507 39 Solutions-Instructor-manual Ch11 DRCS

Design of RC Structures Dr. N.
Subramanian

1

SOLUTION MANUAL - CHAPTER 11
Exercise 11.1 Design of Flat plate
Design the interior panel of a flat plate supported on columns spaced at 6 m in both
directions. The size of column is 450 mm square and the imposed load on the panel is 3
kN/m
2
. The floor slab is exposed to moderate environment. Assume floor finishing load as 1
kN/m
2
and height of each floor as 3.2 m. Use M30 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Solution
Step 1: Select thickness of slab
As the slab experiences moderate environment, choose cover = 30 mm (Table 16 of IS 456)
As per Clause 31.2.1 and 24.1 of the code,
L/D ratio with Fe 415 steel = 0.9 x (0.8 x 40) = 28.8
Minimum depth = mm mm
span
125 208
8 . 28
6000
8 . 28
> = = (min. as per Code)
Let us assume a total depth of 210 mm
Assuming 12 mm dia. bars
Effective depth, d = 210 - 6 - 30 = 174 mm
Step 2: Calculate Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.21 x 25 = 5.25 kN/m
2

Weight of finishing = 1.00 kN/m
2

Imposed load = 3.00 kN/m
2

-------------------
Total working load, w = 9.25 kN/m
2

-------------------
Design factored load, w
u
= 1.5 x 9.25 = 13.88 kN/m
2

Clear spacing between the columns, L
n
= L
1
c
1
= 6.0 0.45 = 5.55 m
Total design load on the panel, kN L L w W
n u
2 . 462 6 55 . 5 88 . 13
2
= = =
Step 3: Calculate Bending Moments
Sum of the positive and average negative B.M. (Clause 31.4.2.2)
panel kNm
WL
M
n
o
/ 65 . 320
8
55 . 5 2 . 462
8
=
= =
Interior Panel
Design of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian

2

Panel negative design moment (Clause 31.4.3.2)
= 0.65 M
o
=0.65 x 320.65 = 208.42 kNm/6 m
Panel positive design moment
= 0.35 M
o
=0.35 x 320.65 = 112.23 kNm/6 m
As per clause 31.4.3.3, the relative stiffness of the columns and the slab determine the
distribution of the negative and positive moments in the exterior panel.
The building is not restrained against lateral sway, hence the effective height of column can
be taken as 1.2 times the clear height (Clause E-1 of IS 456). Assuming height of each floor
as 3.2 m, effective length of column is
L = H D = 3.2 0.21= 2.99 m
L
e
= 1.2 x 2.99 = 3.59 m
Relative stiffness of column
4
4 4
10 519 . 9
59 . 3 12
45 . 0
12

=
= = =
e e
c
c
L
h
L
I
K
Relative stiffness of slab panel
4
3 3
10 718 . 7
6 12
21 . 0 6
12

=
= = =
se se
s
s
L
bt
L
I
K
47 . 2
10 718 . 7
10 519 . 9 2
4
4
=

= =

s
c
c
K
K
o
Imposed load / dead load = 3/(5.25 +1) = 0.48
L
2
/L
1
= 1; Hence from Table 17 of IS 456,
c,min
= 0
c
>
c,min
; Hence stiffness is sufficient.
factor that decides the relative distribution of bending moment between negative and
positive bending moment as per Clause 31.4.3.3 of IS 456 is
405 . 1
47 . 2
1
1
1
1 = + = + =
c
o
o
End span
In an end span,
Exterior negative bending moment coefficient = 0.65 / = 0463
Interior negative bending moment coefficient = 0.75 0.1/ = 0.679
Positive bending moment coefficient = 0.63 0.28/ = 0.431

3

The corresponding end panel bending moments
Negative bending moment at outer support = 0.463 x 320.65 = 148.46 kNm/panel
Negative bending moment at inner support = 0.679 x 320.65 = 217.72 kNm/panel
Positive bending moment in the panel = 0.431 x 320.65 = 138.20 kNm/panel
The bending moments are to be distributed between the column and middle strips as shown
below in Table 11.15 (clause 31.5.5)
Width of column strip = 0.5 x 6 = 3 m
Table 11.15 Bending Moments and A
st

Column Strip in kNm/3
m
A
st
, mm
2
Middle strip in
kNm/3 m
A
st
mm
2

Interior panel
Negative
moment
0.75 x 208.42 = 156.32 2706
+
#12 @ 120
c/c
52.1 902*
#10 @ 240 c/c
Positive
moment
0.60 x 112.23 = 67.34 1166
#12 @ 230
c/c
44.89 777*
#10 @ 240 c/c
Outer Panel
Negative at
exterior
support
1.0 x 148.46 = 148.46 2570
+
#12 @ 120
c/c
0 -

Negative at
inner support
0.75 x 217.72 =163.29 2808
+
#12 @ 120
c/c
54.43 942*
#10 @ 240 c/c
Positive at
panel
0.60 x 138.20 = 82.92 1435
#12 @ 230
c/c
55.28 957*
#10 @ 240 c/c

Step 4: Check slab depth for bending
The thickness of the slab is controlled by the absolute maximum bending moment. From the
above table, the critical bending moment occurs at the interior support of the outer panel
column strip and is
M
cip
= 163.29 kNm / 3 m
The depth required to resist this bending moment

4

d mm
Kbf
M
d
ck
c
< =
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 114
30 3000 138 . 0
10 29 . 163
5 . 0
6
5 . 0
chosen = 174 mm
Hence the adopted depth in satisfactory and the slab is under reinforced.
Effective depth for upper layer of reinforcement = 174 12 = 162 mm
Step 5: Design of reinforcement
Let us use this effective depth to calculate reinforcement
(
=
ck
y
st
st y u
f
f
bd
A
d A f M 1 87 . 0
Hence for maximum negative moment at the interior support of the outer panel column strip
(
=
30
415
174 3000
1 174 415 87 . 0 10 29 . 163
6 st
st
A
A
Simplifying, we get
0 10 29 . 163 7 . 62822 665 . 1
6 2
= +
st st
A A
Solving we get A
st
= 2808 mm
2

The same result may be got by using design aids in Appendix C-Table C.3
798 . 1
174 3000
10 29 . 163
2
6
2
=
=
bd
M
u

From Table C.3 and for f
y
= 415 N/mm
2

p
t
= 0.539; A
st
= (0.539/100) x 174 x 3000 = 2814 mm
2
We may also use the approximate formula
2
6
2827
174 415 8 . 0
10 29 . 163
8 . 0
mm
d f
M
A
y
u
st
=

= = (0.7% increase over exact results)
From Table 96 of SP 16, provide 12 mm bars at 120 mm c/c at top face of slab over the
columns in the column strip (Area provided = 2826 mm
2
)
The reinforcement at different locations may be calculated by using proportionate spacing
compared with the other bending moments as shown below; for Example
Spacing of 12 mm bars at outer support at top = 120 x 163.29 / 148.46 = 132 mm (provide
120 mm)
Spacing at middle span at bottom = 120 x 163.29/82.92 = 236 mm, say 230 mm
Spacing at inner support at top = 120 x 163.29/156.32 = 125 mm (provide 120 mm)
Minimum reinforcement

5

A
st,min
= 0.12 x 3000 x 210 / 100 = 756 mm
2
< A
st
required at middle strip
Allowable maximum spacing (Clause 31.7.1 of IS 456) = 2D = 2 x 210 = 420 mm
Spacing of 10 mm bars for all places marked as* = 78.5 x 3000 /957 = 246 mm, say 240 mm
Since span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in the other direction
also.
I ntegrity reinforcement:
To control progressive collapse, we need to provide steel as per Eqn.11.23
y
u
s
f
L L w
A
87 . 0
5 . 0
2 1
= =
2
3 2
692
415 87 . 0
10 6 88 . 13 5 . 0
mm =

Provide two extra # 22 bars each way, with a length of 2L
d
(2 x 827 =1654 mm) passing
through the column cage.
To simplify detailing only two spacings are selected as shown in Fig.11.50, (see Fig. 16 of
code)
Step 6: Check for punching shear
The critical shear plane is at a distance of 0.5d from the face of the column. The perimeter of
critical section
m d a b 496 . 2 ) 624 . 0 ( 4 ) 174 . 0 45 . 0 ( 4 ) ( 4
0
= = + = + =
The shear force on this plane is
kN d a d a L L w V
c u
3 . 494 ) 624 . 0 624 . 0 6 6 ( 88 . 13 )] )( ( [ = = + + =
Nominal shear stress =
2
0
/ 14 . 1
174 2496
1000 3 . 494
mm N
d b
V
u
=
=
Shear strength of concrete (Clause 31.6.3) = k
s
c

k
s
= 0.5 +
c
< 1

c
= 0.45/0.45 = 1; Hence k
s
= 1
2 2
/ 14 . 1 / 37 . 1 30 25 . 0 25 . 0 mm N mm N f
ck c
> = = = t
Hence no need to provide shear reinforcement or thickening of slab.
Note: In addition to the above, we need to check for one way shear (which will not be critical
as seen in Examples of Chapter 10) and check for development length (as shown in Example
10.1 of Chapter 10).

6

Fig. 11.50 Reinforcement details of Flat plate of Exercise 11.1
Exercise 11.2 Flat slab with drop panels
Design the interior panel of a building with flat slab roof having a panel size of 7 m x 7 m
supported by columns of size 600 mm x 600 mm. Take live load as 4.0 kN/m
2
and weight of
finishes as 1.0 kN/m
2
. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume mild environment.

Solution
Step 1: Select thickness of slab

7

For mild environment, minimum cover = 20 mm which can be reduced by 5 mm if we use
bars less than 12 mm (as per Table 16 of IS 456)
As per Clause 31.2.1 and 24.1 of the Code, for flat slab with Fe 415 steel
L/D = 0.8 x 40 = 32
Thus, total depth
= span / 32 = 7000 /32 = 218.75 mm, say 220 mm > 125 mm (minimum as per code)
Adopt a cover of 20 mm and assume 16 mm dia bars.
Hence effective depth = 220 - 25 - 8 = 187 mm
Adopt a depth of 220 mm and d = 187 mm
Step 2: Size of drop panel
As per Clause 31.2.2 of code drop should not be less than 7000/3 = 2333 mm
Minimum depth of drop panel = mm D
s
55 220
4
1
4
1
= =
Provide a drop panel of depth of 60 mm and size 3500 3500 mm.
Take total depth at drop panel = 220 + 60 = 280 mm > 1.25 x 220 = 275 mm
Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 7000 / 2 = 3500 mm
Step 3: Calculation of loads
Self weight of slab = 0.22 x 25 = 5.5 kN/m
2
in middle strip
Dead load due to extra thickness of slab at drops = 0.06 x 25 = 1.5 kN/m
2

Live load = 4.0 kN/m
2

Finishes = 1.0 kN/m
2

----------------
Total working load w = 12 kN/m
2

Design factored load, w
u
= 1.5 x 12 = 18 kN/m
2

Clear span, L
n
= 7 0.6 = 6.4 m
Design Load = W = w
u
L
2
L
n
= 18 x 7 x 6.4 = 806.4 kN
Step 4: Calculation of Bending Moment
Design static moment, M
o
(Clause 31.4.2.2) = kNm
WL
n
12 . 645
8
4 . 6 4 . 806
8
=
=
As per Clause 31.4.3.2
Total negative design moment = 0.65 M
o
= 0.65 x 645.12 = 419.33 kNm

8

Total positive design moment = 0.35 M
o
= 0.35 x 645.12 = 225.80 kNm
The above moments are distributed into column and middle strips as shown in Table 11.16,
as per Clause 31.5.5.1 & 31.5.5.3
Table 11.16 Moment in column and middle strips Exercise 11.2
Type Column strip, kNm Middle strip, kNm
Negative moment 0.75 x 419.33 = 314.5 104.83
Positive moment 0.60 x 225.8 = 135.48 90.32

Step 5: Check slab depth for bending
Thickness of slab required at drops
mm
b f
M
d
ck
u
161
3500 25 138 . 0
10 5 . 314
138 . 0
5 . 0
6
5 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Total depth provided at drop = 220 + 60 = 280 mm with effective depth = 247 mm and
effective depth provided at middle strip = 187 mm. Hence depth provided is adequate and the
slab is under reinforced.
(a) The critical section is at a distance d/2 = 247 /2 = 123.5 mm from the face of the
column
The perimeter of critical section, b
0
= 4(a + d) = 4 (600 + 247) = 3388 mm
The shear force on this plane is
| | kN d a d a L L w V
c u
1 . 869 ) 847 . 0 7 ( 18 ) )( (
2 2
= = + + =
Nominal shear stress =
2
0
/ 04 . 1
247 3388
1000 1 . 869
mm N
d b
V
u
=
=
Shear strength of concrete (Clause 31.6.3) = k
s
c

k
s
=0.5 +
c
< 1;
c
= 0.5/0.5 = 1; Hence k
s
=1

c
= 1 x 0.25f
ck
= 0.2525 = 1.25 N/mm
2
> 1.04 N/mm
2

Hence the slab is safe in punching shear and no need to provide punching shear
reinforcement
(b) Shear strength at a distance d/2 from drop also has to be checked. It will be safe as the
drop size is large and hence the shear force at that section will be considerably
reduced.


9

(a) Maximum negative reinforcement in column strip
M
u
= 205.3 kNm, effective depth at drop = 247 mm
Hence 473 . 1
247 3500
10 5 . 314
2
6
2
=
=
bd
M
u

From Table 3 of SP 16 we get p
t
= 0.4404
2
3807 247 3500
100
4404 . 0
mm A
st
= = to be
provided in 3500 mm width
Required spacing of 16 mm bars = (201 / 3807 ) x 3500 = 185 mm
Hence provide 16 mm dia. bars at 180 mm c/c at the top face of the slab over the
columns in the column strip (A
st
provided = 3909.5 mm
2
)
(b) For positive moment in column strip
M
u
= 135.48 kNm, Effective depth of slab = 189 mm
2
6
2182
187 415 8 . 0
10 48 . 135
mm A
st
=

=
Minimum
2 2
2182 924 220 3500
100
12 . 0
mm mm A
st
< = =
Required spacing mm D mm 440 2 180 3500
2182
113
= < = =
Provide 12 mm dia. bars at 180 mm c/c at bottom in the column strip
(c) For negative moment in middle strip
M
u
= 104.83 kNm, Effective depth of slab = 187 mm
2
6
1689
187 415 8 . 0
10 83 . 104
mm A
st
=

=
Required spacing for 12 mm bars = (113/1689) x 3500 = 234 mm < 440 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. bars @ 230 mm c/c at top in the middle strip
(d) For positive moment in middle strip
M
u
= 90.32 kNm; Effective depth of slab = 187 mm
2
1455 83 . 104 / 32 . 90 1689 mm A
st
= = ; Spacing of 12 mm bar = 271 mm
Provide 12mm dia. bars at 270 mm c/c at the bottom of middle strip
Since the span is same in both directions, same reinforcement may be provided in
both directions. The reinforcement detailing as per Fig.16 of IS 456 code is shown in
Fig.11.51.
Integrity reinforcement
Integrity reinforcement (Eqn.11.23)

10

2
3
2 1
1221
415 87 . 0
10 7 7 18 5 . 0
87 . 0
5 . 0
mm
f
L L w
A
y
u
s
=

= =
Provide 2 numbers 28 dia. bars, with a length of 2L
d
(2 x 1128 =2256 mm) passing through
the column cage each way.

Fig. 11.51 Reinforcement details of Flat Slab of Exercise 11.2
Exercise 11.3 Flat slab with drop and column head
Redesign Exercise 11.2 assuming the flat slab is supported by circular column of 500 mm
diameter and with suitable column head.
Solution
Step 1: Equivalent Column Head and Design Load
Let the diameter of column head = 0.25L = 0.25 x 7 = 1.75 m

11

The circular section may be considered as an equivalent square of size a,
i.e.,
2 2
75 . 1
4
a =
t

Solving, we get a = 1.55m
Hence L
n
= 7 1.55 = 5.45 m
kN L L w W
n u
7 . 686 45 . 5 7 18
2
= = =
Step 2: Calculation of bending moment
kNm
WL
M
n
o
8 . 467
8
45 . 5 7 . 686
8
=
= =
Total negative moment = 0.65 x 467.8 = 304 kNm
Total positive moment = 0.35 x 467.8 = 163.8 kNm
The distribution of the above positive and negative moments in the column and middle strip
is done as shown in Table 11.17.
Table 11.17 Distribution of positive and negative moments
Type Column strip, kNm Middle strip, kNm
Negative moment 0.75 x 304 = 228 kNm 76 kNm
Positive moment 0.60 x 163.8 = 98.3 kNm 65.5 kNm
Width of middle strip = width of column strip = 3500 mm
Step 3: Check depth for bending
Required depth for resisting bending moment
mm
b f
M
d
ck
u
4 . 137
3500 25 138 . 0
10 228
138 . 0
5 . 0
6
5 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Effective depth provided at drop = 247 mm and at middle strip = 187 mm. Hence depth is
sufficient for bending and slab is under reinforced.
The critical section is at a distance of d/2 = 247/2 mm from the face of the column
Diameter of the critical section = 1750 + 247 = 1997 mm
Perimeter of the critical section = d = x 1997 = 6274 mm
Shear on this section kN V
u
62 . 825
4
997 . 1
7 18
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= t

12

Nominal shear stress,
2
3
/ 533 . 0
247 6274
10 62 . 825
mm N
v
=
= t
As per clause 31.6.3 of IS 456
ck s c
f k 25 . 0 = t
1 75 . 1 / 75 . 1 ; 1 5 . 0 = = < + =
c c s
k | | ; Hence k
s
=1
2 2
/ 533 . 0 / 25 . 1 25 25 . 0 mm N mm N
c
> = = t
Hence slab is safe in punching shear and no shear reinforcement is necessary.
The reinforcement at different locations has been calculated as per Table 11.18
Table 11.18 Reinforcement at various locations for Exercise 11.3
Bending moment M
u
, kNm d, mm A
t
, mm
2
Diameter and
spacing of bars
Negative moment in
column strip
228 247 2780 12 mm dia at 140
mm c/c
Positive moment in
column strip
98.3 187 1583 10 mm dia at 170
mm c/c
Negative moment in
middle strip
76 187 1224 10 mm dia at 220
mm c/c
Positive moment in
middle strip
65.5 187 1055 10 mm dia at 260
mm c/c
Note: Minimum steel = (0.12/100) x 3500 x 220 = 924 mm
2

As the span is same in both directions, provide same reinforcement in both directions (of
course the effective depth will be smaller, for example, in the middle strip 187-12 = 175 mm
in the other direction). Reinforcement detail will be similar to that shown in Fig.11.51,
including integrity reinforcement.
Exercise 11.4
Design slab reinforcement at exterior column of Exercise 11.1 for moment transfer between
slab and column and check for combined stresses. Also calculate the moments to be carried
by columns.

Solution
Step 1: Determine portion of M
u
to be transferred by flexure

13

Moment at exterior column = 148.46 kNm.
It should be noted that as per ACI 318, this value is only 0.26 320.65 = 83.37 kNm. Hence
we will consider the moment as 83.37 kNm only in this Exercise, or otherwise we may get
uneconomical results.
From Exercise 11.1, we have, effective depth = 174 mm, total depth = 210 mm
Portion of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure
u f
M =
From Fig.11.21 (Case c)
mm
d
c a 537
2
174
450
2
1
= + = + =
mm d c b 624 174 450
2
= + = + =
From Eqn.11.6, we get
618 . 0
624
537
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
5 . 0 5 . 0
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
b
a
f

kNm M
u f
52 . 51 37 . 83 618 . 0 = =
Effective transfer width = mm D c
s
1080 210 3 450 3
2
= + = +
Step 2: Determine area of reinforcement
576 . 1
174 1080
10 52 . 51
2
6
2
=
=
bd
M
u

From Table 3 of SP16, for Fe 415 steel
p
t
= 0.475; A
t
= (0.475/100) x 1080 x 174 = 893 mm
2

We need 9 Nos 12 # bars @ 135 mm c/c
We have already provided 12 # bars at 120 mm c/c in the column strip. Hence no additional
reinforcement is necessary.
Step 3: Fraction of unbalanced moment carried by eccentric shear
382 . 0 618 . 0 1 1 = = =
f v

kNm M
u v
85 . 31 37 . 83 382 . 0 = =
Step 4: Properties of critical section for shear
b
o
=(2a + b) = (2 x 537 + 624) =1698 mm
2
452 , 295 174 ) 624 537 2 ( ) 2 ( mm d b a A
c
= + = + =

14

From Table 11.7 of the book,
a
b a d b a d a
c
J
6
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
3 2
+ + +
=
=
537 6
) 452 , 295 ( 174 ) 624 2 537 ( 174 537 2
2 2
+ +

=58. 372x10
6
mm
4
,
Similar result can be obtained by using Table 11.9.
With c
1
/d = 450/174 = 2.59 and c
2
/c
1
= 1, we get f
2
= 5.5678
J/c = 2f
2
d
3
= 2 x 5.5678 x 174
3
= 58.663 x 10
6
mm
4

Step 5: Check for combined stresses
Gravity load shear to be carried by exterior column
kN
L L w
V
u
u
84 . 249
2
6 6 88 . 13
2
2 1
=

= =
Combined stresses (Eqn.11.13)
6
6
max ,
10 663 . 58
10 85 . 31
452 , 295
1000 84 . 249
= + =
J
c
M
A
V
u v
c
u
v
t = 0.846 + 0.543 = 1.389 N/mm
2

2
min ,
/ 303 . 0 543 . 0 846 . 0 mm N
v
= = t
Design punching shear stress (Eqn.11.12)
ck c
f 25 . 0 = t =1.25 N/mm
2
< 1.389 N/mm
2

Hence the slab is not safe to transfer the combined stresses.
With shear studs as shear reinforcement,
= 332.38 kN
Thus,
249.84/0.75-332.38 = 0.74 kN
Hence provide nominal shear studs. Use eight stud rails [as shown in Fig. 11.27(a) of the
book] each with three 10 mm diameter studs with 32 mm diameter heads. The spacing of
shear studs should be less than d/2= 174/2 =87 mm. Use 85 mm spacing.
Area provided by the inner row of shear studs A
v
= 8 x A
b
= 8 x 78.5 =628 mm
2
Assuming only one line of shear studs are crossed by potential critical shear crack nearest the
column

Note that the maximum value of V
n
allowed with headed shear studs is

15

664.7 kN > 249.84 kN

Step 6: Factored moments in columns
(a) For interior columns, using Eqn.11.8
( ) | |
( ) ) / 1 1
' ' ' 5 . 0 08 . 0
2
2
2
2
c
n d n l d
u
L L w L L w w
M
o +
+
=
Since the spans are equal, L
n
= L
n
. Thus, we get
) / 1 1 (
) 5 . 0 ( 08 . 0
2
2
c
n l
u
L L w
M
o +
=
We already have 1+1/
c
= 1.405 and w
l
= 3 kN/m
2
, L
2
= 6 m, and L
n
= 5.5 m from
Exercise 11.1.
Hence kNm M
u
5 . 15
405 . 1
) 5 . 5 6 3 5 . 0 ( 08 . 0
2
=

=
With same column size and length above and below the slab
M
c
=15.5/2 = 7.75 kNm
This moment should be combined with factored axial load (for each storey) for the design
of interior columns.
(b) Exterior columns
Total exterior negative moment from slab must be transferred directly to the column.
M
u
=83.37 kNm
M
c
=83.37/2 = 41.69 kNm
This moment is to be combined with the factored axial load (for each storey) for the
design of exterior columns.
Exercise 11.5
Assume that a corner column of size 400 mm x 800 mm supporting a 175 mm thick flat slab
with effective depth = 150 mm. Factored moment due to gravity loads at the face of the
column is 80 kNm and factored shear force at the face of the column is 200 kN and shear
force at the edge is 25 kN. Check the stresses due to combined forces assuming that the slab
is made using M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution
We have c
1
= 400 mm, c
2
= 800 mm and d =150 mm
The use of Eqn.11.13 requires the calculation of shear and moment relative to the centroid of
the critical section (see Fig. 11.52)

16

Fig. 11.52 The edge column and critical section
mm d c b 475 2 / 150 400 2 /
1 1
= + = + =
mm d c b 950 150 800
2 2
= + = + =
Perimeter of critical section
mm b b b 1900 950 475 2 2
2 1 0
= + = + =
Distance from centroid to extreme fibre of critical section (Alexander and Simmons 2005)
mm
b
b
C
o
AB
75 . 118
1900
475
2 2
1
= = =
mm C b C
AB CD
25 . 356 75 . 118 475
1
= = =
mm
d
C d
AB e
75 . 43 75 75 . 118
2
= = =
Polar moment of the shear perimeter

2
0
3
1
3
1
6 3
2
AB
dC b
d b d b
J + =
=
2
3 3
75 . 118 150 1900
6
150 475
3
150 475 2

+

= 6.965 x10
9
mm
4

Step 2: Moment at centroid
Moment at centroid of critical section is given by
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
e edge u e span u face u u
d
c
V d V M M
2
1
, , ,

= 80 + 200 x 0.04375 25 (0.4/2 0.04375)

17

= 80 + 8.75 3.91 = 84.84 kNm
Shear at the centroid, V
u
= 200 + 25 = 225 kN
Shear stress
J
C M
d b
V
AB u v
o
u
v

t + =
68 . 0
950
475
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
5 . 0 5 . 0
2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
b
b
f
; 32 . 0 68 . 0 1 = =
v

Hence
2
9
6 3
/ 252 . 1 463 . 0 789 . 0
10 965 . 6
75 . 118 10 84 . 84 32 . 0
150 1900
10 225
mm N
v
= + =
= t
Design punching shear stress
2 2
/ 252 . 1 / 25 . 1 25 25 . 0 mm N mm N
c
~ = = t
Hence slab is safe to carry the shear and bending moment. Let us check the stress using the
approximate formula (Eqn.11.17)
| |
d c c
d M V
face u u
v
) (
) 4 /( 65 . 0
2 1
,
+
+
= t =
| |
150 ) 800 400 (
) 150 4 /( 10 80 10 225 65 . 0
6 3
+
+
= 1.294 N/mm
2

Note: The approximate method is simple to apply and predicts the stresses with reasonable
accuracy (in this case, the percentage of error is only 3.35%)
Exercise 11.6
A flat plate panel of dimension 5 m x 6 m, supported by columns of size 450 mm x 450 mm
has a slab thickness of 150 mm and designed for a working (total) load of 9 kN/m
2
. Check the
safety of the slab in punching shear and provide shear reinforcement, if required. Assume
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution
Assuming that 10 mm dia. bars are used and the cover is 25 mm
Effective depth, d = 150 25 5 = 120 mm
Factored design load = 1.5 x 9 = 13.5 kN/m
2

Critical perimeter b
o
= 4 (c + d) = 4(450 + 120) = 2280 mm
| | kN V
u
6 . 400 ) 12 . 0 45 . 0 ( 5 6 5 . 13
2
= + =
Stress due to punching shear
2
3
/ 464 . 1
120 2280
10 6 . 400
mm N
d b
V
o
u
=
= =

18

Allowable punching shear stress
ck s c
f k 25 . 0 = t
1 ) 5 . 0 ( < + =
c s
k | ; 1
450
450
= =
c
| ; Hence k
s
=1
2 2
/ 464 . 1 / 118 . 1 20 25 . 0 1 mm N mm N
c
< = = t
Hence shear reinforcement has to be provided.
Note: Increasing the strength of concrete may also solve this problem. Thus 464 . 1 25 . 0 =
ck
f
or
2
2
/ 3 . 34
25 . 0
464 . 1
mm N f
ck
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Hence we may have to use M35 concrete to keep the punching shear stress within limits.
Step 2: Check suitability of shear reinforcement
As per clause 31.6.3.2 of the code, check whether stress is below 1.5
c

2 2
/ 464 . 1 / 677 . 1 118 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 mm N mm N
c
> = = t
Hence shear reinforcement can be used.
Note: If stress exceeds 1.5
c
, we need to increase the depth of the slab.
Step 3: Shear to be carried by reinforcement (Clause 31.6.3.2)
Shear stress assumed to be carried by concrete =
2
/ 559 . 0 118 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 0 mm N
c
= = t
Shear force carried by concrete = 0.559 x b
o
d = 0.559 x 2280 x 120/10
3
= 152.94 kN
Shear to be carried by reinforcement = 400.60 152.94 = 247.66 kN
Note: As per ACI, shear force carried by concrete =
kN d b f
o ck
6 . 137 10 / 120 2280 20 75 . 0 15 . 0 15 . 0
3
= =
Step 4: Total area of shear stirrups (Eqn.11.18)
Maximum spacing of stirrups = 0.75d (SP 24-1983) = 0.75 x 120 = 90 mm
Adopt s
v
= 60 mm d/2 as suggested by ACI 318
Assuming f
y
= 415 N/mm
2

2
3 3
343
120
60
415 87 . 0
10 66 . 247
87 . 0
10 66 . 247
mm
d
s
f
A
v
y
sv
=
=
Required stirrup area on each side of column = 343/4 = 86 mm
2

With 2 legged U stirrups as shown in Fig.11.25 (c) and (d) of the book

19

Area of each leg = 86/2 = 43 mm
2

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrups with area 50.2 mm
2

Alternatively, using Table 62 of SP-16, we get (per each side of column)
cm kN
d
V
u
/ 16 . 5
12
4 / 66 . 247 4 /
= =
Fe 415 grade 8 mm dia. stirrups at 70 mm c/c give 5.185 kN/cm
Note that spacing between adjacent legs should not excess 2d = 2 x 120 = 240 mm
Step 5: Length up to which stirrups are to be provided
As per SP 24:1983, shear reinforcement should be provided up to a section where shear stress
does not excess
2
/ 559 . 0 118 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 0 mm N
c
= = t or where ) 5 . 0 (
c o u
d b V t s
Let this distance be a from the face of the column [see Fig. 11.25(d) of the book]
For a square column
) 2 450 ( 4 a b
o
+ =
Thus, 559 . 0 120 )] 2 450 ( 4 [ 10 6 . 400
3
+ s a
Solving 1043 2 = a mm or a = 738 mm
Provide the first stirrups at 60 mm from each face of the column and provide 11 sets of 8 mm
dia. stirrups of width 300 mm, depth 100 mm, spaced at 70 mm c/c at each face of column
[similar to the arrangement given in Fig.11.25(d) of the book].
Exercise 11.7
For the slab in Exercise 11.6, design headed shear studs as shear reinforcement, instead of
shear stirrups.
Solution
Step 1: I nitial area of shear studs
ACI code provisions are used as IS code does not have provisions for headed shear studs.
From Exercise 11.6,
Size of column = 450 mm x 450 mm, d = 120 mm, b
o
= 2280 mm, f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
, Factored
design load = 1.5 x 9 = 13.5 kN/m
2
, V
u
= 400.6 kN
Shear force carried by concrete =
kN d b f
o ck
48 . 206 10 / 120 2280 20 75 . 0 1 225 . 0 225 . 0
3
= =
Shear force to be carried by headed shear studs = 400.60 206.48 = 194.12 kN
The maximum value of shear allowed with headed-shear studs is =

20

60 . 400 15 . 734 10 / 120 2280 20 6 . 0 6 . 0
3
< = = kN d b f
o ck
kN
Hence chosen column size and slab depth can be used.
From Exercise 11.6,
2 2
/ 509 . 1 20 75 . 0 45 . 0 45 . 0 / 464 . 1 mm N f mm N
d b
V
ck
o
u
= = < =
Adopt spacing of studs = 0.75d = 0.75 x 120 = 90 mm
Assuming f
yt
= 415 N/mm
2

2
3 3
2 . 403
120
90
415 87 . 0
10 12 . 194
87 . 0
10 12 . 194
mm
d
s
f
A
v
y
sv
=
=
Headed stud area for each side of column = 403.2/4 = 100.8 mm
2

With 2 studs at a section as shown in the plan of Fig. 11.27(a) of the book,
Area of each stud = 100.8/2 = 50.4 mm
2

Provide 8 mm diameter stud of length 100 mm (Area = 50.26 mm
2
)
Step 2: Length up to which studs are required
At the outer critical section, the shear stress should be less than 25 15 . 0
) 2 450 ( 4 a b
o
+ =
Thus, 20 75 . 0 15 . 0 120 ] ) 2 450 ( 4 [ 10 6 . 400
3
+ s a
5 . 241 ) 2 450 ( 10 6 . 400
3
a + s
Solving a = 854 mm
Provide 10 sets of 8 mm diameter headed studs on each face, each with a length 100 mm,
head diameter of 25 mm, at a spacing of 90 mm, with g = 200 mm ( 2d); place the first set
of headed stud at a distance of d/2 = 60 mm from the face of the column . The arrangement
should be as shown in Fig.11.27 of the book.
Step 3: Check shear strength at the inner critical section
The outermost studs are at a distance of 870 mm [60 + 9 x 90] from the face of the column
and outer critical section is located at d/2 outside the outer shear stud.
The perimeter of this peripheral line
( ] mm
The area inside this line =[

mm
2
= 3.2823 m
2
The factored shear force at the critical section =

21

Shear stress =
0.447 N/mm
2

This shear stress on the outer critical section should be limited to
N/mm
2
> 0.447 N/mm
2
Hence the slab is safe.

Exercise 11.8
Design a waffle slab for an internal panel if a floor system that is constructed in a 6.3 m square
module and subjected to a live load of 3 kN/m
2
. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The slab is to be
supported on square columns of size 750 mm x 750 mm and constructed using removable forms of
size 900 mm x 900 mm x 300 mm. The slab is subjected to mild exposure.

Solution
Step 1: Proportioning of the slab elements
As per clause 24.1 and 31.2.1 of IS 456, L/d = 0.9(0.8 x 40) = 28.8
Required minimum effective depth = 6300 /28.8 = 219 mm
Assume that the waffle slab is as shown in Fig.11.53.

Fig. 11.53 Waffle slab of Exercise 11.8

22

Let us choose a GFRP dome pan of size 900 mm x 900 mm, with void plan of 750 mm x 750
mm, joist (rib) width 150 mm and depth 300 mm.
Let us provide 50 mm thick top slab.
As per Clause 30.5 of IS 456
- Rib width should be greater than 65 mm; provided 150 mm
- c/c of ribs should be less than 1.5 m ; provided 0.9 m
- Depth of rib: Less than 4 times width, i.e. 4 x 150 = 600 mm; provided 300 mm.
- Depth of topping: Slab greater than 50 mm or less than (1/10) x 900 = 90 mm (Table
3.17 of BS 8110)- provided 50 mm.
Total depth = 350 mm > 219 mm
Hence proportions chosen are as per code requirements.
From Table 16 of IS 456, cover for mild exposure = 20 mm
Let the solid portion of slab over column be three modules wide, i.e., 3 x 900 + 150 = 2850
mm wide in both directions.
Step 2: Calculation of loads
Self weight ( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
f
w
f
f
w
f c s
b
b
D D
b
b
D w 2
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
900
150
1000
75 350
900
150
2
1000
75
25 = 3.98 kN/m
2

Weight of solid head = 0.35 x 25 = 8.75 kN/m
2

Hence self weight of slab =
2
/ 14 . 6
3 . 6
) 85 . 2 3 . 6 ( 98 . 3 85 . 2 75 . 8
m kN =
+

Finishes = 0.86 kN/m
2
(assumed)
Imposed load = 3.00 kN/m
2

Total load w = 10.00 kN/m
2

Factored load, w
u
= 10.00 x 1.5 = 15.0 kN/m
2

Step 3: Calculate bending moments
The direct design method is applicable for this system. Imposed load/ dead load = 3.0/7.0 =
0.43
L
2
/L
1
= 6.3/6.3 = 1.0
Hence from Table 17 of IS 456,
c,min
= 0
Hence effect of pattern load need not be considered.

23

m L
L wL
M
n
n
55 . 5 75 . 0 30 . 6 ;
8
2
2
0
= = =
Thus, kNm M 357
8
5 . 5 3 . 6 0 . 15
2
0
=

=
Column strip
Negative bending moment = - 0.65 x 0.75 x 357 = 174 kNm/3.6m
Positive bending moment = 0.35 x 0.60 x 357 = 75 kNm for 4 ribs
Middle strip
Negative bending moment = -0.65 x 0.25 x 357 = 58 kNm/3.6m
Positive bending moment = 0.35 x 0.40 x 357 = 50 kNm/3.6m
Step 4: Check for punching stress
(a) In the solid head portion
Assuming 12 m bars, the effective depth = 350 20 6 = 324 mm
b
o
=4(c
1
+d) = 4 (750 + 324) = 4296 mm
kN V
u
693
1000
324 750
3 . 6 0 . 18
2
2
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
| +
=
2
0
/ 498 . 0
324 4296
1000 693
mm N
d b
V
u
v
=
= = t
ck s c
f k 25 . 0 = t with k
s
= 1 for square column
=
2 2
/ 498 . 0 / 25 . 1 25 25 . 0 1 mm N mm N > =
Hence safe in punching shear
(b) Shear stress at the ribs
Nominal shear stress is checked at a distance d from the edge of solid head
Width of solid head = 3 x 0.9 + 0.15 = 2.85 mon both directions
b
o
= 4(2.85 + 0.324) = 12.696 m
Total shear at this section = [6.3
2
- (2.85 + 0.324)
2
] x 18.0 = 539 kN
This shear is resisted by 12 ribs of 150 mm width and 324 mm effective depth
Hence
2 2
/ 25 . 1 / 924 . 0
324 150 12
1000 539
mm N mm N
v
< =

= t
Hence the adopted waffle slab is safe in punching shear

24

Note: Punching shear reinforcement in waffle slabs should be avoided.
Step 5: Check depth to resist bending moment
mm mm
kbf
M
d
ck
324 133
25 2850 138 . 0
10 174
5 . 0
6
5 . 0
< =
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Hence the depth adopted is adequate and slab is under reinforced
The bending moment of 174 kNm is to be shared by 4 ribs. Hence bending moment per rib =
174/4 = 43.5 kNm
For M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel, 45 . 3
2
lim ,
=
bd
M
u
(Table D of SP-16)
Hence M
u,lim
= 3.45 x 150 x 324
2
/10
6
= 54.3 kNm > 43.5 kNm
Hence the ribs can be designed as singly reinforced (under reinforced rectangular section)
MPa
bd
M
u
763 . 2
324 150
10 5 . 43
2
6
2
=
=
From Table 3 of SP 16, we get for Fe 415 and M25 concrete, p
t
= 0.901,
2
438 324 150
100
901 . 0
mm A
st
= =
Provide 2 Nos 20 dia. bars with area = 628 mm
2

For positive bending moment,
Moment in each rib = 75 / 4 = 18.75 kNm
MPa
bd
M
u
19 . 1
324 150
10 75 . 18
2
6
2
=
=
From Table 3 of SP 16, we get p
t
= 0.35
2
170 324 150
100
35 . 0
mm A
st
= =
Provide 2 numbers of 12 dia. bars with area = 226 mm
2

Note: for positive moment, the ribs may be considered as T-beams to reduce the
reinforcement.
Design of ribs in the middle strip
For negative moment
Only 3 ribs carry this moment. Hence moment in each rib = 58/3 = 19.33 kNm
Hence provide 2 Nos 12 dia. bars.

25

For positive moment, each rib carries 50 / 3 = 16.67 kNm
Hence provide 2 Nos 12 dia. bars.
Check for shear in ribs
Maximum shear force at d distance for support,
m kN d L w V
n u u
/ 34 . 43 ) 342 . 0 5 . 5 5 . 0 ( 0 . 18 ) 5 . 0 ( = = =
Shear force carried by rib = 43.34 x 0.9 = 39 kN
Nominal shear stress,
2
/ 80 . 0
324 150
1000 39
mm N
bd
V
u
v
=
= = t
% 292 . 1
324 150
628 100 100
=
=
bd
A
s

From Table 19 of IS 456 for M25 concrete
2
/ 707 . 0 mm N
c
= t
2 2
max
/ 80 . 0 / 1 . 3 mm N mm N
c
> = t
Hence spacing of 8 mm stirrups

324 150 707 . 0 1000 34 . 43
324 2 . 50 415 87 . 0
87 . 0

=
=
bd V
d A f
s
c u
sv y
v
t
= 654 mm
Maximum spacing of stirrups (Clause 26.5.1.5) = 0.75 x 324 = 243 mm or 300 mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia. stirrups at 240 mm c/c
The reinforcement details for the rib in the column strip are shown in Fig.11.54 (for the sake
of clarity slab reinforcements are not shown in the figure).
Reinforcement in topping slab
Minimum reinforcement has to be provided in the 50 mm thick topping slab.
mm mm A
st
/ 60 1000
100
50
12 . 0
2
min ,
= =
The spacing of rods should not be greater than one half of the c/c distance of rib, or 300 mm.
Provide 5 mm Torkari bars at 200 mm c/c, in the center of the topping slab both ways (Area
provided = 98 mm
2
/m)

26

Fig. 11.54 Reinforcement detail in the rib including shear reinforcement
Reinforcement in the solid portion of width 2850 mm
Minimum A
st
= 0.12 x (350/100) x 1000 = 420 mm
2
/mm
Provide 10 mm dia. bars at 180 mm c/c both ways (A
st
= 436 mm
2
) at top and bottom of the
solid portion.

507 39 Solutions-Instructor-manual Ch11 DRCS

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664.7 kN > 249.84 kN

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