0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
64 vues11 pages
This experimental study reports the applicability of hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels to permanent forms as precast concrete products.
Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortars are mixed using a Bisphenoal A-type epoxy resin without any hardener with various polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement, and subjected to different curings. Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels are prepared with same polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement on trial, and tested for flexural behavior under four-point (third-point) loading.
Titre original
Effects of polymer–cement ratio and accelerated curing on flexural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels
This experimental study reports the applicability of hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels to permanent forms as precast concrete products.
Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortars are mixed using a Bisphenoal A-type epoxy resin without any hardener with various polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement, and subjected to different curings. Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels are prepared with same polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement on trial, and tested for flexural behavior under four-point (third-point) loading.
This experimental study reports the applicability of hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels to permanent forms as precast concrete products.
Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortars are mixed using a Bisphenoal A-type epoxy resin without any hardener with various polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement, and subjected to different curings. Hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels are prepared with same polymer–cement ratios and
steel fiber reinforcement on trial, and tested for flexural behavior under four-point (third-point) loading.
Effects of polymercement ratio and accelerated curing
on exural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels Muhammad Aamer Raque Bhutta Received: 5 June 2009 / Accepted: 7 December 2009 / Published online: 18 December 2009 RILEM 2009 Abstract This experimental study reports the appli- cability of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar pan- els to permanent forms as precast concrete products. Hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are mixed using a Bisphenoal A-type epoxy resin without any hardener with various polymercement ratios and steel ber reinforcement, and subjected to different curings. Hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels are prepared with same polymercement ratios and steel ber reinforcement on trial, and tested for exural behavior under four-point (third-point) load- ing. The effects of polymercement ratios and curings on strength properties of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars, and on the exural strength, exural stress-extreme tension ber strain relation, exural loaddeection relation of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels were examined. The adhesion in tension (to placed concrete) of the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels was also tested. As a result, the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels develop a high exural strength, large extensibility and good adhesion to the placed con- crete. The epoxy-modied mortar panels are more ductile and have high load-bearing capacity than unmodied mortar panels and can be used as precast concrete permanent forms in practical applications. Keywords Epoxy resin Hardener-free epoxy modied mortar Permanent form Polymercement ratio Flexural behavior Adhesion 1 Introduction Japan lays great emphasis on the issue of global environment protection, therefore, environment-con- scious construction materials have been used, and sustainable concretepolymer composites have been vigorously developed. Recently, the construction industry has seen the development and use of such sustainable concretepolymer composites which are permeable polymer-modied concretes, repairing systems using polymer-modied mortars for rein- forced concrete structures, polymer-modied cemen- titious waterproong systems and so on, particularly, epoxy-modied mortars and concretes without any hardeners are newcomers in the construction indus- try. A lot of work has been done in the research and development of epoxy-modied mortars and con- cretes in Japan and it has been reported that epoxy resin without any hardener in epoxy-modied mortars and concretes can harden in the presence of alkalis or hydroxide ions (OH - ) from calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] as one of cement hydrates [1, 2]. Like M. A. R. Bhutta (&) Department of Structures and Materials Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: maraque@utm.my Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 DOI 10.1617/s11527-009-9578-8 polymer-modied mortars and concretes, epoxy-mod- ied mortars and concretes are also superior in properties [35]. They have excellent chemical resis- tance, high strength development, abrasion resistance, freezethaw resistance and water-tightness compared to conventional cement mortar and concrete. In Japan, polymer-impregnated mortar permanent forms have been employed only in the limited applications, giving a good costperformance balance for them, for the past 30 years [69]. Only one company currently produces the polymer-impregnated mortar permanent forms as commercial products to order in Japan. The manufac- turing process and material cost of polymer-impreg- nated mortar permanent form is relatively high. The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the applicability of epoxy-modied mortar panels to permanent forms as precast concrete products as alternate of polymer-impregnated mortar permanent forms. In the present paper, hardener-free epoxy- modied mortars using a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin without any hardener, with polymercement ratios of 0, 10,15 and 20% (epoxy-cement ratios) and with steel ber reinforcement [steel ber content of 1.2% (volume fraction)] were prepared and subjected to different curing conditions, and tested for strength properties. The effects of polymercement ratios and curings on strength properties of hardener-free epoxy- modied mortars are examined. Hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panel specimens sized 450 9 900 9 30 mm were also manufactured using same polymer cement ratios and same steel ber reinforcement content. Based on previous research work results reported by Ohama et al. [4] and present study, the panel specimens were subjected to optimum curing condition [1-d moist [20C, 90% (RH)] ? 1-d steam (90C) ? 1-d heat (120C)]. The cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens are tested for exural behavior under four-point (third-point) loading. The exural strength, exural stress-extreme tension ber strain relation, exural loaddeection relation were investigated. The effects of polymer cement ratio and accelerated curing on exural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens are observed. To examine the adhe- sion in tension of epoxy-modied mortar panels to placed concrete, fresh concrete is placed on the epoxy- modied mortar panels attached to molds (450 9 900 9 30 mm), and subjected to a 28-d dry [20C, 60%(RH)] curing. The effect of polymercement ratio on the adhesion or bond strength of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars to placed concrete was also discussed. Consequently, the hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panels develop a high exural strength, large extensibility and good adhesion to the placed concrete. The hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels are more ductile and have high load- bearing capacity than unmodied mortar panels and can be used as precast concrete permanent forms in practical applications. 2 Materials 2.1 Cement Ordinary Portland cement as specied in JIS (Japa- nese Industrial Standard) R 5210 (Portland cement) was used. The physical properties and chemical compositions of the cement are given in Table 1. 2.2 Aggregate Crushed aggregate and two types of crushed sands were used as coarse and ne aggregates. Table 2 gives the properties of the aggregates. Table 1 Physical properties and chemical compositions of cement Density (g/cm 3 ) Blaine specic surface Setting time (h-min) Compressive strength of mortar (MPa) Initial set Final set 3d 7d 28d 3.16 3370 210 330 28.8 43.6 61.2 Chemical compositions (%) MgO SO 3 ig. loss 1.48 2.12 1.90 430 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 2.3 Epoxy resin Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was used as an epoxy resin or hardener-free epoxy resin. The constitutional formula of the epoxy resin is expressed in Fig. 1. The properties of the epoxy resin are shown in Table 3. 2.4 Steel ber reinforcement Commercially available steel bers were used as reinforcement. The properties of steel bers are shown in Table 4. 3 Test program 3.1 Mixing of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars According to JIS A 1171 (Test methods for polymer- modied mortar), all hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars were mixed using mix proportions as shown in Table 5 with polymercement ratios (P/C) of 0, 10, 15 and 20%, steel ber content of 1.2% (volume fraction) and a superplasticizer. 3.2 Preparation of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar specimens for strength tests Beams specimens 40 9 40 9 160 mm for exural and compressive strength tests and cylindrical spec- imens U50 9 100 mm for tensile strength test were molded using hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars, and subjected to the following curings: (1) Steam curing: [1-d moist (20C, 90%(RH)] ? 2-d steam(90C)] (2) Autoclave ? heat curing: [1-d moist (20C, 90%(RH) ? autoclave (120C, 3 h) ? 1-d heat (120C)] (3) Steam ? heat curing: [1-d moist [20C, 90% (RH)] ? 1-d steam (90C) ? 1-d heat (120C)] Table 2 Properties of aggregates Type of aggregate Size (mm) Fineness modulus Bulk density (kg/l) Density (g/cm 3 ) Water absorption (%) Fine a 0.152.5 3.29 1.48 2.62 0.94 2.55 4.83 1.64 2.63 0.58 Coarse b 520 6.61 1.66 2.63 0.54 a Aggregate for epoxy-modied mortar panels, b aggregate for placed concrete CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C O O O CH2 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 C O O CH2 CH CH2 OH O n* *n= 0.1 0.2 Fig. 1 Constitutional formula of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A Table 3 Properties of bisphenol A epoxy resin Epoxy equivalent Molecular weight Density (g/cm 3 , 20C) Viscosity (mPa s, 20C) Flash point (C) 184 380 1.16 38000 264 Table 4 Properties of steel ber Size (mm) Tensile strength (MPa) Elastic modulus (GPa) Elongation (%) / 0.3 9 0.4 9 15 585 200 50 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 431 3.3 Preparation of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens for exural behavior For exural behavior, mortar panel specimens 450 9 900 9 30 mm were molded and subjected to optimum curing condition [1-d moist [20C, 90% (RH)] ? 1-d steam (90C) ? 1-d heat (120C)]. The manufacturing process of hardener-free epoxy-mod- ied mortar panel specimens and their view after demolding are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. 3.4 Preparation of specimens for adhesion test in tension Preparation of specimens for adhesion in tension, ready-mixed concrete with specied design compres- sive strength of 30 MPa is placed on the epoxy- modied mortar panels attached to molds (450 9 900 9 300 mm) as shown in Fig. 4, and subjected to a 28-d dry [20C, 60% (RH)] curing. Ready-mixed concrete having slump of 80 mm and air content of Table 5 Mix proportions of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars w/c (%) s/a (%) P/C (%) Mix proportions (kg/m 3 ) Water Cement Sand Steel bre Admixture a 0.152.5 mm 2.55 mm 35.0 58.0 0 175 500 958 715 95 3.5 34.8 10 174 500 958 715 95 3.5 34.6 15 173 500 958 715 95 3.5 34.4 20 172 500 958 715 95 3.5 a Superplasticizer Fig. 2 Manufacturing of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens Fig. 3 A view of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimen 432 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 4.5% was used. The mix proportions of ready-mixed concrete is given in Table 6. The hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens have rough surface on back for mechanical interlocking or bonding to placed concrete. 4 Testing procedures 4.1 Strength tests for hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar specimens Beams specimens were tested for exural and compressive strengths in accordance with JIS A 1171. According to JIS A 1185, splitting tensile strength of specimens was done. 4.2 Flexural test for hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panel specimens The hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel spec- imens were tested for exural behavior under four- point (or third-point) loading with a span of 750 mm and a loading rate of 50 N/s by using the Amsler-type universal testing machine. Figure 5 illustrates the setup of exural test for the steel ber reinforced epoxy-modied mortar specimen. At the same time, the central (or midspan) deection of the specimens was measured by a sensitive LVDT (linear variable differential transformer), and their extreme tension ber strain was measured by the three 30-mm-long paperback electrical strain gages installed on the extreme tension ber at the midspan. Their exural toughness was calculated as an area under a exural loaddeection curve up to a deection at the maximum exural load (at failure load). Their exural strength was calculated using the following Eq. 1 r f
P bh 2 1 where r f is exural strength (MPa), P is maximum exural load (N), is span (mm), b is width (mm) of specimen, and h is thickness (mm) of specimen. Their exural modulus of elasticity was calculated by the following Eq. 2 E f
23P 3 54bh 3 d 2 where E f is exural modulus of elasticity (10 -3 GPa), P is exural load (N), d is central (midspan) deection (mm), is span (mm), b is width (mm) of specimen, and h is thickness (mm) of specimen. 4.3 Adhesion test in tension According to JIS 6909, the cured specimens were tested for adhesion in tension by using manually operated jack pull-gage. A set up for adhesion test in tension is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. 5 Test results and discussion 5.1 Effects of polymercement ratio and accelerated curings on strength properties of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars Figure 8 illustrates the polymercement ratio versus compressive, exural and tensile strengths of Fig. 4 (1) Installation of hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panel specimens. (2) Placement of concrete on hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens Table 6 Mix proportions of placed concrete for adhesion test w/c (%) s/a (%) Mix proportions (kg/m 3 ) Water Cement Sand Aggregate Admixture a 48.5 44.1 160 330 800 1016 3.30 a Water-reducing agent Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 433 accelerated-cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mor- tars with steel ber reinforcement. The effects of polymercement ratio and accelerated curing conditions on the strengths of hardener-free epoxy- modied mortars are considerable. The strengths of hardener-free epoxy modied mortars with polymer Fig. 5 Setup of exural test for hardener-free epoxy-modied panel specimen Fig. 6 Adhesion of steel plates to hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens P Load cell Central hole jack Continuous thread stud Steel stand Steel plate Epoxy-modified mortar panel specimen Fig. 7 A set up for adhesion test in tension 434 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 cement ratios of 10, 15 and 20% are signicantly increased compared to unmodied mortars (with a polymercement ratio of 0%). Except for steam cured [1-d moist (20C, 90% (RH)] ? 2-d steam (90C)] hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars, the compres- sive, exural and tensile strengths of auto- clave ? heat cured and steam ? heat cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are increased with increasing polymercement ratio. The compres- sive, exural and tensile strengths of steam cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars increased with increasing polymercement ratio, and reached its maximum at polymercement ratios of 10 to 20%. The reason for this is that the strength development of steam cured hardener-free epoxy modied mortars with high polymercement ratios needs mature hardening reaction to get higher degree of hardening of the hardener-free epoxy resin [4, 5]. The strengths of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are remark- able due to maximum hardening reaction during autoclave ? heat curing and steam ? heat curing. The compressive, exural and tensile strengths of the steam ? heat cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are somewhat higher than those of the autoclave ? heat cured ones. The application of heat curing to the autoclave- or steam-cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars, the hardener-free epoxy resin in the mortars can harden completely by the acceleration of its hardener reaction due to the heat curing in the presence of alkalis or hydroxide ions (OH - ) produced by the hydration of cement in the mortars, and contributes to the strength development of the mortars. It is evident from the results of SEM observation of microstructures and disappearance of epoxy group in hardened epoxy resin in Infrared spectroscopy reported by Ohama et al. [3]. The hardening reaction of the hardener-free epoxy resin in the presence of the hydroxide ions in the mortars can be expressed by the following formula [2, 10]: The signicant increase in strengths of hardener- free epoxy-modied mortars is a result of a strong adhesion between comatrixes (cement hydrates ? epoxy resin) and ne aggregates and steel bers due to steam ? heat curing. This can be attributed to the good timing of the interaction between the cement hydration and hardening of the hardener-free epoxy resin, and then the development of strong bond between comatrixes (cement hydrates ? epoxy resin) and ne aggregates and steel bers. Fig. 8 Polymercement ratio versus compressive, exural and tensile strengths of accelerated-cured hardener-free epoxy modied mortars OH Hardened epoxy resin O CH 2 CH CH 2 n O CH 2 CH CH 2 O Epoxy resin CH 2 CH CH 2 O CH 2 CH CH 2 O H O O n from cement hydration OH O n OH Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 435 5.2 Flexural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens Figures 9, 10, 11, 12 represent the exural stress- extreme tension ber strain curves for hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens with poly- mercement ratios of 0, 10, 15 and 20% and steel ber reinforcement. The exural stress-extreme ten- sion ber strain relationship of hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panel specimens with polymer cement ratios of 10, 15 and 20% is much higher than that of mortar panel specimens with polymer cement of ratio of 0%. The maximum exural stress of the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens is gradually increased with increasing polymercement ratio and remarkably improved at polymercement ratio of 20%. Table 7 and Fig. 13 show the exural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel speci- mens with polymercement ratios of 0, 10, 15 and 20% and steel ber reinforcement. The deections of mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 0% are found to increase linearly with maximum exural load until almost failure, but the deections of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel spec- imens with polymercement ratios of 10, 15 and 20% are increased almost linearly with increasing exural load until the maximum exural load giving a brittle failure. At this point, the difference in exural behavior due to hardener-free epoxy resin modica- tion to mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratios of 10, 15 and 20% and mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratios of 0% is clear. The maximum deections, exural toughness, exural Fig. 9 Flexural stress-extreme tension ber strain curves for mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 0% Fig. 10 Flexural stress-extreme tension ber strain curves for hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 10% Fig. 11 Flexural stress-extreme tension ber strain curves for hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens for polymercement ratio of 15% Fig. 12 Flexural stress-extreme tension ber strain curves for hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens for polymercement ratio of 20% 436 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 strengths and exural moduli of elasticity of the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel speci- mens are signicantly increased by increasing poly- mercement ratio. The exural strength, exural toughness and maximum deections of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens are more than twice than that of mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 0%. The exural moduli of elasticity of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens is also somewhat improved with increasing polymercement ratio. The hardener-free epoxy resin modication and the application of heat curing to the steam-cured hardener-free epoxy-mod- ied mortar panel specimens is proved to be effective to improve the strength properties. The steam curing may provide an induction period for epoxy resin hardening reaction in the hardener-free epoxy-mod- ied mortars, and then an application of heat curing to the steam-cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars may cause the acceleration of the epoxy resin hardening reaction in the presence of hydroxide ions, and the evaporation of water in the mortars. This contributes to the high-strength development in the exural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratios of 10, 15 and 20%. From the above exural behavior trend, it is obvious that hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens are more ductile. This means that hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel spec- imens with polymercement ratios of 10, 15 and 20% have a high load-bearing capacity and large extensi- bility compared to mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 0% as permanent form application. 5.3 Adhesion test in tension of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens to placed concrete Figure 14 exhibits the adhesion test in tension of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel speci- mens to placed concrete. As mentioned in the preparation of specimens for adhesion in tension, the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel spec- imens have rough surface on back for mechanical bonding to placed concrete. Therefore, the effect of polymercement ratio on the adhesion test in tension was not clearly observed. All specimens showed cohesive failure in placed concrete substrate. The hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel speci- mens with polymercement ratio of 15% gave higher adhesion in tension of 2.6 MPa to placed concrete which is higher than that of 1.8 MPa of polymer- impregnated permanent forms or panels to placed concrete [8]. 6 Conclusions Based on the above test results the following conclusions may be drawn: Fig. 13 A exural load-deection curves for hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens Table 7 Flexural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens Polymercement ratio (P/C) Flexural behavior Max. extreme tension ber strain (910 -6 ) Max. deection (mm) Flexural toughness (kN mm) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus of elasticity (GPa) 0 395 1.42 3.9 8.9 23.0 5 606 3.29 14.6 16.2 26.7 10 779 3.40 16.8 18.0 24.1 20 798 3.52 19.5 20.2 26.5 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 437 1. The effects of polymercement ratio and accel- erated curing on the strengths of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are signicantly marked. The strengths of accelerated-cured hardener-free epoxy-modied mortars are increased with increasing polymercement ratio. The applica- tion of heat curing to autoclave- or steam-cured hardener-free epoxy modied mortars causes a signicant improvement in their strengths because of the acceleration of epoxy resin hardening reaction in the presence of alkalis or hydroxide ions and the elimination of water in the mortars. 2. The maximum exural stress of the hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens is grad- ually increased with increasing polymercement ratio and remarkably improved at polymer cement ratio of 20%. 3. Modication of hardener-free epoxy resin to mortar panel specimens increases the deection characteristics of all epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens regarding to polymercement ratio. The exural strength, exural toughness and maximum deections of hardener-free epoxy- modied mortar panel specimens are more than twice than that of mortar panel specimens with polymercement ratio of 0%. The exural moduli of elasticity is also somewhat increased with increasing polymercement ratio of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens. 4. The effect of polymercement ratio on the adhesion test in tension is not evident. All specimens showed cohesive failure in concrete substrate. The concrete with polymercement ratio of 15% gives higher adhesion in tension of 2.6 N/mm 2 to placed concrete. 5. The hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panels are more ductile and have high load-bearing capacity than unmodied mortar panels and can be used as precast concrete permanent forms in practical applications. Acknowledgements The authors wishtoexpress their gratitude and sincere appreciation to Research and Development Center, Takamura Holdings Co., Ltd., for nancingthis researchworkand conducting experiments in its laboratory. References 1. Ohama Y, Demura K, Endo T (1992) Strength properties of epoxy-modied mortars without hardener. In: Proceed- ings of the 9th international congress on the chemistry of cement, vol V. Performance and durability of concrete and cement systems. National Council for Cement and Build- ing Materials, New Delhi, India, pp 512516 2. Ohama Y, Demura K, Uchikawa H (1995) Strength development of heat-cured epoxy-modied mortars with- out hardener (in Japanese). Proceedings of cement and concrete, vol 49. Japan Cement Association, Tokyo, pp 252257 3. Ohama Y, Ochi M, Kumagai S, Ota M (2006) Strength development and epoxy resin-cement interaction in hard- ened-free epoxy-modied mortars. In: Brandt AM, Li VC, Marshall LH (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on brittle matrix composites 8. ZTUREK RSI and Wood- head Publication, Warsaw, pp 315322 4. Ohama Y, Kumagai S, Miyamoto Y (2004) High-strength development through accelerated curing of epoxy-modied mortars without hardener. In: Maultzsch M (ed) Proceed- ings of the 11th international congress on polymers in concrete. BAM, Berlin, Germany, pp 239246 5. Ohama Y, Takahashi S (2003) Effects of accelerated cur- ing conditions on strength properties of epoxy-modied mortars without hardener. In: Brandt AM, Li VC, Marshall LH (eds) Proceedings of the 11th international symposium brittle matrix composites 7. ZTUREK RSI and Woodhead Publication, Warsaw, pp 533541 6. Bhutta MAR, Tsuruta K, Shindo T (2006) Manufacturing and applications of polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) permanent form in Japan: current status. In: Proceedings of the 5th Asian symposium on polymers in concrete. Struc- tural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Chen- nai, India, September 1112, pp 559568 7. Bhutta MAR, Tsuruta K, Takamura S, Shindo T (2006) Sustainability of polymer-impregnated concrete panel as permanent form. In: Proceedings of international confer- ence on concrete repair, rehabilitation and retrotting. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 231237 8. Bhutta MAR, Tsuruta K, Ohama Y (2008) Flexural behavior of polymer mortar permanent forms using methyl Fig. 14 Adhesion test in tension (to placed concrete) of hardener-free epoxy-modied mortar panel specimens 438 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 methacrylate solution of waste expanded polystyrene. KCI Int J Concr Mater 2(1):3539 9. Ohama Y, Kan S, Miyara M (1982) Flexural behavior of steel ber reinforced polymer-modied concrete. Trans JCI 4:147493 10. Ohama Y, Katsuhata T (2002) Effects of curing conditions on strength properties of epoxy-modied mortars without hardener (in Japanese). Cement Sci Concr Tech 56:156 162 Materials and Structures (2010) 43:429439 439
A Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Zinc Acrylate Epoxy nanocomposites Reinforced by AL2O3 and Cloisite®30B and Their Mixture: Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness: A Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Zinc Acrylate Epoxy nanocomposites Reinforced by AL2O3 and Cloisite®30B and Their Mixture: Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness