Name: ZAINAL AZIMUDIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN

ID: 13992
Research Tittle: PETROPHYSICS AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
OF EXPOSED SANDSTONE
Supervisor: MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN
FINAL YEAR PROJECT
EXTENDED PROPOSAL


TABLE OF CONTENT:

1. Table of content... i
2. List of Figures and Tables... i
3. Chapter 1 - 1.0) Background of study. 1
1.1) Introduction .. 1
1.2) Problem statement. ... 1
1.3) Objectives and scope of study. 1
4. Chap 2 Literature Review and Theory. 2
5. Chap 3 Methodology .. 4
3.1) Project Work Flow .. 5
3.2) Gantt Chart 6
6. Chap 4 4.0) Conclusion ... 7
4.1) Future Direction 7
7. Reference. 7

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES:

1. Graph 1.0 Typical permeability-porosity relationship for various rock 3
2. Diagram 2.0 Method of analysis; petrophysical and geological analysis . 4
3. Diagram 2.1 Work flow of the whole project .................................................... 5
4. Table 2.2. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 1 .... 6
5. Table 2.3. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 2 6






1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY:
The location studied is located in Seri Iskandar, Perak, where the geological settings are mostly
sandstone interbedded with shale. The study area is easily accessible which located beside the
local main road. It is covered by minimal amount of vegetation that makes the rock easy to study.
The project was designed for the purposed of the final year project for the petroleum geoscience
undergraduate student. The project is much more related to the program outcome that is to
understand the petroleum system. The project covers a few main specializations in the program
that is the mineralogy, petrophysics and geological mapping. The project also was designed to do
a research on petrography, mineralogy, petrophysical and sonic properties of exposed sandstone
in the area since it has not been studied before.
1.1. Introduction:
Petrophysics is the study of reservoir rock properties and their interactions with fluid such as
hydrocarbon. The most common reservoir rock properties such as sandstone are the pores that
enable fluid storage and its transmission through permeability. These properties of rock
however, depend on the geometrical properties of the rock where grains sorting of the rock
may change the petrophysical properties of the rock. Geometrical study of the rock can be
done by completing petrography study of thin section of samples under the Electron
Microscope. Besides that, sonic velocity measurements of samples are also another case of
study to look at the relationship between the porosity and permeability with the properties of
sonic wave propagates through the samples medium.

1.2.Problem Statement:
Do the acoustic properties of exposed sandstone varies with the change in its porosity and
permeability? It is required to know the acoustic properties of the exposed sandstone which
might help to understand the porosity and permeability trend.

1.3. Objective and Scope of study:
- To Study the relationship of sonic velocity with porosity and permeability of the exposed
sandstone of Seri Iskandar.
- To study the mineralogy and petrography of exposed sandstone of Seri Iskandar.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Sandstone is perhaps one of the most common of all rocks, for it is easily quarried, and it has
been used for many purposes. Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that has been made up
from second-hand materials that is sediments that has been eroded and disintegrated from the
previous rock in the rock cycle such as granite. Examined closely, sandstone consists of grains of
sand identical in appearance with those that are deposited up by the waves breaking on a beach.
Its grains consist of more or less rounded to sub-angular grains of quartz, feldspar and few other
minerals like mica. The minerals that were deposited later on will be cemented by mainly silica,
calcite, oxides of iron and clay forming different type of sandstone. Theodorovich (1965) used
the three most general constituents of sandstones to establish a scheme of classification which is
useful in petroleum engineering because it encompasses the majority of the clastic petroleum

Sandstone is more likely the same as other sedimentary rock which consist primarily the
petrophysical properties such as density, porosity, permeability and its acoustical sonic
properties. These petrophysical and acoustical properties however are closely interrelated
together and with the grain size and distribution of sand within the sandstone. Commonly,
sandstone has the grain density of 2.65 gram per cubic centimeter which if compare to other
sedimentary rock such as limestone, sandstone has lower value. However, his grain density may
constituents with its porosity. The porosity of a reservoir rock is defined as that fraction of the
bulk volume of the rock that is not occupied by the solid framework of the rock (Taib and
Donaldson, 2004). Porosity is the main properties that enable the rock to store fluid either oil, gas
or brine. Storing capability are not the only properties of this reservoir rock that make it different
from igneous and metamorphic rock. As long as there are fluids in contact with the rock there are
chances for it to flow in and out of it. This would define the permeability properties of the rock.
However, porous rocks are not necessarily being a permeable rock. This is dependent on the type
of the porosity and permeability relation. Rock with interconnected pore (effective porosity)
usually will be permeable and vice versa. However, there are still other factor that might govern
the porosity-permeability interrelation such as the grain distribution, fluid formation and capillary
pressure.
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In the study of petrophysical properties of reservoir rock, Taib and Donaldson (2004) mention
that for a very uniform and homogenous medium, relationship between permeability and porosity
is qualitative and is not directly or indirectly quantitative in any way. This is explained later on in
the factor that might govern this relationship, such as the granulometric composition of sandstone
(Chilingarian, 1963). However, they have speculated the general trend showing the permeability-
porosity plot for various type of rock as shown.










Graph 1.0 Typical permeability-porosity relationship for various rock
(courtesy of Core Laboratories). Adapted from: Petrophysics,(Taib and Donaldson. 2004
p.107)
We can see that sandstone generally has the porosity percentage ranging from 13 to 17% with
high increment of permeability. Permeability of the sandstone are not the only properties that
depends on granular sorting and pore space, acoustical properties of the rock also depend mostly
on these factor. Acoustic properties of the rock can be defined as the ability of the rock to
transmit a sonic wave through its medium. The studies of this part are usually to define the
physical properties of the rock that enables it to transmit the sonic wave with certain characters.
Acoustic properties of the rock usually cover the elasticity of the medium and seismic wave
propagation in medium with effect of fluid composition. Nur et al. (1991, 1995) said that for
most porous medium, there is a critical porosity,

, that limit the trend of acoustic P and S

velocities of the mineral grains where if porosity of medium is lower than the

, the mineral
grains are load-bearing while greater would give a suspension. The transition from solid to
suspension is implicit in the well-known empirical velocity-porosity relations of Raymer, Hunt,
and Gardner (1980)
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3. METHODOLOGY:










Diagram 2.0 Method of analysis; petrophysical and geological analysis.
The project starts with project fieldwork and sample collection. The aim is to collect a minimum
of 20 samples from various locations within the area. Then, the sample will undergo six separate
laboratory analysis both in geological and petrophysical analysis. First, sample will be analyzed
in Poro-Perm machine to measure the porosity and permeability. Next, the sonic velocity
measurement of the sample will be measured using the Sonic Viewer machine. Petrography of
the sample will be studied using the thin section of sample viewing it under the Electro-Magnetic
Microscope. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) machine will be used to study the mineralogy
of the sample where the information such as chemical composition and grains orientation of the
sample is to be known. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) are other
methods that can be used to define mineralogy and chemical composition of sample. Both of
these machines are best to measure the clay content within the sample. Finally, from the data
collected in the laboratory analysis, the relationship between sonic velocity with porosity and
permeability will be studied together with its mineralogy and petrography
Fieldwork and sample
collection
Sonic velocity
measurement
Porosity
measurement
Permeability
measurement
Scanning
Electron
Microscope
(SEM)
Thin section
petrography
X-Ray
Diffraction
(XRD)
Relationship between sonic
velocity with porosity and
permeability
To study the mineralogy and
petrography
4
X-Ray
Fluorescence
(XRF)


3.1. Work Flow of the Project:



















Diagram 2.1. Work flow of the whole project.

PROPOSAL AND
PROPOSAL DEFENCE
SAMPLE COLLECTION
PETROPHYSICAL
LAB WORK
DATA ANALYSIS
FINAL RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
PROGRESS REPORT
ACOUSTICAL LAB
WORK
TECH. PAPER AND
PRESENTATION
PETROGRAPHICAL
ANALYSIS
SAMPLE PREPARATION /
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
Project tittle proposal and proposal
defense.
Thin section and core sample preparation.
Complete field mapping while waiting for
sample preparation.
Lab analysis on the porosity, permeability,
density, acoustic properties of the sample.
Field work and sample collection from
various location.
Progress report preparation; transition
FYP1 to FYP2.
Lab analysis on the mineralogy and
petrography of the sample under thin
section and XRD, XRF.
Data interpretation and calculation in term
of quantitative and qualitative. Result
processing; poro-perm graph and
petrography analysis. Analysis of the result
to the findings based on How Why When
method of analysis.
Discussion of the research findings and all
the advantage and disadvantage of the
result related to petroleum system.
Findings and final result presentation and
documentation.
5


3.2. Gantt Chart:
No Detail/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Literature Review
2 Project tittle selection
3
Submission of extended
proposal


4 Proposal defence
5 Sample collection/ Fieldwork
6 Thin section preparation
7 Petrophysical analysis
8 Draft of interim report
9 Discussion on draft of interim
10 Submission of interim report.


Table 2.2. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 1

No Detail/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
9 Petrographical analysis
10 Map completion


11 Data analysis
12 Progress report submission


13 Data analysis continues
14 Result analysis
15 Technical paper submission


16 Oral presentation


17 Project report submission


Table 2.3. Gantt chart for Final Year Project 2




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4. CONCLUSION:
Petrophysics is the study of physical and physico-chemical properties of rock and their
interactions with fluids in order to understand the rock properties in conjunction to the petroleum
system. The project final findings will be on the petrography, mineralogy and the relationship
porosity and permeability with sonic properties of exposed sandstone in the area Seri Iskandar.

4.1. Future Direction:
The next step of this project would be the fieldwork and sample collection in Seri Iskandar,
where about 20 samples will be collected together with its geological coordinate for mapping
purposes.

5. REFERENCES:
Dietrich, R.V., and Skinner, B.J., 1979, Rocks and Rock Minerals. Quinn. USA. Chap 5, pp.
189-192
Han, D.-H., Nur, A., and Morgan, D., 1986. Effects of porosity and clay content on wave
velocities in sandstones. Geophys., 5 1, 2093-2107.
Holmes, A., 1965, Principles of Physical Geology, Low-Priced Edition, ELBS. Edinburgh, UK.
Chap VI, pp. 118-119.
Nur, A., and Simmons, G., 1969. The effect of viscosity of a fluid phase on velocity in low
porosity rocks. Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 7, 99-108.
Raymer, L.L., Hunt, E.R., and Gardner, J.S., 1980. An improved sonic transit time-to porosity
transform, Trans. SOC. Pro$ Well Log Analysts, 21st Annual Logging Symposium, P.P.
Taib, D., and Donaldson, E.C., 2004, Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring
Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Second Edition. GPP. Oxford, UK.
Theodorovich, G. I., 1965, Expanded Classification of Sandstones Based upon Composition.
Zzv. Akad. Nauk, USSR, Ser. Geol., Vol. 6, pp. 75-95.
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