prices and profit.

3. What do the results of the March, 1940 election indicate about Kings policies towards
the war in Europe?
- Voters gave King the biggest victory in Canadian history: 184 Liberals to only 39
Conservatives, 10 Social Credit, 8 CCF members, and 4 independents. The results
show that people supported his decisions but that may also be because the
Conservatives did not have a chance to argue Kings points.

4. (a) How did Canada suddenly become Britains biggest ally in June, 1940?
- France surrendered on June 17
th
leaving Canada the main supporter of Britain.
(b) What changed as a result?
- The government passed the National Resources Mobilization act in order to conscript
manpower though only for home defence.



#1-5 pg. 116

1. What did King hope would be Canadas chief role in the war?
- He hoped that Canadas role in the war would be the arsenal for Democracy.
Expanding Canadian industry to help out the allied cause.

2. How could a thriving munitions industry satisfy those who demanded that Canada send
more troops overseas?
- A thriving munitions industry would mean that Canada is helping the war already and
could be used as an excuse not to send soldiers as they are already aiding the war effort
greatly.

3. What prompted the lend-lease agreement?
- As Britain had run out of American dollars to buy arms and air planes from the States,
President Roosevelt introduced the lend-lease agreement which would allow the British
to borrow money on the promise of paying it back after the war.

4. Why do you think the government ruled that able bodied men could not do certain
jobs?
- They ruled that able bodied men could not so certain jobs because they would be
needed elsewhere. For example if you were a taxi driver yet you had the strength to
work in a factory, then you should be in the factory not in the taxi.

5. What was the purpose of the Wartime Price and Trade Board?
- The purpose of the board was to manage costs and profits during the war so that
Canadas economy could be monitored

Plebiscite or Referendum pg. 116

A plebiscite or referendum is a chance for all the people to vote on some hotly-debated topic.
So far, there have been only two plebiscites run by the federal government: in 1898, on
prohibition and in 1942, on conscription. In neither case did the government consider the results
binding. Provinces have also used plebiscites. In 1948, two referenda led Newfoundland into
Confederation. In 1980, a Quebec referendum said non to the Parti Quebecois bid to
negotiate sovereignty-association with Canada for the province of Quebec.



#1-3 pg. 121

1. What contribution did Canadas navy make to the war in the Atlantic?
- Canada built escort ships for the convoys of merchant vessels that supplied Britain.

2. (a) What, if any, alternatives did the Canadian navy have to adopting a learn-on-the-job
training program?
- They could have spent months training the sailors while Britain suffered as the merchant
ships would be sunk. This would obviously be a bad choice so the training of the sailors
would have to be rushed.
(b) What was the price Canada paid for this strategy?
- The result was that convoys escorted by Canadian ships suffered heavier casualties
than those protected by the British whos crews were better equipped and had
submarine detection equipment

3. What contribution did Canadian pilots make to the war effort?
- Canada had over 90,000 men and women who graduated the BCATP and over 50,000
were pilots. Canadians participated in the largest, most controversial air operation in the
war; the bomber offensive against Germany.

4/22/2014

Counterpoints

#1-3 pg.110

1. Explain why, for tactical purposes, German forces needed to invade Britain if they were
to hold Western Europe. What efforts did they make to do this?
- The British posed a great threat because with them came the entire British
Commonwealth. The British were also superior at sea with both their navy and that of
Canada. Another target of the invasion of Britain was the British Air force. German
efforts include the bombing of seaports, harbours, later the air fields and aircraft factories
and finally the bombing of civilian targets.

2. (a) Do you think it was an error on Germanys part to invade the USSR?
- The USSR was a big supporter of Germany throughout the war. Turning on one of their
allies and taking much of their land backfired on Germany when the USSR defended
against the German attacks and joined the allies against Germany.

(b) The German defeat at Stalingrad was considered by some historians to be the point
at which the defeat of Germany was inevitable. Why?
- The German surrender signified the Soviet offensive to recapture their lost land. After
the German betrayal the Soviets would join the allies against Germany. At this point
Germany is surrounded and outnumbered. Defeat is inevitable.

3. (a) What was the purpose of the Dieppe raid?
- The purpose of the Dieppe raid was to be a trial run for future raids, to test new
techniques and equipment, as well as to serve as a reconnaissance mission for future
invasion.

(b) Why were Canadian troops chosen for the raid?
- Canadian troops had seen little action since coming to England. Canadians training in
Britain were anxious to participate.

(c) Why did the raid fail?
- The raid failed because the Germans were alerted to the invasion due to a small
skirmish out at sea as well as the fact that Canadian troops landed in broad daylight
making them easy targets for the German machine gunners.

(d) What information might have been learned from the raid?
- The Allies could have noted German defensive strategies which they could have
observed and found a way to counter, as well they may have noted positions of key
defences that could be marked in the case of a future attack on Dieppe.

4/24/2014

Counterpoints

#1-3 pg. 115

1. Define: Battle of the Atlantic; convoys; corvettes; Womens Division of the RCAF
- The Battle of the Atlantic is the struggle to control the supply route for the allies across
the Atlantic Ocean.
- Convoys consist of warships escorting vessels containing vital supplies. The purpose of
the warships is to protect the merchant ships from German submarine attacks.
- Corvettes are small warships, quick, small and maneuverable were used to escort
convoys.
- The womens Division of the RCAF was formed to support the war effort, where the
women were trained as clerks, cooks, hospital assistants, drivers, telephone operators,
welders, instrument mechanics, and engine mechanics.

2. Give at least three reasons for the growth of technology and industry during WWII. How
was radar used in the war? How is coding important?
- Some reasons for the growth of technology could be to keep up with the demand for
more planes, guns and equipment, or the development of equipment such as the radar
would end up saving more lives because German submarines could be detected earlier
and either avoided or sunk. Another reason for the development of technology would be
to make weapons more effective such as improved planes or larger bombs. Radar was
used greatly in the war to detect both aircraft and naval vessels and to determine their
exact distance. Coding was important because without it the Allies would not have been
able to crack the German communications code and therefore wouldnt have been able
to direct their convoys away from the German submarine wolf packs.

3. What did Winston Churchill mean when he said that everything in the war depended on
the outcome of the Battle of the Atlantic?
- Churchill meant to say that if we were to lose the Battle of the Atlantic there would be no
way for the supplies to get to Britain or the front lines from Canada. If the Germans were
to win Canada would effectively be cut off from Britain.







D-Day Map pg.117





#1, 2 pg. 122

1. What was D-Day? Why was it necessary? How did the D-Day invasion differ from the
raid on Dieppe? What role did Canadians play in the invasions?
- D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord was a full-scale invasion of Europe. This
invasion differed from Dieppe because it was planned, practiced and rehearsed down to
the finest detail. The Canadians landed on Juno Beach and had to get through the
barricades set up by the Germans to get further inland.

2. Why were Canadian troops hailed as heroes in the Netherlands?
- The Dutch people were overjoyed as they had been under German occupation for years
now and the Canadians came and liberated them.



5/8/2014
Counterpoints








Timeline pg.132









#1-4 pg. 135
1. (a) What groups of Canadians came under suspicion of being communists? What
actions were taken against some of these people?
- People in government, universities, the entertainment industry, Anyone in suspicion of
being a communist could be prosecuted, fired, and blacklisted from other jobs,

(b) How was communism considered a threat to democracy?
- Western countries feared communism. As in earlier decades, they feared that
communists had aimed to overthrow Western Societies in a world revolution.

2. What was the Cold War? Why did the Soviet Union want to have a buffer of countries
between it and Western Europe?
- Because both the Soviets and the Americans were considered to be superpowers,
meaning that they had the power to completely obliterate each other, the war was called
the Cold War because it did not erupt into an all-out open war. The Soviet Union wanted
a buffer from Western Europe so that if any of the Western Countries decided to invade
they would have to go through all these smaller countries before reaching the Soviets.
3. What was NATO? Why was it formed?
- NATO was a military alliance that would come to the aid of any NATO member if that
member were to come under attack. Members of NATO include the United States,
Britain, Canada and other western European nations. NATO was formed due to the fear
of Soviet invasion and as well to combat the ever present threat of communism.

4. What commitments did Canada make as a member of NATO? How did membership in
NATO affect Canadas foreign policy
- Canada agreed to keep a full army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe. It built
and supplied military bases overseas. Canadian ships and aircraft tracked the
movements of Soviet submarines. Canada also had to adapt its defence policy to those
of its allies.


5/14/2014

1-3 pg. 146 (green part)
1. Outline the events of the Suez Canal crisis.
- The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 showed Canadians the potential-and the problems-of
their status as a middle power. The French had constructed the canal between the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea in the 1860s. Soon after, the British had bought a
majority of shares in the Suez Canal Company, to make the canal part of their route to
India. Then they had occupied Egypt. In 1955, with Britains eastern Empire gone, British
Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden agreed to withdraw the garrison from Egypt. In 1956,
because of Colonel Gamal Abdel Nassers (Egypts leader) dealings with the Soviet
Union, Britain and the United States cut off aid for the Aswan project. Nasser then
seized the Suez Canal Company. Commonwealth (exception of Australia and New
Zealand) did not share the same views as British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden.
Newer members did not care and neither did Canada. October 29, Israeli paratroops
struck (Britain, France, and Israel sided together). October 30, Britain and France
ordered both Egypt and Israel to stay 16km away from the canal-preventing any
Egyptian attempt to meet the Israeli invasion. Royal Air Force moved to bomb Egyptian
airfields, and an Anglo-French invasion force was organized to land near the canal.
Soviet Union issued an ultimatum: Atomic bombs would rain down on London and Paris
if the invasion did not end. All in all, everyone gets mad, Canada becomes divided over
the issue (feelings, cant decide). British and French ignored NATO and kept their true
plans secret. Eden asked Canada for help in what St. Laurent and Pearson saw as an
act of imperialism, Canada said no. British counted on Canada; Pearsons reply caused
consternation in London. Pearson appealed to the United Nations force and by
November 7 got enough offers of troops to make a U.N. Emergency Force possible.
Nasser says there must not be any Canadians in the force because they are too
British. Blow to Pearson and the others who had worked hard for a solution to the crisis.
U.N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold softened Nassers position, Canada could
provide the Emergency Forces supply and support troops, but a battalion of the Queens
Own Rifles, one of Canadas oldest regiments, had to return to Calgary. Canada
watches the events that unfold with mixed feelings. Few in Canada understood what
Pearson had done. The achievement was impressive; Pearson had found the formula
which kept Britain and France from utter humiliation at the U.N. NATO and the
Commonwealth survived the crisis. Edens career was over, but his successor, Harold
Macmillan, soon rebuilt British prestige and prosperity. In 1957, Pearson was awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. It was the climax of Canadas role as the first of the
middle powers.

2. What role did Lester Pearson play in resolving the crisis?
- Lester Pearson did not join a specific side and instead suggested the U.N. Emergency
Force which gave the French and British a pretext to withdraw. Nasser also said the
force was acceptable. In suggesting this Pearson ended up resolving the issue without
bringing too much shame to Britain and her allies.

3. How did the Soviet Union react to the invasion of the Canal by Israel, Britain, and
France?
- The Soviet Union reacted to the invasion of the Canal by Israel, Britain, and France by
sending an ultimatum stating that they would drop atomic bombs on London and Paris if
the invasion did not stop.

1-5 pg. 146 (white part)
1. What was the Cold War and why was it given its name?
- The term "Cold War" was first used by U.S. Presidential adviser Bernard Baruch in 1947.
It described the situation that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union
and their respective allies in the aftermath of World War II. The Cold War was fought
with politics, economics, and propaganda rather than weapons because both sides
feared nuclear war.

2. What was so startling about the information Gouzenko brought to the Canadian
Government?
- Gouzenkos material revealed that Canada's Soviet ally had built a spy ring which
extended into the Prime minister's own office.

3. Why was isolationism an impossible choice for Canada after the Second World War?
- It was an impossible choice for Canada because it would be stuck between two
superpowers and would be defenceless if one of them decided to invade, as Canada
wouldn't have been a part of NATO and therefore wouldn't have received any support.
4. (a) What was the purpose of NATO?
- It would prevent the United States from going into isolationism, lead the Americans to
share a commitment to Europe, which had fulfilled only belatedly in the two World Wars.
It would give Europe the confidence and resources to defend itself. With many countries
involved, individual countries could spend less on their own defence.
(b) Why did NATO seem "a providential solution" to Canadian diplomats?
- The alliance contained a clause which committed the member nations to trade and
cultural exchanges in addition to defence.

4. How did Canada's involvement in the Korean War affect Canadian attitudes towards
NATO?
- Canadians were not unanimous about the issues raised by the Cold War and Canada's
active role in NATO. Peace petitioners stood on street corners, canvassing for
signatures to take Canada out of the alliance. Conservative politicians lamented that
Canada was becoming an American satellite. Canada's attitudes were not the best.




1-5 pg. 152
1. (a) Which regions in Canada benefitted the most from the economic boom of the 1950's?
- In the 1950s the provinces which benefitted the most was Ontario, Alberta, and British
Columbia.
(b) Give reasons why these regions benefitted while other regions did not.
- The resources and manufactured products from these provinces were in high demand
almost everywhere. British Columbia gained from the need for energy with
hydroelectricity. Large oil and natural gas reserves were found in Alberta which brought
them into the post war boom. Provinces without resources or manufactured many goods
benefited little.

2. Why did Canada invest in new transportation systems during the 1950's?
- New railways were built to transport nickel, iron, and timber.

3. Explain C.D. Howe's role in guiding the Canadian economy.
- Howe became the Minister of Trade and Commerce in Canada after the war. he
believed if business thrived then prosperity would follow. He disagreed with more social
programs and founded more crown corporations.

4. Why did economic prosperity encourage political stability?
- Prosperity made the people happy and content with how everything is progressing. This
would make people less likely to vote for change.

5. Why were some Canadians anti-American in 1950's?
- Some Canadian's blamed America for its immoral examples. When television started
being more popular, America influenced it. The high cost of productions meant the CBC
had to buy most of its programs from American networks. This lead to Canadian arts and
culture being impoverished like never before.