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5MMh can be considered in Ital, (here the official mean (eighted price of the electric energ
purchased on the free mar.et in the ear 0119 is 9#'4E
5MMh'
As alread mentioned, in case of S$G* #$,s can be operated (ith a reduced number of phases
"similarl to 0 C &$,s%, guaranteeing a significant advantage over &$,s in terms of reliabilit
and transient stabilit' ?o(ever, concerning this, there are some differences bet(een #$,s and
0 C &$,s' The 0 C &$,s can be vie(ed as composed b t(o independent &$ circuits, one of
can be permanentl opened' Instead, the operation of a #$, (ith t(o phases onl causes a zero!
se/uence current (ith the same magnitude order of normal operation line currents in the
ground circuit of the electrical stations at the t(o ends of the line and on the shield!(ire
connecting the line to(ers is provided' Secondl, for 0 C &$,s the po(er transmissible (ith
three phases can be the (hole pre!fault po(er or at least a high percentage of it, depending on
the pre!fault load of the line, the conductor thermal limit, the allo(ed temporar overload and
the duration to the operation (ith reduced phases' *or #$,s, even if the conductor thermal limit
is high enough to allo( temporar transmission of the (hole pre!fault po(er, the more limited
overload capabilit of &$5#$ transformers can ma.e #$,s less reliable than 0 C &$,s'
Such costs result from the loss of value of the land crossed b a po(er line, o(ing to the
prohibition of building for permanent uses "houses, schools, offices, and so on% (ithin its right!
of!(a' According to <8&=, the loss of value + in the right!of!(a of a po(er line can be
evaluated in the range of 1 #
5m
0
' *or a given area, defined as 6building coefficient7 the
ratio bet(een the houses volume and the land area, high + values correspond to high values of
the mean building coefficient along the po(er line laout' *or e)ample, a + close to #1
5m
0
can refer to a line crossing a rural area (ith scattered houses, (here the building coefficient is
around 1'8 m
&
5m
0
'
According to these figures, and said W "in m% the (idth of the right!of!(a, ,>+ in
5.m can
be computed as follo(sD
The parameter W is determined differentl for the various countries, but commonl it is derived
on the basis of the ma)imum permissible value for magnetic induction field in residential areas,
that must not be overcome at the boundar of the right!of!(a for a reference value of line
currents'
According to the Italian la(, (hich is rather conservative, such value is particularl lo(,
namel &
T
%, (hile most other countries refer at present to much higher limits or directl to
the I+2I-$ limit of 811
T
<8#=' ?o(ever, it can be argued that in the future, due to the ever
gro(ing concerns b the population about electromagnetic fields, also some 6less conservative7
countries (ill be led to more restrictive limitations and that, on the (hole, limits (ill be either
the same as or lo(er than no('
Conclusion
This paper investigated from the economic point of vie( the feasibilit of four!phase "#$%
overhead transmission lines that, o(ing to some interesting technical feature, ma be regarded
as an alternative to the traditional three!phase "&$% solutions for the construction of ne(
transmission lines'
An overall economic comparison bet(een #$,s and &$,s involves (idel change form case to
case' 2evertheless, the analsis performed highlights that, as general results, the #$, solution
could reall be convenient in case of sufficientl long and heavil loaded lines "sufficient line
length and load are necessar to recover the investment and operative costs concerned (ith
&$5#$ transformation%, (hen a high reliabilit of po(er transmission is a primar tas.'
$ractical e)amples are long lin.s bet(een po(er plants and the transmission grid, so as long
interconnection lin.s bet(een neighbouring countries'
-egarding double circuit lines, on the contrar, the possible convenience of 0 C #$,s appears
e)tremel limited'
&eferences
8' S' *ontanot and S' Quaia , 62e( perspectives for po(er transmission in the European open
electricit mar.et7, Electrotech. e!." vol' @&, no' 8, pp' 3# @1, 0113'
0' T',' ,onders, -'N' -icheda, E' Orizaus.as, N'-' Ste(art and -'A' Bro(n, P?igh phase order
economicsD +onstructing a ne( transmission lineP, IEEE Tran#. on Power Del., vol' 8&, no'
#, pp' 8E08!8E03, 8449'
&' G' Samorodov, P*our!phase transmission sstems and estimation of effectiveness of their
application for po(er transmission from the three gorges plant to East +hinaP, in Pro. Int.
Con$. on Power S%#t. Technol." P&WEC&N'()" 8449, vol' 8, pp' 8#3 8E1'
#' G' Samorodov, T' Orasilni.ova, F' Ai.o, S' Qilberman and -' Iatsen.o, P2on!
conventional reliable A+ transmission sstems for po(er deliver at long and ver long
distanceP, in Proc. IEEE*Power Eng Soc. T+D Con$. and E,h-.-t-on" Asia $acific, 0110,
vol' 0, pp' 490!49@'
E' G'R' ,iu and R'?' Rang, PStud of four!phase po(er transmission sstemsP, Proc. In#t.
Elect. Eng. Generation, Transmission and Aistribution, vol' 8#4, no' #, pp' &4@!#18, 0110'
3' ,' Guange and R' Rang, PThree!phase!to!four!phase transformer for four phase po(er!
transmission sstemsP, IEEE Tran#. on Power Del." vol' 8@, no' #, pp' 8189!8100, 0110'