Asian Institute of Technology

School of Environment, Resources and Development

Water and Wastewater Audit in AIT

(Report of the job done for the 40 hour of student assistance-ship)



By

Mr. Bishal Bhari



Submitted To:

Prof. C. Visvanathan








Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Environmental Engineering and Management
Thailand
April, 2013

i

Table of Contents
1. Data collection ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Water consumption of different sectors of AIT ............................................................... 1
2.2 Water consumption of individual sectors .............................................................................. 2
2.3 Water consumption comparison ............................................................................................ 4
2.4 Water losses analysis for year 2013 ...................................................................................... 4
2.5 Water consumption of individual buildings .......................................................................... 5
2.6 Economic Analysis ................................................................................................................ 7
2.6.1 Water Charges ................................................................................................................ 7
2.6.2 Cost of water loss ........................................................................................................... 8
2.6.3 Per capita water cost ....................................................................................................... 9
2.6.4 Per capita water demand ................................................................................................. 9
2.7 Waste Water Treatment Plant Analysis .............................................................................. 10
2.8 Mass Balance....................................................................................................................... 11
3. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 11
References ..................................................................................................................................... 12



1


1. Data collection
Secondary data was collected form the following places after writing memorandum to
each of the sources:
Data Type Source
Past data of water charges Literature review from past thesis.
Water Consumption of 2013 and 2014 Sodexo
Room occupancy of dorms and staff
quarters
Sodexo
Number of staffs HRO
Number of non-residence staffs of AITIS AITIS
Number of visitors per day Security
Number of non-residence workers Security
Area of individual buildings of AIT CMO
Waste water quality and quantity WWTP

2. Data Analysis
2.1 Water consumption of different sectors of AIT
AIT was divided in four different sectors to determine the consumption patterns of
different sectors.

Figure 1: Water consumption of different sectors
Residential buildings and the academic buildings are the major sectors of water
consumption.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Residential Building Administration Commercial Academic building
Water Consumption (cu.m/yr)

2

2.2 Water consumption of individual sectors
Data analysis of the contribution of individual sectors was done to know the macro
level contribution of different sectors



2
8
,
2
4
2
1
6
,
5
4
6
7
,
3
6
8
3
1
,
6
4
2
2
1
,
5
1
4
5
5
,
3
0
0
1
4
,
8
5
8
2
,
5
7
8
2
0
,
2
2
7
3
6
6

WATER CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENCE
(CU.M/YR)
3
,
4
3
0
4
,
0
1
8
5
2
7
4
,
0
3
1
2
7
6
7
5
5
1
6
,
0
4
0
8
7
8
6
3
0
3
4
,
5
3
0
2
6
,
6
7
1
1
6
,
4
6
6
1
,
1
6
3
6
5
1
4
,
3
3
9
1
,
3
8
1
2
,
5
7
5
7
4
7
WATER CONSUMPTION OF ACADEMIC
BUILDINGS (CU.M/YR)

3










4
1
3
1
0
3
5
7
2
7
2
1
1
0
4
7
4
1
8
7
1
5
7
1
5
0
WATER CONSUMPTION OF
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS (CU.M/YR)
3
,
4
0
1
1
,
8
3
9
1
2
3
1
,
4
7
7
2
3
,
4
8
7
5
5
3
4
2
9
3
1
,
8
8
7
WATER CONSUMPTION OF
ADMINISTATION BUILDINGS
(CU.M/YR)
Water consumption of Administation Buildings

4

2.3 Water consumption comparison
Water consumption comparisons from the past year water consumption data revealed
that the total water consumption of AIT has decreased form the past year.


Although the water consumption of AIT has decreased from the past year, water
charges has significantly increased. Out of the 15.67 million Baht water charges paid
for the year 2013, 4.6 million Baht incurred due to the water losses. However the
population of AIT has also changed to a huge extent resulting in the decrease in water
consumption.
Table 1: Estimated Population of AIT for different years
Year
Estimated
Population
2002 3,340
2003 3,554
2004 3,679
2005 3,831
2013 2,403

2.4 Water losses analysis for year 2013
AIT imported total of 572,007 m
3
of water for the year 2013 from PTW out of which
405,206 m
3
of water was metered by Sodexo and the rest of 166,801 m
3
(28.65% of
the imported water) was lost due to the leakage of the water supply pipes. The
water loss was found highest for the month of January, March and June.

515,375
524,213
536,059
495,391
405,206
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2013
Water Consumption (cu.m/year)

5






2.5 Water consumption of individual buildings
To evaluate the magnitude of the water consumption building wise, the consumption
was signified according to the liter/m
2
/day for individual buildings.


0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
%Water Loss
9
.
8
9
.
0
1
7
.
8
7
.
9
6
.
98
.
7
1
2
.
3
5
.
1
WATER CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENCE
BUILDING (LITRE/SQ.M/DAY)

6




2
.
7
1
.
9
7
.
0
0
.
8
1
.
1
1
5
.
5
2
4
.
4
4
1
.
8
2
1
.
4
1
.
5
5
4
.
8
2
.
1
1
0
.
6
2
.
25
.
1
0
.
6
6
.
8
WATER CONSUMPTION OF ACADEMIC
BUILDINGS (LITRE/SQ.M/DAY)
9
.
8
9
.
0
1
7
.
8
7
.
9
6
.
9
8
.
71
2
.
3
5
.
1
2
.
7
1
.
9
7
.
0
0
.
8
1
.
1
1
5
.
5
2
4
.
4
4
1
.
8
2
1
.
4
1
.
5
5
4
.
8
2
.
1
1
0
.
6
2
.
25
.
1
0
.
6
6
.
8
1
1
.
3
1
3
.
3
2
.
7
5
.
2
1
.
0
2
.
0
V
I
L
L
A
G
E

1
-
3
S
T
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D
A
R
D

D
O
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M

(
A
-
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)
C
A
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Y

2

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J
,
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)
C
A
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G
O
R
Y

4

C
A
T
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G
O
R
Y

5

(

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,
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,
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,
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)

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H
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,

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&

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.

(
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A
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S
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C
A
L

P
L
A
N
T
WATER CONSUMPTION ALL BUILDINGS
(LITRE/SQ.M/YEAR)

7

Water extensive buildings with potential leakage problem were analyzed using the
water consumption pattern of the buildings.
SN
Buildings Liter/m
2
/day
1
CS 54.8
2
REC 41.8
3
REC,AFC & Aqua 24.4
4
WRE 21.4
5
Category 2 ( J,K) 17.8
6
Energy 15.5
7
Sodexo Cafeteria 13.3
8
Houses 1-28 12.3
9
Arcade 11.3
10
Habitech Park 10.6
11 Village 1-3 9.8
12 Standard Dorm (A-H) 9.0
13
Dorm ST2-12 8.7
14
Category 4 (L,M,N,P,Q,R,S) 7.9
15
Pulp & Paper 7.0
16
Category 5 ( W,T,U,X,V,Y) 6.9
17
AITIS 6.8

Benchmark
University of Toronto: 6.05 Liter/m
2
/day (Source: Chagpa et al., 2000)

2.6 Economic Analysis
2.6.1 Water Charges
Water charges for the year 2013 has increased drastically due to the increase in per
unit cost of the water charges.

7.39
7.50
10.56
8.14
15.67
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
2002
2003
2004
2005
2013
Water Charges (Million Baht)

8

2.6.2 Cost of water loss

With the average 28.65% water loss, water equivalent of 4.6 million Baht was not
metered during the year 2013, which clearly demonstrate the leakage in the
pipeline.
Water Imported from
PTW
572,007 cu.m
Authorized
Consumption
405,206 cu.m
Billed Authorized
Consumption
405,206 cu.m
Revenue Water
405,206 cu.m
Unbilled Authorized
Consumption
0 cu.m
Non-Revenue Water
166,801 cu.m
Water Losses
166,801cu.m
Apparent losses
0 cu.m
Real Losses
166,801 cu.m

-
400,000.00
800,000.00
1,200,000.00
1,600,000.00
Monthly Water Tariff (Baht)
Metered Water Cost Water Loss Cost

9

2.6.3 Per capita water cost
Cost of water per person has plunged to cost of 17.87 Baht/person/day which is
almost 625% of the per capita cost of 2005. Decreased population of AIT has
caused a severe impact on the per capita cost of water in AIT.

2.6.4 Per capita water demand
Per capita water demand of AIT has also increased from the past year. AIT
presently needs 462 Liter/person/day of water, which is very high when compared
to the Benchmark of other universities. It is also remarkably higher than the per
capita water consumption of the Bangkok which is 250 Liter/person/day (GWP,
2013).


3.02
3.19
4.05
2.86
17.87
0 5 10 15 20
2002
2003
2004
2005
2013
Cost (Baht/person/day)
211
223
204
173
462
0 100 200 300 400 500
2002
2003
2004
2005
2013
Water consumption (L/person/day)

10

Table 2: Benchmark for per capita water consumption of various University
No. Items Daily water consumption Remarks

L/person L/m
2


1
University of Toronto
- 6.05 In 2000 (Canada)
2
University of Leeds
38.36 - In 2000 (England)
3
University of
Technologico de
Monterrey
76.71

In 2002 (Mexico)
4
Carnegie Mellon
University
78.87 2.69 In 2004 (USA)
5
University of Sydney
68.50 2.06 In 2002 (Australia)
(Source: Vongdeuane,2006)
2.7 Waste Water Treatment Plant Analysis
For the month of January 2013 influent volume of the Ranhill WWTP was found to
be as follow:
Maximum=732 m
3
/day, Minimum= 511 m
3
/day, Average= 622 m
3
/day
Table 3: Value of different water parameter at different sampling points
Sampling Point Parameter
Range*
Average*
Max Min
Equalization Tank
pH 8.76 6.82 7.63
S.S (ml/l) 220 19 71.83
COD (ml/l) 457 5 90.43
TDS 554 157 300
Temp 33.2 24.2 29
SBR Tank
DO 8.29 1 5
SV30 20 2 10.46
Effluent
pH 8.41 3.87 7.39
S.S (ml/l) 28 1 11
COD (ml/l) 90 1 7.5
TDS 565 137 280
Temp 32.7 24.3 29.13
*Based on data available from 1/7/2012 to 15/3/2014

The waste water treatment plant has the capacity of 1500 m
3
/day. AIT is subjected to pay
the nominal amount of 700,000 Baht/Month for the waste water up to 1500 m
3
/day as per
the contract but AIT only produces about 700 m
3
/day. AIT has not been able to utilize
even its half the contracted volume of waste water thus making the per unit treatment cost
very expensive. Thus the revision of the contract seems to be the necessity.

11

2.8 Mass Balance












Following assumption were used for the mass balance
i. Water is calculated for two stages considering two stage water loss.
ii. 650 m
3
/day of influent is received by the WWTP. ( Based on the obtained data for
January 2013)
iii. Water use and evaporation loss is accounted to be 10% in the AIT

3. Recommendation
i. Use of dishwasher for the Sodexo
ii. Adoption of rain water harvesting
iii. Revision of contract with Ranhill WWTP
iv. Inline treatment of waste water for less polluting unit like Chiller.
v. Leakage maintenance of the pipe.
vi. Leakage maintenance of the sewage pipe.
vii. Installation of low flush toilet system to all the dorm
viii. Encouragement of public participation using AIT social networks
ix. Walk over survey for the problem detection in the water extensive buildings.





AIT Water
Supply
Network
AIT
PTW
WWTP
Distribution line Water loss
Sewage line water loss
Use, Evaporation loss
572007 m
3
/yr.
m
3
/yr.m
3
/yr.
405206 m
3
/yr.
237250 m
3
/yr.
40520.6 m
3
/yr.
127435 m
3
/yr.
166801 m
3
/yr.

12

References
1) National Stakeholder Consultations on Water: Supporting the Post-2015 Development
Agenda . Thailand: Global Water Partnership, 2013
2) Development Of Environmental Sustainability Concepts For The Asian Institute Of
Technology (Ait) Campus, Vongdeuane Soulalay, 2006
3) Review on Water Distribution System and Case Study in AIT by using EPANET
Considering Energy Consumption and Water Quality, Hideki Nakazawa, 2013
4) An Eco-Campus Study On The Reuse Potential Of Secondary Treated Effluent: A Case
Study Of AIT Campus, Amit Milind Kelovkar