Digital re-print - January | February 2009

Feature: Proteins & oils

Feature title: Maximising plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

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 EuroTier
Proteins & oils Proteins & oils
(control
aquafeedgroup),
one of 35 percent
their most vegetable
recent mar- oils in the feed. In other words, a good net based diet, 3.4kg of wild fish was required
and 80 percent plant proteins,
ket developments; in fact over the past70 percent production of high quality fish protein is to produce 1kg Atlantic salmon.
vegetable
two years.oils and 40this
Despite percent
beingplant
such proteins
a new obtained from plant proteins. Hence, 2.5kg of wild fish was saved by
or 70 percent vegetable oils and
area for Biomin, they have developed 80 percent replacing high levels of fish oil and fishmeal with
plant
someproteins.
truly innovative products. Biomin Less than a kg wild fish high levels of plant raw materials. In experimen-
The fish were fed for 12 months until
plans to make aquafeed a focal point
they reached 3.9kg. The salmon which had
is required to produce
for 2009, and will be increasing trials for a kg Atlantic salmon
received feed containing the highest mix-
both new and existing products.
ture of plant raw material - 70 percent
Biomin’s vision is expressed in their
When producing fishmeal and "The steady increase in production
vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins fish oil from wild fish, the recovery
slogan ‘We care for health in animal nutri-
- experienced a 12 percent lower growth of fishmeal is about 23 percent volumes in aquaculture of 8-10%

Maximising
tion’, and their vision is now active in over
during the first three months compared to whereas as the recovery of fish
100 different countries worldwide. Biomin
the control group. oil varies between 5-12 percent a year has resulted in increasing
only use natural products, and believe this cated exclusively
There was no corresponding weight dependent on fishto species
aquaculture,
and offering been report upon in our magazine previ-
is the way forward as the ban of antibiotics
reduction in the other groups during the specific
season. solutions to the industry. use ously.
of alternative
The program has plant proteins
been designed
in many European countries is unlikely to “Themeansdemand thatforit more sustainable to support the scientific education of
first three months. Over the entire period
be reversed. The quality of their products
That requires
more wild fish to produce fish oil as aqua
solutions is continually increasing
and oils in aquafeeds"
today’s young talents who will become
of the study, the fish fed the highest propor-
is the key priority and they are proud to feedfishmeal.
than producers seek safer and more tomorrow’s animal health nutritionists.
tion of plant raw material experienced a
tell their customers of that productscompared
labelled economical alternatives,”
levels of fishsaid
oil Florian It is vital to support individuals studying

plant proteins and oils

weight reduction 17 percent Based on the
Biomin, only contain Biomin. Zehner. Its research
to the control group. The weight reduction and fishmeal used incentre is recognised
the different diets tal animal nutrition
diet the amount to fish
of wild insure theyforhave
required fish
wasBiomin
largely have
due putto aa lower
huge amount of
feed intake as astate-of-the-art
and feed efficiency ofand 1.1,internationally
producing 1kg oil the
was knowledge and was
higher than what the required
know how to
for the
resources into researching and develop-
during the first three months of the study. ofacknowledged
Atlantic salmon andrequires
certified.
0.9kg wild fish betterof products
amount fishmeal infortheanimal
diets. health in the
ingA nutritional products,70and recently

in Atlantic salmon diets

fish diet comprising percent plant whenBiomin has also
70 percent of recently
the fish introduced
oil and 80 future,
Hence,and this program
to save even more offers
wildexcellent
fish the
opened a new research
oils and 80 percent vegetable proteinscentre in the B.R.A.I.N.
percent of the program
fishmeal(Biomin Research
was replaced by grounds
level of fish to
oil support
should bethis industry.further
decreased
Bangkok, Thailand. This centre
means that two kilos of salmon protein areis dedi- And raw
plant Innovation
materials. Network);
When thewhich has
fish were ratherBiomin
than manufactures
concentrating many products
on replacing
produced for every kilo of fishmeal protein fed the 100 percent fish oil and fishmeal more fishmeal.

by Dr Bente E Torstensen

F
or the first time, a study
has examined how feeding
Atlantic salmon high levels
of both plant proteins and
vegetable oils affect the fish.
alternative plant proteins and oils in EU-funded project
aquafeeds. The natural way.
Aquamax investigates the
The use of fishmeal and oil, representing
maximum replacement The event that
will energize
3-5kg fresh fish per kg farmed fish have
been criticised both for exploitation of the of fish oil and fishmeal

This experiment resulted in two kilos of
salmon protein generated per kilo of fish-
meal protein in the feed. The study showed
a slight reduction in salmon growth, even
though all known nutrient requirements of
the fish were covered by the feed.
Farmed Atlantic salmon have tradi-
tionally been fed diets containing fish
oil and fishmeal. The steady increase
in production volumes in aquaculture
of eight-to-10 percent a year (Tacon,
2004; Tacon et al., 2006)
has resulted in
increasing
use of
global fishery resources and the misuse
of high quality marine protein and lipid
sources that could be directly used for
human consumption.
In this respect, vegetable oils (VO) have
been proposed as sustainable alternatives
to fish oil. VOs are, however, devoid of n-3
PUFAs (EPA, DPA and DHA) while the
levels of 18:2n-6 and monoene fatty acids
are usually high, resulting in low dietary
n-3/n-6 ratios.
Likewise, sustainable alternatives to
fishmeal have included various plant pro-
tein sources, such as vegetable meals with
crude protein content of 20 to 50 percent
(Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000).
However, the indispensable amino acid
(IAA) profile in plant proteins differs from
fishmeal. Sensible blending of different pro-
BIOMIN AQUAspecials
Studies have shown that Atlantic salmon
can be given a feed containing 100 percent
vegetable oils without any reduction in your buSiNeSS
fish growth when the source of protein in
Specific Action – Effective Solutions
the feed is fishmeal (EU-project RAFOA
Contacto:
Q5RS-2000-30058).
• Patricia Gómez - Tel (56-2) 7565404 - pgomez@aqua.cl Con el respaldo
Espe and co-workers (2006) has previ-
ously shown that 90 percent of the fishmeal
Contacto:
AquaStar
• Francesca Massa - Tel (56-65) 348912
- High - fmassa@aqua.cl
performance probiotic
TechnoPress
Mycofix®, the most complete strategy
Con el respaldo
• Patricia Gómez - Tel (56-2) 7565404 - pgomez@aqua.cl
in the feed can be replaced by plant proteins
without affecting the growth of the salmon
strains
• Francesca Massa - Tto enhance348912
el (56-65) gut and- pond environment.
fmassa@aqua.cl for counteracting mycotoxins. TechnoPress
3RD INTERNATIONAL
as long as the source of fat in the fish diet is HEPAprotect - an effective solution Biomin® P.E.P. forFISHERIES
improvingEXHIBITION
fish oil. One of the aims of the IP-EU project MARCH 25TH TO 28TH
to support and protect liver metabolism. digestion & feed conversion.
‘Aquamax’ (016249-2) is to find out how CONCEpCION / CHILE
much of the fish oil and fishmeal that can
Contacto:
Biotronic®, the acid spice for fish feed. www.pesca-sur.cl
Con el respaldo
be replaced with plant ingredients simul- • Patricia Gómez - Tel (56-2) 7565404 - pgomez@aqua.cl
taneously in Atlantic salmon diets without Contacto:
• Francesca Massa - Tel (56-65) 348912 - fmassa@aqua.cl TechnoPress
Con el respaldo
compromising fish growth, performance, • Patricia Gómez - Tel (56-2) 7565404 - pgomez@aqua.cl
health or product quality. • Francesca Massa - Tel (56-65) 348912 - fmassa@aqua.cl
SPONSORS
TechnoPress
CONCEpCION

Reduced feed intake and

CHILE
tein sources are necessary to balance the
IAA composition, while low levels of growth in the first period
certain crystalline AAs may have to be Atlantic salmon in seawater weighing Contact: Organizer:
added to fulfil AA requirements (NRC, 0.35kg was fed feed containing either 100 María
ForPaz Fernández
enquiry, del Ríoe-mail
please
1993; Halver and Hardy, 2002). percent fishmeal and 100 percent fish oil Phone (56-2) 756 5402 • Mobile (56-9) 9886 5654 • mpfernandez@aqua.cl
aqua@biomin.net www.aqua.biomin.net
bi i t
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 Ad_IntAquafeed_FZE_12_08_190x132.indd
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 Fish feed that not only fish rave about. Buhler is the global technology partner for

Proteins & oils companies producing fish feed on a commercial scale. With good reason: From
raw material processing to extrusion and drying, only leading technologies are
reduction in growth of approximately nine
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"Replacing dietary fish oil and was related to the reduced feed intake
during the early feeding stages, due to an solutions. The result: superior-quality micro-pellets or flakes, shrimp pellets,
fishmeal with plant raw materials interaction effect of high plant protein
and VO replacement. Possible metabolic floating and sinking feeds that not only fish rave about.
had very few significant effects on interactions between dietary lipid and
protein will be addressed in future scien- www.buhlergroup.com/extrusion
nutrient digestibility and nutrient tific papers.
utilisation including total protein,
References
lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino ess
Espe, M., Lemme, A., Petri, A., El-Mowafi, A. 2006.
e y o u r succ e
Shar f th
acid digestibility as well as protein Can Atlantic salmon grow on diets devoid of fish
t h e rest o n
wi t h i
. Send es
meal? Aquaculture 255, 255-262.
u s t r y
and lipid utilisation" ind leas
Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish Nutrition.
u r p r ess re s and
Elsevier Science, San Diego, 824 pp. yo ct
n e w produ s.
Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F., 2000. o n pment
Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds.
ADVERT develo
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, 573 pp. Reach ke
ISE!
y industry
Krogdahl, Å., Hemre, G.-I., Mommsen T.P., 2005. decision
makers
Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and through t
absorption in postlarval stages. Aquacult. Nutr., he pages
Internatio of
11, 103-122. nal Aquafe
magazine ed
Tacon, A.G.J., 2004. Use of fish meal and fish oil
in aquaculture: a global perspective. Aquatic Res.
Cult. Dev. 1, 3-14.

Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Subasinghe, R.P., 2006.

in our
Advertise
Use of fishery resources as feed inputs for
aquaculture development: trends and policy
gazine and
printed ma
t will also
implications. FAO Fish. Circ. 1018, 99 pp.

N.R.C, Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National your adver online

e
Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1993. appear in th
ver n
s io

No significant effects plant protein diets will contain higher levels of

on nutrient digestibility
and retention
Replacing dietary fish oil and fishmeal
with plant raw materials had very few
significant effects on nutrient digestibil-
ity and nutrient utilisation including total
protein, lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino
acid digestibility as well as protein and lipid
utilisation.
Starch digestibility, however, was significantly
lower in the high plant protein dietary groups.
Starch digestibility studies have identified a
correlation between the presence of indigest-
indigestible matter.
This did however, not influence the
protein, lipid or energy digestibility of the
high plant
And finally
In conclusion, the results demonstrate
net production of Atlantic salmon from
wild fish with 1kg farmed Atlantic salmon
produced per 0.9kg wild fish, as well as a
net production of protein with 2kg of fish
protein produced per 1kg fish meal protein
used.
However, by replacing 80 percent of
About the author
Dr Bente E Torstensen achieved the Bachelor
of Science (Cand mag.) in 1994, and the
Master of Science (Cand scient) in Nutrition
biology in 1996, at the University of Bergen
(Norway). Her PhD studies at the Institute of
Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, (achieved
at the University of Bergen, 2000) focused on
transport and metabolism of lipids in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar L.).
For more information email:

www.aquafeed.co.uk
ible matter and reduced digestibility of starch fishmeal with plant proteins and 70 percent Bente.Torstensen@nifes.no
and lipids (Krogdahl et al. 2005). And the high of the fish oil replaced with a VO blend, a
The solution behind the solution.
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