-structure, peace, shape, international relations @ gov.

Causes -SU- claim to control E. Europe sphere + shield

-40-50: China becomes communist; Korean War

-50-60: war shifts from Asia Europe Cuba
-60-90: Vietnam War; Europe
-ideological struggle: democracy + containment vs. SU + communism
-iron curtain- Berlin Wall- dividing line between the 2 worlds
-each wanted 3
rd
world countries to be their ideology- race
-fought over influence in E Europe, Asia, S America, Mid East, and Africa
-@ Yalta- different theories on Germany
-Stalin + Europe want Germany divided + military taken away(dont rise again)
-US wants free elections in Germany
-development of bomb- shows we have the power + we used it
-shows US power + threatens SU to create their own
Post-War Arms -USA wanted:
-encourage democracy; prevent communism, raise industry, reunite Germany
US policies Truman Doctrine-1947
-Stalin fighting to go in Greece(Balkan region)
-Greece fighting against communism +asks US for help, we cant fight anymore
Truman Doctrine- wanted containment of communism w/ in its borders
-US feared domino theory- communism would spread Balkan ME
-policy provided basis for US to go other countries + help against communism
Marshall Plan
-Economic Recovery Plan
-$13 billion against hunger, desperation, resentment, etc.
-help rebuild Europe- any country who wanted $; not SU
-encourage countries to come up w/economic plan +present it US can fund
COMECON- Stalins response, for economic help to communist countries
-said no to all countries + turned them away
Containment Policy
1. Inevitable that SU will try + take its neighbors- we need to contain it
2. US duty to confront SU aggression
3. US needs to continue this force long-term
-George Kennan

Europe -Germany-still key to Europe
-E Germany (Dem. Rep.)- communist- UlbrichtHonecker
-W Germany (Fed. Rep.)-democratic-AdenauerBrandt
-Yugoslavia=Yugo, Balkans, European
-1949: Stalin wanted to go in Tito said no Stalin listens
-kept together by Joseph Tito until 1980; separate road to communism
-Catholics, Orthodox, and Muslims
after Tito- nation falls after and nationalities want independence
-Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia gain independence
-in Bosnian War- Muslim Bosnian genocide in Srebinca
-Poland
-in 1956- under Gomuika, Poland asks for relaxation from SU but stay in Warsaw
-Khrushchev says okay
Cold War 1946-1989
-Catholic Church- Pope John Paul
-Lech Walesa- Solidarity- trade/labor union
-Pope brings attention to repression in Poland + supports Solidarity
-Lech Walesa president in 1990
-Hungary
-Imre Nagy- executed
-started revolution (Oct 3- Nov 10 1956)
-promises free election- 3 days @- SU tanks roll in-Nov 4 (stay till SU collapse)
-wanted to w/draw from Warsaw Pact 1956
-Czechoslovakia- Prague Spring
-last EE country taken over
-Alexandria Dubcek- wanted to change communist party
-SU invades on August 20, 1968 and stays for 23 years

1945 -Marshall Plan- $13 billion
-intended to rebuild prosperity + stability
1948-9 -Berlin Blockade
-1940- W Germany united + prospers + E Germans escaped for W
-Stalin angry set up blockade on Berlin starting June 1948
shuts off everything (electricity, locomotives, etc.) in W Berlin
-ally response Airlift- planes flown in every 3 min w/ food + necessities
-Operation Little Vittles- dropped candies to kids
-SU lifts blockade on May 12 1949; last airlift Oct 6 1949
-SU has their own bomb
-China becomes communist
1950 -Korean War
1953 -Stalin dies + Khrushchev takes over
thaw; holiday of the soul
-de-Stalinization- Khrushchev admits Stalin went too overboard
-relaxes censorship + Sec. Police, cooperates w/ West, allows Catholic Church
1960s -Bay of Pigs
-Vienna Summit
-Kennedy + Khrushchev
-Berlin Wall
-West- rapid economic growth, one of richest in Europe, capitalist
-East- weak, spent $ on goods + equipment to rebuild, socialist
-many (smart people, doctors, etc.) E emigrated to W
-1961- barbed fence prevents E from going to W wall
-NATO + West dont respond @ 1st
people separated from family, lovers, friends, lost jobs, increased suicide rate
-June 1953- JFK I am a Jelly Donut
-Stasi- secret spies, encourage people to tell on family
-Nov 4 1989- 500,000 E protest against communism allow travel
Czechoslovakia, Romania, E Germany fight against communism
-Oct 3 1990- Germany unifies
-Result: E Germany-unemployment + racism + hate foreigners
-Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev gone
1964 -Brezhnev takes over- rules for 18 years
-biggest military buildup Brezhnev Doctrine
-if a communist country threatenedwe will be there
-era of normalization + bureaucracy
-political geron to crazy
1970s -policy of dtente w/ Brandt(Chancellor w/ Germany)
-between E+ W Berlin: telephones restored, 1 day visa, better living cond. + work hrs
1974 -SALT I (Nixon) and SALT II(1979-Carter)
1975 -Helsinki Agreement- between USSR + US
- EE should have free elections, press, speech, and human rights
1979 -USSR invades Afghanistan-Suslov cautioned Brezhnev not to invade
-USSR helps Marxist revolutionaries- beginning of 2
nd
Cold War(1979-85,89,91)
1980s -USSR sick= inefficiency + agricultural problems
Genesis of Problems($ on weapons, lack of food, gov. problems)
-Inefficiency w/ SU gov- $50 million being spent by US + SU on weapons, missiles
-agricultural production- Ukraine not as productive
-92 ethnicities, 112 languages- coalition + nationalism difficult to keep
-Brezhnev goal: arms race w/ US; US has to send food to feed Soviets

-no focus on consumer goods + citizens

-rise in alcoholism, hunger, rise in infant mortality, low morale of citizens, bad
working conditions
1980 -Reagan elected- initiates largest military buildup
1983 -SU shots down Korean plane

-US invades Grenada, help in Libyan War + Nicaragua

-Reagan sells Iran weapons for POW + to support Nicaragua

-countries try to push back but SU still in control
1985 -Andropov Chermacho Gorbachev in power- says we cant sustain this anymore

-we are not economically competitive, spending too much on weapons

problems are coming in faster than they can be solved


China
legend- Panker carved out the world and when he died, fleas around him people
WWII
-Japan vs. nationalists(Sun Yet Sen, Chaing)
1947 -civil war between Chaing Kai Shek + Mao Zedong
-try for coalition- doesnt work; Mao true communist believer, Chiang wants power
1949 -China becomes communist under Mao-peoples liberation army- 1 mil people
-Mao disintegrates under power (1949-56, Maos good years)
-Chinese people have stood up and will not be humiliated again
1950 -occupy Tibet- Dahlia Llama escapes
-land distribution to people, economy good
1954 -new constitution Korean War- support N Korea, Armistice- 1953 US in Vietnam
-deteriorating relation w/ USSR-competition as to who has better communism
-nationalizes industry, collectivizes land, ^ literacy, communist domination
1955-8 -Great Leap Forward
-collectivize all farmlands- puts separate groups in charge of own resources
-disastrous results
1956-7 -100 Flowers Campaign
-asks for criticism- gets a lot- ends campaign- arrests all who criticized
1959 -Mao steps down
1964 -atomic bomb
1966 -Cultural Revolution vs. capitalism; Mao = God; hes back
-Red Guard-little red book-destroyed scientists, teachers, temples, etc.
-led to anarchy + violence; displaces all parties
-Four Olds: ideas, customs, culture, and habits; wants to create new basis of ID
-Mao-only under constant terror + Rev. can he get them to do as he wants
1969 -Mao announces end of Cultural Revolution
-Zhau Enlai Deng Xio Ping reformers
1971 -admitted UN
-Ping Pong diplomacy
1972 -Nixon recognizes China + goes over there
-gets SU attention to sign treaty w/ US cause US just became friends w/ their enemy
-dtente
1989 -student protests- Tiananmen Square
1997 -Hu Jintao President
-Hong Kong back

Korea + Vietnam

1950 -Korea- truce in 1953 @ 38
th
parallel
-N communist Korea invades S on June 25, 1950 @ 38
th
parallel
-wants united communist nation
-US sends 12,000 troops + aid to S Korea China afraid US will invade them
China sends 130,000 soldiers to cross 38
th
parallel into S Korea
-China runs out of supply- UN gets capitol back + go into NK + dont invade China
-July 27, 1953- Armistice
-Outcome: same(1 country w/ 2 nations); 39
th
parallel dividing line; hatred escalated
1954 -Dien Bien Ph(where Vietnamese army defeated French soldiers)- Vietnam
-Geneva Conference- promise free elections in Vietnam
-afraid theyd be communist so dont hold elections
-1. Laos/ Cambodia independent
-2. temporarily divide Vietnam @ 17
th
parallel
-Eisenhower starts it by sending advisors
1960 -Kennedy- 780 military advisors- sends troops
-Why Vietnam? Bay of Pigs, Cuba, Berlin (the waterloo of Johnson)
-war on if N+S should unite; if it united S would become communist
1963 -Johnson- turn Mekong Delta into Tennessee Valley
-bring Vietnam to its knees so it doesnt turn communist
1964 -authorizes air bombardment
1965 -US aerial bombardment- 1
st
real time war land war commitment
-China sending troops to N Vietnam + Ho Chi Minh(Vietnamese communist leader)
1973 -peace treaty
1975 -Cambodia- killing fields
1976 -Vietnam united

Nuclear Arms Treaty
-nuclear arms race- each try to have more than the other
MAD -Mutual Assured Destruction
1946 -Atomic Energy Act
1952 -US had Hydrogen bomb 1953- Russians have one
1963 -Limited Test Ban Treaty- Kennedy + Khrushchev
-cannot test anywhere(but underground)
1967 -Outer Space Treaty- Johnson + Brezhnev
1968 -Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- Nixon + Brezhnev prevent spread of nuclear arms
-invasion of Czechoslovakia- Hungary + E Germany- lowered living standards
(1) goal= stop building nuclear arms (2) disarm stockpile (3)use nuclear power safely
1972 -SALT I and ABM Nixon + Brezhnev
-SALT I- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty- try to freeze up/limit nuclear arms buildup
-ABM- Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty- limit nuclear defense weapons, only 2 per country
1974 -Vladivostok- limit MIRN- Ford + Brezhnev
*third world escalations
1975 -Helsinki Agreement
1979 -SALT II- Carter + Brezhnev-banned new missile programs
-invasion of Afghanistan
-Solidarity movements in Poland- assassination attempt on Pope John Paul
1980 -Reagan elected president- SDI initiate
1983 -Korean airline shot down by USSR
1986 -Reykjavik Summit- Reagan + Gorbachev
1987 -INF Treaty-Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces - limit inter + medium range missiles
1991 -START I- Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty- largest control treaty
1992 -START II- US + Russia- banned MIRV + ICBM
1996 -Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Fall of USSR

1980s -SU sick- declining economy
-reformers: Andropov- supports Gorbachev
-@ USA recognizes China- SU wants to limit US + wants nuclear arms treaties
1975 -Helsinki Accords- 1
st
conference on security + cooperation
1980 -Tito dies- disintegration of Yugoslavia
Poland- Solidarity- Lech Walesa; Pope John Paul II
1985 -Gorbachev- 1stcollege educated leader
-perestroika(restructuring)
-gradual eco. + market reforms, decentralize SU economy,
-glasnost(openness)
-liberties to people, freedom of expression, press
-reform KBG + communist party + remove Brezhnev Doctrine
1989 -fall of Berlin Wall
1990 -Hungary- capitalism w/ a human facelift
-Germany reunifies
1991 -coup on Gorbachev by military + communists, he resigns fall of SU Yeltsin
1993 -Czechoslovakia- Velvet Revolution Vaclav Havel peaceful separation
-Bosnian War- Serbian massacre- Milosevic
Reason for Collapse -absenteeism, apathy, lack of leadership, alcoholism, bad economy,
-Gorbachev tries to take away luxuries from leaders- they get angry






Dtente