Antenna Theory and Selection

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
CONFIDENTIAL
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www.huawei.com
RNP Staff Training Dept.
Antenna Theory
and Selection
ISSUE 4.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Page 3
RF components are widely used in
wireless system, and affect
performance of network.
Foreword
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References (32pt, No bold)
List all the reference materials
here
Including guideline,
multimedia materials...
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After this course, you will
Master....
Know....
....
Objectives
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Page 6
1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification
3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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Page 7
1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization
Contents
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Page 8
Antenna Location and Function
Antenna and Feeder
System
Thunder
protector
Feeder(7/8
)
Feeder
clip
Feeder
ladder
Grounded
clip
Connector, insulated airproof
tape, PVC insulated tape
Adjustable
support
Board
antenna
Pole(|50~114mm)
Outdoor
jumper
Indoor jumper
Feeder
window
BTS
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Page 9
Installation of BBU and RRU
(DBS3900)
BBU~RRU: Fiber connection
RRU~Antenna: jumper
connection
Fiber
Jumper
Antenna Location and Function
Decrease feeder
loss, enhance
coverage, and
save cost
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 11
Based on the polarization mode:
Alternant circuit in the lead will radiate electromagnetic (EM) waves,
the radiation ability is related to the length and shape of lead.
When the length of lead is close to wave length, circuit in the lead
will increase greatly and radiate strong radio wave, we call this direct
lead as pole.
Antenna Work Principle
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Page 12
The pole whose two arms are of same length is called dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/2
Wavelength) is called as full-wave dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4
Wavelength) is called as half-wave dipole.
1/2 Wavelength
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
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Directional Antenna Omni Antenna
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 15
Antenna Work Frequency Band
No matter what is receiving antenna or transmitting antenna, they
work in a certain frequency band. Commonly, when it works in
central frequency, maximum output it has. When frequency
departs from central frequency, the output power will decrease.
According to this feature, antenna work frequency band is defined.
Two definitions:
The frequency bandwidth when antenna gain decreases by 3dB.
The frequency bandwidth considering stated standing wave ratio.
Mobile communication system adopts the second definition.
Antenna work frequency bandwidth is that when the antenna
standing wave ration is not bigger than 1.5.
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 17
The direction of magnetic field is the direction of electromagnetic
waves polarization.
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
+ 45 Polarization
- 45 Polarization
Antenna Polarization
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Bi-polarization Uni-polarization
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Page 19
Uni-polarization Antenna
Comparison
Uni-polarization Ant. and Bi-
polarization Ant. Comparison
Vertical Horizontal Uni-polarization Bi-polarization
Horizontal polarized wave parallels
the ground level, the loss is big.
Vertical polarized wave is vertical to
the ground level, the loss is small.
In order to get the diversity gain, there must
be two uni-polarization antennas physically, it
needs more space. Bi-polarization antenna is
composed of two uni-polarization antennas, it
can save the installation space.
Diversity Distance
Electric Field
Magnetic
Field
Dipole
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Direction
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Page 20
Polarization Loss
When receiver and arriving electromagnetic wave use
different polarization, the receiving signal has polarization
loss. For example, when orbicular polarization antenna
receives signal from uni-polarization antenna, this will cause
3dB loss.
When arriving electromagnetic wave is orthogonal to
receiver, receiver can not get energy from arriving wave.
Arriving wave and receiver are isolated.
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Page 21
Polarization Isolation
Isolation: the ratio of signal level transmitted by one antenna
to signal level received by another antenna in bi-polar antenna.
1000mW (1W)
1mW
Isolation Calculation:

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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2.1 According to Radiation Direction
2.2 According to Outline
2.3 According to Polarization Mode
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Page 24
Classified According to Radiation Direction
Directional
Antenna
Omni
Antenna
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Classified According to Outline
Plate Antenna Cap Antenna
Whip Antenna Paraboloid Antenna
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Page 26
Vertical Polarization
Omni Antenna
Vertical Polarization
Directional Antenna
Bi-polar
Directional Antenna
Classified According to Polarization Mode
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 28
3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index
Contents
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Page 29
Electrical Index
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Page 30
Antenna Gain
When the input powers are the
same, antenna gain is the ratio of
output power between antenna
and dipole at the same point
along the direction of maximum
radiation, namely the ratio of
square electric field intensity. The
unit is dBd.
Antenna gain is related to
radiation pattern. More narrow
the major lope is, higher antenna
gain it is.
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Page 31
Difference between dBd and dBi
2.15dB
Isotropic
Dipole
Actual antenna
Antenna gain is 11dBi or 8.85dBd.
11dBi
8.85dBd
2.15dB 2.15dBi
ERP
EIRP
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Page 32
Antenna Pattern
Symmetric Half-wave
Dipole Pattern
Top View Side View
Omni Antenna Pattern Directional Antenna Pattern
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Page 33
Antenna Pattern
Front-to-back Ratio
Beam Width (BW) (called Half-power Angle)
Zero-point Filling
Upper Side Lobe Suppression
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Page 34
Front-to-back Ratio
Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of front power to back
power. The bigger front-to-back ratio, the better directional
receiving performance.
Back Power Front Power
Front-to-back Ratio (dB) = 10 log , typical value is about 25dB
(Front Power)
(Back Power)
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Page 35
Beam Width
There are more than one lope in radiation pattern of antenna. The
biggest one is called main lope, the other ones are call side lopes.
Along the pattern of main lope, when the power reduces by 3dB
away from the peak point, the angle of these two points is called
half-power beam width. The smaller half-power beam width is, the
better directivity and the stronger anti-interference capability.
Horizontal Pattern
3dB Beam Width
60
(eg)
Peak
- 3dB
- 3dB
Peak
- 3dB
- 3dB
15(eg)
Vertical Pattern
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Page 36
Beam Width
Antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The enhancement
of transmission in one direction means the reduction of
transmission in other directions. In general, we can enhance
the transmission strength in a certain direction by reducing
the horizontal lobe width so as to increase the antenna gain.
Under a given antenna gain, the horizontal BW is in reverse
proportion with the vertical BW:
( )
10 lg 32400
a
G u | ~ (

Ga: antenna gain, dBi.
: vertical BW, degree.
: horizontal BW, degree.
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Page 37
For example: one omni antenna, gain 11dBi, horizontal BW 360,
vertical BW is:
1.1
32400
7.15
360 10
o
| = =
Beam Width
Because the design and the manufacturing of antenna are limited, actual
vertical BW is small than the value which is calculated above. The smaller
the difference is, the better the antenna is.
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Relationship between Gain and BW
Beam Width
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Page 39

F
i
x
e
d

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

A
n
t
e
n
n
a

D
o
w
n
t
i
l
t

F
E

Antenna Downtilt
Adjust Downtilt
by Antenna
Support
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l

D
o
w
n

T
i
l
t

Mechanical Downtilt
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

D
o
w
n
t
i
l
t

Electric
Downtilt
Actual Downtilt = Mechanical
Downtilt + Electric Downtilt

A
d
j
u
s
t
a
b
l
e

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

A
n
t
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D
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M
E

R
E

ME
RCU
RE
Add
RCU
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Antenna Downtilt
Mechanical
Downtilt
Electric
Downtilt
Adjustable Electric Antenna
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Page 41
9.5 W
80
ohms
50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Reflection: 0.5W
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
If and respectively stand for the input impedance and nominal
impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is

where . The matching

feature of a port can also be indicated by Reflection
Loss . If , will be 13.98
A
Z
o
Z
o A
o A
Z + Z
Z Z
= I
I
I +
=
1
1
VSWR
O = 50
o
Z
1 : 5 . 1 = VSWR ( ) dB L R . . . .( ) 20 lg R L dB = I
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Page 42
Antenna Intermodulation
Passive intermodulation is caused by passive components which work
with high power of multiple channel. And these components are no-
linearity, such as connector, feeder, antenna, filter, etc..
Intermodulation causes:
Magnetism matter
Joint not tight
Different metallic material connection
Surface of connection is not smooth
Common biggish intermodulation:
Third order intermodulation
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3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index
Contents
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Page 44
Other Technical Performances
Port Isolation
Power Capacity
Input Interface of the
Antenna
Passive Inter-modulation
(PIM)
Antenna Size and Weight
Wind Load
Working Temperature
and Humidity
Lightning Protection
Three-Proof Capability
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1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 46
Contents
4.1 Urban 4.2 Suburban
4.3 Rural 4.4 Highway
4.5 Offing 4.6 Mountainous Area
4.7 Tunnel 4.8 Indoor
4.9 Antenna Selection Work Flow
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Page 47
Antenna Selection - Urban
Environment character:
Dense site layout, required coverage of single site is small. It is
recommended to limit single site coverage, avoid overshooting, reduce
interference and improve the network capacity and quality.
Antenna selection principle:
Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
Antenna polarization: 45bi-polar, directional antenna
Horizontal beam width: 6065
Antenna gain: 1516dBi (medium gain, when frequency band is high,
1718dBi is recommended.
Downtilt:
FE 6 or ME (RE) 0 ~ 10
ME 0 ~ 15
Front-to-back ratio 25dB
Others: Upper Side Lobe Suppression
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Page 48
Suburban is a scene between urban and rural. Some areas with many
sites need considering coverage and interference control. Some areas
with few sites are similar to rural, only need considering coverage. The
suburban antenna parameters is between urban and rural.
Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
Bi-polar or vertical polar, directional antenna
Horizontal beam width: 65or 90
No electric downtilt normally. If there is, small electric downtilt antenna is
adopted.
Antenna gain: 1518dBi (medium, high gain antenna)
Antenna Selection - Suburban
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Page 49
Sparse site layout, low traffic, broad coverage. Coverage is the sticking
point. The environment around site should be considered when selecting
antenna.
Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 90120 horizontal beam width /
High antenna gain, 1618 dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain: 11 dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Rural
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Page 50
Low traffic, high speed subscriber, broad coverage. Coverage is the
sticking point. Highway is strip, the site with two sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing 8-shape omnidirectional is adopted.
When one town is near highway, the site of three sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing heart-shape antenna is adopted.
Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 30horizontal beam width / Antenna
gain, 21dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
8-shape antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / bidirectional, 70horizontal beam
width / Antenna gain, 14dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Heart-shape antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 210horizontal beam width /
Antenna gain, 12dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Highway
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Heart-shape antenna

8-shape antenna
Antenna Selection - Highway
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Page 52
Mountain will block off the propagation of electromagnetic wave. The
path loss is very big. These areas are not easy to be covered.
Directional antenna
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain, 11dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Mountainous Area
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Page 53
Low traffic, broad coverage, no blocks at the scene. The coverage
distance is affected by two factors, propagation loss and earth sphere
curvature. Considering the earth sphere curvature factor, the antenna
height is adopted more than 100 meters.
Directional antenna
Antenna Selection - Offing
35pt
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Page 54
Low traffic, no interference problem.
Tunnel is less than 2km
Yagi antenna, 10~12dBi
Log-periodic antenna
Flat-panel antenna
Tunnel is more than 2km
Leaky cable
Antenna Selection - Tunnel
35pt
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Page 55
Distributed antenna system is adopted to solve the coverage of indoor.
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 360horizontal beam width, 90
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 2dBi
Flat-panel directional antenna
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 7dBi
Log-periodic antenna
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 11.5dBi
Antenna Selection - Indoor
35pt
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Page 56
Antenna Selection Work Flow
Files

Preferred Antenna
Feeder Catalogue
v2.2.xls
Non-
preferred Antenna
Catalogue v2.2.xls
Approach to acquire
latest version
Notes database:
SZXAP06-DS
Filename:
appdata\ipd\fl3-
codeapply.nsf
The two files are
attached in Welcome
page.
Preferred Antenna
Feeder Catalogue
Antenna Feeder
Scheme
Antenna Feeder Scheme
Major Project?
HQ Audit
Regional Office
Audit
Confirm Antenna Type
Confirm
whether it is
preferred
antenna?
Customer
Leading
Antenna Quotation
Leading
Succeed?
Head of Regional
Wireless Technical
Sale Dept.
Approval
Head of Antenna
Feeder SPDT Cost
& System Dept.
HQ Approval
Quotation Info. To Antenna
Coordinator of HQ
Antenna Feeder
Scheme and Antenna
Selection Auditing
Customer Leading
Antenna Selection
Approval
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
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Page 57
1 Antenna Principle
Contents
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Page 58
Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
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Page 59
Features:
Multiple beam forming
Beam direction control
Beam width control
Beam distance control

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Page 60
Load balance

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Page 61
Cellular optimization effective coverage adjustment
35pt
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Page 62
Dedicate beam allocation
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Page 63
Smart Antenna
Difference from multiple beam antenna
Antenna Type Downlink Beam
Quantity for
Every User
Automatic
Adjustment
Beam
Beam Locating
and Combining
Algorithm
Dynamic multiple
beam antenna
Multiple No No
Smart antenna One Yes Yes
35pt
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Page 64
Smart Antenna
Two Algorithm
Handover Multiple Beam Adaptive Beam
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Page 65
Smart Antenna
Link Level System Level
Restrain interference

Improve SNR
Improve system capacity
Improve coverage
Improve QoS, bit rate, mobility rate
Smart antenna functions:
35pt
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Page 66
Question
Whats the function of antenna?
According to the radiation direction, how
many kinds of antennas are there? What
are they?
Does bi-polar antenna represent two
antennas actually?
What are the important electric indexes for
antenna selection?
What is the relation between dBi and dBd?
Which order of intermodulation is biggish
affection to wireless communication
system?
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Antenna Theory and Selection

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