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Title: Energy Based Approach for Post Seismic Structural Health Monitoring of A Four Span Bridge
Authors: Seyed A. Bassam (Contact person, Presenter)
Graduate student
Department of Civil and Materials Enineerin
!niversity of "llinois at C#icao
$%& '. (aylor Street
&)*+ Enineerin ,esearc# -acility, MC &%.
C#icao, "/ .).)0
P#one1 (23&)**.42+.$
-a51 (23&)**.4&%&.
E4Mail1 s6assa&7uic.edu
Amir#ossein "ranmanes#
Graduate student
Department of Civil and Materials Enineerin
!niversity of "llinois at C#icao
$%& '. (aylor Street
&)*+ Enineerin ,esearc# -acility, MC &%.
C#icao, "/ .).)0
P#one1 (23&)**.42+.$
-a51 (23&)**.4&%&.
E4Mail1 airanm&7uic.edu
-ar#ad Ansari
Professor and 8ead
Department of Civil and Materials Enineerin
!niversity of "llinois at C#icao
$%& '. (aylor Street
&)*+ Enineerin ,esearc# -acility, MC &%.
C#icao, "/ .).)0
P#one1 (23&)**.4&%20
-a51 (23&)**.4&%&.
E4Mail1 fansari7uic.edu
Energy Based Approach for Post Seismic Structural
Health Monitoring of a Four Span Bridge
Seyed A. Bassam, Amir#ossein "ranmanes# and -ar#ad Ansari
ABSTRACT
(#is study reports on t#e development of a structural #ealt# monitorin met#odoloy for
detection of various staes of damae in 6rides follo9in eart#:ua;es. (#e results are ac:uired
from s#a;in ta6le tests of a %4span lare Scale Bride su6<ected to proressively increasin
amplitudes of seismic motions recorded durin t#e =ort#ride eart#:ua;e. Development of an
efficient monitorin system included #i# resolution lon aue displacement fi6er optic sensors
9#ic# 9ere desined for post4seismic evaluation of typical concrete #i#9ay 6rides in seismic
>ones. An enery 6ased damae evaluation tec#ni:ue 9as developed for t#e evaluation of t#e
6ride interity at various amplitudes of seismic motions to aue t#e damae assessment
capa6ility of t#e met#od. -ollo9in eac# seismic motion, t#e structural interity of t#e 6ride
9as investiated 6y t#e enery 6ased met#od. ,esults from t#is study indicated t#at it is
possi6le to detect damae at early staes of development t#rou# a com6ination of #i#
resolution sensors and advanced structural #ealt# monitorin met#odoloies.
?????????????
Seyed A. Bassam, P#D, !niversity of "llinois at C#icao, $%& '. (aylor Street, &)*+ Enineerin ,esearc# -acility,
M@C &%., C#icao, "/ .).)0
Amir#ossein "ranmanes#, P#D Candidate, !niversity of "llinois at C#icao, $%& '. (aylor Street, &)*+ Enineerin
,esearc# -acility, M@C &%., C#icao, "/ .).)0
-ar#ad Ansari, Professor and 8ead, !niversity of "llinois at C#icao, $%& '. (aylor Street, &)*+ Enineerin ,esearc#
-acility, M@C &%., C#icao, "/ .).)0
!TR"#$CT"!
Brides in seismic >ones face various types of round motions and s#a;in intensities.
Seismic desin codes #ave one t#rou# a num6er of transformations in order to assure safety 6y
preventin collapse and maintainin structural performance (Caltrans &))%). "n t#is respect, t#e
piers are allo9ed to o t#rou# inelastic deformations in order to dissipate enery. Servicea6ility is
#o9ever remains to 6e an issue since t#is approac# renders t#e columns vulnera6le to lare lateral
displacements causin damae in t#e plastic #ine >ones at t#e 6ase and t#e pier cap connections
(Elnas#ai et al. 3*$*). "n order to properly evaluate t#e condition of t#e 6rides in t#e aftermat# of
eart#:ua;es and to address 6ot# safety as 9ell as servicea6ility concerns, it is essential to develop
deterministic met#odoloies t#at 9ould o 6eyond visual inspections (Buc;le 3**%). Ane met#od
for :uantification of t#e state of damae in reinforced concrete 6rides is t#e use of a damae inde5
(D"). "n eneral, damae indices #ave 6een 6ased on a set of structural response parameters suc# as
displacements, forces and #ysteretic eneries.
(raditional damae inde5 models used t#e ma5imum displacement of t#e columns to
estimate t#e damae (Po9ell, 3*$$). 8o9ever, damae accumulated durin t#e cyclic loadin
reduces t#e ultimate ductility ratio of t#e structure and t#erefore, t#e damae estimated 6y t#e
displacement 6ased met#ods underestimate t#e level of damae. Panaiota;is and -ardis (&))3)
t#rou# la6oratory e5periments o6served t#at t#e deformation at failure of reinforced concrete
elements su6<ected to cyclic loadins can 6e reduced 6y as muc# as si5ty percent of t#eir ultimate
deformation capacity. Bertero (3**0) recommended t#at t#e ma5imum ductility demand for t#e
structure durin round motions s#ould 6e limited to +)B of its ultimate ductility.
(#e more advanced damae models ta;e into account t#e effect of cyclic loadin 6y
includin a dissipated enery term in t#e damae inde5 e:uations. (#e met#od developed 6y Par;
and An (3*$+) is one suc# met#od 9#ere t#e damae inde5 is defined as1

3
m h
PA
u y u
E
DI
Q


= +
(3)
(#e parameters in E:.(3) are defined 6elo91
y
Q
C yield strent#
h
E
C irrecovera6le #ysteretic enery

is a constant 9#ic# depends on structural c#aracteristics of t#e column and it is computed 6y t#e
follo9in relations#ip (Dunnat# et al., 3**))1
( )
&
)
).20 ).2.( ).&) ).*
w
p
n k

= +
(&)
"n E:. (&),
).$+ E
t y
p
c
f
k
f

=
F
t

C lonitudinal steel ratioF

y
f
C reinforcement yield stressF
E
c
f C concrete compressive strent#F
)
n
C normali>ed a5ial stress,
w

C confinement ratio
Par; and An damae inde5 is e5tensively used in performance 6ased seismic desin (-a<far
and Dra9in;ler, 3**&). 8o9ever, durin elastic response (6efore concrete crac;in), Par; and An
inde5 is reater t#an >ero. Moreover, it 9ould yield a damae inde5 of reater t#an 3.) for t#e
monotonic loadin at ultimate,
u

(Bo>ornia and Bertero &))3). (o overcome t#e second

dra96ac;, C#ai et al. (3**+) incorporated only portion of dissipated enery a6ove t#at of monotonic
loadin as contri6utin to damae, t#at is, modifyin E:uation (3) to t#e form
G( )
m h hm
CH
u y u
E E
DI
Q

= +
(2)
9#ere
hm
E =
Dissipated enery 6y t#e structure for a monotonic loadin
"n t#is case, t#e model converes to one at failure for monotonic loadin.
G
can 6e
calculated as
.
G
(3 )
m
m m

=
+
(%)
9#ere
@
m u y
=
is t#e monotonic displacement ductility.
8o9ever, damae inde5 6y E:. (2) is still larer t#an >ero 6efore concrete crac;in. (o
alleviate t#is pro6lem, a modification can 6e made to E:. (2) as1
G
m cr h
u cr y u
E
DI
Q

= +

(+)
(#e proposed met#od results in damae inde5 of >ero 6efore concrete crac;in, and
radually increases 9it# t#e proression of t#e damae until unity at collapse. Scope of t#e researc#
descri6ed in t#is paper includes investiation of damae in a %Hspan 6ride under proressively
increasin round motions 6ased on t#e s#a;e ta6le tests and recorded displacement time #istory of
t#e =ort#ride eart#:ua;e. Development and application of surface ad#ered fi6er optic
displacement sensors for measurin t#e 6ent deformations, and application of proposed damae
inde5 met#odoloy to assess t#e e5tent of damae are descri6ed in t#e su6se:uent sections of t#is
paper.
E%PERME!TA& PR"'RAM
(#e e5perimental proram included a :uarter scale %4span 6ride 9#ic# 9as desined and
constructed per current provisions of t#e =ational Cooperative 8i#9ay ,esearc# Proram
(A(C@MCEE, &))3) 6y t#e !niversity of =evada in ,eno researc#ers (=elson et al. &))0). (#e
6ride 9as su6<ected to t#e near fault seismic round motions 9#ic# 9ere recorded durin t#e 3**%
=ort#ride eart#:ua;e. Eac# 6ride pier 9as founded on a %.2 m 5 %.2 m s#a;in ta6le 9it# a force
ratin of 02% ;=F a ma5imum dynamic displacement of I@42)) mm, and a ma5imum velocity and
acceleration of I@43&0) mm@sec and 3 at %+2+& ;, respectively.
Test Setup
(#e 6ride #ad t9o spans 9it# a lent# of 0.%0 m at t#e ends, and t9o span 9it# a lent#
of $.$% m in t#e middle. Bride columns 9ere reinforced 9it# si5teen *.+mm diameter
lonitudinal 6ars 9it# a yield stress, f
y
C%$. MPa, and %.$0mm diameter spiral reinforcement
spaced at 23.0+ mm (f
y
C%&% MPa). A lent# scale of 3@% relative to t#e full scale prototype 9as
c#osen 6ased on test set4up capacity.
(o scale t#e a5ial load in t#e 6ride columns, e5ternal masses 9ere placed on t#e 6ride
dec;. (#e test setup is s#o9n in -iure 3. (#e e5perimental proram involved 32 tests over a
period of four days. (#e e5periments involved application of pre4prorammed seismic motions
to t#e 6ride t#rou# t#e s#a;in ta6les. (#e acceleration amplitudes 9ere applied in 6ot#
directions 6y multiplyin a scalar to t#e modified =ort#ride round accelerations (-iure &).
Seismic events included 6idirectional motions startin from ).)* PGA() in lonitudinal
direction, and radually increasin to ultimately full scale motion in transverse and 3&)B scale
motion in lonitudinal direction.
-iure 3. (est setup
-iure &. Modified =ort#ride round accelerations used as t#e reference e5citation
Sensors And Instrumentation
A specially desined -i6er Bra Gratin (-BG) surface ad#ered displacement sensor 9as
fa6ricated for t#e 6ride test. (#e strain transduction mec#anism in -BG sensors is 6ased on t#e
s#ift in t#e central 9avelent# of t#e Bra ratins in t#e optical fi6er. By careful selection of t#e
Bra 9avelent#, and considerin t#e ma5imum levels of e5pected strains, it is possi6le to
interroate many -BGs on a sinle fi6er. (#e -BG interroation system used in t#e present study
9as specially desined to accommodate many -BGs 6y 9idenin t#e spectral rane to *) nm.
"nterroation unit scanned t#e dynamic strains at t#e rate of &+) 8>.
(#e -BG 9as attac#ed to a special stainless steel arc# 9it# a aue lent# of 3)) mm, and
9as protected 9it# plastic ru66er (-iure 2). By usin t#is approac#, t#e dynamic rane of t#e
sensor 9as mec#anically increased () to I+ mm). (#e sensor sensitivity 9as o6tained as .+)
picometer@millimeter, 9it# t#e operatin temperature of 4%)J$)
o
C. !p to si5 sensors 9ere serially
multiple5ed on a lead line.
(#e sensors 9ere ad#ered to t#e column surface and 9ere a6le to monitor 6ot# tensile and
compressive displacements. (#e stainless steel arc# ensured t#e sensor capa6ility to monitor crac;
openin displacements as lare as + mm 9ide. 8avin t9o connectors at t#e ends of t#e
displacement sensors made it possi6le to multiple5 several sensors in series on a sinle lead line.
Sensor locations are sc#ematically s#o9n in -iure %.
-iure 2. -i6er Aptic displacement sensor ad#ered to t#e surface of t#e 6ride column
-iure %. Deformation sensor arranement and num6erin
E%PERME!TA& RES$&TS
A procedure developed 6y Bassam (&))$) 9as used to calculate t#e 6ent displacements
from t#e curvatures measured 6y t#e -i6er Aptic sensors. (#e sensors 9ere a6le to ac:uire #i#
resolution sinals 6ot# at lo9 and #i# amplitudes of loadin. (ypical time deformation response
of t#e columns is s#o9n in -iure + correspondin to t#e last event (severe loadin) causin
crac; openin displacements as lare as 2mm 9#ic# is rat#er lare.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
time (s)
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
(
i
n
)

-iure +. (ypical time #istory of t#e sensor displacements, /ast event, Sensor =o. +
Pus#over analysis 9as performed to determine t#e strent# of t#e desined 6ride for t#e
various staes of damae, i.e. at first crac;in, yieldin of t#e re6ars, and at t#e ultimate
deformation capacity of t#e columns. (#is analysis 9as necessary to determine t#e lateral
displacement response parameters cr

,
y

,
u

, and
y
Q
for t#e computation of t#e damae inde5,
i.e. E:. (+) in t#is study.
-ailure 9as assumed to occur 9#en t#e confined concrete at t#e e5treme compression fi6er
of t#e core concrete reac#ed t#e ultimate concrete compressive strain. (#e pus#over analysis 9as
performed 6ot# for lonitudinal as 9ell as t#e transverse directions. Since t#e cap 6eams 9ere riid,
t#e lonitudinal and transverse response for t#e individual 6ents yielded similar results. (#e load
displacement response of t#e 6ents 6ased on t#e pus#over analysis is s#o9n in -iure +, and t#e
specific lateral displacement and load parameters are s#o9n in (a6le ".
(AB/E ". PA,AME(E,S AB(A"=ED -,AM (8E P!S8AKE, A=A/LS"S
element 6ent 3 6ent & 6ent 2
cr
(mm) ..)* $.). 0.33
y
(mm) &3.)$ 2&.%3 &0
u
(mm) 32$.)+ 3*+.$2 3...&%
y
Q (D=) 3*3.&0 3&).3 3+..0.
-iure +. -orce Displacement curves for t#e 6ents 6ased on pus# over analysis
(o esta6lis# t#e load displacement response and for computation of dissipated enery it 9as
necessary to ac:uire t#e load #istory durin t#e s#a;in events. (o ac#ieve t#is, t#e 6ent forces,
b
F

9ere estimated indirectly follo9in t#e procedure suested 6y Mo#nson et al. (&)).)1
( ).
b a f s c s
F F F M M a = +
(.)
'#ere
a
F
C S#a;e ta6le actuator force
f
F
C -riction of t#e s#a;e ta6le
$.* KN
s
M
C "nertial mass of t#e s#a;e ta6le
c
M
C Mass of t#e footin, spacer 6loc;, safety frames and #alf of t#e 6ent columns
s
a
C S#a;e ta6le acceleration
By usin t#is approac#, t#e force time #istory responses of t#e 6ents 9ere computed 6ased
on t#e s#a;in ta6le accelerations. Ance t#e force time #istory for all t#e s#a;in events 9as
ac:uired, it 9as possi6le to esta6lis# t#e force4displacement #ysteresis plots to compute t#e
#ysteretic enery, as 9ell as t#e lo6al force4displacement envelopes for t#e ma5imum force and
t#e correspondin displacements. (ypical force4displacement #ysteresis plot are s#o9n in -iure ..
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-iure .. (ypical -orce4Displacement diaram of 6ent 2, lonitudinal (Event +)
(#e lo6al force4displacement relations#ip provides a tool for measurin t#e performance
and a direct means for t#e evaluation of t#e proposed damae assessment met#od. (#e lo6al
force4displacement responses of all t#e 6ride 6ents are s#o9n in -iure 0. (#e tic; mar;s in
-iure 0 correspond to t#e ma5imum loads and correspondin displacements for eac# individual
event. (#e o6served damae states, i.e. first crac;in, yieldin, spallin, etc. are also identified in
-iure 0.

-iure 0. Glo6al -orce4Displacement envelope diarams
(#e damae inde5 9as evaluated for t#e 6ride 6ents usin t#e proposed approac# 6y E:.
(+). ,esults are s#o9n in -iure $ in terms of t#e damae inde5 as a function of t#e 6ent
displacements.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Damage index
Maximum bent displacement (mm)
bent 1
bent 2
bent 3
-iure $. Damae inde5 variation 9it# event
Computation of t#e damae inde5 6ased on t#e proposed met#od in t#is study yield results
compara6le 9it# t#e o6served damae state in -iure 0. As can 6e seen, t#e damae inde5 increases
from >ero to t#e ma5imum one at t#e events 9#ere t#e 6ents 3 and 2 fail. Bent 2 did not reac# to
failure due to its #i#er lent#. Also, for t#e first & events 9ere t#e displacements 9ere 6elo9
crac;in, t#e damae inde5 remains >ero.
Based on t#e proposed met#od and t#e o6served damae levels for t#e 6ride investiated #ere, a
enerali>ed damae scale can 6e suested as1
) DI = =o damae
) ).3 DI < Minor damae4li#t crac;in, development of yieldin
).3 ).2 DI < Moderate damae4locali>ed spallin
).2 3 DI < < Severe damae4 plastic #ines are formed
3 DI = -ailure
(#ese values are 6ased on t#e limited test data, and at t#is point, furt#er e5perimentation is
necessary to esta6lis# t#e re:uired data 6ase to support t#e scales mentioned a6ove.

C"!C&$S"!S
Scope of t#e investiation in t#is study included t#e application and evaluation of a
deterministic damae assessment met#od for post seismic evaluation of 6rides. (#e e5perimental
portion of t#e researc# involved s#a;e ta6le tests of a four span 6ride usin t#e recorded round
motions of t#e 3**% =ort#ride eart#:ua;e. (#e 6ride 9as su6<ected to proressively increasin
amplitudes of t#e round motions in order to investiate t#e efficiency of t#e met#od. (#e lo6al
force displacement response of t#e 6ride 9as employed for evaluation of t#e met#ods compared in
t#is study. Analysis of t#e results indicated t#at t#e proposed damae inde5 can reasona6ly predict
t#e damae in t#e 6ride 6ents after eac# seismic event.
(#e -i6er Aptic sensors used in t#is study could survive even follo9in t#e full scale
seismic loads e5perienced 6y t#e 6ride. Considerin t#eir #i# resolutions toet#er 9it# lare
dynamic rane, and #i# resistance in #ars# environmental conditions, usin t#ese types of sensors
is recommended for t#e #ealt# monitorin applications 9#ere #i# relia6ility of t#e measurin
sensor is re:uired.
AC(!")&E#'EME!T
(#is pro<ect 9as made possi6le 6y t#e =ational Science -oundation rant num6er CMS4
)+&2222. (#e financial support of t#e P#otonics (ec#noloy Access Proram (P(AP) for t#e
desin and ac:uisition of t#e special prototype fi6er optic sensor interroation unit is reatly
appreciated. (#e s#a;e ta6le e5periments 9ere conducted at t#e !niversity of =evada, ,eno
(!=,) as part of t#e =S-4=EES pro<ect. (#e post #a>ard monitorin of t#e 6ride 9it# fi6er
optic sensors 9as conducted in parallel 9it# !=,Ns e5periments. (#e cooperation of !=,
researc#ers and staff 9it# t#is 9or; is reatly ac;no9leded.
REFERE!CES
A(C@MCEE,. (&))3). O,ecommended /,-D Guidelines for t#e Seismic Desin of 8i#9ay Brides (&))&) Part 31
Specifications,P MCEE,4)&4SP)3, MCEE,@A(C <oint venture, =C8,P 3&4%* Pro<ect (eam.
Bassam, S. A., (&))$). OA Damae Assessment Met#od -or Post Seismic Structural 8ealt Monitorin Af ,einforced
Concrete Brides,P P#D dissertation, !niversity of "llinois at C#icao, C#icao, "/
Caltrans &))%, OBride Desin Specifications,P (ec#nical Pu6lications. 999.dot.ca.ov@#:@esc@tec#pu6s@. Section $.
pp. $43 to $4+$.
Elnas#ai AS, El#a>ouli AL, Bommer M. (#e /oma Prieta (Santa Cru>, California) eart#:ua;e of 30 Acto6er 3*$*1
Seismoloical, eotec#nical and structural field o6servations. Enineerin seismoloy and eart#:ua;e enineerin
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Bertero, K. K. (3**0). OPerformance 6ased seismic enineerin1 a critical revie9 of proposed uidelines,P Proceedins
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Bo>ornia L, Bertero KK. (&))3). O"mproved s#a;in and damae parameters for post4eart#:ua;e applications,P
Proceedins of t#e SM"P)3 Seminar on !tili>ation of Stron4Motion Data, /os Aneles, CA1 California Division of
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Mournal of Structural Enineerin, Kol. 3&3, =o. +, pp. $+04$.%
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Centre for Eart#:ua;e Enineerin ,esearc#, Buffalo, =L, 3**%. (=CEE,4*%4)))$, Mar &%)
Par;, L., and An, A. 8. (3*$+). OMec#anistic Seismic Damae Model for ,einforced ConcreteP, Mournal of Structural
Enineerin, ASCE, Kol. 333, =o. %, pp. 0&&402*.
-a<far, P., and Dra9in;ler, 8. (3**&).P =onlinear Seismic Analysis and Desin of ,einforced Concrete Buildins,P
(aylor and -rancis, Enland, 23. Paes.
=elson, ,. B., Saiidi, M. S., Qade#, S. (&))0). OE5perimental Evaluation of Performance of Conventional Bride
Systems,P ,eport =o. CCEE,4)04)%, Center for Civil Enineerin Eart#:ua;e ,esearc#, Department of Civil
Enineerin, !niversity of =evada, ,eno, =evada.
Po9ell, G. 8., and Alla#a6adi, ,. (3*$$). OSeismic damae prediction 6y deterministic met#ods1 Concepts and
Procedures,P Eart#:ua;e Enineerin and Structural Dynamics, Kol. 3., pp. 03*402%.
Panaiota;os, (. B., and -ardis, M. =. (&))3). ODeformations of reinforced concrete mem6ers at yieldin and ultimate,P
AC" Structural <ournal, *$(&), pp. 32+43%$