Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N.

Subramanian
SOLUTION MANUAL

CHAPTER 5

Exercise 5.1 (Calculation of cracking moment of section)

Assuming that concrete is uncracked, compute the bending stresses in the extreme fibres of the
beam having a size of 500 x 250 mm as shown in Fig. 5.59 for a bending moment of 120 kNm.
Assume concrete of grade 30 MPa. Also determine the cracking moment of the section.

Fig. 5.59



Solution

Bending stress:

12 /
3
bd I
g
=
= 250 x 500
3
/12 = 2.604 x 10
9
mm
4

Bending stress in extreme fibre,
MPa
I
My
f
g
52 . 11
10 604 . 2
250 10 120
9
6
=

= =

Cracking moment of the section,
t
g cr
cr
y
I f
M = = f
cr
Z with f
cr
= 0.7f
ck
= 0.730 = 3.83 MPa
Hence
250
10 604 . 2 83 . 3
9

=
cr
M = 39.89 x 10
6
MPa > 120 x 10
6
MPa
Hence the beam will crack under the applied moment.











Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Exercise 5.2 (Determination of under or over reinforced section)

Determine whether the section shown in Fig. 5.59 is under or over-reinforced with f
ck
= 30
N/mm
2
, f
y
= 500 N/mm
2
, and with (a) A
st
= 1140 mm
2
, (b) A
st
= 1415 mm
2
, (c) A
st
= 2413 mm
2
,
(d) A
st
= 3217 mm
2


Solution:

To determine whether the section is over or under-reinforced one has to calculate the Maximum
permitted area of steel.

From Table 5.5, For Fe 500 steel, we get
132 . 1
500
30 87 . 18 87 . 18
lim ,
=

= =
y
ck
t
f
f
p

A
st,lim
= 1.132 x 450 x 250/100 = 1273.5 mm
2

(a) A
st
= 1140 mm
2
< A
st,lim,
Hence under-reinforced
(b) A
st
= 1415 mm
2
> A
st,lim,
Hence over-reinforced

(c) A
st
= 2413 mm
2
, > A
st,lim,
Hence over-reinforced
(d) A
st
= 3217 mm
2
> A
st,lim,
Hence over-reinforced

Let us investigate case (b) further, by assuming that the steel has yielded.
As per Eqn 5.18(a)

5066 . 0
250 450 30 36 . 0
1415 500 87 . 0
36 . 0
87 . 0
=


= =
bd f
A f
d
x
ck
st y
u

Hence x
u
= 0.5066 x 450 = 227.9 mm
Hence, Stress in steel,
|
|
.
|

\
|
= > =

= 78 . 434
15 . 1
18 . 682
9 . 227
9 . 227 450
700 700
y
s
f
x
x d
f
It shows that the reinforcement has yielded. Due to the extra strain of 0.002 considered in the IS
code equation for A
st,lim
, this section is considered as over-reinforced.

Exercise 5.3 (Analysis of singly reinforced Rectangular section-IS and ACI methods)

Determine the nominal ultimate moment strength of the beam section shown in Fig. 5.59, with
A
st
= 4 numbers 20 dia = 1257 mm
2
, f
y
= 415 MPa and f
ck
= 30 MPa. (a) Use parabolic-
rectangular stress block as per IS 456, (b) use equivalent rectangular stress block as in ACI 318.

Solution

(a) Using parabolic-rectangular stress block as per IS 456
st st
y
ck
t
A mm A
f
f
p > = = =

= =
2
lim , lim ,
1612 100 / 250 450 433 . 1 , 433 . 1
415
30 82 . 19 82 . 19


Hence the beam is under-reinforced.

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Assuming tension steel yields, compute tensile and compressive forces:
T= A
st
f
st
= 0.87A
st
f
y
= (0.87) (1257) 415 = 453840 N
C = 0.36

f
ck
b x
u
= (0.36) (30) (250) x
u
= 2700 x
u
N
Equating T and C and solving for x
u
,
x
u
= 453840/2700 = 168 mm
Lever arm z = d-0.416 x
u
= 450-0.416(168) = 380.1 mm
Hence M
n
= (453,840) (380.1) 10
-6
= 172.5 kNm


(b) Using equivalent rectangular stress block as in ACI 318.
Compute tensile and compressive forces:
T= A
st
f
st
= 0.87A
st
f
y
= 0.87 (1257) 415 = 453,840 N
C = 0.45

f
ck
b a = (0.45) (30) (250) a = 3375a N
Equating T and C and solving for a,
a = 453,840/3375 =134.47 mm
Lever arm z = d-a/2 = 450 - 134.47/2 = 382.76 mm
M
n
= Tz = 0.87

f
y
A
st
(d-0.5a)= (453,840) (382.76) 10
-6
= 173.71 kNm

Note that the above value of M
n
= 173.71 kNm compares well with the value of 172.5 kNm,
calculated using the parabolic-rectangular stress block of IS 456.

Exercise 5.4 (Capacity of singly reinforced Rectangular section)

Determine whether the section having the dimensions given below can withstand a factored
applied bending moment of 310 kNm: b= 230 mm, D = 600 mm, effective cover = 40 mm, A
st

=3 # 25 dia = 1473 mm
2
, f
y
= 500 MPa and f
ck
= 35 MPa.


Solution:

With effective concrete cover of 40 mm, d = 600-40 = 560 mm
st st
y
ck
t
A mm A
f
f
p > = = =

= =
2
lim , lim ,
5 . 1701 100 / 230 560 321 . 1 , 321 . 1
500
35 87 . 18 87 . 18

Hence the beam is under-reinforced.
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
kNm
bd f
A f
d A f M
ck
st y
st y n
2 . 300 10
230 560 35
1473 500
1 560 1473 500 87 . 0 1 87 . 0
6
=
(

=
(

=


Let us just check the capacity of the beam for concrete failure
kNm bd f M
ck n
38 . 348 10 560 230 35 138 . 0 138 . 0
6 2 2
lim ,
= = =


This confirms that the failure by steel yielding governs.
Since M
n
(300.2 kNm) is less than the applied moment M
u
(310 kNm), the cross-section is not
adequate and unsafe.


Exercise 5.5 (Analysis of Over-reinforced Rectangular beam)

Calculate the maximum moment that the beam with b = 250 mm, d = 400 mm, and A
st
= 1600
mm
2
, can sustain. Assume f
ck
= 20 MPa and f
y
=415 MPa



Solution:

st st
y
ck
t
A mm A
f
f
p < = = =

= =
2
lim , lim ,
955 100 / 250 400 955 . 0 , 955 . 0
415
20 82 . 19 82 . 19

Hence the section is over-reinforced.

Step 1 : Assume tension reinforcement yielded and calculate x
u


As per Eqn 5.18(a)

802 . 0
250 400 20 36 . 0
1600 415 87 . 0
36 . 0
87 . 0
=


= =
bd f
A f
d
x
ck
st y
u
> 479 . 0
lim
=
|
.
|

\
|
d
x
u
, Which
shows that the tension reinforcement has not yielded.

Trail value of x
u
= 0.802 x 400 = 320.8 mm

Step 2: Determine stress in steel

Strain in steel =
3 4
10 44 . 1 10 64 . 8
8 . 320
8 . 320 400
0035 . 0
400
0035 . 0

< =

u
u
x
x

Stress in steel,
MPa f
s
8 . 172 10 2 10 64 . 8
5 4
= =




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step3: Recalculate x
u
s s u ck
f A bx f = 36 . 0

i.e.,
u
u
u
x
x
x
700 280000
1600 250 20 36 . 0

=
0 248889 22 . 622
2
= +
u u
x x
The above is a quadratic equation in x
u
. Solving we get,
x
u
= 276.83 mm, 692 . 0 =
|
.
|

\
|
d
x
u
> 479 . 0
lim
=
|
.
|

\
|
d
x
u

Strain in steel =
3 3
10 44 . 1 10 557 . 1
83 . 276
83 . 276 400
0035 . 0
400
0035 . 0

> =

u
u
x
x

From Table 5.2, stress in steel = 299.8 N/mm
2 2
/ 9 . 360 15 . 1 / 415 mm N = <

Note: One more iteration may be required to determine the exact value of x
u



Step 4: Calculate Moment capacity

| | | | kNm x d A f M
u st s n
63 . 136 10 83 . 276 416 . 0 400 1600 8 . 299 416 . 0
6
= = =




Exercise 5.6 (Analysis of rectangular beam with a steel plate)

Find the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with b = 250 mm, d = 400 mm, A
st
=
942 mm
2
, which has been found to be inadequate to carry a factored moment of 135 kNm and
hence repaired by gluing a steel plate of thickness 3 mm and size 175 mm (yield strength 250
N/mm
2
) at the bottom of the beam, as shown in Fig. 5.60. Assume f
ck
= 20 MPa and f
y
= 415
MPa.

Fig. 5.60
Solution

Step 1: Determine stresses in steel plate and reinforcement

Area of the plate A
p
= 3 x 175 = 525 mm
2
Area of steel bars = 942 mm
2
Now, C = T
1
+T
2

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Assume that both the steel bars and the plate yield

0.36 f
ck
b x
u
=A
st
f
y
/1.15 + A
p
f
yp
/1.15
0.36 x 20 x 250 x
u
= 942 x 415/1.15 + 525 x 250 /1.15
x
u
= 252.26 mm

Check for steel yielding

As per Table 5.5,
lim
|
.
|

\
|
d
x
u
for f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
= 0.479
Hence x
u,lim
= 0.479 x 400 = 191.6 mm < 252.26 mm
x
u
> x
u,lim
Hence, it shows that the beam is over reinforced.
However, let us check the stresses in steel

Strain in the steel bars,
3
10 05 . 2
26 . 252
) 26 . 252 400 (
0035 . 0 0035 . 0

=

=
u
u
st
x
x d
f


Stress in steel (from Table 5.2) = 329.6 N/mm
2
(< 415/1.5 = 360.8) N/mm
2

This shows that the steel bars do not yield
Strain in steel plate

3
10 76 . 2
26 . 252
) 26 . 252 5 . 451 (
0035 . 0 0035 . 0

=

=
u
u p
sp
x
x d
f

Hence, the stress in steel plate = 2.26 x 10
-3
x 2 x 10
5
= 452 N/mm
2
> 250/1.15 N/mm
2

The steel plate yields.

Step 2: Second cycle for x
u


Recalculate x
u

0.36 f
ck
b x
u
=A
st
f
st
+ A
p
f
yp
/1.15
0.36 x 20 x 250 x
u
= 942 x 329.6 + 525 x 250 /1.15
x
u
= 235.9 mm

Check for steel yielding

x
u
> x
u,lim
=191.6 Hence, it shows that the beam is over reinforced.
However, let us check the stresses in steel
Strain in the steel bars,
3
10 43 . 2
9 . 235
) 9 . 235 400 (
0035 . 0 0035 . 0

=

=
u
u
st
x
x d
f

Stress in steel (from Table 5.2) = 343 N/mm
2
(< 415/1.5 = 360.8) N/mm
2

This shows that the steel bars do not yield
Strain in steel plate
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

3
10 2 . 3
9 . 235
) 9 . 235 5 . 451 (
0035 . 0 0035 . 0

=

=
u
u p
sp
x
x d
f

Hence, the stress in steel plate = 3.2 x 10
-3
x 2 x 10
5
= 639 N/mm
2
> 250/1.15 N/mm
2

The steel plate yields.

Step 2: Third cycle for x
u

Recalculate x
u

0.36 f
ck
b x
u
=A
st
f
st
+ A
p
f
yp
/1.15
0.36 x 20 x 250 x
u
= 942 x 343 + 525 x 250 /1.15
x
u
= 242.9 mm
Let us take the average of the two previous values as xu = (242.9 + 235.9)/2 = 239.4 mm
Strain in the steel bars,
3
10 35 . 2
4 . 239
) 4 . 239 400 (
0035 . 0 0035 . 0

=

=
u
u
st
x
x d
f

Stress in steel (from Table 5.2) = 340.6 N/mm
2
(< 415/1.5 = 360.8) N/mm
2


Calculation of Ultimate moment capacity

Taking moment about the concrete force C, we get
) 416 . 0 ( ) 416 . 0 (
2 1 u p u n
x d T x d T M + =
) 4 . 239 416 . 0 5 . 451 ( 525 250 87 . 0 ) 4 . 239 416 . 0 400 ( 942 6 . 340 + =
n
M

M
n
= (96.38 + 40.18) x 10
6
Nmm = 136.56 kNm.

Exercise 5.7 (Analysis of trapezoidal section)

Find the ultimate moment capacity of a reinforced concrete trapezoidal section as shown in Fig.
5.61, with A
st
=1963 mm
2
. The beam has a top width of 500 mm, depth of 550 mm and width at
the level of centroid of reinforcement as 300 mm. Assume f
ck
= 20 MPa and f
y
=415 MPa

Fig. 5.61
Solution:

Step 1: Compute x
u

Assume tension steel has yielded
0.36 f
ck
A
c
= 0.87 f
y
A
s

0.36 x 20 A
c
= 0.87 x 415 x 1963
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
20 36 . 0
1963 415 87 . 0

=
c
A = 98,436.2 mm
2

A
c
= Average width x
u
mm
2

Average width =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
550
) 550 ( 200
300 500
2
1
u
x

= | | ) 550 ( 3636 . 0 800
2
1
u
x +
= (-0.1818x
u
+ 500)
Hence, A
c
= (-0.1818x
u
+ 500)x
u
= 98,436.2
Expanding we get,
0.1818x
u
2
- 500x
u
+ 98,436.2 = 0
x
u
2
2,750.28 x
u
+ 541,453 = 0
x
u
=
2
453 , 541 4 28 . 750 , 2 28 . 750 , 2
2

= 213.44 mm

Step 2: Check for
s

d-x
u
= 550 213.44 =336.56 mm


44 . 213
56 . 336 0035 . 0 ) ( 0035 . 0
=

=
u
u
s
x
x d
c = 0.0055 > 0.0038
Hence the tension steel yields

Hence OK.

Step 3: Check T = C

T = =
st y
A f 87 . 0 0.87 x 415 x 1963 x 10
-3
= 708.74 kN
C = 0.36 f
ck
A
c
= 0.36 x 20 x 98,436.2 x 10
-3
=708.74 kN
Hence OK

Step 4: Find centre of compression and leaver arm

Width b of beam at neutral axis = b = 300 + (200/550) (550-213.44) = 422.39 mm
Let CG be y from top fibre, then
mm
b a
b a h
y 73 . 103
39 . 422 500
39 . 422 2 500
3
44 . 213 2
3
=
(

+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 5: Calculate M
n


z = 550 103.73 = 446.27 mm
M
n
= Tz = 708.74 0.4463 = 316.3 kNm

Check using SP 16

Average breadth = 400
2
300 500
=
+
mm
With d = 500, % 892 . 0
400 550
100 1963 100
=

bd
A
s

From Table 2 of SP 16 M
u
/bd
2
= 2.755
Hence, M
n
= 2.62 x 400 x 550
2
x 10
-6
= 317 kNm 316.3 kNm

Exercise 5.8 (Analysis of cross-shaped section)

Find the ultimate moment capacity of the cross-section shown in Fig.5.62, with A
st
= 1847 mm
2
.
Assume f
ck
= 35 N/mm
2
, f
y
= 415 N/mm
2


Fig. 5.62
Solution:

Step 1: Compute x
u


Assuming tension steel has yielded,

0.36 f
ck
A
c
= 0.87 f
y
A
st

0.36 x 35 x A
c
= 0.87 x 415 x 1847

Hence A
c
= 52,925.3 mm
2


Since A
c
is greater than 250 mm x 125 mm =31,250 mm
2
(top portion of the beam shown in Fig.
5.62), let us assume that the neutral axis distance is below the top portion, at a distance equal to
x
2
.

x
2
x 530 + 250 x 125 = 52,925.3
x
2
= 40.9 mm

Therefore, x
u
= 125 + 40.9 = 165.9 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Step 2: Check yielding of steel

Assuming a cover of 50 mm, d = 125 + 140 + 350 50 = 565 mm
479 . 0 ) / ( 294 . 0
565
9 . 165
lim
= < = = d x
d
x
u
u


Hence tension steel will yield.

Step 3: Compute M
n


Taking moment about tension force, T
M
n
= C
1
y
1
+ C
2
y
2
C
1
= 0.36 x 35 x 125 x 250/1000 = 393.75 kN
y
1
= 565 125/2 = 502.5 mm

C
2
= 0.36 x 35 x 530 x 40.9 / 1000 = 273.13 kN
y
2
= 565 125 40.9/2 = 419.55 mm

M
n
= 393.75 x 502.5/1000 + 273.13 x 419.55/1000 = 312.45 kNm


Exercise 5.9 (Design of singly reinforced rectangular concrete)

Design a singly reinforced concrete beam of width 300 mm, subjected to an ultimate moment of
250 kNm. Assume f
ck
= 30 MPa and f
y
=415 MPa.[Ans: d = 460 mm, A
st
required = 1852 mm
2
]

Solution:

Step 1: Determine depth of beam
From Eqn. 5.28
mm
b f
M
d
ck
u
2 . 447
300 30
10 250 2 . 7 2 . 7
6
=

= =
Provide d = 460 mm with cover as 40 mm, Thus D = 460 + 40 = 500 mm.

Step 2: Check for x
u
/d [Eqn. (5.29a)]
4496 . 0
460 300 30
10 250 68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
2
6
2
=
(

=
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
bd f
M
d
x
ck
u u
< 0.479
The value of (x
u
/d) is less than the value of (x
u
/d)
lim
= 0.479 for Fe 415 steel. Thus, the section is
under-reinforced and also the depth provided is more than the balanced section.




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 3: Determination of Area of reinforcement

( ) mm
d
x
d z
u
96 . 373 4496 . 0 416 . 0 1 460 416 . 0 1 = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
96 . 373 415 87 . 0
10 250
87 . 0
6


= =
z f
M
A
y
u
st
= 1852 mm
2


Provide 4 nos. 25 mm dia. bars with A
st
= 1963 mm
2



Also provide 2 nos 10 mm dia. hanger rods. The designed beam is shown in the above figure.

Check for Minimum area of steel:
Minimum area
y
t
f
85 . 0
d b
A
w
s
=
A
st,min
= 0.85 x 300 x 460/415 = 282.7 mm
2
< 1963 mm
2
, hence safe.
According to ACI 318 eqn.,
y y
k c
f f
f
4 . 1
224 . 0
d b
A
w
s
> =
A
st,min
= 0.224 x 300 x 460 x 30 / 415 = 408 mm
2
Or 1.4 x 300 x 460 / 415 = 466 mm
2
< 1963 mm
2
.

Hence the beam is safe.

Check for Maximum area of steel:

433 . 1
415
30
82 . 19 82 . 19
lim ,
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
y
ck
t
f
f
p > p
t
= 1.422
Hence Ok.






Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Check for ductility:

Assuming tension steel is yielding,
mm
b f
A f
x
ck
st y
u
75 . 218
300 30 36 . 0
1963 415 87 . 0
36 . 0
87 . 0
=


= =
Using strain compatibility,
005 . 0 00386 . 0 0035 . 0
75 . 218
75 . 218 460
< =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cu
u
u
st
x
x d
c c
The strain is greater than tensile yield strain,

= 415/(200

Hence the steel

will yield but the section will have limited ductility. Note that as per IS 456 the strain in steel
should be greater than 0.0038 only, to consider it as ductile.

Exercise 5.10 (Design of singly reinforced rectangular beam)

Design a singly reinforced concrete beam subjected to an ultimate moment of 350 kNm. Assume
f
ck
= 35 N/mm
2
, f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
. In this beam, due to architectural considerations, the width has
to be restricted to 250 mm. [Ans: d = 550 mm, A
st
required = 2173 mm
2
]

Solution:

Step 1 : Calculate depth of beam
d = mm
b f
M
ck
u
7 . 536
250 35
10 350 2 . 7 2 . 7
6
=

=

Provide d = 600 mm and cover = 50 mm; hence D = 550 mm

Step 2: Check (x
u
/d) exceed (x
u
/d)
lim

(x
u
/d) =
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
bd f
M
ck
u
=
|
|
.
|

\
|



2
6
550 250 35
10 350 68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
= 0.454 < 0.479. Hence it is under-reinforced.

Step 3: Calculate A
st
( ) 454 . 0 416 . 0 1 550 416 . 0 1 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
x
d z
u
= 446.1 mm
1 . 446 415 87 . 0
10 350
87 . 0
6


= =
z f
M
A
y
u
st
= 2173 mm
2


Provide 4 Nos. 25 mm bars and 1 No. 20 mm bar and (Area provided = 1963 + 314 = 2277 mm
2
)
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Note that the six bars cannot be provided in one level and hence has to be provided in two levels
as shown in the above figure. When providing rods in two layers, we have to check whether the
assumed effective depth is still maintained. Assuming a spacer bar of 25 mm, and clear cover of
25 mm, the effective depth provided for this bar arrangement is 600-25-25-12.5 = 537.5 mm. let
us check whether this effective depth is adequate to resist the external moment.

6
10
5 . 537 250 35
2277 415
1 5 . 537 2277 415 87 . 0 1 87 . 0

=
(

=
bd f
A f
d A f M
ck
st y
st y n


= 353.1 kNm > M
u
= 350 kNm.

Hence the provided effective depth is adequate.

Exercise 5.11 ( Design of singly reinforced rectangular section using design aids)

Design a singly reinforced concrete beam of width 230 mm, subjected to an ultimate moment of
200 kNm. Assume f
ck
= 30 MPa and f
y
= 250 MPa, using design tables of SP 16.

Solution:

Step 1: Determine depth of beam
From Eqn. 5.28
mm
b f
M
d
ck
u
441
230 30
10 200 71 . 6 71 . 6
6
=

= =
Provide d = 475 mm with cover as 40 mm, Thus D = 475 + 40 = 515 mm.

Step 2: Check for x
u
/d [Eqn. (5.29a)]
4372 . 0
475 230 30
10 200 68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
2
6
2
=
(

=
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
bd f
M
d
x
ck
u u
< 0.531
The value of (x
u
/d) is less than the value of (x
u
/d)
lim
= 0.531 for Fe 250 steel. Thus, the section is
under-reinforced and also the depth provided is more than the balanced section

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 3: Determination of Area of reinforcement

The area of steel may be determined from the design charts as given below
:
Calculate M
u
/bd
2
= 200 x10
6
/(230 x 475
2
) = 3.854
Choose Table 4 of SP 16, For M
u
/bd
2
= 3.854, we obtain p
t
= 2.166 for f
y
= 250 N/mm
2
and f
ck
=
30 N/mm
2
. Hence A
st
= 2.166 x 475 x 230 /100 = 2366 mm
2

Provide 5 nos. 25 mm dia. bars with A
st
= 2454 mm
2
The other steps are similar to Exercise 5.9.

Exercise 5.12 (Design of Over-reinforced Rectangular Beam)

Design a singly reinforced concrete beam, subjected to an ultimate moment of 130 kNm. Assume
M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Due to architectural considerations, the breadth and
overall depth of beam are restricted to 230 mm and 450 mm respectively. Assume effective
cover as 50 mm.

Solution:

Step1: Confirmation of over or under reinforced beam
Calculate M
n
limit for concrete failure
Effective depth, d = 450-50 = 400 mm
M
n
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x 400
2
=101.56 kNm
Since M
u
> M
n
, the beam is over-reinforced and not recommended to be used by IS 456. Any
how we shall design it as over-reinforced to explain the steps involved.

Step 2: Determine the depth of neutral axis
69 . 0
400 230 20
10 130 68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
2
6
2
=
(

=
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
bd f
M
d
x
ck
u u

Note that (x
u
/d) is greater than 0.479 (the limiting value)
x
u
= 0.69 x 400 =276 mm

Step 3: Calculate
s
and f
s
3
10 572 . 1 1
276
400
0035 . 0 1 0035 . 0

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
s
x
d
c
From Table 5.2, f
s
= 288.7 + (306.7 288.7)
|
.
|

\
|

444 . 1 630 . 1
444 . 1 572 . 1
=301.09 N/mm
2

Step 4: Calculate the required area of steel

A
st
f
s
= 0.36 f
ck
b x
u

A
st
301.09 = 0.36 20 230 276
Hence A
st
= 1518 mm
2
. Provide 4 numbers 22 mm bars with area = 1520 mm
2

The designed beam section is shown in the following figure
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Fig. 5.48
Once again it is stressed that the above design is not acceptable, and it is preferable to design it
as doubly reinforced beam.


Exercise 5.13 (Analysis of singly reinforced beam using design aids)

Determine the value of ultimate uniformly distributed load, w
u
that can be carried by the beam
shown in Fig. 5.63, using design aids. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel and assume A
st

= 1383.8 mm
2
.

Fig. 5.63
Solution

p
t
= 1383.8 x 100/(550 x 230) = 1.094
From Table 3 of SP 16, M
u
/bd
2
= 3.227, for Fe 415 steel and M25 concrete
Hence M
u
= 3.227 x 230 x 550
2
= 224.52 x 10
6
Nmm
The maximum moment at mid span = w
u
L
2
/8
Equating the above two, we get, w
u
= 224.52 x 10
6
x 8 /4000
2
= 112.26 N/m

Exercise 5.14 (Analysis of doubly reinforced rectangular beam)

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam section with the
following data: b = 300 mm, d = 550 mm, d= 50 mm, A
st
= 4 #32 mm dia bars (3217 mm
2
), A
sc

= 2 # 25 mm bars (982 mm
2
), f
y
= 250 MPa and f
ck
=20 MPa.




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Solution:

For Fe 250, (x
u, max
/d )
lim
= 0.531, hence x
u,max
= 0.531 x 550 = 292.05 mm
Assuming f
sc
=

f
st
= 0.87 f
y
and considering force equilibrium,
C
c
+ C
s
=T
u

C
c
= 0.36 f
ck
b x
u
=
u
x 300 20 36 . 0 = 2160 x
u
C
s
= (0.87 f
y
-0.447f
ck
)A
sc
= N 806 , 204 982 ) 20 447 . 0 250 87 . 0 ( =
T
u
= N A f
st y
698 , 699 3217 250 87 . 0 87 . 0 = =
Hence 2160 x
u
+ 204,806 = 699,698, or x
u
= 229.12 mm < x
u, max

Thus the assumption f
st
= 0.87 f
y
is justified.
( )
00109 . 0
10 2
250 87 . 0
00274 . 0
12 . 229
50 12 . 229
0035 . 0
) ' (
0035 . 0
5
=

= > =

=
y
u
u
sc
x
d x
c c
Thus the assumption f
sc
= 0.87 f
y
is justified
Ultimate moment of resistance
M
n
= C
c
(d-0.416 x
u
) + C
s
(d-d)
=
6
10 )] 50 550 ( 806 , 204 ) 12 . 229 416 . 0 550 ( ) 12 . 229 2160 [(

+
= 327.43 kNm

Exercise 5.15 (Analysis of doubly reinforced rectangular beam)

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam section with the
following data (see figure below): b = 350 mm, d = 550 mm, d= 60 mm, A
st
= 5 #32 mm dia
bars (4021 mm
2
), A
sc
= 3 # 25 mm bars(1473 mm
2
), f
y
= 415 MPa and f
ck
= 30 MPa


Solution:

The given values are as follows:
b = 350 mm, d = 550 mm, d = 60 mm, d/d = 0.109, f
ck
= 30 MPa, f
y
= 415 MPa
A
st
(5 nos. 32 mm bars) = 4021 mm
2
, A
sc
(3 nos. 25 mm bars) = 1473 mm
2

Step 1: Calculate x
u

Let us assume as first trail, x
u
= x
u,lim

mm d
E f
x
s y
u
5 . 263 550
10 2 / 415 87 . 0 0055 . 0
0035 . 0
/ 87 . 0 0055 . 0
0035 . 0
5
=
+
=
+
=
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 2: Calculate 00270 . 0
5 . 263
) 60 5 . 263 ( 0035 . 0 ) ' ( 0035 . 0
=

=
u
u
sc
x
d x
c
Corresponding value of f
sc
(from Table 5.2) =350.26 MPa

f
cc
= 0.447 f
ck
= 0.447 x 30 = 13.41 MPa
f
st
= 0.87f
y
= 0.87 x 415 = 361.05 MPa

Step 3: Compute x
u
mm
b f
A f f A f
x
ck
sc cc sc st y
u
8 . 252
350 30 36 . 0
1473 ) 41 . 13 26 . 350 ( 4021 05 . 361
36 . 0
) ( 87 . 0
=


=

=
Since x
u
< x
u,lim
, the section is under reinforced. Let us now assume x
u
= 252.8 and
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of x
u
converges
002669 . 0
8 . 252
) 60 8 . 252 ( 0035 . 0 ) ' ( 0035 . 0
=

=
u
u
sc
x
d x
c

Since the above value is close to the previous value of
sc
, no further iteration is necessary.
The moment of resistance of the section may be computed as
) ' ( ) ( ) 416 . 0 ( 36 . 0 d d A f f x d bx f M
sc cc sc u u ck n
+ =

6
10 / )] 60 550 ( 1473 ) 41 . 13 26 . 350 ( ) 8 . 252 416 . 0 550 ( 8 . 252 350 30 36 . 0 [ + =
= 425.09 + 243.13 = 668.2 kNm


Exercise 5.16 (Analysis of doubly reinforced rectangular beam using design aids)

Determine the ultimate moment capacity of a doubly reinforced concrete beam 250 mm wide by
520 mm depth. This beam is provided with 2 # 20 mm bars on the compression side and 2 # 28
mm and 1 #25 mm bars on the tension side. Adopt M30 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Assume
effective concrete cover, d = 40 mm. Use Design aids.

Solution:

Given: d= 520 -40 = 480 mm, b= 250 mm, A
st
= 2- #28 + 1-#25 = 1231+491 = 1722 mm
2
, A
sc
=
2 #20 = 628 mm
2

d/d = 40/520 = 0.077, choose the next higher value of 0.10
Step 1: Calculate p
t
/f
ck
and p
c
/f
ck

p
t
/f
ck
= 1722 x 100 /(250 x 480 x 30) = 0.0478
p
c
/f
ck
= 628 x 100 /(250 x 480 x 30) = 0.0174
From Table C.10, referring to column corresponding to p
t
/f
ck
= 0.04 and 0.05, and p
c
/f
ck
=0.01,
Coefficient for 0.0478 = 0.1266 + (0.1520-0.1266)x (0.0478-0.04)/(.01) = 0.1464
From Table C.10, referring to column corresponding to p
t
/f
ck
= 0.04 and 0.05, and p
c
/f
ck
=0.02,
Coefficient for 0.0478 = 0.1304 + (0.1587-0.1304)x (0.0478-0.04)/(.01) = 0.1525
Hence, we get for linear interpolation
M
n
/(f
ck
bd
2
) = 0.1464 +(0.1525-0.1464)/(0.02-0.01) x (0.0174 - 0.01) = 0.1509
Hence Moment capacity of the section,
M
n
= 0.1509 x 30 x 250 x 480
2
/ 10
6
= 260.75 kNm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Exercise 5.17 (Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beam)

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam of overall size 200 x 450 mm is subjected to a factored
moment of 160 kNm. Compute the required reinforcement, assuming effective cover for
compression and tension reinforcement as 50 mm. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.

Solution:

The given data are as follows:
b= 200 mm, D = 450 mm, f
ck
= 20 MPa, f
y
= 415 MPa, Applied Moment = 160 kNm
Assume d = 50 mm, Hence d = 450-50 = 400 mm

Step 1: Calculate the limiting neutral axis depth:
x
u,lim
= 0.479 x 400 = 191.6 mm

Step 2: Calculate M
u,lim
and p
t,lim
for singly reinforced section
M
n,lim
= 0.138f
ck
bd
2
= 0.138 x 20 x 200 x 400
2
/10
6
= 88.32 kNm
p
t,lim
= 19.82 x f
ck
/f
y
=19.82 x 20/415 = 0.96
Hence, A
st1
= 0.96 x 200 x 400 /100 = 768 mm
2

Step 3: Check

M
n,lim
>M
u

Since M
n,lim
= 88.32 kNm < M
u
= 160 kNm, a doubly reinforced beam is required.
The additional moment of resistance required to be resisted by the beam is
M
u2
= 160-88.32 = 71.68 MPa

Step 4: Compute A
st2
and A
sc


=


=

=
) 50 400 ( 415 87 . 0
10 68 . 71
) ' ( 87 . 0
6
2
2
d d f
M
A
y
u
st
567 mm
2

Compute total tensile steel, A
st
= A
st1
+ A
st2
= 768 + 567 = 1135 mm
2

Provide 4 # 20 diameter bars (area provided =1256 mm
2
)
The compression steel can be calculated as
) ' )( (
2
d d f f
M
A
cc c s
u
sc

=
Strain at the level of centroid of compression steel.
002587 . 0
6 . 191
) 50 6 . 191 ( 0035 . 0 ) ' (
0035 . 0 =

=
u
u
sc
x
d x
c
From Table 5.2, for a strain of 0.002769, f
sc
= 347.53 MPa
Stress in concrete at the level of centroid of compression steel is
f
cc
= 0.447 f
ck
= 0.447 x 20 = 8.94 MPa
Thus
( )
2
6
605
) 50 400 ( 94 . 8 53 . 347
10 68 . 71
mm A
sc
=


=
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Provide 3 # 16 mm diameter rods as compression steel (A
sc
provided = 603.2 mm
2
)

Step 5: Check for ductility
p
t
provided = 57 . 1 100
400 200
1256
=

; p
c
provided = 754 . 0 100
400 200
2 . 603
=

p
c,lim
= ) (
447 . 0
87 . 0
lim , t t
ck sc
y
p p
f f
f

= 65 . 0 ) 96 . 0 57 . 1 (
20 447 . 0 53 . 347
415 87 . 0
=


< p
c
=0.754
Hence the section is under-reinforced and hence OK

The designed beam is shown in the above figure.

Step 6: Check for deflection (see Chapter 12 for more details)
f
s
= 0.58 f
y
lprovided Areaofstee
lrequired Areaofstee
=
1256
1135
415 58 . 0 = 217.5 MPa
)] / 1 ( log 625 . 0 00322 . 0 225 . 0 [
1
10 t s
t
p f
k
+
= =
) 57 . 1 / 1 ( log 625 . 0 5 . 217 0032 . 0 225 . 0 [
1
10
+
=1/1.043 =0.958
5 . 1 20 . 1
0 . 3 754 . 0
754 . 0
1
0 . 3
1 > =
+
+ =
+
+ =
c
c
c
p
p
k
(L/d)
max
= 20 x 0.958 x 1.20 = 22.99
Assuming the length as 5.5 m,
Actual (L/d) = 5500/400 = 13.75 < 22.13
Hence the beam is safe with regard to deflection considerations.

Exercise 5.18 (Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beam using design aids)

Design the doubly reinforced concrete beam of Exercise 17 using design aids.

Solution:

The given data are as follows:
b= 200 mm, D = 450 mm, f
ck
= 20 MPa, f
y
= 415 MPa, Applied Moment, M
u
= 160 kNm
Assume d = 50 mm, Hence d = 450-50 = 400 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Step 1: Calculate the parameters given in the tables
(d/d) = 50/400 = 0.125, (M
u
/ bd
2
) = 160 x 10
6
/(200 x 400
2
) = 5.0

Step 2: Find p
t
and p
c
from design aids
Using Table 50 of SP 16
Under the column (d/d) = 0.1, we get
p
t
= 1.645 and p
c
= 0.725
Under the column (d/d) =0.15, by interpolating we get
p
t
= 1.686 and p
c
= 0.789
Hence, by interpolating for (d/d) =0.125, we get p
t
= 1.6655 and p
c
= 0.757
A
st
= (1.6655/100) x 200 x 400 = 1332.4 mm
2
(As against 1135 mm
2
in Exercise 5.17)
Provide 3 - #20 + 1 - #25 bars (area provided =1432.5 mm
2
)

A
sc
= (0.757/100) x 200 x 400 = 605.6 mm
2

Provide 3 - #16 mm diameter rods as compression steel (A
sc
provided = 603.2 mm
2
)

Step 3: Check for Minimum area of steel:
Minimum area
y
t
f
85 . 0
d b
A
w
s
=
A
st,min
= 0.85 x 200 x 400/415 = 164 mm
2
< 1432.5 mm
2
, hence safe.

Exercise 5.19 (Analysis of cantilever beam)

Find the maximum cantilever span L
c
for the beam shown in Fig. 5.64 and subjected to a
factored uniformly distributed load of 15 kN/m
2
and a factored point load 50 kN acting at the tip
of the cantilever. Assume f
ck
= 25 MPa and f
y
= 415 MPa.

Fig. 5.64

Solution:

Note that the tension steel is at the top of beam- it is because the cantilever action will result in
tension at top (-ve moment) and compression at the bottom of the beam at the support. Similar
ve moment will occur at the support of continuous beams.

Assume an effective cover of 50 mm for tension and compression steel. Hence d = 50 mm and
d = 550-50 = 500 mm.
A
st
= 2 - #28 + 2 - #22 = 1232 +760 =1992 mm
2
, A
sc
= 2 # 20 = 628 mm
2
, = 628 /1992 = 0.315
< 0.4
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Step 1: Check for under or over-reinforced For Fe 415 steel, x
u,max
/d = 0.479. Hence x
u,max
=
0.479 x 500 =239.5 mm
Assuming both tension and compression steel yield,

200 25 36 . 0
628 ) 25 447 . 0 415 87 . 0 ( 1992 415 87 . 0
36 . 0
) (


=

=
b f
A f f A f
x
ck
sc cc sc st st
u


= 277.5 mm > 239.5 mm

Hence the assumption of tension steel yielding is not correct and it is an over reinforced section.
Now the value of x
u
has to be determined using the iterative procedure, as discussed in section
5.6.2 (case 2) of the text.

00281 . 0 5 . 277 / 5 . 277 500 ( 0035 . 0 ) / ( 0035 . 0 = = =
u u st
x x d c


From Table 5.2, f
st
= 351.8 + (360.9-351.8)/(3.81-2.76) x(2.81-2.76) = 352.23 MPa


Recalculate x
u

200 25 36 . 0
628 ) 25 447 . 0 415 87 . 0 ( 1992 23 . 352
36 . 0
) (


=

=
b f
A f f A f
x
ck
sc cc sc st st
u

= 267.73

Since the difference between the current value of x
u
and the previous value of 277.5 mm is only
3.5% we need not iterate further.

Step 2: Check for yielding of compression steel
00285 . 0 ) 73 . 267 / 50 1 ( 0035 . 0 ) / ' 1 ( 0035 . 0 = = =
u sc
x d c
Since
sc
<
y
(=0.0038), Compression steel does not yield. Hence we should compute the correct
value of x
u
iteratively by using strain compatibility.

Step 3: Determination of x
u

From Table 5.2, f
sc
= 351.8 + (360.9-351.8)/(3.81-2.76) x(2.85-2.76) = 352.58 MPa

6 . 270
200 25 36 . 0
628 ) 25 447 . 0 58 . 352 ( 1992 23 . 352
36 . 0
) (
=


=

=
b f
A f f A f
x
ck
sc cc sc st st
u

00285 . 0 ) 6 . 270 / 50 1 ( 0035 . 0 ) / ' 1 ( 0035 . 0 = = =
u sc
x d c (same as calculated earlier)
Hence take x
u
as 270.6 mm

Step 4: Determine M
n

) ' ( ) ( ) 416 . 0 ( 36 . 0 d d A f f x d bx f M
sc cc sc u u ck n
+ =
=
6
10 / ] 450 628 ) 41 . 13 58 . 352 ( ) 6 . 270 416 . 0 500 ( 6 . 270 200 25 36 . 0 [ +
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
= 284.56 kNm


Step 5: Equate internal and external moments to find L
c

The external moment due to the udl and point load is
56 . 284 50
2
15
2
2 2
= + = + =
c
c
c u
c u
u
L
L
L P
L w
M
Solving the above quadratic equation on L
c
we get,
L
c
= 3.67 m
Note: Such over-reinforced beams should not be used in practice. For this case, p
t
should be
1.887(A
st
=1887 mm
2
)

and p
c
should be 0.733 (A
sc
= 733 mm
2
) to resist the applied moment.


Exercise 5.20 (Analysis of singly reinforced isolated T-beam)

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of an isolated T-beam, shown in Fig. 5.65,
assuming f
ck
= 20 MPa and Grade 415 steel.

Fig. 5.65

Solution:

Given: b
f
= 850 mm, D
f
= 100 mm, b
w
= 250 mm, d = 530 mm, A
st
= 6 # 16 = 1206 mm
2
,
f
y
= 415 MPa, f
ck
= 20 MPa


Step 1: Check the position of neutral axis
x
u,lim
= 0.479 d = 0.479 x 530 = 253.87 mm
Assume that the neutral axis coincides with the bottom fibre of the flange, i.e. x
u
= D
f

Total compression in flange = 0.36 f
ck
b
f
D
f

= 0.36 x 20 x 850 x 100/10
3
= 612 kN
Total tension in steel = 0.87 f
y
A
st
= 0.87 x 415 x 1206/10
3
= 435.43 kN
Since total compression in flange is greater than the tension in steel, the neutral axis is within the
flange.

Step 2: Calculate x
u





Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Equating compression and tension, we get
0.36 f
ck
b
f
x
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st

Thus,
850 20 36 . 0
1206 415 87 . 0
36 . 0
87 . 0


= =
f ck
st y
u
b f
A f
x = 71.15 mm < D
f
=100 mm
Hence the assumption that the neutral axis is within the flange is confirmed.
Also x
u
< x
u,lim

Hence the section is under-reinforced

Step 3: Calculate ultimate moment of resistance
) 416 . 0 ( 87 . 0
u st y n
x d A f M =
=
6
10 ) 15 . 71 416 . 0 530 ( 1206 415 87 . 0

= 217.89 kNm
Alternate Approximate values

(1) Approximate formula

) 2 / 100 530 ( 1206 415 87 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0 = =
f st y n
D d A f M = 209 kNm
The above formula may be used to get a preliminary estimate of the capacity.


Exercise 5.21(Analysis of isolated singly reinforced T-beam)

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the isolated T-beam of the previous exercise,
assuming A
st
= 1884 mm
2
, f
ck
= 20 MPa and Grade 415 steel.

Solution:

Given: D
f
= 100 mm, b
w
= 250 mm, b
f
= 850 mm, d = 530 mm, A
st
= 6 # 20 = 1884 mm
2
,
f
y
= 415 MPa, f
ck
= 20 MPa

Step 1: Check the position of neutral axis
x
u,lim
= 0.479 d = 0.479 x 530 =253.87 mm
Assume that the neutral axis coincides with the bottom fibre of the flange, i.e. x
u
= D
f

Total compression in flange = 0.36 f
ck
b
f
D
f

= 0.36 x 20 x 850 x 100/10
3
= 612 kN
Total tension in steel = 0.87 f
y
A
st
= 0.87 x 415 x 1884/10
3
= 680.22 kN
Since total compression in flange is less than the tension in steel, the neutral axis is in the web.

Step 2: Calculate x
u

Assuming stress is uniform in the flange,
250 20 36 . 0
) 250 850 ( 100 20 447 . 0 1884 415 87 . 0
36 . 0
) ( 447 . 0 87 . 0


=

=
w ck
w f f ck st y
u
b f
b b D f A f
x
= 79.9 < D
f
= 100 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Hence our assumption that the Neutral axis coincides with the bottom fibre of flange is not valid.
Let us now, calculate x
u
, assuming that the compressive stress in the flange is non-uniform.
Replacing D
f
with y
f
, with y
f
= 0.15 x
u
+ 0.65 D
f
Now, the neutral axis depth is calculated as

) ( 15 . 0 447 . 0 36 . 0
) ( 65 . 0 447 . 0 87 . 0
w f ck w ck
w f f ck st y
u
b b f b f
b b D f A f
x
+

=
) 250 850 ( 15 . 0 20 447 . 0 250 20 36 . 0
) 250 850 ( 100 65 . 0 20 447 . 0 1884 415 87 . 0
+

= = 127.3 mm
x
u
> D
f
= 100 mm; Also (3/7) x
u
= 54.56 mm < D
f
.
Hence neutral axis is in web and the stress block in flange is non-linear.
y
f
= 0.15 x
u
+ 0.65 D
f
= 0.15 x 127.3 + 0.65 x100 =84.1 mm

Step 3: Check the beam is under-reinforced
x
u,lim
= 0.479 d = 0.479 x 530 =253.87 mm
Since x
u
< x
u,lim
, the section is under reinforced.

Step 4: Calculate M
n


2
y
- d )y b - (b 0.447f d b
d
x
0.416 - 1
x
0.36f M
f
f w f ck
2
w
u u
ck n
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

2
1 . 84
530 1 . 84 ) 250 850 ( 20 447 . 0 530 250
530
3 . 127
416 . 0 1
530
3 . 127
20 36 . 0
2


= 109.3 x 10
6
+ 220.1 x 10
6
Nmm = 329.4 kNm

Exercise 5.22 (Analysis of isolated singly reinforced T-beam)

Determine limiting moment of resistance by concrete failure of a T-beam with the following
dimensions: D
f
= 125 mm, b
w
= 250 mm, b
f
= 1000 mm, A
st
= 2454 mm
2
, and d = 550 mm,
Assume Fe 415 steel and M 25 concrete.

Solution:

Given: D
f
= 125 mm, b
w
= 250 mm, b
f
= 1000 mm, d = 550 mm, A
st
= 2454 mm
2
,
f
y
= 415 MPa, f
ck
= 25 MPa
, 227 . 0
550
125
= =
d
D
f
4
250
1000
= =
w
f
b
b

From Table 58, 4 . 0
2
lim ,
=
ck w
u
f d b
M

Hence
6 2
lim ,
10 / 25 550 250 4 . 0 =
u
M = 756.25 kNm

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Exercise 5.23 (Design of singly reinforced T-beam)

Determine the area of required steel for the T-beam with the following dimensions: D
f
= 150
mm, b
w
= 250 mm, b
f
= 1200 mm, and d = 550 mm. It is required to carry a factored moment of
750 kNm. Assume Fe 415 steel and M 25 concrete.

Solution:

Step 1: Determine neutral axis depth and lever arm depth
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
6
2
550 1200 25
10 750 68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
68 . 6
44 . 1 2 . 1
d b f
M
d
x
f
u u
ck
=0.2578
x
u
= 0.2578 x 550 = 141.73 mm < 150 mm
Hence the neutral axis is within the flange.

Leaver arm depth
( ) 2578 . 0 416 . 0 1 550 416 . 0 1 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
x
d z
u
= 491 mm

Step 2: Determine area of steel
491 415 87 . 0
10 750
87 . 0
6


= =
z f
M
A
y
u
st
= 4230.7 mm
2

Approximate value of A
st

) 75 550 ( 415 87 . 0
10 750
) 2 / ( 87 . 0
6


=

=
f y
u
st
D d f
M
A = 4373 mm
2
The above formula may be used to get a preliminary estimate of the area of steel.

Exercise 5.24 (Design of singly reinforced T-beam)

Design the T-beam with the following dimensions: D
f
= 120 mm, b
w
= 230 mm, b
f
= 1000 mm.
It is required to carry a factored moment of 400 kNm. Assume Fe 415 steel and M 25 concrete

Solution:

Step 1: Assume depth

Let us select a depth of beam as 400 mm and a clear cover of 25 mm. assuming 20 mm rods,
effective depth = 400-25-10 = 365 mm

Step 1: Calculate Approximate A
st
Assume a lever arm z equal to the larger of 0.9d = 328.5 mm or d - 0.5 D
f
= 305 mm. Hence
adopt z = 328.5 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
A
st,app
=
5 . 328 415 87 . 0
10 400
87 . 0
6


=
z f
M
y
u
= 3372 mm
2


Step 2: Check location of neutral axis
x
u,max
= 0.479 x 365 = 174.84 mm > D
f

Assuming neutral axis at the bottom layer of flange, i.e. at 120 mm from top fibre of beam
) 416 . 0 ( 36 . 0
lim , f f f ck u
D d D b f M =
=
6
10 / ) 120 416 . 0 365 ( 120 1000 25 36 . 0 = 340.28 kNm < M
u
= 400 kNm

Hence x
u
> D
f
and the NA is below the flange and in the web

Step 3: Determine neutral axis depth and lever arm depth
) 2 / ( ) 416 . 0 (
f uf u uw n
y d C x d C M + =
Where C
uw
and C
uf
are the compressive force contribution of web and flange respectively
C
uw
= 0.362 f
ck
b
w
x
u
=
u
x 230 25 362 . 0 = 2081.5 x
u

C
uf
= 0.447f
ck
(b
f
-b
w
)y
f
=
f
y ) 230 1000 ( 25 447 . 0 = 8604.75 y
f

Also, y
f
= 0.15x
u
+ 0.65 D
f
= 0.15 x
u
+ 78
Substituting the above values and equating with the external moment, we get
] 2 / ) 78 15 . 0 ( 365 )[ 78 15 . 0 ( 75 . 8604 ) 416 . 0 365 ( 5 . 2081 10 400
6
+ + + =
u u u u
x x x x
Simplifying we get
6 2 6
10 8 . 218 9 . 177 , 1130 7 . 962 10 400 + + =
u u
x x
Or 0 220 , 188 1174
2
= +
u u
x x
Solving the above quadratic eqn., we get, x
u
= 191.6 mm
y
f
= 0.15 x
u
+ 0.65 D
f
= = + 120 65 . 0 6 . 191 15 . 0 106.74 mm

Note: x
u
(191.6 mm) is slightly greater than x
u,max
(174.84). Hence it is slightly over-reinforced.
It may be necessary to increase the depth to 450 mm. Let us assume that the steel yields and
continue the calculation.

Step 4: Calculate A
st

Equating the tensile and compression forces, we get
) ( 447 . 0 36 . 0 87 . 0
w f f ck u w ck st y
b b y f x b f A f + =
Hence A
st
=
415 87 . 0
) 230 1000 ( 74 . 106 25 447 . 0 6 . 191 230 25 36 . 0

+

= 3642 mm
2

(as against A
st,app
= 3372 mm
2
)
There is a difference of only 8% between the approximate and exact value and hence that value
can be used for preliminary design.

Provide 3 # 32 mm dia.(2413 mm
2
) and 3 # 25 dia bars(1473 mm
2
); Total area provided = 3886
mm
2
). Note that as the bars have to be provided in two layers, it will reduce the effective depth.
Using a spacer of 28 mm bar, centroid distance of bars from bottom fibre,
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

( (

= 69.42 mm
Effective depth provided = 400 69.42 = 330.8
400-32-32-14 = 322 mm

Hence area of steel should be increased by using

A
st,app
=
) 8 . 330 9 . 0 ( 415 87 . 0
10 400
87 . 0
6


=
z f
M
y
u
= 3721 mm
2
< 3886 mm
2


Hence the provided area is sufficient. The designed section is shown below.


Exercise 5.25 (Analysis of T-beam with compression steel)

Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of a T-beam with the following dimensions: D
f
=
150 mm, b
w
= 250 mm, b
f
= 800 mm, d = 415 mm, d = 35 mm, A
st
= 6 # 28 dia. bars, A
sc
= 2 #
22 dia. bars. Assume Fe 415 steel and M 20 concrete.

Solution:

Step 1: Calculate x
u
Assuming 28 mm cover, total cover for tension steel = 28 +28 + 14 = 70 mm,
Hence D = 415 +70 = 485 mm
A
st
= 6 # 28 =3695 mm
2
; A
sc
= 2 # 22 = 760 mm
2

Assuming that both tension and compression steel yields,
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
0.36f
ck
b
f
x
u
= 0.87f
y
(A
st
-A
sc
)
Thus,
800 20 36 . 0
) 760 3695 ( 415 87 . 0


=
u
x = 183.97 mm > D
f

Hence the neural axis is in the web.

Step 2: Check strain in steel
From the strain diagram, we calculate the strains in tension and compression steel as
97 . 183
) 97 . 183 415 ( 0035 . 0
=
st
c = 0.0044 > 0.0038
Assume that tension steel yields.

97 . 183
) 35 97 . 183 ( 0035 . 0
=
sc
c =0.0028
Hence, we get from Table 5.2,

(
(
( MPa
Step 3: Second iteration for x
u

) ( 067 . 0 36 . 0
) ( ) ( 29 . 0 87 . 0
w f ck w ck
sc cc sc ck f w f st y
u
b b f b f
A f f f D b b A f
x
+

=

((
(
=

=234.43 mm
Strain in tension steel:
43 . 234
) 43 . 234 415 ( 0035 . 0
=
st
c = 0.0027
Hence, we get from Table 5.2,

(
(
( MPa
Strain in compression steel
43 . 234
) 35 43 . 234 ( 0035 . 0
=
sc
c =0.00298
Hence, we get from Table 5.2,

(
(
( MPa
Step 4: Third iteration for x
u

) ( 067 . 0 36 . 0
) ( ) ( 29 . 0
w f ck w ck
sc cc sc ck f w f st st
u
b b f b f
A f f f D b b A f
x
+

=

((
(
=

=218.24 mm
Strain in tension steel:
24 . 218
) 24 . 218 415 ( 0035 . 0
=
st
c = 0.00316 < 0.0038
Hence, we get from Table 5.2,

(
(
( MPa
Strain in compression steel
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
24 . 218
) 35 24 . 218 ( 0035 . 0
=
sc
c =0.00294
Hence, we get from Table 5.2,

(
(
( MPa
) ( 067 . 0 36 . 0
) ( ) ( 29 . 0
w f ck w ck
sc cc sc ck f w f st st
u
b b f b f
A f f f D b b A f
x
+

=

((
(
=

= 225.65 mm
The difference between the current value of x
u
and the previous value is small. Hence let us take
x
u
as (225.65 + 218.24)/2 = 221.95 mm


Step 5: Calculate M
u

) ' ( ) ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) ( 447 . 0 ) 416 . 0 ( 36 . 0 d d A f f y d y b b f x d x b f M
sc cc sc f f w f ck u u w ck u
+ + =
With mm D x y
f u f
8 . 130 150 65 . 0 95 . 221 15 . 0 65 . 0 15 . 0 = + = + =

(
( ( (

=128.91 + 224.84 + 99.47 = 453.22 kNm

Note: such over-reinforced beams are not recommended in practice by IS 456.

Exercise 5.26 (Design of T-beam)

Design a T-beam spanning 6 m, supporting a one-way slab of thickness 140 mm, and subjected
to a live load of 3.5 kN/m
2
and a dead load (due to floor finish, partition, etc) of 1.2 kN/m
2
, in
addition to its self weight. Assume Fe 415 steel and M25 concrete and the centre to centre of
beams as 4 m.

Solution:

Given: L
0
= 6 m, D
f
= 140 mm, f
y
= 415 MPa, f
ck
= 25 MPa

Step 1: Fix the dimensions of the beam
Assume b
w
= 250 mm.
Effective flange width (as per Clause 23.1.2 of IS 456)
140 6 250
6
6000
6
6
0
+ + = + + =
f w f
D b
L
b = 2090 mm
Check: b
w
+ c/c of beams = 250 + 3000 = 3250 mm > 2090 mm; hence b
f
= 2090 mm
Let us assume that the overall depth as L/15,
Thus, D = 6000/15 = 400 mm; let us adopt D = 450 mm
Again assuming an effective cover of 50 mm, d = 400 mm


Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 2: Determination of B.M.

Distributed live load from slab, w
LL
= 3.5 x 4 = 14 kN/m
Dead load due to slab = 25 kN/m
3
x 0.14 = 3.5 kN/m
2

Total dead load = 3.5 +1.2 = 4.7 kN/m
2

w
DL
= 4.7 x 4 = 18.8 kN/m
Dead load due to the self weight of web of beam
= 25 kN/m
3
x 0.25 x (0.45 - 0.14) = 1.94 kN/m
Factored load =w
u
= 1.5 (14 + 18.8 + 1.94) = 52.11 kN/m
Factored Moment M
u
= w
u
L
2
/8 = 52.11 x 6
2
/ 8 = 234.5 kNm

Step 3: Determine approximate A
st


Approximate lever arm z is larger of
(a) 0.9 d = 0.9 x 400 = 360 mm
(b) D - D
f
/2 = 400-140/2 = 330 mm
Hence app. z = 360 mm
Approximate A
st
= 1804
360 415 87 . 0
10 5 . 234
87 . 0
6
=


=
z f
M
y
u
mm
2
Let us assume that we are going to provide 25 mm bars (4 nos); assuming 8 mm diameter
stirrups, and 25 mm clear cover (note that clear cover should not be less than the diameter of
bar),
Actual d = 450 - 8 - 25 - 25/2 = 404.5 mm

Step 4: Calculate neutral axis depth
Let us assume that the neutral axis lies within flange. Using Eqn. (5.60)
0762 . 0
5 . 404 2090 25 36 . 0
10 5 . 234
36 . 0
2
6
2
=


= =
d b f
M
m
f ck
u
; = 0.416
Hence, 0788 . 0
832 . 0
0762 . 0 664 . 1 1 1
2
4 1 1
=

=

=
|
|m
d
x
u

Thus, x
u
= 0.0788 x 404.5 = 31.87 mm < D
f
= 140 mm
Hence neutral axis is within the flange.

Step 5: Determine A
st

Leaver arm distance, z = ) 0788 . 0 416 . 0 1 ( 5 . 404 416 . 0 1 =
|
.
|

\
|

d
x
d
u
= 391.2 mm
=


= =
2 . 391 415 87 . 0
10 5 . 234
87 . 0
6
z f
M
A
y
u
st
1660 mm
2
< App. A
st
= 1804 mm
2

Provide 2 nos. 25 dia. and 2 nos. 22 dia bars in a single row (A
st
provided = 1741 mm
2
).




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Exercise 5.27 (Design of T-beam with compression steel)

Design a T-beam of with 1300 mm width of flange, 120 mm depth of flange, 300 mm width of
web and 550 mm effective depth to carry a factored bending moment of (a) 650 kNm and (b) 800
kNm. Assume M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel

Solution:

Case (a); M
u
=650 kNm
Given: b
f
= 1300 mm, D
f
= 120 mm, b
w
= 300 mm, d = 550 mm, f
y
= 415 MPa, f
ck
= 25 MPa

Step 1: Check for location of neutral axis:
Assuming neutral axis is within flange, depth of neutral axis
832 . 0
664 . 1 1 1 m
d
x
u

= and m = 1837 . 0
550 1300 25 36 . 0
10 650
36 . 0
2
6
2
=


=
d b f
M
f ck
u

Hence, 2 . 0
832 . 0
1837 . 0 664 . 1 1 1
=

=
d
x
u

Thus, x
u
= 0.2 x 500 =110 mm < D
f

Hence neutral axis is within the flange.

Step 5: Determine A
st

Leaver arm distance, z = ) 2 . 0 416 . 0 1 ( 550 416 . 0 1 =
|
.
|

\
|

d
x
d
u
= 504.24 mm
=


= =
24 . 504 415 87 . 0
10 650
87 . 0
6
z f
M
A
y
u
st
3570 mm
2

Provide 3 nos. 32 dia. and 2 nos. 28 dia bars in two rows (A
st
provided = 2413 + 1232 = 3645
mm
2
).

Case (b) M
u
= 800 kNm

Step 1: Check for location of neutral axis:
Assuming neutral axis is within flange, depth of neutral axis
832 . 0
664 . 1 1 1 m
d
x
u

= and m = 226 . 0
550 1300 25 36 . 0
10 800
36 . 0
2
6
2
=


=
d b f
M
f ck
u

Hence, 2525 . 0
832 . 0
226 . 0 664 . 1 1 1
=

=
d
x
u

Thus, x
u
= 0.2525 x 550 =138.88 mm > D
f
=120 mm

Hence neutral axis is in the web.




Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Step 2: Calculate the moment of resistance of flange
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
) ( 447 . 0
f
f w f ck f
y
d y b b f M
Since 22 . 0
500
110
= =
d
D
f
> 0.2, y
f
= 0.15 x
u
+0.65 D
f
= 0.15 x 138.88 +0.65 x 120 = 98.83 mm
6
10 / ) 2 / 83 . 98 550 ( 83 . 98 ) 300 1300 ( 25 447 . 0 =
f
M = 552.86 kNm

Step 3: Calculate moment taken by web and limiting moment of web
M
w
= M
u
- M
f
= 800 - 552.86 = 247.14 kNm
For Fe 415 grade steel M
w,lim
= 0.138 f
ck
b
w
d
2
=
2
550 300 25 138 . 0 /10
6
= 313 kNm
M
w,lim
> M
w
. Hence the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.

Step 4: calculate Area of steel

z f
M
y d f
M
A
y
w
f y
f
st
87 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0
+

= , with y
f
=98.83 mm
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= ) 2525 . 0 416 . 0 1 ( 550 416 . 0 1
d
x
d z
u
492.23 mm
23 . 492 415 87 . 0
10 14 . 247
) 83 . 98 5 . 0 550 ( 415 87 . 0
10 86 . 552
6 6


+


=
st
A
= 3058.9 + 1390.6 = 4449.5 mm
2

Provide 6 numbers of 32 dia. in two rows (A
st
provided = 4825 mm
2
)


Exercise 5.28 (Design of Deep beam)

Design a simply supported, 270 mm thick reinforced concrete vertical deep beam of height 3.5
m, which is supported over 500 mm wide piers having clear spacing of 4.5 m. The beam carries
service superimposed load of 200 kN/m. Assume M20 grade concrete and steel of grade Fe 415.

Solution:

For Fe 415 steel, f
st
= 0.87 x 415 = 361.05 MPa
Effective span L = Smaller of c/c distance between supports = 4.5 + 0.5 = 5.0 m
And 1.15 x 4.5 = 5.175 m
Hence L = 5.0m

Deep beam parameters:

Thickness of beam, t = 270 mm
Depth of beam = 3.5 m, Assume effective depth as 3150 mm
Aspect ratio L/D = 5/3.5 = 1.429 < 2.0
L/b = 5/0.27 = = 18.52 < 60
Ld/b
2
= 5 x 3.15/0.27
2
= 216 < 250
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Hence lateral buckling is prevented. Also, L/D is with in the range 1.0 to 2.0
Hence, Lever arm z = 0.2(l +2D) = 0.20 ( 5 + 2 3.5) = 2.4 m
Factored dead load w
u,d
= 1.5 x (25 x 3.5 x 0.27) = 35.4 kN/m
Factored superimposed load w
u,t
= 1.5 x 200 = 300 kN/m
Total factored load w
u
= w
u,d
+ w = 335.4 kN/m

For simply supported deep beam:
Maximum bending moment M
u
= (335.4 x 5
2
)/8 = 1048.13 kN/m
Hence,
Z f
M
A
y
u
st
87 . 0
= =
2
6
1210
2400 415 87 . 0
10 13 . 1048
mm =



Consider 6-#16 mm bars (A
st
= 1206 mm
2
)
Percentage of steel % 26 . 0 100
415
20 24 . 0
100
24 . 0
128 . 0
3500 270
100 1206
=

= < =

=
y
ck
t
f
f
p

The steel considered is less than the minimum specified. Hence we should provide at least 0.26 x
270 3500/ 100 = 2457 mm
2
. Hence, Provide 4-#20 mm and 6- #16 mm bars (A
st
provided =
1257 + 1206 = 2463 mm
2
)

Zone or depth of placement = 0.25D 0.05L = 0.25 x 3500 0.05 x 5000 = 625 mm
Distribute 6-#16 mm bars within a depth of 625 mm from the bottom fibre of the beam with
nominal cover of 50 mm.
The bars should be anchored into the support and minimum embedment length as per code (see
Chapter 7),
bd
b st
d
d f
L
t 4
8 . 0
80 . 0 =
= mm 752
92 . 1 4
20 05 . 361 8 . 0
=

For 16 mm bars it is 602 mm
Embed the bars beyond the face of each support by 450 mm (assuming a cover of 50 mm) and
provide 90
o
hook to obtain anchorage length of 7555 mm. Alternatively, mechanically anchored
headed bars, with a head size with area three times the bar area (see Section 7.6.2), with

Thus,

20 = 400 mm for 20 mm bars and 320 mm for 16 mm bars.

Stagger the heads to avoid congestion. The arrangement with headed bars is shown in Figure
below.

Nominal horizontal and vertical reinforcements (provided as per ACI 318):

Vertical/horizontal steel per metre length/height of beam,
2
,
675
100
1000 270 25 . 0
mm A
v st
=

=
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Provide 10 mm bars vertical and horizontal bars @ 230 mm c/c on both the faces (A
st
provided =
682 mm
2
/m). The maximum spacing lesser of d/5 = 3150/5 = 630 mm or 300 mm. Hence the
provided spacing is satisfactory.

Check for shear is not necessary as per clause 29.1(b) of IS 456:2000. The designed beam is
shown below.


Reinforcement details of deep beam

Note: More accurate design of deep beams are made using the strut-and-tie method (see
Appendix B)

Exercise 5.29

Design a lintel for a window opening of span 1.5 m. The thickness of the wall is 230 mm and the
height of the brickwork above the lintel is 1.1 m. Length of the wall on either side of the lintel is
more than half the span of the lintel. Use Fe 415 steel and M20 concrete.

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate effective span

Assume the depth of lintel as 100 mm. With an effective cover of 25 m, effective depth, d = 75
mm, breadth of lintel = thickness of wall = 230 mm

Effective span = clear span + half width of bearing on either side or
= clear span + effective depth = 1.5 + 0.075 = 1.58 m

Step 2: Calculate B.M
Load on lintel
Weight of brickwork = 20 kN/m
3

Height of apex of triangle = effective span / 2 = 1.58/2 = 0.79 m
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Since the height of brickwork above lintel is 1.1 m and there is sufficient length of wall on either
side of the lintel, arch action is possible.

Self weight of lintel, w = 0.23 x 0.10 x 25 = 0.58 kN/m
Weight of triangular brickwork, W = (1.58 x 0.79) /2 x 0.23 x 20 = 2.87 kN
Bending moment M = wl
2
/8 + WL/6
= 0.58 x 1.58
2
/8 + 2.87 x 1.58/6
= 0.94 kNm
Factored design moment, M
u
= 1.5 x 0.94 = 1.41 kNm
09 . 1
75 230
10 41 . 1
2
6
2
=

=
bd
M
u
N/mm
2

From Table 2 of SP 16, we get for the above value of M
u
/bd
2
, p
t
= 0.324
Hence
2
56
100
230 75 324 . 0
mm A
st
=

=
Balanced area of steel,
p
t,lim
= 19.82 f
ck
/f
y

= 19.82 x 20/415
= 0.965
Hence, A
st,lim
= 0.965 x 75 x 230/100 =166 mm
2

Provide 2 # 8 dia bar
Area provided = 100.5 mm
2
< A
st,lim

Provide 2 nos. 6 mm dia hanger bars and also minimum shear reinforcement (see chapter 6 for
details)