NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr.

Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
DYMAMICS OF FLUID FLOW
SPECIFIC ENERGY AND CRITICAL DEPTH
"n open channel flo%s one of he i&poran para&eer is 'specific ener()* and is defined
as+
,
,
V
E y
g
+ -./
%here
y
is he %aer deph and V is he flo% veloci). " is also called as energy grade
line -E$L/. For a (iven flo% rae+ here are %o possi0le saes for he sa&e specific
ener() as sho%n in Fi(. ..
hf
1eloci) head
E
y
2ori3onal
E$L
Fi(. .4 "llusraive s5ech for specific ener().
"n a si&pler case+ consider %o possi0le saes of specific ener() in a recan(ular
channel of %idh b . The dischar(e per uni %idh for his channel is (iven 0)+
.
Q
q V y
b

E6. -./ can no% 0e %rien as+
,
,
,
q
E y
gy
+ -,/
For a (iven channel of consan %idh+ he value of
q
re&ains consan alon( he channel
alhou(h he deph
y
&a) var). The variaion of
q
%ih
y
is ploed in specific ener()
dia(ra& -Fi(. ,/. Fro& his curve+ i is clear ha specific ener() aains o a &ini&u&
.
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
value a cerain deph for a (iven
q
. This deph is 5no%n as critical depth and i can 0e
o0ained 0) sein(
0
dE
dy

in E6. -,/.
)c
)
E E&in
Su0#criical
Super#criical
0
Criical
Constant q
Fi(. ,4 Deph verses specific ener() curve.
Mini&u& specific ener() occurs a+
. .
, ,
! !
&in ,
!
;
. ,
c c
q Q
y y E y
g b g
_ _


, ,
-!/
The veloci) of flo% a 'criical deph* is 5no%n as 'criical veloci)* ( )
c
V
and he
correspondin( dischar(e is
.
c c c
q V y
.
7eferrin( o Fi(. ,+ for
&in
E E <
+ no soluion e8iss and hus he flo% is unrealisic.
For
&in
E E >
+ here are %o possi0le soluions;
Lar(e deph %ih
c
V V <
su0#criical flo%.
S&all deph %ih
c
V V >
s called super#criical flo%.
Frictionless flow over a bu!
Consider an open channel flo% over a 0u&p as sho%n in Fi(. !. The 0ehavior of he free
surface is sharpl) differen 0ased on he approach of he flo%; i.e. su0#criical or super#
criical. For fricionless %o#di&ensional flo%+ secions 9.: and 9,: are relaed 0)
coninui) and &o&enu& e6uaion;
,
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
, ,
. ,
. . , , . ,
;
, ,
V V
y V y V y y h
g g
+ + +
Eli&inain(
,
V
0e%een he a0ove cu0ic pol)no&ial e6uaions for %aer deph
,
y
over
he 0u&p4
, , ,
! , . . .
, , , , .
.
0 %here
, ,
V y V
y E y E y h
g g
+ + -4/
Supercriical approach flo%
1. 1, ). ),
h ;u&p
Su0criical approach flo%
Fi(. !4 Fricionless %o#di&ensional flo% over a 0u&p.
)c
)
h
Ec
Su0#criical
0u&p
Super#criical
0u&p
-./
-,/
).
),
h&a8
E E, E.
Fi(. 44 Specific ener() plo for flo% over a 0u&p.
Follo%in( poins &a) 0e noed do%n fro& he a0ove anal)sis;
The E6. -4/ has one ne(aive and %o posiive soluions if h is no oo lar(e. "s
0ehavior is illusraed in Fi(. 4 and depends upon %heher he poin 9.: is on he
upper or lo%er le( of he ener() curve.
!
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
"n su0#criical approach ( )
.
.
r
F <
+ he %aer level %ill decrease a he 0u&p
%hereas in super#criical approach flo%s ( )
.
.
r
F >
+ he %aer level %ill increase
over he 0u&p.
"f he 0u&p hei(h reaches
&a8 . c
h E E
+ he flo% a he cres %ill 0e criical
( )
.
.
r
F
. "n his case+ no ph)sical soluion is possi0le i.e. oo lar(e 0u&p %ill
9cho5e: he channel and cause fricional effec+ called 'h)draulic ju&p*.
HYDRA"LIC #"$P
< 'h)draulic ju&p* is a disconinui) %hen here is a conflic 0e%een he upsrea& and
do%nsrea& conrol para&eers in an open channel flo%. " occurs+ %hen he upsrea&
flo% is fas and shallo%+ and he do%nsrea& flo% is slo% and deep and hus provides a
&echanis& o &a5e a ransiion 0e%een %o )pes of flo%. =ne such e8a&ple is flo%
under he sluice (ae %here he do%nsrea& porion of he (ae -upsrea& of he channel/
is super#criical flo%+ %hile he flo% is su0#criical in upsrea& side -do%nsrea& of he
channel/.
Consider a si&ples )pe of h)draulic ju&p ha occurs in a hori3onal+ recan(ular
channel as sho%n in Fi(. >. Ta5e %o secions 9.: and 9,: in upsrea& and do%n
srea&side %here he flo% is nearl) unifor&+ sead) and one#di&ensional. Ne(lecin( he
%all shear sress+ he &o&enu& e6uaion can 0e %rien as+
( ) ( )
. , , . . . , .
. . . F F Q V V V y b V V
->/
%here b is he channel %idh. The pressure force a eiher side is h)drosaic and acs a
he channel cross#secions i.e.
( )
( )
,
. .
. . . .
,
, ,
, , , ,
. . . . .
. . .
, ,
. . . . .
. . .
, ,
c
c
g y g b y
F p A y b
g y g b y
F p A y b


_


,
_


,
-?/
@sin( E6. -?/ in E6. ->/+ %e (e+
( )
, ,
. , . .
, .
.
, ,
y y V y
V V
g
-A/
4
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
Conrol volu&e
Ener() line
-./
-,/
B+ F.
F,
),
).
hL
1,
1.
Shear sress C 0
Fi(. >4 2)draulic ju&p (eo&er).
Si&ilarl)+ he &ass and ener() conservaion e6uaions can 0e %rien for secion 9.: and
9,: respecivel) i.e.
. . , ,
. . . . y bV y bV Q
-D/
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
L
V V
y y h
g g
+ + + -E/
The head loss
L
h
is due o violen ur0ulen &i8in( and dissipaion ha occurs %ihin he
ju&p iself. <ll E6s. -A o E/+ are saisfied for
. , . ,
; and 0
L
y y V V h
. " represens a
rivial case %hen here is no ju&p. The oher possi0le soluion can 0e o0ained 0)
co&0inin( E6s. -A and D/ o eli&inae
,
V
i.e.
( )
, , ,
. , . . . . . .
. . ,
, ,
. . .
, , .
y y V y V y V y
V y y
g y g y
_


,
-.0/
Si&plificaion of his e6uaion (ives+
,
, , ,
.
. .
, 0
r
y y
F
y y
_ _


, ,
-../
%here
.
.
.
r
V
F
gy

is he upsrea& Froude nu&0er. The possi0le soluion for E6. -../ is

( )
, ,
.
.
.
. . D
,
r
y
F
y
+ +
-.,/
>
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
The di&ensionless head loss+
.
L
h
y
_

,
can hen 0e o0ained fro& E6. -E/ as+
,
,
, . ,
. . .
. .
,
L r
h y F y
y y y
1
_
1 +

1
,
]
-.!/
For a (iven values of
. r
F
+ he deph raios
,
.
y
y
_

,
are o0ained fro& E6. -.,/ and hen
he head loss
.
L
h
y
_

,
is calculaed fro& E6. -.!/. " %ill 0e ne(aive if
.
.
r
F <
-since he
ne(aive head loss violaes second la% of her&od)na&ics/. The flo% &us 0e super#
criical ( )
.
.
r
F >
o produce he disconinui) called as 'h)draulic ju&p* and here is a
considera0le ener() loss across he h)draulic ju&p. This in fac is e8re&el) useful in
&an) siuaions; e.(. he relaivel) lar(e a&oun of ener() conained in he fluid flo%in(
do%n he spill%a) of da& causes da&a(e o he channel 0elo% he da&. ;) placin(
suia0le flo% conrol o0jecs in he channel do%nsrea& spill%a)+ i is possi0le o produce
h)draulic ju&p on he apron of he spill%a) and here0) dissipae a considera0le porion
of he ener() of he flo% i.e. he da& spill%a) produces super#criical flo% and he
channel do%nsrea& of he da& re6uires su0#criical flo%. 2ence+ he h)draulic ju&p
provides a &eans o chan(e he characer of he flo%.
Classification of %&'raulic (u!
The principal para&eer affecin( h)draulic#ju&p perfor&ance is Froude nu&0er. The
7e)nolds nu&0er and he channel (eo&er) have he secondar) effec. ;ased on he
Froude nu&0er+ he h)draulic ju&ps are classified as;

.
.
r
F <
4 Fu&p is i&possi0le as i violaes second la% of her&od)na&ics.

.
. o ..A
r
F
4 Sandin( %ave or undular ju&p; lo% dissipaion less han >G.

.
..A o ,.>
r
F
4 S&ooh surface rise 5no%n as '%ea5 ju&p*; dissipaion is > o
.>G.
?
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai

.
,.> o 4.>
r
F
4 @nsa0le+ =scillain( ju&p; each irre(ular pulsaion creaes a
lar(e %ave %hich can ravel do%nsrea& for &iles+ da&a(in( earh 0an5s and
oher srucures. Dissipaion is .> o 4>G.

.
4.> o E
r
F
4 Sa0le+ %ell 0alanced+ sead) ju&p; 0es perfor&ance and acion+
insensiive o do%nsrea& condiions. Dissipaion is 4> o A0G.

.
E
r
F >
4 7ou(h+ iner&ien sron( ju&p 0u (ood perfor&ance. Dissipaion is A0
o D>G.
"NDERFL)* GATES
These (aes are )pical srucures consruced a he cres of an overflo% spill%a)+ or a
he enrance of an irri(aion canalHriver for conrollin( he flo% rae. So&e of he )pical
srucures are verical (aes -co&&onl) called sluice (ae/+ radial (aes+ and dru& (aes.
).
Iaer level
),
a
-a/
-0/
-c/
Iaer level
Iaer level
Fi(. ?4 @nderflo% (aes; -a/ verical (ae+ -0/ radial (ae+ -c/ dru& (ae.
The flo% under he (ae is said o 0e free flow %hen he fluid issues as a je of
supercriical flo% %ih free surface open o a&osphere as sho%n in he Fi(. ?. The
dischar(e per uni %idh of he (ae can 0e e8pressed as+
.
. . , .
d
q C a g y -.4/
The dischar(e coefficien
d
C
is a funcion of he conracion coefficien ( )
, c
C y a
and
deph raio ( )
.
y a
. The )pical values of dischar(e coefficien fro& a verical sluice (ae
%ih free ou flo% are of he order of 0.>> o 0.?.
There are cerain siuaions %here he deph do%nsrea& of he (ae is conrolled 0)
so&e do%nsrea& o0sacle. The je of %aer issuin( fro& underflo% (ae is overlaid 0)
&ass of %aer ha is 6uie ur0ulen -Fi(. A/. Such a (ae is 5no%n as
A
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
drowned/submerged (ae. The flo% rae can 0e o0ained fro& he sa&e e6uaion -E6. .4/
%ih appropriae &odificaion in
d
C
.
),
).
a
q
Iaer level
Fi(. A4 Dro%ned ouflo% fro& a sluice (ae.
Flow un'er a sluice +ate
The flo% paern under a sluice (ae is sho%n in Fi(. D. "f he flo% is allo%ed free
dischar(e -Fi(. D#a/+ hen i s&oohl) acceleraes fro& 'su0#criical -upsrea&/ o criical
-near he (ap/ o super#criical -do%nsrea&/*. For 'free dischar(e* he fricion &a) 0e
ne(leced. <ppl)in( coninui) and &o&enu& e6uaion+
, ,
. ,
. . , , . ,
. . and
, ,
V V
V y V y y y
g g
+ + -.>/
Eli&inain(
,
V
+ %e (e
, , ,
! , . . .
, . ,
.
0
, ,
V V y
y y y
g g
_
+ +

,
-.?/
Thus+ for a (iven su0#criical upsrea& flo% ( )
. .
+ V y
+ here is onl) one real soluion
i.e. super#criical flo% a he sa&e specific ener() as sho%n in Fi(. D#0. The flo% rae
varies %ih he raio
,
.
y
y
_

,
and reaches o a &a8i&u& %hen
,
.
,
!
y
y
_

,
. Ihen he deph
D
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
,
y
conracs o 40G less han he (ae:s (ap hei(h+ he flo% paern is si&ilar o ha of a
free orifice discharge and can 0e appro8i&aed in he ran(e
.
0.>
H
y
<
as+
.
.
0.?.
. . , %here
. 0.?.
d d
Q C H b gy C
H
y

_
+

,
-.A/
"f he ail#%aer is hi(h as in he case of Fi(. D#c+ he free dischar(e is no possi0le.
The sluice (ae is said o 0e drowned or partially drowned. There %ill 0e ener()
dissipaion in e8i flo%+ in he for& of dro%ned h)draulic ju&p and he do%nsrea& flo%
%ill reurn o su0#criical. 2ence+ E6s -.? and .A/ %ill no 0e applica0le for such
siuaions and e8peri&enal correlaions are necessar).
-a/
-0/
-c/
1ena conraca
Iaer level
1.+ ).
1,+ ),
1.+ ).
Iaer level
Dissipaion
1,+ ),
2i(h ail %aer
).
),
)
E E. C E,
-./
-,/
Su0#criical
Super#criical
Fi(. D4 Flo% under a sluice (ae; -a/ Free dischar(e; -0/ Specific ener() for free
dischar(e; -c/ Dissipaive flo% under a dro%ned (ae.
E8a&ple .
< recan(ular channel ?& %ide carries .?D lisH&in a a deph of 0.E&. Iha is he hei(h
of a recan(ular %eir %hich &us 0e insalled o dou0le he dephJ Dischar(e coefficien
of %eir &a) 0e a5en as 0.D>.
Soluion
The dischar(e for a 0road cresed %eir is (iven 0)+
!
,
,
..A .
,
a
d w
V
Q C L H
g
_
+

,
E
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
2ere+
! !
.?D& &in ,.D& s Q ;
?&
w
L
;
0.D>
d
C
Then+
,
,
,
!
!
,.D
0.4A&
, ..A ..A 0.D> ?
a
d w
V Q
H
g C L
_
_
+


,
,
The deph of he flo% re6uired C , 0.E C ..D&
The veloci) of approach is (iven 0)+
,
,.D
0.,?& s
? ..D ? ..D
0.00!4&
,
0.4A 0.00!4 0.4???&
a
a
a
Q
V
V
h
g
H




2ei(h of he 0road cresed %eir C ..D K 0.4??? C ..!!!4&.
E8a&ple ,
Iaer flo% in a %ide channel approaches a .0c& hi(h 0u&p a ..>&Hs. and a deph of
.&. Esi&ae4 -a/ he %aer deph over he 0u&p; -0/ he 0u&p hei(h ha %ill cause he
cres flo% o 0e criical. Ta5e he head loss as 0..& and he flo% is fricionless.
Soluion
-a/ Firs+ he Froude nu&0er is calculaed as+
.
.
.
..>
0.4D
, , E.D. .
r
V
F
gy


" &eans ha he flo% is su0#criical. Ta5e %o secions 9.: and 9,: in he enire len(h of
he flo% -Fi( D/.
Specific ener() of he flo% is+
( )
,
,
.
. .
, .
..>
..0 ....>&
, , E.D.
....> 0.. ..0.>&
V
E y
g
E E h
+ +

<ppl)in( coninui) and ener() e6uaions+
, ,
. ,
. . , , . ,
. . and
, ,
V V
V y V y y y h
g g
+ + +
Eli&inain(
,
V
+
.0
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
, , ,
! , . . .
, , , , .
.
0 %here
, ,
V y V
y E y E y h
g g
+ +
! ,
, ,
or+ ..0.> 0...> 0 y y +
Three real roos of he a0ove e6uaion are+
,
0.D?&+ 0.4>& and #0.,E& y + +
. The
ne(aive roo is ph)sicall) i&possi0le. For su0#criical condiions+
,
0.D?& y +
and for
super#criical condiion+
,
0.4>& y +
.
The surface level has dropped 0)
. ,
. 0.D? 0.. 0.04& y y h
.
The cres veloci)+
. .
,
,
. ..> .
..A4>& s
0.D?
V y
V
y


The Froude nu&0er a he cres is+
,
,
,
..A4>
0.4,4
, , E.D. 0.D?
r
V
F
gy


i.e. he flo%
do%nsrea& of he 0u&p is su0#criical.
-0/ For criical flo%+ Froude:s nu&0er is uni) a he cres and
. . .
, ,
! ! !
. .
. ! ! ! ! ..>
0.E.D&
, , , , E.D.
c c
V y q
E y
g g
_ _ _


, , ,
Ma8i&u& hei(h for he 0u&p+
.
....> 0.E.D 0..EA&
c
h E E
The cu0ic pol)no&ial e6uaion 0eco&es+
, ,
! , . .
, ,
! ,
, ,
.
0
,
or+ 0.E.D 0...> 0
c
V y
y E y
g
y y
+
+
The soluion is
,
0.?.&
c
y y
The surface level has dropped 0)
.
. 0.?. 0..EA 0..E!&
c
y y h
E8a&ple !
Iaer flo%s under a sluice (ae on a hori3onal 0ed a he inle o a flu&e. The %aer
deph is >0c& in he upsrea& of he (ae and he speed is ne(li(i0le. < he vena#
conraca do%nsrea& of he (ae+ he flo% srea&lines are srai(h and he deph is ?c&.
Deer&ine he flo% speed do%nsrea& fro& he (ae and dischar(e per uni %idh.
..
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
Soluion
7eferrin( o he Fi(. .!#a+ ;ernoulli:s e6uaion can 0e applied upsrea& and a he vena#
conraca of he flo% field as+
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
V V
g g + +
Solvin( for
,
V
+
( ) ( )
,
, . , .
, , E.D. 0.> 0.0? 0 ,.E4& s V g V + +
The dischar(e per uni %idh is (iven 0)+
!
, ,
. ,.E4 0.0? 0..A?4& s
Q
q V !
b

E,ERCISES
-. Iaer flo%s freel) under a sluice (ae %ih upsrea& deph of >& and (ae openin( of
..>&. Deer&ine4 -i/ he dischar(e per uni %idh; -ii/ %aer deph jus upsrea& of he
(ae; -iii/ %ha %ill 0e he dischar(e if he %aer deph i&&ediael) do%nsrea& of he
(ae is ,&; -iv/ co&pare his value %ih esi&aion of dischar(e under su0&er(ed
condiion assu&in( he flo% i&&ediael) do%nsrea& of he (ae o 0e unaffeced 0)
su0&er(ence.
/. Iaer in an open channel flo%s under a sluice (ae. The flo% is inco&pressi0le and
unifor& a %o secions 9.: and 9,: upsrea& and do%nsrea& of he flo% respecivel).
The deph of %aer and veloci) a he secion 9.: are ..>& and ,&Hs respecivel). The
correspondin( values in secion 9,: are 0.0>& and >&Hs respecivel). Deer&ine he
direcion and &a(niude of he h)drosaic force per uni %idh e8ered on he (ae 0) he
flo%.
0. Iaer flo%s a a rae .0&
!
Hs.& -per uni %idh/ in a %ide channel %ih upsrea& deph
of ..,>&. "f he %aer under(oes a h)draulic ju&p+ co&pue he follo%in( para&eers in
he do%nsrea& of he (ae4 -i/ deph of he %aer; -ii/ veloci) of he flo%; -iii/ Froude
nu&0er; -iv/ head loss; -v/ percena(e dissipaion; -vi/ he po%er dissipaed per uni
%idh; -vii/ e&peraure rise due o dissipaion if
p
c
C4.,5FH5(. L.
.,
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecure !4 ""T#$u%ahai
1. < recan(ular channel %ih a 0oo& slope of .4.>0 carries %aer a a rae ,0&
!
Hs.
Deer&ine he %idh of he channel %hen he flo% is in criical condiion. Ta5e
Mannin(:s coefficien as 0.0.?.
2. "n a recan(ular canal !.,& %ide is laid %ih a slope of 0.004. The unifor& flo% occurs
a a deph of ,&. 2o% &uch hei(h can he hu&p 0e raised %ihou causin( ransiionJ "f
he upsrea& deph of flo% is o 0e raised o ,.>&+ %ha should 0e he hei(h of he
hu&pJ <ssu&e Mannin(:s coefficien as 0.0.?.
3. Iaer flo%s seadil) in a recan(ular channel laid %ih a slope of 0.00.. The 0ase
%idh of he channel is >& and deph of flo% is ,&. " is desired o o0ain a criical flo%
in he channel 0) providin( a hu&p in he 0ed. S5ech he flo% profile and calculae he
hei(h of he hu&p re6uired. Ta5e Mannin(:s coefficien as 0.0.? for channel surface.
4. < !.?& %ide recan(ular channel conve)s .0&
!
Hs of %aer %ih a veloci) of ?&Hs.
-i/ "s here a condiion for h)draulic ju&p o occurJ "f so+ calculae he hei(h+ len(h and
sren(h of he ju&pJ
-ii/ Iha is he loss of ener() per 5( of %aerJ
5. "n a recan(ular canal of 0.>& %idh+ a h)draulic ju&p occurs a a poin %here he
deph of flo% is 0..,& and Froude nu&0er is ,.>. Deer&ine+
-i/ he specific ener(); -ii/ he criical and su0se6uen dephs; -iii/ loss of head; -iv/
ener() dissipaed.
6. < h)draulic ju&p occurs in a 1#shaped channel %ih side slope of 4>
0
. Derive he
e8pression for flo% rae in er&s of upsrea& and do%nsrea& deph. "f he dephs of flo%
0efore and afer he ju&p are 0.4& and 0.D&+ deer&ine he flo% rae and Froude nu&0er
0efore and afer he ju&p.
-7. The deph and veloci) of he flo% in a recan(ular channel are 0.E& and ..>&Hs
respecivel). "f a (ae a he do%nsrea& of he channel is a0rupl) closed+ %ha %ill 0e
he hei(h and a0solue veloci) of he resulin( sur(eJ "f he channel is .000& lon(+ ho%
&uch i&e %ill 0e re6uired for he sur(e o reach he upsrea& end of he channel.
--. < recan(ular canal carries a dischar(e of ..D&
!
Hs per &eer %idh of he canal. The
ener() loss due o a h)draulic ju&p is found o 0e !&. Deer&ine he conju(ae dephs
0efore and afer he ju&p.
.!