Textile Research Journal Article

Regressional Estimation of Ring Cotton Yarn Properties from

HVI Fiber Properties

Mustafa E. Üreyen1 and Hüseyin Kadoglu2

Abstract The main aim of the present study Textile Engineering Department, Ege University, 35100
was to predict the most important yarn quality Izmir, Turkey
characteristics derived from cotton fiber proper-
ties that were measured by means of an HVI sys-
tem. With this aim 15 different cotton blends
were selected from different spinning mills in Tur-
key. The cotton fibers were processed in the short
staple spinning line at Ege University Textile and
Apparel Research–Application Center and were
spun into ring yarns (20s, 25s, 30s and 35s). Each
count was spun at three different coefficients of
twist (αe 3.8, αe 4.2 and αe 4.6). Linear multiple
regression methods were used for the estimation
of yarn quality characteristics. Yarn count, twist
and roving properties all had considerable effects
on the yarn properties and therefore these param-
eters were also selected as predictors. After the
goodness of fit statistics very large R2 (coefficient
of multiple determination) and adjusted R2 values
were observed. Furthermore, analysis of variance
tables showed that our equations were significant
at the α = 0.01 significance level.

Key words cotton yarn, HVI, cotton fiber, ring

spinning, regression analysis, yarn quality estimation

The physical characteristics of a fiber determine its process-
ing behavior, production efficiency and finally yarn and fab-
ric quality. Therefore, predicting the quality characteristics
of yarns, such as the tensile properties from the raw mate-
rial properties, was the main purpose of many studies in the
last century. In addition to raw material processing condi-
tions, preparation stages, machine parameters and the
spinning method also have considerable effects on the yarn
properties. Generally two approaches were used in these
studies for predicting yarn quality from fiber and yarn char-
acteristics:
The empirical and statistical approach to establishing a
relationship between fiber and yarn quality characteristics
has been the most popular method during the second half
of the twentieth century. Fast and accurate measurement
of fiber properties by means of high volume instruments
(HVI) and more powerful computers are the two main rea-
sons for this tendency. With this method, important fiber
and yarn properties can be measured for a range of sam-
ples and by using these results empirical relationships have
been established by means of statistical analysis. One of the

• an empirical and statistical approach; and 1

E-mail: mustafa.erdem.ureyen@ege.edu.tr
• a theoretical or analytical approach.1 2
Corresponding author: e-mail: hkadoglu@textil.ege.edu.tr

Textile Research Journal Vol 76(5): 360–366 DOI: 10.1177/0040517506062262 www.trj.sagepub.com © 2006 SAGE Publications
Figures 1–4 appear in color online: http://trj.sagepub.com
 Regressional Estimation of Ring Cotton Yarn Properties from HVI Fiber Properties M. E. Üreyen and H. Kadoglu 361 TRJ

most common statistical approaches is the multiple regres-
sion method (e.g. linear, log–log, etc.). Such an approach is
used to investigate the interdependence of the different
fiber properties and to estimate the relative contribution of
each fiber property to the overall yarn properties. Several
researchers [1–5] have established various regression equa-
tions using this method.
The theoretical approach is based on physical and mechan-
ical principles. These models usually yield good information
about interactions between different fiber properties and
yarn characteristics. However, practical applications are
almost impossible because of the complexities of the mod-
els. They are usually based on certain assumptions and their
success is determined by the feasibility of these assump-
tions [4, 6].
In recent years some researchers [2, 4, 7–9] have shown
an interest in the use of artificial neural networks (ANN)
to predict yarn characteristics. This analytical system is also
useful for discovering relationships between variables [9].
Chattopadhyay and Guha [10] have reviewed textile appli-
cations of artificial neural networks in detail.
The tensile properties of a spun yarn have always been
very important in determining the quality of the yarn, since
they directly affect the winding and knitting efficiency as
well as warp and weft breakages during weaving. It is, there-
fore, important to establish which fiber and yarn parame-
ters influence the yarn tensile properties and if possible, to
derive functional relationship between them. So far,
numerous mathematical and empirical models have been
established for the estimation of single yarn tenacity [3, 5,
11–13] and count strength product (CSP) [1, 3, 14, 15] using
fiber properties and some yarn parameters.
Hearle [16] reviewed various mathematical and empiri-
cal studies concerning yarn strength, which were published
between 1926 and 1965. Hunter [6] reported on more than
200 published papers about the prediction of yarn quality
parameters, particularly tensile properties, up to 2004.
Another important yarn parameter is breaking elonga-
tion. It influences the performance of spun yarns during
winding, warping, and weaving. Yarn elongation is chiefly
influenced by fiber properties, yarn twist, and yarn count
[17]. However, prediction models dealing with the break-
ing elongation of cotton yarns are few in number. Mathe-
matical models have been proposed by Aggarwal [18, 19],
Frydrych [11], and Zurek et al. [20]. Statistical models have
been developed by Hunter [3] and ANN models produced
by Majumdar [4].
Unevenness is a very important factor for the yarn and
fabric quality. Cross-sectional fiber variation is the basic
reason for unevenness. In addition to machine parameters,
spinning method, yarn count and some fiber parameters have
decisive influence on the unevenness of the yarn. Hunter
[3] and Ethridge et al. [2] have developed some models to
determine yarn irregularity by using fiber parameters.
Hairiness, another measurable yarn characteristic, is usu-
ally an undesirable property. Acceptable measuring devices
for the determination of hairiness, such as the Uster Tester
and Zweigle Hairiness Tester are relatively recent and
therefore fewer research articles have been published on
the estimation of hairiness by using fiber parameters.
In this study, we developed statistical models to esti-
mate ring yarn tensile properties, unevenness and hairiness
values by using multiple linear regressions. In addition to
HVI fiber properties, we also used roving properties, yarn
count, and yarn twist.
Experimental
In this work, a total of fifteen different cotton samples were
collected in roving form from various spinning mills. The
spinning operations can affect the fiber properties in differ-
ent ways, depending on the machinery line and adjustments,
etc. For the elimination of these effects, fiber properties
were measured from finisher drawing slivers by using the
Uster HVI testing system. Table 1 shows the fiber proper-
ties measured by HVI.
All samples were spun into yams on ring spinning machine
(Rieter Model G30) at a yarn count of Ne 20 (29.53 tex),
Ne 25 (23.63 tex), Ne 30 (19.69 tex), and Ne 35 (16.88 tex).
Each yarn count was spun at three different twist multipli-

Table 1 Main fiber properties of the tested samples.

Sample no.
Property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Fineness (microner) 4.7 4.0 4.3 4.8 4.1 4.7 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.9 4.5 4.5
Strength (g/tex) 31.6 50.6 33.2 32.0 34.2 33.7 47.8 30.3 33.8 34.3 31.7 33.7 33.6 38.8 33.1
Length (UHML) 30.30 32.60 28.55 29.35 27.70 29.95 35.10 29.90 29.25 29.50 27.60 29.45 29.90 30.55 27.45
Uniformity (%) 86.6 86.8 86.5 85.9 83.5 86.9 90.8 84.8 85.5 86.2 83.4 86.2 87.4 87.7 82.4
SFI (%) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.7 3.5 3.5 4.1 3.6 3.5 6.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 8.1
Elongation (%) 6.1 7.4 6.8 6.2 5.8 6.4 7.7 6.8 6.7 6.6 5.6 6.7 6.4 7.6 5.7
Reflectance (Rd) 82.2 77.7 79.9 81.9 78.2 82.4 80.6 68.1 80.9 81.8 80.2 80.9 82.9 81.4 77.8
Yellowness (+b) 9.4 9.2 8.9 8.9 9.8 9.3 9.4 11.0 9.4 9.0 9.1 9.5 9.1 9.4 8.9
TRJ 362 Textile Research Journal 76(5)

Table 2 Main properties of rovings.

Sample no.
Property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Roving cnt. (Ne) 1.09 1.08 0.66 0.93 1.22 1.22 1.11 0.89 1.05 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.90 1.00
Um (%) 4.11 4.95 3.23 4.00 4.68 3.90 5.24 5.35 4.90 4.42 3.91 5.72 5.06 3.61 4.98
CVm (%) 5.06 6.29 4.06 5.07 5.92 4.91 6.69 6.77 6.16 5.56 4.93 7.24 6.42 4.56 6.29
CVm (1m) (%) 2.96 2.82 2.17 2.48 3.01 1.96 4.06 3.04 2.31 1.61 2.68 2.82 4.05 1.46 2.02

ers (αe 3.8, αe 4.2, αe 4.6). A total of 180 spinning trials were
done. The appropriate drafting ratios were adjusted on the
ring spinning machine for each sample. Other spinning
conditions were kept constant. Orbit rings (42 mm diame-
ter) and travellers (suitable weights were selected for each
yarn count) were used. For each yarn sample ten cops were
produced and tested.
The tensile properties of the yarns were evaluated on an
Uster Tensorapid tensile testing machine. Unevenness and
hairiness tests were performed on an Uster Tester 3.
Rovings were tested on the Uster Tester 3. The meas-
urements of the main properties are shown in Table 2.
The multiple regression method has the advantage
of simplicity in describing the quantitative relationship
between textile material properties. Therefore this method
was selected for establishing the relationships between
fiber and yarn properties. At the beginning the types of
relationship between selected properties (independent
variables) and yarn properties (dependent variable) were
checked individually. The statistical tests indicated that
there was a nearly linear relationship between fiber prop-
erties and yarn properties. Therefore a linear multiple
regression analysis method was chosen for our study in
order to establish a quantitative relationship of yarn prop-
erties with respect to fiber properties, roving properties,
yarn count, and yarn twist. Forward stepwise (for estima-
tion of tenacity, unevenness and hairiness) and backward
elimination (for estimation of elongation) procedures
were selected for the linear regression analysis. Statistical
analyses were performed using the SPSS 11.0.1 and Min-
itab 11.12 programs.
Results and Discussion
Influence of Fiber Properties on Yarn
Tenacity
As might be expected, a high positive correlation was
found between fiber and yarn strength (0.905). After
regression analysis it was seen that fiber strength was the
most important parameter for yarn tenacity. Fiber elonga-
tion, fiber length (UHML), uniformity index, fiber fine-
ness, yarn count, yarn twist, roving count and unevenness
of roving are other parameters that can have a significant
influence on yarn tenacity. Table 3 shows the regression
coefficients of variables, the t-values and significance level
of each variable. The estimated coefficients of variables
indicate the direction of influence. As the strength of a
yarn depends on the weakest place, an increase in irregu-
larity should lead to a lower strength [16]. Therefore any
unevenness of the rovings has a negative effect on the yarn
tenacity. Roving count determines the draft on the ring
spinning machine. Our model shows that the drafting ratio
on the spinning machine has a positive influence on tenac-
ity, but it should be noted that in our study the drafting
ratio ranged from 18.80 to 54.20. We found a negative
effect between fiber elongation and yarn tenacity. A step-
wise method was used for the regression analysis. The sig-
nificance values obtained were based on fitting a single
model and in this situation the significance values can
sometimes be invalid when a stepwise method is used. Fur-
thermore, autocorrelation between fiber properties is
another basic problem for linear regression analysis. How-

Table 3 Regression coefficients, t-values and significance level of t-values of our linear regression model for yarn tenacity.
Independent variables
Twist co. Yarn cnt. Roving Roving cnt.
(Constant) Strength Elongation Uniformity UHML Mic.
(αe) (Ne) CVm % (Ne)
b* –19.883 0.701 1.880 –3.504 0.287 –0.089 –0.687 0.556 –2.639 –1.145
t –3.632 29.900 10.749 –12.527 2.741 –8.063 –7.559 4.611 –3.981 –3.853
Sig. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
*Partial regression coefficient.
 Regressional Estimation of Ring Cotton Yarn Properties from HVI Fiber Properties M. E. Üreyen and H. Kadoglu 363 TRJ

Figure 1 Experimental and predicted values of yarn Figure 2 Experimental and predicted values of yarn
tenacity. elongation.

ever, Ethridge and Zhu [2], Hunter [3], Ramey [5] and
some other researchers have also found a similar negative
trend.
The model’s coefficient of multiple determination R2
(= 0.954), adjusted R2 (= 0.952) and standard error of
estimate (= 0.838) show that the predictive power of the
model is very high.
Figure 1 show the scatter plot of predicted values versus
experimental values and regression line of our model. Due
to extremely high strength values of the second and sev-
enth cotton samples in comparison with the values of the
other samples, there are two clusters in the figure.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Yarn
Elongation
The backward elimination method was used for the predic-
tion of elongation. According to our model, the breaking
elongation is highly influenced by yarn count, twist and
roving count (i.e. draft ratio on the ring spinning machine).
The elongation increased with higher twist and decreased
with finer rovings. Coarser yarns have more elongation
than finer yarns. Among fiber properties fiber elongation
and fiber fineness have more influence on the yarn elonga-
tion and both parameters had a negative effect. Other
important fiber parameters are reflectance, fiber strength,
short fiber index and length, respectively. Table 4 shows the
linear regression analysis results. We had worse R2 (0.720),
and adjusted R2 (0.705) values in comparison with other
yarn properties. The analysis shows that a lot of other fac-
tors have effects on yarn elongation in addition to the fiber
parameters, yarn count and twist. The standard error of
estimates value for our model was 0.454. Figure 2 shows
the wide spread of values around the regression line.
The presence of nonlinearity between the independent
variables and the dependent variables reduces the success
of a linear regression model. Our statistical curve estima-
tion analysis showed that the relationship between fiber

Table 4 Regression coefficients, t-values and significance level of t-values of our linear regression model for yarn
elongation.
Independent variables
(Constant) Mic. Strength UHML SFI Elongation Rd Yarn cnt. (Ne) tpi Roving cnt. (Ne)
b* 10.237 –1.119 0.051 0.132 –0.142 –0.948 0.067 –0.142 0.136 –2.819
t 5.421 –5.296 3.269 2.731 –3.008 –5.973 3.596 –16.041 7.168 –7.875
Sig. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.007 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
*Partial regression coefficient.
TRJ 364 Textile Research Journal 76(5)

Table 5 Regression coefficients, t-values and significance level of variables of our linear regression model for yarn
unevenness.
Independent variables
Yarn cnt. Roving Roving
(Constant) Strength Rd Elongation Uniformity +b Mic. SFI
(Ne) CVm% cnt. (Ne)
b* 110.491 0.204 –0.669 0.989 –0.482 5.485 –0.513 –4.504 9.164 –1.049 0.170
t 20.808 29.942 –23.972 17.710 –11.076 22.462 –9.100 –13.817 11.627 –4.132 3.119
Sig. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002
*Partial regression coefficient.

properties and yarn elongation was not very linear and so

the prediction power of our regression model was not very
high.
Some other studies [2–5, 21] have shown that there is a
contrary relationship between fiber strength and fiber
elongation. One possible explanation of the negative sign
for fiber elongation, similar to the prediction of yarn tenac-
ity, is that autocorrelation (between fiber strength and
fiber elongation) could cause instability in the estimation
coefficients.
The positioning of fibers in the yarn cross-section, grip-
ping of fibers by other neighboring fibers, and slippage of
fibers during yarn rupture are all decisive factors for both
tenacity and elongation of yarns. These factors increase the
non-linear impacts of the fiber properties on yarn tensile
properties. Therefore it is thought that further investiga-
tions are needed to provide better explanations of the
effects of fiber strength and fiber elongation on yarn ten- Figure 3 Experimental and predicted values of yarn une-
sile properties. venness.

Influence of Fiber Properties on Yarn

Unevenness
Evenness is one of the most important properties. Our
analyses show that yarn unevenness is mainly affected by
yarn count and roving unevenness. Among fiber proper-
ties, strength has the greatest effect on the yarn uneven-
ness and higher fiber strength leads to a better yarn
evenness value and furthermore, fibers may be prevented
from rupture due to higher strength. Reflectance, elonga-
tion, uniformity index, yellowness, fineness and short fiber
content are other important factors that influence yarn
evenness. The roving count also has an important effect as
a finer roving has a higher unevenness value and this can
be transferred onto the yarn. Table 5 shows the results of
the regression analysis. The predictive ability of our model
is very high as shown in Figure 3. We obtained very high R2
(0.952), and adjusted R2 (0.949) values, and the standard
error of estimates value was 0.533.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Yarn
Hairiness
One of the basic conditions of linear regression is that the
relationship between the dependent variable and each
independent variable should be linear. The curve estima-
tion analysis showed that the micronaire value (Mic) is
related linearly to yarn hairiness by the following quadratic
form:
Quad(Mic) = 32.894 – 12.327 × Mic + 1.405 × Mic2 (1)
Table 6 shows the regression coefficients, t-values and
significance level of each variable. For the independent
variables’ the signs (+) or (–) indicates the direction of
their effect on hairiness. From the table, it can be seen that
yarn twist is the most important factor affecting the hairi-
ness value. Among fiber properties strength has the maxi-
mum effect on yarn hairiness and is followed by elongation
and length.
 Regressional Estimation of Ring Cotton Yarn Properties from HVI Fiber Properties M. E. Üreyen and H. Kadoglu 365 TRJ

Table 6 Regression coefficients, t-values and significance level of variables of our linear regression model for yarn
hairiness.
Independent variables
Roving Quad Yarn cnt.
(Constant) Tpi Strength Elongation UHML +b Uniformity
CVm% (mic.) (Ne)
b* 18.958 –0.129 –0.107 0.394 1.107 –0.113 1.063 –0.020 –0.372 –0.173
t 5.752 –9.447 –8.580 11.575 11.467 –1.932 5.560 –3.148 –4.507 –3.709
Sig. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
*Partial regression coefficient.

that the relationships between fiber properties and yarn

Figure 4 Experimental and predicted values of yarn hair-
iness.
The R2 values show that the model gave good predic-
tion results (R2 = 0.843, adjusted R2 = 0.835, std. error of
estimate = 0.326). Figure 4 show the scatter plot of pre-
dicted values versus experimental values and the regres-
sion line of the model.
The model indicates that increasing fiber strength, length,
yellowness, uniformity index, yarn twist and yarn count
(finer yarn) will reduce yarn hairiness. A greater uneven-
ness of rovings and fiber elongation values increased the
hairiness value.
Conclusion
Yarn properties are influenced by fiber properties, roving
properties, yarn count and twist. In this study we tried to
predict the most important yarn parameters of ring spun
cotton yarns with linear multiple regression analysis by
using these parameters. Our curve estimation tests indicate
properties are almost linear. Therefore our models have
good prediction performance. The regression coefficient
R2 values of our models are very high and have greater sig-
nificance.
We also selected roving number and roving unevenness
value as independent variables in addition to fiber proper-
ties. Our tests indicated that roving properties have consid-
erable effects on all yarn properties. Yarn count and twist
are the most decisive factors for yarn properties. Among
the fiber properties, strength, elongation and fineness also
have great importance and other important fiber proper-
ties are uniformity index, length and short fiber content.
Our models show that reflectance (Rd) and yellowness
(+b) also have important effects on some yarn properties.
These fiber properties are most directly linked to the
growth environment. Bright, creamy-white fibers, which
have higher reflectance, are more mature. Premature ter-
mination of fiber maturation by application of growth reg-
ulators, frost, or drought characteristically increases the
saturation of the yellowness (+b). It means that higher yel-
lowness is related to poorer quality. Obviously, we expected
a negative relationship between Rd and (+b) values. How-
ever we found a positive effect of both parameters on yarn
properties in the regression models. There are some possi-
ble reasons for this result. First, we used good quality cotton
samples. All samples were grown under normal weather
conditions and environment and so their color values are
acceptable for all spinners. Second, the cotton samples
were tested after finisher drawframe passages. The carding
and combing processes removes trash and dust and once
these are removed, the Rd values increase and (+b) values
decreases. Therefore both parameters seem to have good
effect on yarn properties. Ethridge [2], Sasser [13] and some
other researchers’ models, and also Uster’s spinning con-
sistency index (SCI) includes both Rd and (+b) values with
positive signs.
Autocorrelation between fiber properties can cause
instability in coefficients. Higher correlation between Rd
and (+b) is another possible reason for this results. The
same problem also arose for the prediction of tensile prop-
erties.
TRJ 366 Textile Research Journal 76(5)
The good performance of the linear regression method
in explaining the yarn properties indicates that the rela-
tionships between fiber properties and yarn properties are
almost linear. However, further research should be done to
eliminate the effects on yarn properties of nonlinear
impacts and the autocorrelation problems between the
independent variables.
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