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Contents

Ancient India ................................................................................................................................................. 3


1. Prehistoric ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Point I must know ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization , Vedic Age................................................................................... 5
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Mahajanapadas ........................................................................................................................................ 9
4. Social Order and Religious Reforms .......................................................................................................... 9
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................... 9
5. Mauryan Age & Post Mauryan ................................................................................................................ 13
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 13
6. Guptas & Post Guptas / Vardhana .......................................................................................................... 16
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 16
7. Sangam Age ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 19
Point to remember: .................................................................................................................................... 19
Objective questions practice ...................................................................................................................... 25
8. Early Medieval Period ............................................................................................................................. 25
9. North India ( Rajput Period ) ................................................................................................................... 25
10. South India ( Cholas & Others ) ............................................................................................................. 25
11. Sultanate Period ................................................................................................................................... 25
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 25
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY ................................................................................................................................ 29
INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON INDIAN CULTURE ........................................................................................... 32
12. The Delhi Sultanate ............................................................................................................................... 33
13. Vijayanagar & other Kingdoms ............................................................................................................. 33
14. Religious Movements ............................................................................................................................ 33
15. Bhakti Movement ................................................................................................................................. 33
16. Sufi Movement ..................................................................................................................................... 33
17. Mughal Period ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 33
BABUR ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
SUR EMPIRE ............................................................................................................................................ 34
MUGHAL EXPANSION UNDER AKBAR ..................................................................................................... 34
MEDIEVAL AGE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ......................................................... 36
MEDIEVAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................................................... 37
18. Maratha State and Maratha Confederacy ........................................................................................... 39
Point to remember ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Modern India .............................................................................................................................................. 46
19. India in the late Eighteenth Century .................................................................................................... 46
20. The Advent of the Europeans and British Conquest of India ................................................................ 46
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 46
21. The British Administrative Structure, Reform , ..................................................................................... 53
22. Impact and Organization of Government of India ................................................................................ 53
23. Social Religious Movements in 19th 20th centuries ....................................................................... 53
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 53
24. Freedom Struggle .................................................................................................................................. 58
Points I must know .................................................................................................................................. 58
25. The Revolt of 1857 & change after 1857 .............................................................................................. 58
28. Freedom Struggle :Moderate Phase (1885 1905) ............................................................................. 60
29. Extremist Phase (1905 17) ................................................................................................................. 60
30. Reason for the emergence of Extremist & Leaders ............................................................................. 60
31. the Partition of Begal ............................................................................................................................ 60
32 Montey-Minto Reform ........................................................................................................................... 60
33. Swadeshi Movement, Home Rule Movement etc. ............................................................................... 60
34. Freedom Struggle : The Gandhian Era (1917 47) ................................................................................ 60
35. Gandhi Advent and Achievement ...................................................................................................... 60
36. Rowllat Act , Jalianawala Bagh Massacre and ...................................................................................... 60
37. Khilapat Movement .............................................................................................................................. 60
38. Non- Cooperation, ................................................................................................................................ 60
39. Civil Disobedience and Quit IndiaMovement ....................................................................................... 60
40. British Response and Negotiations ....................................................................................................... 60
41. INA and Subhash Chandra Bose ........................................................................................................... 60
42. Miscellaneous: Reforms / Acts / Committee, ...................................................................................... 60
Education and Press ................................................................................................................................ 61
Others: .................................................................................................................................................... 61
43. Congress Session, .................................................................................................................................. 63
44. Governor General Viceroys etc. .......................................................................................................... 63
Point to remember: .................................................................................................................................... 63



Ancient India
1. Prehistoric
Point I must know

1. Ancient Indian inscriptions are either on stone or on metal plates. Inscriptions of post Ashokan
period can be classified as state inscriptions and private inscriptions. Inscriptions are also called
Epigraphs.
2. Edicts of a ruler. Eulogies composed by court-poets and charters of land grants are included in
state inscriptions.
3. Inscriptions on temple wall or on sculpture are considered private inscriptions.
4. Rigveda is the earliest of the four vedas. It is almost exclusive source for knowing the history of
early Vedic culture. Rigveda provides rich information about religious, social and economic life
but there are just passing reference to political life and events.
5. There are 10 Mandalas, I028 Suktas and 10580 Richas in Rigveda.
6. Samveda. a lyrical work has 1549 or 1810 slokas.
7. Atharvaveda is a valuable source to know about political, social and family-life in later Vedic
period. This Veda has 20 Mandals' 731 Richas and 5839 Mantras.
8. Yajurveda has five branches viz. (i) Kathak (ii) Kapishthal (iii) Maitrayani (iv) Taitriya (v)
Vajasneyi. This Veda has prescribed various methods of sacrifice (Yagya).
9. Brahman is derived from word Brahma. Brahma signifies Yagya. Hence Brahamans are the
texts which lay down rituals for Yagya ceremony. These texts are based on Vedas.
10. Every Veda has its own Brahman text. Aitreya and Kaushitiki Brahmans are attached to Rigveda.
11. Satpath, also known as Vajasneya, belongs to yajurVeda. 'Panchvimsha is Brahman text of
Samveda and Atharvaveda has Gopath as its Brahman book.
12. Panchvimsha Brahman is also called Tandav Brahman.
13. Upnishads are the store house of earliest philosophical ideas and thought of Aryans. Subjects
such as Brahma Atman Rebirth Life after death Karamphal (fruits of deeds) Creation of
universe etc. are dealt with.
14. To help in the study and understanding of Vedas, Vedanga were constructed at the end of Vedic
age.
15. Nirukta' of Yaska is the work of fifth century B.C. It discusses etymology of Vedic words.
16. Smritis are the law-books of Hindu society. The rules and regulations described their encompass
the whole life of individual and every aspect of social life and society.
17. Manu-Smriti is the earliest and most important of all the Smritis.
18. It is looked upon as authority on Hindu law and throws light on Hindu ideals based on
Varnashram dharma.
19. The importance of Matsya'.Vayu' and Vishnu Puranas lies in the fact that they contain
description of old ruling dynasties.
20. Ashtadhyayi' of Panini is a text on grammar. It is a valuable source for the history of pre
Buddhist period.
21. Bauddh and Jain literature is of immense value in constructing history of the age of Gautam
Buddha. These works throwlight on religion. society, economy and polity of the day.
22. Tripitaks consist of Vinay Pitak,Sutta Pitak and Abhidhamma Pitak. These are the most
prominent texts of Buddhism.
23. Vinay Pitak deals with the code of conduct of Buddhist monks. Its three Sections are (i) Sutta
Vibhag. (ii) Khandak. (iii) Parivar.
24. Sutta Pitak is a compilation of Lord Buddhas religious sermons. Its five Nikayas are (i) Deegh
Nikay (ii) Majjhim Nikay. (iii) Samyukta Nikay. (iv) Anguttar Nikay (v) Khuddak Nikay.
25. Abhidhamma Pitak deals with philosophical and spiritual ideas and issues. It has seven books viz.
(i) Dhamma Sangiti (ii) Vibhanga (iii) Dhatu Katha (iv) Puggal Panjati (v) Katha Vastu (vi) Yamak
and (vii) Patthan.
26. Deepvamsha, a fourth century work, deals with history of Ceylon-But the book is full of
imaginary and fictitious details and cannot be termed as a text on history.
27. Similarly Mahavamsha of poet Mahanama is also full of hyperbolic and fictitious descriptions.
hence it also cannot be placed in the category of history book.
28. Deepvamsha and Mahavamsha are written in Pali language and so is Milindapanho' a book of
dialogue between king Menander and Buddhist monk Nagsena. It is very useful source for the
socio-religious history of that period.
29. Anguttar Nikay tells about 16 Mahajanpadas.
30. Arya Manjushri Mool Kalp' describes the history of Gupta period from Buddhist angle.
31. Mahavastu gives valuable information about life of Lord Buddha. It is a work partly written in
Sanskrit.
32. Agam occupies the place. Of pride in Jain religious literature. Agam' literature consist of12
Angas, 12 Upangas. 10 Prakeema, 6 Chhand Sutra. Nandi Sutra. Anuyag Duar and Mool Sutra.
33. Bhagwati Sutra gives information about life of Lord Mahavir, Auppatik and Avasyaka' Sutras
describe the religious ideas of king Ajat Shatru.
34. Bhadravahu Charit deals with the events of Chandragupta Mauryas days. One gets important
information about India at the time of Alexander's invasion from the writtings of Nearchus.
Aristoboulus,Yumenis.
35. Kautilyas Arthashastra and Megasthanese lndica' are two most important sources of the
history of Chandragupta Maurya, The writings of Plutarch and Justin are also useful.
36. Ashokan inscription are most valuable source for the knowledge of the history of this great
emperor.
37. Allahabad pillar inscription tells about the conquest of emperor Samudragupta. Mehrauli iron
pillar inscription describes the deeds of king Chandra. 'Bhitari inscription informs about Hunas
invasion.
38. Coins and inscriptions are most reliable source of the history of Gupta-age.
39. Fa-hienss Travelogue gives information about social and religious life of Gupta age but is silent
in political events.
40. Banbhattas harshacharit and Hsuen-tsang's travelogue are important source material for the
history of Harsha.
41. Albemini's Kitab-ul-Hind is an unbiased and objective description of the condition of India at
the time of Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazani.
42. For the history of ancient Tamil land one has to rely on Sangam literature composed during
first two centuries,
43. Periplus of Arithean Sea is an outstanding source of the history of maritime trade and
commerce in ancient India.
44. Rajtaranginf of Kalhan is the only history book written in ancient India. It deals with the history
of Kashmir.
45. Lama Taranaths work Kagyur and Tagyur are also helpful in constructing ancient Indian
history.
2. Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization , Vedic Age
Points I must know
1. Harappan civilization covered an area of l2.99.600 sq. metre. The area is triangular in shape. No
other ancient culture had such an extensive area.
2. Charles Merson was the first man to found Harappa-bricks in 1826. Alexander Cunningham was
the first man to excavate ruins of Harappa in 1875.
3. Harappa was excavated in 1921 under the supervision of D.R. Sahni. RD. Banerji led the team
which excavated Mohan-jo-daro in l922. R.S. Vishta is associated with 5 excavations of Banawali
(1973- 74) and Dhaulvira (in 1990s).
4. Credit for finding and excavating Rakhigarh goes to pro. Surajbhan.
5. Lothal was excavated in 1957 a under the leadership of S .R. Rao.
6. Kalibangan was discovered by A.N. Ghosh in 1953.
7. Excavation of Kalibangan provided evidence of pre-Harappan civilisation at the lower layer and
Harappan civilisation at upper layer.
8. Decorated bricks are used in flooring only at Kalibangan.
9. Mohenjo-daro was spread in area of approximately one square mile. The great public bath, a
bronze statuette. a bounded head in stone are the important finds from this urban centre.
10. Harappa is known for cemetery (Kabristan) H, big halls and two male torsos in stone. Bead-
making was an important craft. Bead-making shops are found in Chanhudaro and Lothal.
11. Textile manufacturing was known to Harappan people is proved by the fact that a piece of cloth
is found in Mohan-jo-daro.
12. The Harappan people cultivated nine crops-rice (in Gujarat Rajasthan) barley, wheat and Brssica
juncea.
13. Humped-bull was the most venerated animal in Harappan civilisation. Horse-bones found from
Surkotada prove that Gujarat domesticated them.
14. The Kalibangan people ploughed the agricultural land.
15. The towns of harappan civilisation were planned one. They were surrounded by wall and have
citadel. The town of Dhaulvira is divided into three parts instead of two as is common feature of
civilisation.
16. The people of Harappa worshiped mother goddesses. Their male-deity was proto-type of Lord
Siva.
17. The people worshiped Peepal tree. humped bull. snake and other animals.
18. The worship of female sexorgan (Yoni) and male phallus was in vogue.
19. No evidence of religious centre such as temple has been found.
20. Harappan seals have been found in kish, Susa and Nippur, the famous cities of Mesopotamian
civilisation.
21. A persian seal was found in Lothal and a Mesopotamian seal in Kalibangan.
22. Harappan people knew the art of writing but their script has not been deciphered as yet.
23. Harappan civilisation was chalcolithic and people did not know about Iron.
24. A copper minor is an important find from city of Harappa. Unicorn animal was very popular and
figures on many seals.
25. A toy chariot of copper was found from Harappa.
26. Seven layers of Mohenjo-daro prove that city was destroyed and re-built at least seven times.
27. Fire pits (Agni Kunda) are found in Lothal as well as in Kalibangan.
28. A dockyard like structure is found in Lothal. Terracottas are mostly female figures. Seals were
made mostly of steatite.
29. Harappan civilisation was followed by Jhooker culture in Sindh. Yellow colour pottery culture in
ast Punjab, Western U.P. and Haryana and bright Red colour pottery culture in Gujarat
30. Aryans are supposed to be supeirior to all human races. Vedic culture is Aryan culture.
31. Pargitcr in Ancient Indian Historical traditions and Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Satyanh
Prakash maintain that Tibet was the original home of Aryans.
32. According to Penka and Hert the original home of Aryans was German scandinavia.
33. On evidence found in Bogazkoi and Al-Amma E. Meyer maintains that Aryans lived in
Mesopotamia and Syria in about 1400 B.C.
34. Most scholars follow Maxullar in believing that Central Asia was the original home of Aryans.
35. The main source of knowledge about early Aryan culture in India are Vedas. Therefore, the
culture is known as Vedic culture.
36. Vidath was assembly of the whole people. Even women participated in it. Vidath was the
earliest Assembly.
37. The chief queen was called Mahishi'.
38. The spies were known as Spas. Panchjan of Rigveda are Yadu' Ann Drahyu' Turn and Turvas.
39. Sudas and Divodas were the famous kings of Bharat Jan.
40. Vishwamitra was the Purohit of Bharat Jan. But king Sudas replaced him by 'Vashishtha'.
41. It so angered Vishwamitra that he formed a league of ten rulers which included five famous
tribes. The league fought a war against Sudas. The war is called Dasragya Yuddha' Sudas came
out victorious.
42. Dasragya war was fought on the banks of Purushani.
43. Indra was the most Prominent Rigvedic god. followed by Agni and Varun in that order. Indra is
called Purandar.
44. Meghavan and Vratrahan. Varuna looked after cosmic order (Rta).
45. Akhyani is the goddess of forest. Gayatri-mantra is addressed to goddess Savitri.Tvashtri (Vedic
Vulcan) is non-aryan God adopted in Aryan God family.
46. There were thirty-three gods in Rigvedic age. These are categorised as gods of heaven. Gods on
earth and alrnoshpberic gods.
47. The forces of nature were worshipped as God in Rigvedic age. Dyans. Varun. Surya. Ushn.
Savitri. Aditi were gods and goddess of heaven.
48. Indra. Mann. Rudra and Vayu were atmospheric God.
49. Agni. Som and Prithivi were gods on earth.
50. The time bracket for later vedic age is 1000 B.C.-600 B.C During this period with the help of fire
and iron the Vedic culture had reached upto Bihar.
51. The later Vedic Aryans were acquainted with Arabian sea and Vindhaya range.
52. The legend of Videha Madhav in Satpath Brahman describes the Eastward march of the Aryans.
53. Agriculture had become Aryan's main economic occupation.
54. Satpath Brahman describes rites connected with ploughing and various agricultural operations
in one entire section.
55. A ritual for taking river water to new channels is described in Atharvaveda.
56. Two crops of Rabi and Kharif were obtained. Vrihi (Rice) and Godltutna (Wheat) were the new
crops. Besides these Yava (Barley), Mudga (Moong), Mass (Urad), Millet. Sugarcane. Sesamurn
were also cultivated.
57. The first reference to money lending is found in Satapath Brahman. Usurer was called Kusidin'.
58. Nishka' was perhaps a coin or used as a coin for exchange purposes.
59. Udumban' and Khadira were the wood used for making plough the share of plough was of iron.
60. Land was held by household, It was also given in Dakshinf as indicated by legend of
Vishavakarma Bhagwan.
61. Head of the household was known as Grihapati.
62. Smelters were called Dhmatra', Smiths were called Karmar' and bellows were called Bhastra'.
63. Archaeological evidence of bellows is found from Suneri(Rajasthan).
64. Later Vedic age had the knowledge of glass-manufacturing.
65. Glass bangles and beads are recovered from a number of sites.
66. Hastinapur and Kausambi were the two major towns to emerge in later Vedic age.
67. Aryans of later Vedic age knew about sea and under took sea voyage.
68. Reference to money lending is found in 'Satpath Brahman.
69. usurer were called 'Kusidin. Kuru jun was formed by the merger of I(rivi' with 'Puru.
70. Later on Kuru merged with Panchal and formed Kuru Panchal jan.
71. Capital of Kuru-Panchal was known as Asandivat'.
72. (aumfran) IAitneya' Braharnan refers to ten forms of government. Aitereya' Brahman referes to
king as protector of Brahmans (ifll 71??!) and eater of Common people (filljlfin).
73. In later vedic age kingship had become hereditary. Aitereya Brahman provided Mantras
granting kingship for two to three generations. 'Satpath Brahman's mantra make the same
provision for ten generations.
74. According to Aitereya Brahman the king of Kuru was always surrounded by well-armed combat
ready sixty four warriors.
75. Satpath Brahman mentions the presence of six thousand thirty three armoured soldiers at the
time of sacrifice (Yagya) in Panchal state.
76. Later Vedic literature mentions state officers Sthapati, Shatpati and Adhikrita. No definite
infonnation about functions powers and jurisdiction of the first two is avialable. They are not
included in 'Ratnin. The hast one was a village officer. RatanahVeenshi (film) Sanskar was a part
of Rajsuya yagya which was performed at the time of king's coronation. In this king paid visit to
Ratnins' residence.
77. Taittriya Samhita mentions eleven. Maitryani fourteen. Kathak twelve, Taittriya Brahman twelve
and Satpath Brahman thirteen Ratnin.
78. Ratnin included two to three women also. Soot (E3!) was a Ratnin. According to some he was
charioteer. according to others he was court chronicler.
79. Palagal was messenger and Perhaps belonged to Shudra varna. Eleven Ratnin mentioned in
Taittriya Samhita are Brahman. Rajanya Mahishi' 'Parivrikti (WR'{fl'!l). Senani Soot
Gramani Kshatra (llfi) Sangrahita. Bhagdugha' Akshavap.Taittriya Brahman odds 'Vavata as
the twelth Ratnin.
80. Ratnin mentioned in Satpath Brahman are-enani. Purohita, Yajak. Mahishi. Soot. Gramani.
Kshatra. Sangrahita. Bhagdugha. Gonikartan. Palagal, Parivrikti.Ugra and Jeevgrah were two
police officers mentioned in later Vedic literature.
81. Rice cooked in milk was called Kshirodan' (I?l'\l'3=l).
82. Til cooked in milk was Tilodan (firdtaa).
83. Cooked mixture of Ghee and Wheat/Barley was called A9009 (WW).
84. Milk. butter, curd. ghee and honey were included in diet.
85. Somras was favourite drink.
86. Vanij (ERIE) has been used in Rigveda Vajsaneyi Samhita and Taittriya Brahman. Kathak
Samhita mentions of Hiranya Krishnal. It means that Krishnal. a unit of measurement, was
made of gold.
87. According to Bhandarkar Pad(lT3)' was a coin is later Vedic age but R. Davids considers it a
fourth of measurement.
88. Shattantu (!RRF) was a musical instrument of hundred cords.
89. Wool was called Urna (WIT).
90. Virivranti' (fifiqi-\'l) was a wife who did not give birth to a son.
91. A human being was sacrificed in Vratya Stoma Yagya (Ila! Ell?! RSI).
3. Mahajanapadas
4. Social Order and Religious Reforms
Points I must know
1. Baudhayan mentions three sources of Dharma-Veda. Smriti and conduct of good persons.
2. According to Yajnvalkya sources of Dharma are-Sruti, Dharma shastras, the practice of good,
action agreeable to ones resolve and the desires arising from wholesome resolve.
3. Gautam lays down that Samanya dharma consists of observance of virtues of patience. kindness.
purity of thought, speech and action. will to do good to others.
4. According to Gautam a follower of Samanya dharma should not be miserable to others, should
not desire goods belonging to others and should not be over ambitious.
5. Kautilya says that Rajdharma requires that a ruler should seek his welfare in the welfare of his
subjects. Manu emphasised that to protect Vama-ashram dharma is the integral part of
Rajdharma.
6. The objectives to be pursued by an individual are Dharma. Artha. Kama. Moksha. These are
called four Purusharthas.
7. Manu and Yajnavalkya are the main advocates of the doctrine of three Rnas- Rsi Rna. Pitra Rna
and Deva Rna.
8. An individual had to perform everyday five Mahayajnas Brahma. Pitra. Dev. Atithi and Bhut
yajna.
9. Atithi yajna is referred to as Nrayajna in some works. Bhuta yajna is called Bali Vaishva Deva
yajna.
10. Pak yajna, Havir yajna and Soma yajna are special sacrifices performed by a householder.
11. Generally accepted Samskars are sixteen. But Asvalayan Grih Sutra refers to eleven. Paraskar
Sutra to thirteen. Vaikhanas to eighteen and Gautam to forty Samskars.
12. Vrihadaranyak Upanishad is the first work to give a systematic description of Samskar.
13. Garbhadhan Samskar. Punsavan Samskar and Simantonnayan Samskar were performed during
pregnancy days.
14. The first Samskar performed after birth of a child was Jaat Karma.
15. Upanayan Samskar marked the entrance of boy into Brahma charya Ashram. Shudra could not
perform Upanayan Samskar.
16. Vedarambha Samskar mentioned in a later work Vyas Smriti is not mentioned in Dharm Sutras,
Graha Sutra and Smritis.
17. Samavanhan Samskar marks the end of Bramacharya and the beginning of Grihastha Ashram.
18. The marriage of the girl at an early age had become a norm during the Smriti days. Mann
advocates marriage of girl of 12 years and even of 8 years. While Mahabharat refers to marriage
at the age of ten. Baudhayana prescribes that girl should be Nagnika.
19. According to Kautilya a woman could remarry if her husband's family did not look after her and
gave maintenance allowance to her.
20. Parashar lays down that a woman can remarry if husband is dead or impotent or has become
Sanyasi. Narad adds two more circumstances to these three. These are if husband has been
outcasted or is not traoeable.
21. eight forms of marriage Brahma. Daiva. Arsa and Prajapatya are Dharma forms.
22. Asur, Gandharva. Rakshasa. Pisach are Adharmaya forms.
23. The Stridhan of a woman who had entered dharmay marriage was inherited by her husband.
Otherwise it was inherited by her father.
24. When a man married a girl whose Vama was lower than his own the marriage was called
Anuloma Vivah. If bride was of higher Vama the marriage was Pratiloma Vivah.
25. Manu says that children of Pratiloma' marriage are Vama Samkar. Mahabharat declares that
Children of Anuloma Vivah are also Vama Samkar.
26. Nishad. Chandal, Vena. Ratha, kar and Pukkusa are mentioned as Hina jati in early Buddhist
literature.
27. One who devoted his whole life to study and did not enter Grihastha Ashram was called
Naishthika. Upakurvana was one who became Grahastha after completing education.
28. Baudhayan differentiates between Grahastha having property (Salina) and one not having
property (Yayavar). Vaikhanas Dharrna Sutra puts Grahastha in four categories.
29. Pachmanakas were Vanprasthis cooking their own food. One taking uncooked food was called
Apachamanak.
30. Aitreya Brahman does not mention Sanyas Ashram.
31. Seeds of Bhagvatism are found in Narayan Upakhyan of the epic Mahabharat.
32. The early tenets of Bhagavatism are in Sri Mad Bhagvat Gita.
33. The ten Skandha (Mandal) of Sri Bhagavat describe ten incamations of God Vishnu-one in each
Skandha.
34. Bhagavat religion is also known as Vaisnava religion because it is based on devotion to God
Vishnu who is worshipped by the followers of this religion.
35. Vishnu is identified and known as Vasudeva in Mahabharat. The epic turns the religion into a
divine faith.
36. The Bhagavat religion is referred to for the first time in Bhishma Parva of Mahabharat.
37. Narayana is identified with God Vishnu for the first time in Baudhayan Dharmasutra.
38. Sri Mad Bhagavat is considered the main text of Bhagavat religion.
39. Bhagavatisrn believes in three categories of incarnations (Avatars) - (i) Purushavatar (ii)
Gunavatar (iii) Lilavatar. Ram and Krishna are the two most popular incarnations of God Vishnu.
40. Svetasvatar Upanishad praises the glory of Vaisnava Bhakti.
41. Ghosundi inscription (Rajputana) belongs to second century B.C. and refers to worship of
Vasudeva and Samkarsana.
42. Nanaghal inscription of first century B.C. also bears testimony to worship of Vasudeva and Sam
Karsana. Concept of Chatur-Vyuha' is very important one for the followers of Vaisnava religion.
The principle lays emphasis on the worship of five Vrisni warriors-Vasudeva, Samkarsana.
Pradyumna. Samba and Aniruddha.
43. Krishna-Vasudeva is worshipped in five forms viz. : Pat. Vyuha. Vibhav. Antaryamin and idol.
44. Narayaniya Parva of Mahabharat refers to six and twelve incarnations of Lord Vishnu.
45. Bhagavat Puran Speaks of 22 Avatars and Agni Puran of ten incarnations.
46. Matsya (Fish) incarnation was the first incarnation of God Vishnu. It is mentioned in Sarpath
Brahman.
47. Vaisnavism reached the peak of its popularity during Gupta age.
48. It was during this age that Laxmi is recognised as consort of Vishnu.
49. The Alvar saints spread Vaisnavism in South India through their devotional songs. Intellectual
and philosophic aspect of Vaisnavism was developed by Acharyas.
50. Nammalvar and Tirumalishai were the most prominent Alvar saints. The most prominent
Acharyas were Yamunacharya, Ramnnujacharya and Madhavacharya.
51. Ramanujacharya belonged to Sri Sampradaya, Madhav to Brahma Sampradaya and Nimbark
to Sanakadi' Sampradaya.
52. Roots of Saivism go back to Harappan culture. The male God in Yoga posture and surrounded by
animals was prto-type of Siva.
53. Rigveda.YajurvedaandAtharva-Veda speak of Lord Rudra.
54. Siva is mentioned in Brahman works. Upanishads. Panini's Astadhyayi and Kautilya's
Anhashastra.
55. A finished form was given to Saivism by the Puranas which amalgamated tribal Siva with Vedic
Rudra.
56. Nakulin or Lakuleesh a supposed incarnation of Lord Siva was the founder of Pasupati Sect.
57. Kayarahan was the burial ground where Siva entered a dead body to incarnate as Nakulin.
58. The Pasupatas believed in doctrines of Karyn. Karan, Yoga, Vidhi and Dukhant.
59. Saivism. a moderate sect, believed in Pati (Siva) Pasu (Jeevatman) and Push (Bondage).
60. It also believed in four forms of bondage-vidya Kriya. Yoga and Charya.The followers of
Kalamukha sect are called Mahavratdhar in Siva Puran.
61. Lingayat. made prominent by Basav, was the most popular form of Saivisrn in South India.
62. The followers of Saivisrn in South who composed devotional songs are known as Nayanar.
63. The most prominent Nayanar Saints are Appar. Sambandhar. Sundaramurti and Manikkaua
chakam. Kashmiri Saivism believed in Siva, Shakti and Ann. Vasugupta was the founder of
Saivism in Kashmir. Kallat, the author of Spanda-Sarvasva was his pupil.
64. Kashmiri Saivism is also known as Spanda Shastra and Pratya-bhigya Shastra.
65. The seeds of Tantrikism of Vaisnava and Saiva sects are found in Agam works and Yamala works.
The Tantrik doctrine of Kula means assemblage of soul. knowledge and the world. The Tantriks
advocated association of Shakti with Purusha. Tantrikism in Buddhism was introduced by Asanga
who belonged to Yogachar school.
66. Nagarjuna was also a believer in Tantrikism.Mantrayan school of Mahayan was the introductory
stage of Buddhist Tantrikism. Its later schools wen: Vajrayan. Sahajyan and Kalchakrayan.
67. According to Jain traditions theirs is one of the oldest religion in India.
68. Risabhdeva, also known as Adinath. is claimed to be the first Tirthankar. His name is mentioned
in Rigveda The 23rd Tirthankar Parsvanath is a historical figure. He belonged to ruling family of
Varanasi.
69. Parsva advocated four Sankalpas-Satya. Ahimsa. Asteyn,Aparigrah. He criticised caste system
and admitted women in his fold.
70. Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankar of Jain religion. He belonged to Gyatrik Kshatriya.His father
Siddharth was the ruler of a state. His mother Trishala belonged to ruling family of Lichchhavi.
She was the sister of king Chetak.
71. Vardhaman become ascetic at the age of thirty. He undertook rigorous tapascharya and
obtained ultimate knowledge Kevalya' afier twelve years.
72. Vardhaman did not believe in existence of God. He rejected Vedas and Vedic religion. He was
against discrimination based on Varna and gender.
73. According to Vardhaman, the Universe is the creation of six elements, Jeev. Pudgal. Dharma.
Adharma, Kal and Akash. The Universe is eternal and indestructible.
74. Mahavir preached five Mahavrat for monks- Satya. Ahimsa. Asteya, Aparigraha and
Brahmacharya.
75. He believed in existence of souls. Every object of universe has a soul. Physical matter is a
bondage.
76. Mahavir believed in Karma, its consequences and rebirth as a result of these consequences.
77. Mahavir advocated Tri-Ratna-Samyak Darshan. Samyak Gyan and Samyak Acharan.
78. According to Mahavir Nirvana means (a) end of Karma and its fruits and (b) freedom of soul
from physical bondage.
79. Rigorous Tapascharya i.e., Kaya-Klesh' is the path of salvation.
80. Mahavir asked his followers to avoid Sin (Pap). He enumerated I8 sins.
81. Jains Categorise Knowledge as Shruti', Man, Avadhi',Manparyay and Kevalya-Kevalya is the
highest and ultimate Knowledge.
82. According to Jainism there are three sources of Knowledge i.e..Pratyaksha, Anuman and sayings
of Tirthankars.
83. Jain religion's followers were organised into a Samgha. The Samgha was divided into eleven
Ganas.
84. Each Jain Gana was led by a Ganadhar. These Ganadharas were called Gandharva also.
85. History records that two Jain Sangeeti were held to collect and edit jain religious texts and sort
out differences among the followers.
86. The first Sangeeti was held in Pataliputra. The second was held in Vallabhi.
87. The first Sangeeti was chaired by Sthoolbhadra. The Vallabhi Sangeeti was chaired by Deva
Riddhigana.
88. Jains are divided into two sects-Digambar and Svetambar. Digarnbars are sectarian and do not
wear clothes. Svetambars are comparatively liberal and wear white clothes.
89. Vardhaman passed away at Pava.He was 72 at that time.
90. Gautam Buddha is also known as Tathagata and Shakyamuni. His childhood name was
Siddhartha. He was born in 566 BC. in a mango groove at Lumbini van near Kapilvastu.
91. Gautam Buddha left his home at the age of 29. The event is known as Mahabhiniskraman'.
92. After wanderings for seven years. Buddha attained knowledge when meditating under a Peepal
tree in Gaye. It was 49th day of his meditation (Samadhi).
93. Buddha delivered his first sermon in Rsipattan (Saranath).This is called Dharma-Chakra
Pravartan.
94. Budhism did not believe in God, Soul and Vedas. Gautam Buddha died at the age of 80 at
Kusinagar. The event is called Mahaparinirvana'.
95. Four eternal truth of Buddhism are : Sorrow, cause of sorrow, prevention of Sorrow and way of
prevention of sorrow (Dukha. Dukha-Karan. Dukha-Karan Nirodh and Dukha-Kanam Nirodh
Marg).
96. Gautams Madhyam Pratipada' or Eight fold path is divided into three categories (i) Pragya
Skandha (ii) Sheel Skandha (iii) Samadhi Skandha.
97. Bauddha Samgha was founded at Saranath (Varanasi). The entrant of Samgha was called
Upasampada'.
98. Hinayan. Mahayan and Vajrayan are three main sects of Buddhism.
99. Nagarjuna was the founder of Mahayan. To a Mahayani autam was a God to Hinayani he was a
human-being.Vaibhashika and Sautrantika are two well known sects of Hinayan.Vajrayan was
founded in seventh century AD. Its follower bad faith in Tantra. Hathayoga and believed that
Buddha possessed powers of miracle.
100. Baudha Samgh was open to all including women.
101. Later on admission in Samgha was prohibited to minors under age of I5, criminals,
debtors, king's servants, slaves.
5. Mauryan Age & Post Mauryan

Points I must know
1. The chief source of the revenue was the land tax which was one-sixth to one-fourth of the
produce.
2. The king's own state or royal lands yielded income was called Sita'.
3. The Ashokan Edicts refer two kinds of taxes namely Bali and Bhaga'.
4. The Rummindei pillar Inscription records that the village of Lumbini was exempted from bali and
was to pay only one-eighth of the bhaga.
5. The Pradeshika' were the chief police officers. whose duty was to investigate the crimes
committed in the region within their jurisdiction.
6. ln deciding civil cases. The Hindu code of law was administered.
7. There were eighteen kinds of tortures including seven of whipping.
8. Saurastra (Kathiawar) was governed by Yavana king Tushaspa at the time of Ashoka. The head of
the village was called Gramika who was not a paid servant.
9. According to Megasthenes the society was divided into seven classes namely philosophers,
farmers, soldiers, herdsman, artisans, magistrates and councillors.
10. Arsha' form of marriages were popular during the Mauryan age.
11. The fourteenth section of Arthushastra is called Aupanisadilta' which deals with the number of
rites and practices which are supposed to produce occult manifestations.
12. The protection of Chandragupta Mauryas person was entrusted to an Amazonian body-guard of
armed women.
13. There were two types of courts namely Kantakshodhan and Dharmastheya.
14. Shoes of white leather, elaborately trimmed was the order of the day.
15. The Universities of Taxila, Ujjain and Varanasi were famous sects of learning.
16. Strabo quotes Nearchus as saying that Indian wrote on pieces of closely woven linen.
17. During the Mauryan age common people were divided into three main classes (i) Herdsmen,
farmers and hunters (ii) Traders and (iii) artisans.
18. Fields and farms for growing roots like ginger. turmeric etc. were called Mula-Vapa.
19. The forest factories were known as Dravyavanakarmanth.
20. The State laid down precautionary measures to protect life and property against fire. These
measures consisted of ten remedial instruments.
21. Different Guilds. Sometimes, were combined like units of a federal constitution under a
common president called Bhandagarika.
22. Trade routes were insecure due to the gangs of professional dacoits. Wild forest tribes known as
Atavikas' and Kiratas'.
23. The Great royal highway was more than I600 km in length connecting the capital Pataliputra
with Taxila and North-west frontier.
24. Cowries' served as currency for small transactions. The Katha Sarit Sagar speaks of Pataliputra
as the city of flowers. the home of learning. wealth, culture. fine arts and as the queen of the
cities of the world.
25. Massaging of the body.was extensively popular among the Mauryan people.
26. Two types of wines : Madhu' (sweet) and Asava (dry) were in common use.
27. Buddhism became the most popular religion under the patronage of emperor Ashoka.
28. The Kautilyas 'Arthashastra'. Bhadrabahu's Kalpasutra' and the Kathavatthu' are attributed to
the Mauryan period.
29. Each Ashokan pillar weighed about fifty tonnes and were about sixteen metre high. The Capital
of the Ashokan pillar consists of (i) the abacus (ii) figures of animals and (iii) inverted lotus.
30. The Rajtarangni' of Kalhana mentions new name Jaluka as the successor of Ashoka in Kashmir.
31. The coins were issued by a central authority in the imperial mints situated in the five major cities
of the empire.
32. Kandahar Inscription is a Bilingual inscription in Greek as well as in Aramaic.
33. There was an important special officer calledthe 'Vrajabhumika' who was in charge of all works
of public utility.
34. Ashoka's greatest innovation was the substitution of stone for wood and brick.
35. Asokan edict at Sarnath and Sanchi give us a glimpse of the position of the king as head of the
Buddhist church.
36. Traditions credit Ashoka with the building of 84.(l)0 stupas. Except in the Minor Rock Edict of
Maski. Ashoka is throughout referred to as Devanampiya and 'Piyadassi which literally meant
the Beloved of God's and One of amiable look respectively.
37. The capital of the Mauryan empire was Pataliputra which is situated at the confluence of two
rivers. the Ganga and the Son.
38. The city wall of Pataliputra had 64 gates and was adorned with 570 towers.
39. The term 'bali' in the Saundharananda Kavya of Asvaghosha has been used in the sense of land
revenue at the legal rate of l/6th share of the crops.
40. It is evident from the Junagarh inscription of Rudramana that the Sudarashana lake was built
from the State treasury without oppressing the people by means of forced labour.
41. The Mathura stone inscription of Huvishka mentions that the State maintained the hungry.
Thirsty and destitute.
42. King Kharvela constructed a great palace known as the palace of victor" at a cost of 38 hundred
thousand coins.
43. During the time of Salta-Pahlava rule. the provincial governor assumed the title of Ksatrapa.
44. The Mat inscription of the reign of Huvishka mentions the repair of a tank and a Devakula by a
Bankanpati. son of a Maluidandanayak'.
45. During the reign of Pushyamitra Sunga the gateway of Barhut was erected. The stone carving of
the gateway was done by Vatsiputra Dhannabhuti.
46. Different schools of Buddhism such as 'Mahasamghiya'. Sovasakasyzf. Bhadavaniya and
Chaitikas were prevalent in Satavahanas age.
47. Kanishka constructed a Vihara at Shahji-ki-dheri in Afghanistan.
48. Bhumaka. the earliest Saka Ksatarpa depicts the representation of symbols associated with
Buddhism on his coins.
49. Jambhala. the Buddhist God of wealth. is regarded as a fitting counterpart of the Hindu Kuvera,
who is also associated with wealth and treasure. During the Sunga-Satavahana period, Hinayana
was at its peak in India.
50. The Mahasamghika sect was organised at the time of the Second Buddhist Council. Which was
held under the auspices of King Kalosoka at Vaisali. About a century after Buddha's death.
51. Mahayanism assumed a recognised form in the time of Kanishka.
52. The Buddha charita' states that a person through yoga. get rid of age and death.
53. The progress of Buddhism was accelerated by the patronage of a foreign rulers like the Greeks.
Parthians. Sakas and Kushanas.
54. Kharvela was a devout jain and was even called Bhikshu-raja' . the monk king.
55. Kharvela invaded Magadha and brought much booty together with certain Jaina images which
had been taken away earlier by a Nanda king.
56. The images of Jain Tirthankaras. found near Mathura reveal that Mathura was a strong centre of
Jainism in the Kushana period.
57. The worship of Jain images in Orissa during the time of king Kharvela is evident from the
Hathigumpha inscription.
58. The Jams paid their respect to Vidyadevis i.e., the goddesses of learning.
59. The Jainism had opened its door for men and women alike in the Post-Mauryan period.
60. The Lucknow Museum inscription dated 292 AD.. throws light on the absorption of foreigners
into the fold of Jainism.
61. The epigraphic records of the Kushana period refer to four important schools of Jainism
i.e.kottaka'. Vanna. Aryaudikiya and Vesavadiya.
62. An inscription of the Kushana period mentions Mehika kula as one of the four kulas of
Vesavadiyagan.
63. The Satavahana kings were followers of the Brahmanical religion. but they did not favour
religious persecution.
64. The early Saka kings Nahapana was equally tolerant towards the Buddhist and Brahmanical
creeds.
65. Kujula Kadphises and Kanishlta were Buddhists but wema Kadphises and other were Saivas.
66. The inscriptions found at Ghosundi' and Nanaghat' testify to the worship of Vasudeva.
67. The Dasarataras' or ten incarnation of Vishnu includes fish, tortoise. boar (Varaha). Narshima.
dwarf. Parsuram. Rama.Krishna. Buddha and Kallti.
68. Saivism was a popular cult in the Post-Mauryan period. The figures of Siva and Parvati can be
marked on some coins of the Salt: kings. The earliest Siva-linga has been found at Gudimallam'
near Renigunta. Madras. Dated second century B.C.
69. The figure of the Sun-God has been depicted on the coins of Kushana kings Kanishka and
Huvishlta. The cult of Godess Lakshmi was very popular in the post Mauryan period.
6. Guptas & Post Guptas / Vardhana
Points I must know

1. Sri Gupta is regarded as the founder of the Gupta dynast.
2. Chandra Gupta was the first king who adopted the title of Maharajadhiraj'.
3. The Gupta Era begins from 320 AD.Chandra Gupta I married the lichchhavi princess Kumardevi
and strengthened his position.
4. Chandra Gupta I is the earliest Hindu ruler. whose inscribed gold coins have been discovered
uptill now.
5. Samudra Gupta was the first to adopt the imperial ideal of Dharnibandha or Digvijay.
6. Samudra Gupta captured five forest States viz. Samatata. Nepal, Kartarpur. Kamrupa and
Devaka.
7. Virsena a Shaka was a minister incharge of peace and war department of Chandra Gupta II.
8. Kumar Gupta I is so called on Gold and Copper coins. He is called Mahendraditya on Silver coins.
Ajit Mahendra on Archer type coins and Sri Mahendra Simha on Lion slayer type coins.
9. Bhitarl Pillar Inscription is the only source to know that the close of Kurnar Gupta's reign was
marked by war with Pushyamitras.
10. Arya Manjnshri Mul Kalpa refer to Skanda Gupta ascending the throne after Kumar Gupta.
11. Fa Hien the Chinese traveller visited India during the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
12. Banabhatta refers in his Harshcharita to Hun invasions in northern India.
13. Kalidas refers to four kinds of marriages- Svayamvara, Pmjapatya, Gandharva and Asura.
14. Kalidas refers to the sati system in Kumarsambhav.
15. There were four categories of retired forest life : (a) Andambara : Men who took their wives
along but observed strict celibacy (b) Vaisanchi : Wives did not accompony (c) Balakhilya Led
quite a free life without even mental attachment to the world (d) Herrnits who led a very strict
life, slept on the bare earth and became true sanyasis.
16. One of the coins of Chandra Gupta I shows him wearing earrings and armlet.
17. Curly hairs were praised in Kalidas time while long hair were given preference in vedic period.
18. Kalidas has written Malvlkagnh mltram for the celebration of Vasantotsava (the spring
festival).Peaches and pears were introduced by Chinese in India during Gupta period.
19. Modnkas or modern laddus was the prized sweet of Gupta age.
20. The king of Ceylon built Mahabodhi Vihara at Bodh Gaya.
21. Fa Hien has described the perils of the central Asian route from China to India.
22. There was flourishing trade between India and Rome during Gupta period.
23. The term Nalgnma and Steaml was used to denote representatives of various trade guilds
Kalidas mentions mines of precious stones in Kamrupa and pearl fisheries of Tamrapani and
Indian ocean.
24. Mudrarakshasa mentions Chandidasa as the president of the guild of jewellers.
25. A guild (sreni) of oilmen received an endowment for sun temple in Uttar Pradesh.
26. According to Mandasor Inscription, the guilds served as banks for advancing loans and receiving
deposits.\The Guild Banks were so trustworthy that even the kings deposited money with them.
27. The Junagarh Rock Inscription of Skanda Gupta in Sanskrit is written in praise of Vishnu.
28. Fa Hien mentions various flourishing monastries between Punjab and Mathura.
29. During the Gupta period Prqian paramita or Tara and Marjusri were also worshipped by the
Mahayanist.
30. Buddhist borrowed Dharni. The magic formula from the Vedas.The Sarnath Museum stores a
number of Bodhisattvas of the Gupta period. The Kahaum stone pillar inscription of Skanda
Gupta records the fashioning of five stone images of Tirthankara in the niches of a stone pillar.
31. The earliest probable Shiva-linga of the Gupta period bears the 436 AD. date.Sambhu and
Mahadevm Prithvisvan-Sailesarasvnmi the two ministers of Chandra Gupta H were great
devotees of Shiva.
32. Matsya Purana places Shiva in a higher position than Brahma and Vishnu.
33. Kalidas invokes Shiva (Brahma Vishnu-Shiva) in the beginning of his works and names him
Triloknath.
34. Vishnu Val-man. a feudatory of Kumar Gupta l. constructed a temple for the worship of divine
Mothers (Shakti cult).
35. The inscriptions of the Gupta period mentions several Goddesses viz. (i) Devaki (ii) Jahnavi (iii)
Jambhavi (iv) Lakshmi (v) Paulomi (vi) Sachi and (vii) Saraswati.
36. Kalidas refers to the subjects of study as Vldyah.
37. Kalidas Raghuvamsa incorporates nearly all the Arts learnt by the various Varnas and by the
kings.
38. Fa Hiens record are testimony to the fact that the language of the cultured classes was Sanskrit
while the lower classes spoke Prakrit.
39. Malvikagnimitra tells about Chitrashala where painting was taught by the Chitralekhacharya.
40. Samudra Gupta issued Lyrist coins depicting the king playing on Veena.
41. Sanskrit language had developed so much that the Gupta kings adopted the same in their
harem.
42. The Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag prasastl was composed by Harlsena who was the war
and peace minister of Samudra Gupta.
43. The writer of the famous sun temples Mandasor Inscription was Vntsbhatta. The first
inscriptional evidence of sati is found in Earn Stone Inscription.
44. Kalidas mentions Bhasa, Saumllla and Kavlputra as renowned drama writers.
45. The plot of the dramas namely Pratlmanataka and Abhisheluv Natalia are based on Ramayana.
46. Charudatta is the love story of a Brahman merchant and a hetaera Vasantsena.
47. The first four acts of Charudatt a and Mrichchhakatika are the same.
48. Malvikagnimitram is the first dramatic work of Kalidas.Ritusamhar is a lyrical poem of Kalidas
divded into six cantos.describing the circle of seasons.
49. Sanskrit literature has produced five Mahakavyas which belong to the Gupta age. They are
Raghuvamsa and Kumarsambhav of Kalidas. The Kiratarjuniyam of Bharavi. The Shlshupalvadha
of Magha and the Nalsadhiyacharitam of Sri Harsa. Vayu Purana and Matsya Purana have been
assigned to the Gupta age.
50. Dinnaga was a disciple of Vasu- bandhu and wrote Perman Sainuchaya and Nyayao Parrnana.
51. The astronomical discovery of Aryabhatta is mentioned by Kalidas in Raghuvamsha.
52. The great astronomer of the Gupta period Varahmihira wrote Brihat.sarnhita' consisting of not
less than 106 chapters.
53. Chandra Gupta lI's Lion-slayer type marks the best specimen of coins struck in India.
54. The Art of Gupta Age is represented mainly in two schools.Mathura and Benaras.
55. The Ganga-Yamuna symbol is a typical Gupta emblem.
56. Deogarh temple of Gupta period has Sesashayi' Vishnu on the door frame.A beautiful specimen
of Harihara images can be seen in Patna museum.
57. Representations of half Shiva and half Parvati on his right or Ardhanariswara are referred to by
Kalidas.
7. Sangam Age
Points I must know
1. Civilisation described in Sangam literature is called Sangam civilisation.
2. The assemblage of literary figures was known as Sangam.
3. Such three Sangam took place in the far south of Indian Peninsula.
4. The first Sangam held in Madurai was presided by sage Agastya and had 549 participants.
5. The second Sangam presided by Tolakappiyar was held at Kapatpuram (Alavai) and had 59
participants.
6. The third Sangam had 49 participants with Nakkiyar as president . It was held in North Madurai.
7. The Sangam literature i.e.,poems, now available are 2289 in number. They are work of 473
poets and poetesses.
8. The whole of Sangnm literature is collected in 9 volumes Narinnai, Kurundohai, Aingurunooru,
Pattutpattu, Paditupattu, Patipadal. Kalittohai. Ahnanuru, Pumnanoom.
9. Tolakappiyam is the book of grammar authored by Tolkappiyar.
10. It has three sections with each section having nine subsections and also has 1612 sutras.
11. Aingumnooru is the work of Gudaloor Kinner.
12. Padiraruppatt gives a vivid description of history and culture of Cheras.
13. Nakkimr is credited with authorship of Tirumurutatruppadai and Nedumalvadai.
14. Perumpanatruppadai and Pattinatppale are the works of Rudran Kanninar.
15. Kanninar wrote Porunaratruppadai and Mangudi Marudnar wrote Madurai Kanchi.
16. Sirupanatrappadai was written by Nathyanar and Napputhanar wrote Mullaippatura.
17. Kurunjippatru is the work of Kapilar. Kaushiknar wrote Malaimadukadam.
Point to remember:
1. The Gotra system began in the later Vedic age. The custom of marrying outside the Gotra also
started.
2. In the literature of later Vedic age, the first three Ashrams are mentioned-(l) Brahmcharya. (2)
Grihastha. (3) Banprastha. The Sanyas Ashram is not mentioned.
3. In later Vedic period the plant Som could not be obtained easily. As such other drinks were also
used.
4. Gold and Silver were mainly used for making ornaments and utensils.Other metals were used
for making many other implements in the later Vedic era.
5. In later Vedic period, the commercial classes (Traders) organized themselves in Sangh. The
Aryans conducted sea trade. Nisk, Satman and Krishal were usded as coins for trade purposes.
6. In comparison to the religion of Rigvedic period. the later Vedic religion had become very
complex. Purohits, Yajna and sacrifice were considered important. Many types of Yajnas were
performed.
7. The Shatpath Brahman refers to the various steps in progress of cultivation-.Jutai (ploughing).
Buwai )planting). Lawani (weaning). Mandai (cutting) are the various processes mentioned in it.
8. Sangam literature is compiled in 8 books. They are-(l) Narune, (2) Kuruntogc, (3) Aigunuru, (4)
Padirupyuttu. (5) Paripadal, (6) Karlittorga, (7) Nedultoge. (8) Pumanuru.
9. In the Sangam age, the Tamil Grammar was written in a detailed book. Tolakappiyam.
10. With the songs of the musicians. the dancers known as Panar and Widelier used to dance.
11. Pedinekilkanku is a famous composition of Sangam literature.
12. Sangam is a Sanskrit word meaning a Congregation and a Council.
13. The main theme of the Sangam literature is Romance (Shringar) and heroism (Veergatha),
Shringar is called as Aham and Veergatha has been called as Puram'.
14. The first Sangam was organized at Madurai under the chairman ship of Rishi Agastya.
15. The second Sangam was orga nized at Kapatpuram again under the chainnanship of Rishi
Agastya.
16. The third Sangam was organized at Madurai and it was chaired by Nakkirar.
17. Avey was the family of Sangam age which meant Sabha (assembly).
18. Panchvaram was the assembly of the advisers of the King of Sangam age.
19. Ur was the institution which looked after the city administration.
20. The excavation of Arikmedu. provide enough evidence to prove that once opon a time. the
cantonements of the Roman traders resided there.
21. The teachers in the Sangam age were called as Kanakkaters.
22. The students in the Sangam age were called Bhanwan or Pillai.
23. Parshvanath arranged for fourfold vows (Chaturvrata) for the Bhikshus (monks)-(l) I shall not kill
the living beings. (2) I shall always speak the truth, (3) I shall not steal. (4) I shall not keep any
property.
24. Mahavir Swami has been called Nigashtha, Naatputra and Nirgranth Saatputra.
25. Mahavir Swami left his mortal frame and attained Nirvana at Pawapuri near Patna in Bihar.
26. The Triratna in Jainism are described as Samyak Shraddha (veneration). Samyak Gyan
(knowledge) and Samyak Acharana (conduct).
27. According to Jainism. Nirvana(redemption) to free the soul from the physical bondage.
28. Mahavir Swami has described five vows for the common people which are called as
Panchmahavrat. These are-Truth. Nonviolence. No stealing. No collection of wealth or anything
and celibacy (Satya. Ahimsa. Astey, Aparigrah and Brahamacharya). To these was later added.
Not to eat at Night.
29. Kaivalya is total knowledge which the Nirgranthget.
30. Buddha was born in the Lumbini forest, 14 km beyond Kapilvastu in Nepal Tarai.
31. Kaundinya, a Brahmin astrologer. was contemporary of Buddha.
32. Gautam obtained knowledge at Gaya. Hence the place is called Bodh Gaya.
33. The first sermon of Buddha is known as Dharma Chakra Pravartan.
34. Mahatma Buddha delivered his first sermon at Rishipattan (Sarnath).
35. The followers of Buddha were divided into four sections-(l) Bhikshu or the monks, (2) Bhikshuni
or lady monks, (3) Upasaks or devotees, (4) Upasikas or lady devotees.
36. After delivering his teachings for constant 45 years. Mahatma Buddha attained Mahaparinirvan
at the age of 80 at Kushinara (Kushinagar).
37. Tripitaks are-(l) Vinay Pitak, (2) Suttpitak, (3) Abhidhamma Pitak.
38. Vinay Pitak is divided into 3 ections-(l) Sutta Vibhag. (2) Khandhak, (3) Pariwar.
39. Suttpitak contains-Diggh Nikay. Majjhim Nikay. Anguttar Nikay and Khuddak Nikay.
40. In Abhidhamma Pitak. philosophical and spiritual thoughts are contained.
41. There are seven treatises of Abhidhamma Pitak-(l) Dhamma Sangeeti. (2) Vibhang, (3) Dhatu
Katha, (4) Puggal Panjati, (5) Katha Vastu. (6) Yamak, (7) Patthan.
42. The eightfold paths are(l) Right belief. (2) Right thought. (3) Right speech. (4) Right action. (5)
right means of livelihood. (6) Right execution, (7) Right remembrance, (8) Right meditation.
43. In Buddhism. the Astangik-marg (eight fold path) is classified as (l) Praja Skandh. (2) Sheel
Skandh. (3) Samadhi Skandh. A . Under Praja Skandh come Samyak Drishti. Samyak Sankalp and
Samyak Vani (speech). Under Sheel Skandh come Samyak Kannant. Sarnyak Aajeev, Under
samadhi Skandh come- Samyak Vyayam. Samyak Smriti and Samyak Samadhi.
44. Mahatma Buddha was silent on the existence of God or otherwise but he did not believe in the
existence of soul.
45. The first Buddhist Council was convened after a few years of Buddha's death under the
chairmanship of Mahakassap in Saptpama caves near Rajgrih.
46. The second Buddhist Council was organized at Vaisali.
47. The third Buddhist Council was convened at Patliputra during the regime of Asoka.
48. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened at Kashmir during the regime of Kanishka.
49. Purans are said to be 18 in number of which Bhagwat Puran is very renowned.
50. Bhagwatism is mentioned for the first time in the Bhishm Parva of Mahabarat.
51. The Dravida Vaishnav devotees are known as the Alwars.
52. A Brahman named Kautilya or Chanakya played a significant role in the establishment of the
Mauryan empire.
53. In the Greek writings, Chandra Gupta Maurya is called Sandrocottus.
54. Aricn and Plutarch have called him Androcottus.
55. In the Mudra Rakshas written by Vishakhdutt, Chandra Gupta Maurya is called Chandragiri
Chandrashree.
56. In Buddhist literature. Mahavansh Tika is the book which throws ample light on the life of
Chandra Gupta Maurya.
57. Indika was written by Megasthenese.
58. In the book Mahavansh. Chandra Gupta Maurya is said to be Kshatriya by caste.
59. After being defeated in war with Chandra Gupta. Selukose offered him Gadrosia (Baluchistan),
Acrosia (Kandahar). Aria (Herat) and a pan of Hindukush.
60. Sudarshan Lake at Junagarh was built by Chandra Gupta Maurya. T
61. The Mahasthan inscription points out Chandra Guptas ascendancy over Bengal.
62. The Rudradaman inscription of Girnar testifies to the suzerainty of Chandra Gupta over
Saurashtra.
63. According to Jain Texts, Chandra Gupta in the last years of his life, accepted Jainism and went to
Mysore with the Jain monk Bhadrabahu.
64. The empire of Chandra Gupta spread from Himalaya in the north to Mysore in the south; and
from Bengal in the east to Baluchistan in the west. It covered Punjab. Sindh. Kashmir. Doab of
Ganga and Yamuna. Magadh, Bengal. Malwa. Saurashtra and the region of Mysore.
65. The administrative system of Chandra Gupta Maurya was Monarchy. In order to administer
well. Chandra Gupta Maurya appointed a Council of Ministers.
66. In the Mauryan age. the officer who collected the trade taxes was called Shulkadhyaksha.
67. The Chairman of the Government services was known as Sutradhyaksha in the Mauryan age.
68. The officer-in-charge of Weight and Measures was known as Peetadhyaksha in the Mauryan
age.
69. ln Mauryan age. the officer who controlled the manufacture of wine. its sale and purchase and
its consumption was Suradhyaksha.
70. The chairman of the agricultural department was called Seetadhyaksha in Mauryan age.
71. There were many officers such as Ganikadhyaksha. Mudradhyaksha. Navadhyaksha,
Ashwadhyaksha and Devtadhyaksha etc. in the Mauryan Age.
72. The officer who kept the details of total income and expenditure of the State and decided the
economic policy was called Sannidhata.Under him. worked officers like Treasurer and
Shulkadhyaksha.
73. In Mauryan age. the minister of factories and mines was called Karmantirak. His main task was
to excavate different metals from the mines and look after the factories.
74. In Mauryan age the Amatya of l-auzdari (Criminal) Court was called Pradeshta.
75. The Amatya of the Civil Court was known as Vyavaharik.
76. The Greek scholars have described the Amatyas as the seventh caste.
77. The successor of Chandra Gupta Maurya is called name Bindusara in majority of the Puranas.
Ceylonese works. Buddhist texts and in Deepvansh and Mahavansh. In Vayu Puran. his name is
given as Bhadrasaar. In some of the Purans he is called as Varisaar. In the Chinese text-Fa-Uen-
Chu-Lin. he is called as Bindupal.In another book Rajabalikatha; thesuccessor and son of
Chandra Gupta is called as Sinhasen.
78. Ptolemy. the ruler of Egypt sent Dioniyas as his ambassador to the Court of Bindusaar.
79. In Chandra Gupta Maurya's time the chief of the city was called Nagaradhyaksha who worked
like the modern District Magistrate.
80. The smallest unit of the administration was the village. lts chief officer was called Gramik or
Gramani.
81. Gramani was elected by the people of the village.
82. In every village, there was an officer who was called Gram Bhojak.
83. In the administration of Chandra Gupta Maurya the department of espionage was well
organized.According to Kautilya. there were two sections of the secret service-( I ) Sansthan. (2)
Sancharan.
84. ln the inscriptions, Asoka is called Devanampriya and Priyadarshi.
85. The Ceylonese sources and Deepvansh, call him, Priyadarshan and Priyadarshi. Scholars think
that these were his titles.
86. Asoka appointed an officer called Mahamatras in every city and district.
87. In the 13th year of his reign, he appointed Dharma Mahamatra and Dharmayukta for the first
time for the happiness and peace of his people.
88. Upagupta was a Bauddhist monk of Mathura under his influence.Asoka changed his religion and
accepted Buddhism.
89. Asoka sent his daughter Sanghmitra and son Mahendra to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
90. In the mini edicts Asoka calls himself a Buddha Shakya.
91. Asoka sent Majjhantik to propogate Buddhism in Kashmir.
92. In 1750. it was Teffenthaler who first explored the Asokan pillars.
93. Asoka's last edict was found by Beadon in 1915 at Maski.
94. The small edicts of Asoka are of two types. According to Smith, they were written in 259-232 BC.
95. The first kind of Asokan small pillar edicts are available at Roopnath in Jabalpur district,
Sahasaram in Shahabad district of Bihar. Maski, in Raichoor district. And Vairat in Rajasthan.
96. The second type of Asokan edicts have been found at Siddhpur (Chitralahug. Mysore) Jatig.
Rameshwar and Brahmagiri.
97. The Bhabru edict was found at Bairath near Jaipur in Rajasthan.
98. In this edict seven precepts of Buddhism have been given which Asoka liked most and he desired
that the people should read them and make their conduct accordingly. The edict is preserved in
Kolkata Museum.
99. Two edicts about Kalinga have been found at Dhauli and Jaugarh.In these, the principles of
behaviour with the people of Kalinga and with the frontier people have been outlined.
100. Asokan small edicts have been found at about 15 places.
101. The Erangudi edict was found in I Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh at a place known
as Erangudi.
102. The Maski small edict was found from Maski village of Raichoor district of Andhra
Pradesh. It contains the name of Asoka.
103. The Rajul Mandgiri edict was found on a mound 20 miles beyond Erangudi in Kurnool
district of Andhra Pradesh.
104. The Gurjara edict has been found from a village named Gurjara in Datia district of
Madhya Pradesh. It also mentions the name of Asoka.
105. Ahraura edict was found from a hill of the village Ahraura in Miraapur district of U.P.
106. Palgoraria edict was found in I975.
107. The Sannati inscription (edict) has been found in the village Sannati in the district of
Gulbarga of Karnatic State.
108. The cave inscription are three in number which have been found in the Barabar hills of
Gaya city in Bihar. These refer to the charity performed by the King to the Ajivaks.
109. The language of the Kandahar edict is Greek and Aramaic.
110. The Topara pillar edict has been found from a village named Topara in Haryana. In the
course of time Firoz Tughlaq brought it to Delhi where it is kept at Feroz Shah Kotla ground.
111. Rumindei small pillar edict was found from the Tarai of Nepal.
112. Most of Asokan edicts are written in Prakrit language.
113. In Gupta age ships and boats were manufactured in large numbers.Gujarat, Bengal and
Tamilnadu were the main centres of cotton industry.
114. Trade between India and China was carried on before Gupta age.in 2nd century.
115. India had trade relations with eastern. countries. They were called Swarnabhumi (land
of gold).
116. Peshawar. Bharaunch. Ujjaini.Varanasi. Prayag. Patllputra, Mathura, Vaishali and
Tamralipti,were trade centres.
117. ln west Bharaunch and in east. Tamralipti were prominent ports.
118. Gold. silver. bronze. tin. campher. dates and horses were imported.
119. The collective unit of the people who worked in various industries. were known as kuliks
120. Kulik Nigam and Shreshthi Nigam were the unions of wealthy traders. The Kulik Nigam
had its own seal which was used in commercial correspondence and the trade-goods.
121. In the Gupta age, India maintained trade relations with Arabia. Horses were imported
from Arabia and lran.
122. The Seals of Kulik have been excavated from the town Meeta near Allahabad.
123. From Vaishali 274 Seals of Sarthwah Kulik Nigam have been excavated prove that it was
a great institution of the Gupta age.
124. Trade with China. Japan and Sumatra was carried from the port of Tamralipti.
125. ln Gupta age the land tax was known as Udrang.
126. Kadur and Charpal were the ports situated in Andhra Pradesh.
127. Kaveripattanam and Tondai were the ports of Chola State.
128. Kokai and Saliyur were the ports of Pandya State.
129. Kottayam and Mujris were the ports of Malwa State.
130. Sindhu. Orhoth. Kalyan and Mibor were other main ports for trade.
131. Hiranya was the tax realized in cash. Bhutavat Pratyaya was the tax levied upon the
imports from other countries.
132. Haldand was the tax charged on the ploughed land.
133. A definite portion of the produce from agricultural land was charged as the land tax by
the State. It was called Bhag tax. Generally it was charged in kind.
134. In the Gupta age. the land was donated only to the Brahmans.
135. The land donated to Brahmans was called Brahmdeya.
136. The tax free villages of the Brahmans were called Agrahara.
137. In the Gupta age, the Gram Parishads (village councils) were autonomous and free from
the State control.
138. The uncultivated land was the property of the king.
139. The women who remained un married throughout their life and passed their time in
studies were called Brahmavadinis.
140. Taxila, Varanasi and Ujjaini were prominent centres of education.
141. In the Gupta society, intercaste marriages were perfonned.
142. The slave system was practised in the Gupta age.
143. The joint family system was in vogue in Gupta society.
144. In the women though not as much respected as in Vedic period. Yet enjoyed important
position in the society of Gupta age.
145. Sheelbhattarika was an educated and worthy woman of the Gupta age.
146. Widow remarriages were performed in the Gupta age. But some works of the age speak
against it.
147. Chandra Gupta 2 married the widow of Ramgupta, his brother. Her name was Dhruva
Swamini.
148. Prostitutes, expert in music and dance. and perfect in sexology were called Ganikas.
149. The traders and commercial professionals had their Shrenis in Gupta age. The Patkar.
Tailik (oil traders), Pashan Kottak (stone cutters) were important Shrenis.
150. The author of Swapnavasava-duttam' was an eminent prose writer.
151. The author of Bhattikavya or Ravan Vadh, was Bhatti. an eminent poet of Gupta age.
152. Bhartahari worte Niti Shatak, Shringar Shatak and Vairagya Shatak which became very
famous. Some scholars believe that Bhartahari is another name for Bhatti.
153. Kuntleshwar Daityam is adrama that testifies to the fact that Kalidas belonged to the
Gupta age.
154. Abhigyanshakuntalam' Meghdoot' Ritusanhar are some of the major works of
Kalidas.
155. Kamsutra is a famous book on Sexology written by Vatsyayan.
156. Vaibhashik and Sanghbhadra were the two Acharyas (teachers) of the Gupta age who
wrote the literature of the Vaibhashik sect.
Objective questions practice


8. Early Medieval Period
9. North India ( Rajput Period )
10. South India ( Cholas & Others )
11. Sultanate Period
Points I must know
1. Mohammad Ghori conquered Uchch with diplomacy. He offered a tip to the Queen who killed
the king. The fort and city were surrendered by Mohammad Ghori. Her daughter was given to
Mohammad Ghori who sent the queen and the princess to Ghazni to receive Islamic lessons
where they died after two years.
2. The successor of Mahmood Ghaznavi, Khusrau was weak. He befriended the Khokhars to
strengthen himself. The Khokhars refused to pay the Nazrana to the king of Jammu named
Chakradev. Chakradev invited Mohammad Ghori against Khusrau Malik.
3. In 1190-91 Mohammad Ghori conquered Bhatinda and appointed Qazi Ziauddin with 1200
Cavalrymen there. He obstructed the entry of Prithvi Raj in the fort.
4. Qutubuddin Aibak made Lahore his capital. Ikhtiaruddin Mohammad Khalji served Hijbuddin
Hasan Adeeb.
5. Under the leadership of Raja Jatwan, the Jats invaded Hansi with the help of Raja Bhimdev and
they encircled Nusratuddin.
6. Hemraj (Brother of Prithvi Raj) faced the army of Mohammad Ghori at Meerut and
Ranthambhor and later took shelter in Mewat.
7. In 1195. when Qutubuddin Aibak invaded Anhilwara, the Commander-in-chief of Bhimdeo was
Kunwarpal who was killed.
8. From Ajmer Qutubuddin Aibak sent the army to Delhi under the leadership of Jhat Rai.
9. In 1231 Iltutmish invaded upon Gwalior. The ruler of Gwalior Malay Verman Dev fought bravely
for a year with Turks but was defeated ultimately.
10. Iltutmish sent Malik Tayasi to conquer Kalinjar. The Chandel ruler Trilokya Verma could not face
the Turkish army and surrendered.
11. Iltutmish himself invaded the capital of Guhilots, Nagada and the ruler Kshetra Singh was
defeated.
12. In the military expedition of Bamiyan. Iltutmish fell ill and he died in April 1236.
13. Rukunuddin Feroz remained Sultan from April 1236 to November 1236.
14. In the leadership of Nizamuddin Junaidi. the Subedars encircled Razia who defeated all of them.
15. Razia appointed Khwaja Mahzabuddin as her Wazir. Kabir Khan rebelled at Lahore in 1240.
16. On 13 October 1240 Razia was murdered at Kaithal.
17. Muizuddin Bahrain Shah remained the king from 1240 to 1242.
18. During Bahrain Shahs time a new post of Nayab-i-Mamiliqat was created.
19. Bahram Shah married his sister to Nayab-i-Mameliquat Aietgen.
20. Wazir Muhajabuddin hatched a conspiracy against Bahram Shah.
21. Baharam Shah died in May 1242.
22. Alauddin Masud Shah was the son of Rukunuddin Feroz Shah and grandson of Iltutmish. He
surrendered all power to the core of forty.
23. Masud Shah again created the post of Nayab and appointed Qutubuddin Hasan as his N ayab.
24. Muhjabuddin was deposed and Nizamuddin Abu Bakra was appointed Wazir.
25. Ghiyasuddin Balban was given the post of Amir-i-Hajib.
26. Nasiruddin Mahmood was enthroned at Delhi on 10 June 1246.
27. In I249 Balban occupied the post of Amir-i-Mameliqat.
28. In 1253 Imaduddin became Nayab but he was removed in a year.
29. In 1254 Balban again became Nayab.
30. Balban ended the Chahalgani system.
31. Balban inscribed Zille Ilahi on coins and introduced prohibition.
32. Balban began the Iranian traditions of Sijda and Pabos.
33. He kept the Indian Muslims away from ofiicial posts.
34. He befriended Halaku.
35. Qazi Fakhruddin was appointed the Kotwal of Delhi.
36. Balban reorganized the army.
37. Qazi Fakhruddin ignored the desire of Balban and enthroned Kaikubad.
38. When Kaikubad had a paralysis attack. his three year old son Kaimur was made the Sultan.
39. The rulers of Sultanate adopted the title of Sultan.
40. The grandson of Changez Khan, Halaku murdered Abbasi Caliph Al Mustasin and Khilafat ended.
41. lltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi whom Caliph gave investiture of legality.
42. The Wazir of lltutmish was Nizamul Mulq Mohammad lunaidi.
43. During Balbans time Wazir became very weak.
44. During the time of Nasiruddin Mahmud the post of Waqil-i-Sultan was established.
45. Diwan-i-Risalat was Foreign minister and Waqil-i-Dar was the manager of personal service to
Sultan.
46. Amir-i-Hajib was incharge of court ettiquetts.
47. Balban appointed a new officer Khwaja who kept control over Iqtadars of his region.
48. Wali-ul-Khayaz was an officer related to revenue Department.
49. ln Siyasat Nama the period of Muktas work is of maximum three years.
50. During the time of lltutmish. The army of Sultanate was called Hashm-i-Qalb or Qalb-i-Sultani.
51. Cavalry was called Sawar-i-Qalb.
52. lltutmish organized Royal body guards group which was called Sarjandar.
53. There was no permanent commander of the army. Sultan was the commander and to help him
was Nayabul Maliq.
54. Due to Mongol expeditions, new roads were investigated which also facilitated trade.
55. The traders had the patronage of majority sections of society.
56. In the entire history of slave dynasty, lmadul Mulq Raihan was only Indian to get a high post.
57. In the entire Sultanate period Siddhpal was the first and last ruler to get high post in Delhi
Durbar.
58. Nasiri Abu Bakr-bin-Moham-mad Roohani. Tajuddin Dabir and Nuruddin Mohammad were
contemporaries of Iltutmish.
59. Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehalvi possessed the patronage of Ghiyasuddin Balban.
60. Jalaluddin Khalzi at the age of 70 in 1290 became the Sultan. His capital was Kilokhari.
61. He had liberal outlook towards the Hindus.
62. Alauddin Khalzi got him murdered in 1296. Iktiaruddin cut his throat.
63. In 1292, great grandson of Halalru led the Mongol invasion upon India.
64. Mongols were defeated but many settled at Delhi and they were called Neo Muslims.
65. Later the neo Muslims became centres of dissatisfaction and conspiracy.
66. Kaikubad conferred upon Jalaluddin, the title of Shayasta Khan.
67. Alauddin and Almas Beg were nephews of Jalaluddin.
68. Malik Chhajju rebelled in 1290 and adopted the title of Mughisuddin. The Nawab of Awadh atim
Khan joined him.
69. The main source of the history of Khalzi dynasty is the Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi.
70. Alauddin adopted the title of Din Mohammad Shah Khalzi and also Sikander-i-Sani which he
inscribed on his coins.
71. He also adopted the title of Yamin-ul-Yamini Nasiri Amir Mumnin.
72. Alauddin issued four important ordinances.He charged the land revenue 1/2 9 of the
production and accepted a Biswa as unit of land measurement.
73. He levied two new taxes-house tax and grazing tax.
74. Another tax of his time was Kari or Kathi.
75. Deewan-i-Ariz was minister of army.
76. He created a new post Dewan-i-Riyasat which controlled the traders.
77. The main officer of secret department was Barid-i-Mamaliq.
78. Ofiioeis of Alauddin related with market control were, Diwan-i- I Riyasat, Shahana-i-Mandi, aria
Adal, Barid-i-Mandi.
79. After conquering Chittor, he named it as Khijrabad.
80. The ruler of Jalore Kanhardev surrendered to Alauddin.
81. Pratap Rudradev gave, the world famous, diamond Kohinoor to Malik Kafur. Malik Kafur looted
the Ling Mahadev Golden temple in Jingibar.
82. In 1316 Alauddin Khalzi died of stomach trouble.
83. Alauddin began the branding of horses.
84. Alauddin built the fort of Siri, Hazar Sutun and Alai Darwaza.
85. Alauddin ended the land grant system. Alauddin stopped the sale and purchase of high class
textile,
86. Alauddin nominated Shihabuddin Umar as his successor.
87. Mubarak Khan killed Kafur.
88. Mubarak lifted the necessary control from market.
89. He defeated the ruler Harpal Dev of Devgiri in 1318.
90. Mubarak married the wife of Khijra Khan, Debala Devi. C Khusrav adopted the title of Al Vasik
Billah.
91. Khusrav Shah was a converted Muslim. He was killed on 7 September 1320.
92. A1auddins son Mubarak declared himself the Caliph.
93. Jalaluddin Khalzi was the first Muslim Sultan to ignore Ulemas.
94. Jalaluddin Khilzi established Dewan-i-Waqf.
95. Alauddin Khalzi and Mohammad Tughlaq charge 1/2 of the production as land revenue tax
96. Kham was looted wealth and its 4/5 was distributed among the soldiers and 1/5 was collected
in royal treasury. Alauddin and Mohammad Tughlaq both did its opposite.
97. Batai was of three kinds, Khet Batai, Lank Batai, Ras Batai.
98. Muhatjids explained the laws and they were also called Izma.
99. Alauddin levied house tax and grazing tax.
100. Alauddin paid rewards to soldiers an amount equal to six months pay. He appointed
dewan-i-Arij to improve army.
101. During Alauddins time Delhi was connected to different trade centres in the country by
roads.
102. jalaluddin Khalzi appointedAmir Khusrau as chairman of library.
103. In the court of Pratap Rudra Dev, the Scholar, Agastya wrote books like Pratap rudradev
Yashobhushan and KrishnaCharitra etc.
104. Under the Patronage of Veer Ballal III. Vidyachakravartin III wrote Rukmani Kalyan. I
105. The Musician Gopal Nayak was a contemporary of Alauddin Khalzi.
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

106. When Mohammad Tughlaq conquered Kampilya, Harihar and Bukka were brought to
Delhi and they were converted to Islam. But Madhav Vidyaranya again converted them into
Hinduism.
107. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was appointed the Subedar of Dipalpur in 1315. He defeated the
Mongol aggressors 29 times. He was renowned as Malik Ghazi.
108. He was the first Sultan of Delhi who prefixed Ghazi with his name.0 In 1323 Juna Khan
conquered Warangal and changed its name as Sultanpur.
109. In 1324 the Mongols made an unsuccessful invasion on northern India.
110. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq conquered Jaz Nagar.
111. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq defeated Ghiyasuddin Bahadur and imprisoned him.
112. Ghiyasuddin divided Bengal in North and South Bengal. He appointed Nasiruddin the
Subedar of North Bengal and Bahram Khan the Subedar of South Bengal.
113. In the Samsundari inscriptions, Ulugh Khan is called Khan of the World
114. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq inscribed on his coins Al Sultan ZilliAllah etc.
115. Mohammad Tughlaq opened a new department of Agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi
116. The African traveller lbn Batuta came to India during the reign of Mohammad Tughlaq.
117. The Subedar of Awadh Ainul Mulk wrote a book Insha-i-Maharu.
118. The Jain Saint Prabhu Suri was called and honoured in the court by Mohammad Tughlaq.
119. Mohammad Tughlaq issue a gold coin which weighed 200 gram.
120. He issued Adali a coin of gold and silver.
121. Mohammad Tughlaq ignored Shariat in the administrative field.
122. Mohammad Tughlaq built Adilabad, and a dam named Satpalah.
123. For Hunting he built Kushk-i-Shikar-a palace.
124. In the reign of Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah the tomb of Kabiruddin Aulia was built
which is known as Lal Gumbad.
125. The mother of Feroz Tughlaq was the daughter of Rana Ranmal, the ruler of Abohar.
126. Feroz's coronation took place in the royal camp of Thatta in 1351.
127. Feroz appointed Malik Maqbool as his Prime Minister.
128. He condoned the debt Takavi and the royal debt.
129. He took 1/3 of the looted wealth.
130. The irrigation tax was charged 1/10 of the production. He imposed Jazia on the
Brahmans.
131. The task of Mufti was to explain the law and the task of Qazi was to dispel justice.
132. Feroz established the department of Diwan-i-Khairat.
133. He opened a charity Hospital named Darul Shafa.
134. Dalayal-i- Ferozshahi is a book related to astronomy and philosophy.
135. He established another department of Diwan-i-Bandagan.
136. In 1360, Feroz defeated Bhanudev III, the ruler of Orissa.
137. The sister of Mohammad Tughlaq Khudabanddaja hatched a conspiracy to kill Feroz
Tughlaq.
138. Bahlol Lodhi appointed Nizam Khan as his successor. his third son and named him
Gulrukhi.
139. Nizam Khan occupied the throne as Sultan Sikander Shah.
140. In 1494 Sikandar Shah defeated the ruler of Bihar Hussain Shah.
141. Sikandar Lodhi laid the foundation of Agra in 1504.
142. During the time of Feroz Tughlaq, there was a Hindu Kotwal named Veer Nathan.
143. As the two elder sons of Feroz Tughlaq died the younger son Mohammad Khan became
his successor.
144. Henry Illiot and Elphinston both have called Feroz as Akbar of the Sultanate period.
145. Khan-i-Jahan Maqbool was originally a Hindu of Telangana.
146. Feroz solicited the favour of Caliph twice for his post as Sultan.
147. Qazar Khan was the officer in charge of Mint.
148. Feroz Shah Tuglaq entrusted the work of translation to Aajuddin Khalid Khan-the poet
laureate of the Sultanate. The translation in Persian of different books is known as Dalayale
ferozshahi.
149. A eunuch named Malik Sarwar who got the title of Sultan-us-Sharq. became an
independent mler of Jaunpur and founded the Sharqi dynasty.
150. Feroz Tughlaq got the investiture from the Caliph of Egypt.
151. On his coins are inscribed the names of Caliph Khalifa-i-Al- Hakim. Al Mutajid and Al
Mutavaskil.
152. Feroz Shah Tughlaq gave lot of importance to Ulemas.
153. In Delhi Sultanate, there was a Cabinet to help the Sultan. It was called Majlis-i-Khalvat.
154. Wizarat was legally acknowledged in Islamic law. During the time of Mohammad
tughlaq Wizarat reached its highest position.
155. Alamawardy divided the wazirs into two classes-Wazir Tafvid and Wazir Tanfid.
156. Wizarat was adopted as an institution by the Abbasid Caliphs from Persia.
157. The principles of Wizarat were fully approved after the establishment of Ghazni
dynasty.
158. Mushrif-i-Mamliq was Accountant General and Mustaufi-a Mamliq was the Auditor
General.
159. Majumdar kept the details of income and expenditure. Khazin was the treasurer.
160. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq established Deewan-i-Amir Kohi which earned specialities.
161. Sarjandar was the Nayak of Sultans bodyguards.
162. The chairman of cavalry was called Amir-i-Akhur.
163. During his period. Mohammad Tughlaq established a Textile Factory.
164. Ratibis and Non-Ratibis were the branches of royal workshops.
165. In Ratibi the workers received regular salary and in non-Ratibi the workers were given
irreguler salaries.
166. In the time of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, Khwaja Abul I-lasan was the chief Mutsharrif.
167. There were two classes of the Cour-tiers (1) Ahal-i-Saif and (2) Ahal-i-Kalam.
168. Finance policy of the Sultanate was based on Hanifi branch of financial principles.
169. Zakat was a religious tax according to I-lanifi Principles.
170. In realization of Zakat use of force was against religion.
171. Zakat was payable by those who had more money than the fixed amount. The lowest
property was known as Nisab.
172. On horses only 4% was charged,
173. The first to levy Jazia in India was Mohammad-bin-Qasim.
174. Kharaj was realized from Hindus and Muslims both.
175. Another way of fixing the tax was Masahat. The tax in it was fixed on the basis of the
area of land.
176. Feroz Shah Tughlaq levied a tax Hab-i-Sharif. Its rate was l/20 of the production.
177. The taxes realized by the Zarmindars were called Hookook.
178. A logical analysis of Law was known as Qayas.
179. In financial matters wali got the help of Sahib-i-Diwan and Khwaja.
180. According to Afif, there were 55 Parganas in Doab.
181. Iqta is an Arabic world related to administration.
182. Ibn Batuta has called the group of 100 villages as Sadi fomiing an administrative unit.
183. Tanka's value was equal to 8 Dirharn.
184. Diwan-i-Ala inspected the accounts of lqtas revenue records.
185. Shiq means a part. It was first introduced by Balban in I279.
186. Ursh was the irrigation tax realized by Muslims. Where the land was irrigated naturally,
it as 1/10 of the production.
187. There was no tax taken on the charity land (Milq, Waqf and Inam).
188. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq made the basis of tax fixation to Katai and Hukm-i-Hasil.
189. The prominent canals dug by Feroz Shah Tughlaq were Rajwahi and Ulugh Khaji.
190. The commander of 10 soldiers was called Amir-i-Dah and the leader of 10 Amir-i-Dah as
called Amir-i-Sade. On 1000 soldiers. there used to be Amir-i- Hazara.
191. Sarkhel was the smallest unit of cavalry in which there were 10 cavalrymen.
192. Shahana-i-Feel was a military officer who kept the account of the sale and purchase of
Elephants.
193. The Naval army was called Bahar and its head was called Amir-i-Bahar.
194. Charkh and Falakhoon were instruments used for throwing stones.
195. Mohammad Tughlaq condoned many taxes which led to the progress of trade.
196. Dalal-i-Bazarha was a tax levied upon the sale and purchase of materials. Chungi-i-
Gallah was a tax imposed on food grains.
197. The famous trade centres were Lahore, Multan. Dipalpur. Samana. Sarhind, Hansi.
Debal.Thatta etc.
198. Debal was a very important trade port.
199. The Patola cloth of Ahmedabad was exported to Phillipines. Borneo, Jawa. Sumatra etc.
200. The betels were sent to Delhi from Malwa.
201. Pomegranate and grapes were produced at Devgiri in Abundance.
202. Bengal was famous for the production of rice and silken thread.
203. Reference are available that the quilts made in Satgaon were sent to Agra and Patna.
204. From Sonargaon (Bengal). Cotton cloth was sent to Sri Lanka. Malakka, Sumatra etc.
205. The Muslim of Dacca were famous in the world. Indigo was produced near Agra.
206. During Mohammad Tughlaqs time, Saiyyad Abul Hasan-al-Ibudi traded in arms on state
wealth.
207. From Adan and Egypt the trade of slave and servants was conducted.
208. The precious cloth Alsi was imported from Russia and Alexanderia.
209. There was a great demand of Indian swords in foreign countries.
210. The most significant ruler of Kashmir was Zain-ul-Abidin who is called Akbar of Kasmir.
INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON INDIAN CULTURE
211. In Shattari sect, Mohammad Ghaus of Gwalior has been very famous. He was the
disciple of Haji Hamid Hasan. His books were Jawahar-i-Kham Shah and Khalid-i-Mukhajin.
212. Shattari saints believed in a life of material comforts.
213. Firdausi sect could not be developed in India.
214. The Nakshbandi Silsila spread in the later years of Akbar by the efforts of Khwaja Billah.
He had come to Delhi from Qabul.
215. In the time of Billah's chief disciple Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi. this movement reached at
its peak. In it a common protest was issued against the Shias and the Hindus.
12. The Delhi Sultanate
13. Vijayanagar & other Kingdoms
14. Religious Movements
15. Bhakti Movement
16. Sufi Movement
17. Mughal Period
Points I must know
BABUR
1. Babur conquered Samarqand many times but every time he lost it.
2. The Tulughma mode of war fare was learnt by Babur from the Uzbegs and the use of guns from
Iranians.
3. Ustad and Mustafa were main Topchec of Akbars artillery.
4. On 16 March 1527, Babur and Rana Sanga fought in the battle of Khanwa. The battle lasted for
20 hours. Rana Sanga was defeated. Babur adopted the title of Ghazi after the battle.
5. In 1528 Babur defeated the ruler of Malwa. Medini Rai in the battle of Chanderi.
6. Medini Rais daughters was presented to Kamran and to Humayun.
7. During this battle Babur declared a Jehad'.
8. In 1529 in the battle of Ghaghra. Babur defeated the Lohani Afghans.
9. Babur died in December 1530. He was buried in Aram Bagh, Agra. Later he was taken to Kabul
and buried there.
10. Babur freed the Muslims from the tax Tamagha.
11. Before Khanwa. Babur stopped taking stamp tax from the Muslims.
12. Babur once swam across Ganga.
13. Babur started using Gaz-i-Babri to measure the roads.
14. The name of Humayun's mother was Maham Begum.
15. Baburs minister, Nizamuddin Mohammad Khalifa desired to enthrone Mehandi Khwaja as the
successor of Babur.
16. Mehandi Khwaja was the husband of Baburs sister Khanzada Begum.
17. Humanyurfs wife, hamida Bano Begum was the daughter of the spiritual teacher of Hindal, Shia
Meer Baba alias Meer Ali Akbar Jani.
18. Humayun was sent to face a group of Afghans whose leader was Hamid Khan before the battle
of Panipat Humayun defeated Hamid Khan.
19. The ruler of Gujrat. Bahadur Shah conquered Malwa in 1531 and the fort of Raish in 1532.
20. Roomi Khan was the famous artillery man of the period.
21. Humayuns great victory was over the forts of Mandu and Champaner.
22. In 1538 Humayun conquered Chunar Garh.
23. In Kalinjar Humayun broke the Hindu temples.
24. Humayun wore clothes of seven difierent colours on each day.
25. Lanepool writes that Humayun tumbled throughout his life and tumbled out of it.
26. In I532 Humayun defeated Nuhari and Formuli rulers in the battle of Dauhariya.
SUR EMPIRE
27. In the battle of Suraj Garh in 1534, Sher Khan defeated the Nawab of Bengal.
28. After the battle of Chausa. SherKhan adopted the title of SherShah.
29. In the battle of Bilgram, Humayun appointed Mirza Haidar as his Commander.
30. A waterman. Nizam. Helped Humayun to cross Ganga after the battle of Chausa.
31. During the time of Sher Shah and Akbar, one qanungo was appointed in each Pargana.
32. Out of the revenue charged by Qanungo. one percent was given to him as Dasturi, which was
also called Nankar.
33. During Shershahs time the land was measured in Bighas through ropes.
MUGHAL EXPANSION UNDER AKBAR
34. Akbar was born on 15 october 1542 at Amarkot in the house of Rana Veersal.
35. Hamida Bano Begum was his mother.
36. The ruler of Kabul,Mirza Munim Khan was the step-brother of Akbar.
37. Shah Abdul Mali Farzand refused to be present in Akbar's Coronation.
38. Bairam Khan belonged to a Shia family. Akbar appointed him as his Wakil.
39. Hemu was the Commander of Adil Shah. He had conquered 22 wars out of the total 24.
40. The Subedar of Agra Sikandar Khan fled to Delhi as he was afraid of Hemu. hemu declared
himself as a free ruler and adopted the title of Vikramaditya.
41. Hemu was defeated in the second battle of Panipat. Shah Kuli Marham imprisoned Hemu and
took him to Akbar.
42. Akbar's nurses were Jiji Anga and Maharn Anga.
43. Abdur Rahirn was given the title of Khan-i-Khana in 1584.
44. Akbar married the widow of Bairam Khan named Saleema Begum.
45. The beloved queen of Baz Bahadur, ruler of Malwa was Rupmati.
46. Akbar visited Ajmer for the first time to the Dargah of Sheikh Muinuddin Chishti to pay his
respect.
47. Asaf Khan invaded the capital of Gondwana named Chaura Garh. He Conquered the war and
Rani Durgawati and Veer Narayan were killed.
48. Durgawati belonged to Mahoba and she was a Chandel princess.
49. Merta was under Jaimal, a subordinate to Rana Udai Singh.
50. The Mughal commander Sarfaruddin invaded Merta.In the battle of Haldi Ghati. The Mughal
army was led by Raja Man singh and Asaf Khan. Maharana Pratap died in 1597.
51. In I569 the Mughals seized Ranthambhor from Surjan Rai.When Akbar invaded the fort of
Kalinjar, Raja Ram Chandra ruled there.In I570. the ruler of Marwar was Chandra Sen. He
accepted the Suzerainty of Akbar.
52. In I572. Akbar conquered Gujarat. He appointed Khan-i-Azam (Aziz Koka) as the Subedar of
Gujarat.
53. In memory of Gujarat conquest, Akbar built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri.Afghan Subedar,
Suleiman Karrani, declared himself as free ruler of Bihar.
54. In I575 the ruler of Bengal Daud faced the Mughal army at Tukrai but he was defeated. He was
again defeated and killed in another war near Raj Mahal at the hands of Khan-i-lahan. Man
Singh led the Mnghal army in the Kabul expedition.
55. Akbar made Bakhtun Nissa Begum as the Subedar of Bengal.She was the sister of Mirza Haqirn.
56. Akbar appointed Man Singh as the Subedar of Kabul.
57. Kasim Khan and Raja Bhagwan Das were sent to conquer Kashmir.
58. Qutlu Khan Lohani declared himself the free ruler of Orissa.
59. Bihar's Subedar Man Singh invaded Orissa. He defeated Lohanis son Nisar Khan and captured
Orissa.
60. In I592 Orissa was annexed into Mughal empire. The Mughal army captured the fort of Sibi in
1595.
61. The same year the Mughals won Kandahar from Hussain Mirza.
62. Chand Bibi was the queen of Ahmednagar who faced the Mughal army.
63. In I597 Daulatabad and in 1600 Ahmad Nagar fort were captured by Mughals. Nizarn Shah was
imprisoned and sent to Gwalior.
64. Akbar changed the name of Asirgarh and called it Khandesh.
65. In 1605 Akbar died of dysentry.
66. In I573, Akbar met Dasturji Rana and began Sun worship.The two famous scholars of Hinduism
were Purushottarn and Devi who influenced Akbar to be liberal.
67. The famous painters of Central Asia were Bihzad and Agha Meer.
68. Tansen's Original name was Ramtanu Pandey.
69. Mariam Uz-Zamani was Jahangirs mother.
70. Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the teacher of Jahangir.
71. The mother of Parvez was Sahib-i-Jamal. Shaharyar was the son of a maid.
72. Jahangir prohibited wine and other intoxicants, their production and sale.
73. When Jahangir became king, Amar Singh was the ruler of Mewar. Jahangir sent Shehzada
Parvez. Asaf Khan. Mahabat Khan, Abdullah Khan. And Shehzada Khurram against him.
74. The Rana surrendered. He was not forced to have matrimonial alliances with Mughals.
75. During Jahangirs reign. In South there was a very capable Wazir Malik Amber. He was
purchased in his childhood by Kasim Khwaja in the market of Baghdad and then he was sold to
Meeak Dabi Changez Khan.
76. In 1626 Malik Amber died in I620 Khurrarn seized the fort of Kangra from Vikramajeet.
77. In 1633 Mumtaz Mahal died at Burhanpur.
78. In I636 Bijapur acknowledged the sovereignty of Mughals.
79. In I622 Iranians subjugated Kandahar. In 1628 the Qiledar Ali Mardan Khan surrendered the fort
to Mughals.
80. Khurrams revolt was pacified by Mahabat Khan's capabilities and Nurjahans wisdom. At the
time of Jahangirs accession. the main religious leader was Mulla Shah.
81. The right to hunt a lion was the privilege of only the king. In place of Bairam Khan, Akbar
appointed Shihabuddin as Wakil and after him the Wakil was Bahadur Khan Uzbek.All the
ministers of Akbar, Jahangir and Aurangzeb were Shias.
82. Maham Anga was the only woman of the Mughal period to enjoy the post of Joint Wakil.
83. In his 25 regnal year, Akbar sent Meer Bakshi Shahbaz Khan on Bihar expedition with Todar Mal
and Mina Aziz Koka. Shahjahan appointed prince Murad and the Meer Bakshi Salabat Khan to
lead the Balkh expedition.
84. Akbar started in I562 the Budget system with the help of Etmad Khan.
85. Akbar's childhood name was Badaruddin.
86. Akbar fixed the age of marriage for girls l4 and for boys I6.
87. In 1605 the Dutch conquered Ambayana from the Portuguese.
88. In 1580 Drake completed his roundmarch of Earth.
MEDIEVAL AGE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

1. The Tabqat-i-Nasiri gives information of contemporary trade.In Masabqul Awasar. Reference to
21 kinds of rice is givcn.
2. Amir Khusrau wrote books like Khajanul Futuh and Tarikh-e- Alai.
3. Gangadhar wrote a book, Gangadas Pratap Vilas.'
4. Dev Suri was a great medieval Jurist.
5. Jagnik wrote Alhakhand and described the bravery of Alha and Udal.
6. Mahmud Ayaz of Bijapur wrote a book on scxology named Mift us Samr-i-Adilshahi.The Music
book, 'Gunayal ul Munyms was written in Jaunpur.
7. Buddhidatt wrote a book on Music under the patronage of Zainul Abedin of Kashmir.
8. Man Singh. the king of Gwalior is credited with inclusion of Dhrupad in Music. He wrote a book
on Music named Kautuhal.
9. Narpati Nath wrote Khuman Raso and Bisaldev Raso.
10. Roop Goswami. a minister of Hussain Shah of Bengal, wrote Vidagdh Madhav and Lalit Madhav.
11. Mirza Haider wrote Tarikh-i-Rashidi and Gulbadan Begum wrote Humayun Nama.
12. Babur wrote in Turki his auto biography. Tujuk-i-Babri.The Book was twice translated into
Persian. First translation was done by Painda Khan and second time Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana
translated it.
13. Babur was the initiator of a distinct type of poetic style named Mubaiyan.
14. Babur rewrote in Turki poetry a book Risala-i-Validiya written by Khwaja Ubaidullah.
15. Humayun studied. Turki. Arabic and Persian.
16. Akbar gave the title of Jagat Guru to Hari Vijay Suri.
17. Haji Ibrahim Sarhindi translated Athrva Ved and Faizi translated Leelawati.
18. Persian was the court language of Mughals. Akbar made it official language.
19. The scholar of Sanskrit Kavindra Acharya Saraswati adorned the court of Shahjahan.
20. Sunder Das was the author of Sunder Shringar, Singhasan Battisi and Barahmasa.
21. Abdul Hamid Lahori wrote padshah Nama and Amir wrote Shahjahan Nama.The famous
musician of shahjahans court were Sukhsen Lalsen. Sarsen and Jagannath.
22. Fatwa-i-Alamgiri is a book on Muslim Law which was written under the patronage of Aurangzeb.
23. Mulla Peer Mohammad was the Chairman of Royal library.
24. Akbar appointed Monserrete to teach Portuguese to Murad. He appointed Shiv Dutt to teach
Hindi to Khusrau.
25. Ain-i-Akbari mentions about a game, Chandan Mandal.
26. In Akbars court, there lived Persians and Turanis.Jahangir named Raksha Bandhan as Nigah-i-
dast.
27. Dushehra was called Kuiyadani.Deewan was the collection of Baburs poems in Turki language.
28. Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Jahangirif It was completed by Mutmaid Khan.
29. During Shahjahans time the Court poet Kalim composed the Saqi Nama.
30. Dara Shukoh wrote a book. Mazm-ul-Bahrain.
31. The poet Bihari received the patronage of Raja Jai Singh.
32. Aurangzeb later patronized Sanskrit language.
33. Mohammad Shah was the first Mughal ruler who patronized Urdu.
34. Uday Raj wrote the Biography of Mahmud Bagar, Raj Vinod.Far-i-Izadi means-Godly Light.
MEDIEVAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE
1. Timur was born in I336 in Trans Oxiana at a place called Caich. On 17 December 1398. Timur
defeated Nasiruddin Mahmud and Mallu Iqbal. near Delhi.
2. Timur built the jama mosque at Samarkand. A significant feature of Tughla architecture is its
sliding walls, called salami.
3. In Feroz Tughlaqs buildings, the use of Salami has not been available.
4. In Tughlaq style of architecture. Kanth. Lintel and shahtur have been used.
5. In this period. some tombs are octogonal in structure. Out of the I7 painters of Akbars court 13
were Hindus. They were, Daswant, Basawan, Keshu, Lal, Mukund. Madhu. Jagan. Mahesh, Tara,
hemkaran. Sanwla. Harivansh etc.
6. Akbar made a separate department of Painting and its head was Khwaja Abdussamad. He was
awarded the title of Zarin Qalam.'
7. Tansen and Ramdas were two famous musicians.
8. Akbar stopped the punishment of cutting nose and ears.
9. Shahjahan built the Rair Canal which was 98 miles long and repaired Nahar-i-Sahib and
renamed it as Nahar-i-Shah. Bemier. Tavernier and Mannucci have described the reign of
Shahjahan. Shah Burj was the secret apartment of Shahjahan. It was built in Agra Fort.
10. In Barga (Royal Camp) more than 10 thousand people could be accommodated.
11. During the time of Babur and Humayun. there is no reference to Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Aam.
12. In the Tomb of Etmaduddaula, for the first time Pietra Dura was used
13. The Tomb of Jahangir was built under Nurjahans care and is situated at Lahore.
14. The Tomb of Khan-i-Khana belongs to the period of Jahangir which is similar to Humayun's
Tomb.
15. Shahjahan built three temples in Agra fort.
16. jama mosque was built by Jahan Ara. the daughter of Shahjahan.
17. Ustad Isa khan was the main architect of Taj Mahal.
18. It is known through Dewan-i-Mahdisa that the map of Taj Mahal was made by Ustad Ahmad
Lahori. Shahjahan adorned him with the title of Nadir-ul-Asar.
19. Akbar propounded the policy of Sulahkul.
20. Akbar tried to discontinue Sati system, early marriage and prostitution.
21. Abdur Rahman was the son of Abul Fazl whom Jahangir provided the Mansab of 2000.
22. Shariq Khan was the Prime minister of Jahangir.
23. Shahjahans name was included in the coins of Golkunda.
24. Those who were expert in Shariat and dedicated to study were called Alim. A group of Alims was
called Ulemas.
25. In the court Meer Bakshi stood on the right side and Meer-i-Saman on the left side of the
Emperor.
26. The royal palace department looked after the needs of the king and his family members and
ensured their protection.
27. Before the king left for journey the officers of Farrash Khana and Meer-i-Manzil. arranged his
stay.
28. To manage and administer the harem, there were two types of workers-firstly the ladies and
eunuchs, secondly Male workers who worked under Khan-i-Saman.
29. The main officer of royal kichen was Meer Bakawal.
30. There were three categories of female workers-l Mahin Banu, Paristan-i-Hunar and low class
females.
31. The department which arranged drinking water during Humayuns time was called Abdarkhana.
32. The deptt which manufactured arms was called Karkhana.
33. On the third of every month, Akbar arranged Khushroz market (Fancy market).
34. Baburs Wazirs name was Nizamuddin Khalifa, After returning from Kabul Humayun appointed
Karawa Khan as his Wazir.Later he was deposed on grounds of corruption.
35. Afterwards Munim Khan was appointed Wazir and the title of Khan-i-Khana was given to him.
36. Todarmal was appointed Prime Minister and he remained on this post for 8 years.
37. After Todarmal Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the prime minister and till Akbars death Mirza
Aziz Koka remained on this post.
38. Jahangir gave the title of Amit ul-Ulema to Sharif Khan and also gave the flag and Nakkar of
Bairam Khan. Later he appointed Asaf Khan Qazumi as Wazir. In the Mughal age the finance
minister was called Diwan-i-Ala or Diwan-i-Kul.
39. During Aurangzeb's time he was called Wazir-i-Muazzam.
40. Akbar appointed Abdul Nag as Sadr-us sudur.
41. Before his death, he appointed Salim to look after the department or Deewan.
42. With Shahjahan. began the tradition of three Bakshis.
43. Bakshi was the most important officer in the Court.During Akbars time there had been the
office of Sadre-us-Sudur.Watan Jagirs were normally given to Rajputs.
44. Altamgha Jagirs were given to officers in place of their adminstrative services.
45. During Shah Jahan's time, the number of Subas were I8.
46. The Provincial Deewan was appointed on the recommendation of Diwan-i-Ala.
47. Nazim was appointed by the Shahi Firman of the king.
48. Meer Adl was first appointed during the time of Akbar.
49. The big Zamindars were called Zamindaran-i-Umda under Mughals.
50. During Shahjahan's time, his Wazir Sadulla Khan made a new adminstrative unit Chakla by
uniting some Parganas.
51. Qazi-i-Sarkan was appointed on the recommendation of Qazi-i-Suba by Sadre-us-Sudur and he
issued the orders under his stamp.
52. According to lbn Batuta. a group of 100 villages was called sadi.
53. In Akbars time Amin was a provincial officer.Muqaddam got a Dasturi of 2% of the revenue.In
Mughal age there was local self rule in villages.
54. Farrukhsiyar abolished the Jazia tax in the first year of his reign.It was re-levied in 1717 and then
withdrawn in 1719.Haasil-i-Bazar (Bazar Tax) Animal sales Tax (Nakkhas) were abolished by
Akbar.
55. Urvi was the $ of production.Gaj-i-Sikandari remained in use till 21st year of Akbars mle.Akbar
began Gaj-i-Ilahi in 1585 which was about 41 fingers. Gaj-i-Ilahi was bigger than Gaj-i-Sikandari.
56. On the basis of Sun, Akbar began Ilahi Samvat. It was also called Fasli samvat.
57. There was no interest on Takavi(debt). The peasant were given Takavi purchase seeds and
bullocks.
58. The Jagir captured by someone and not given to anyone was called Paivaki. Its revenue tax was
deposited to the royal treasury.
59. Grants were called waqf. The receiver of the grant was called Mutballi.
60. Lfrad was the financial help given to scholars and religious people, Khilwat was the cloth given
in charity by Sultan.
61. The architect was called Gaigar, The Islamic law was known as Frkah.
62. For Justice. Akbar appointed Thursday, Jahangir appointed Tuesday and Shahjahan and
Aurangzeb appointed Wednesday. For capital military regions, the Qazi who was appointed was
called Qazi-i-Askar. He went with the military too.
63. In 1585 Akbar instituted a permanent judicial committee and its members were Birbal. Habin
Hammarn, Shamsher Khan (Kotwal) and Kashim Khan.
64. He organized a committee under the chairmanship of Sheikh Nizam in 1663 to prepare a penal
code.
18. Maratha State and Maratha Confederacy

Point to remember

1. Made in the times of Bhoj, an idol of Vakdevi is at present preserved in the British Museum.
2. The Jain temples of Dilwara were constructed during the period of Parmars.
3. In Udaipur Prashasti. Munj is entitled Kavi Vrish due to his literary attainments.
4. Qutubuddin was purchased as a slave in his childhood by Qazi Fakruddin Abdul Aziz Koofi.
5. Qutubuddin did not issue coins or got Khutba read in his name after accession to Delhi throne.
6. Qutubuddin Aibak was buried at Lahore after his death.
7. Iltutmish established the Shamsi dynasty.
8. lltutmish organized the group of his 40 slaves which is famous in history as Turkan-i-hahalgami.
9. Yalduz and Nasiruddin Qubacha were prominent rivals of lltutmish.
10. Iltutmish organized the lqta I army.
11. Iltutmish issued the coins Taka' of silver and Jeetal of copper.
12. lltutmish was the first Sultan who issued pure Arabic coins.
13. On l8th February, I229, the representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad came to Delhi and they
gave the lnvestiture of the Caliph to Iltutmish. The Caliph thus accepted him as the Sultan of
Delhi. Now Delhi became a free state legitimately.
14. According to Barni. Balban organized his Court on the Iranian pattern.
15. Balban started the system of Sijda' and 'Paibos during his reign.
16. Balban's theory of kingship was based upon-Power. Prestige and Justice. His main objective was
to maintain his control upon the administrative officials. The Mongol leader Changez Khan was
known as the Curse of God.
17. The coronation of Jalaluddin Feroz Shah was done in I290 at the Kilokhari Apuma Palace built by
Kaikubad.
18. At the time of his accession on the Delhi Sultanate. Alauddin Khalji assumed the title of Abul
Mujaffar Sultan Alaiiddinia and Deen Mohammad Shah Khalji.
19. Jalaluddin Feroz Shah Khalji granted to Alaiiddin Khalji. The post of Amir-i-Tujuk.
20. During Alauddin's time approximately 75 to 80 per cent of the peasants produce was charged as
tax.
21. The main tasks of Diwan-i-Ariz were to recruit the soldiers. To disburse the salary. to well equip
the army. to make arrangements for inspection and to proceed with the Commander-in-Chief in
times of war.
22. The main tasks of the Diwan-i-Insha was to draft royal orders and letters and to maintain the
govt. records. He also conducted correspondence with the local officers.
23. Alauddin Khalji introduced market reforms and fixed the prices of various items and goods.
24. Munhiyan or detectives were appointed to keep a watch over the market and report the Sultan
of the same.
25. Barid-i-Mandi was an employee who informed the Sultan of the quality of the material sold in
the market.
26. Khams was the war booty. The 4/5 of the loot was submitted to the royal treasury. Only 1/5 as
distributed among the soldiers.
27. Alauddin Khalji established a new department Diwan-i-Mustalrharaj in.order to check the
Corruption of Revenue department and to maintain control on the concerned officers.
28. Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah rejected the rigid rules of Alauddin Khalji and pursued the policy of
forgive and forget.
29. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi was a Qaruna turk.
30. Mohammad Tughlaq has been called. an unfortunate idealist. Due to shortage of money in the
treasury and to meet the expenses of imperialist policy. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq issued token
currency.
31. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq planned invasion of Khurasan and Iraq but did not carry it out.
32. Diwan-i-Kohi was the name of agriculture department organized by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
33. Elphinston was the first historian who believed that there was some signs of madness in
Mohammad Tughlaq.
34. Feroz Shah abolished 24 taxes disliked by people.
35. Feroz Shah Tughlaq following dictum of Quran. levied only 4 taxes named Kharaj, Khums, Zazia,
and Zakat.
36. Feroz Shah brought the two Asokan pillars from Khijrabad and Meerut to Delhi.
37. During the period of Feroz Shah Tughlaq. the two books Fatwa-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Feroz
Shahi were written by Bami.
38. Feroz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography entitled Fntuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
39. Feroz Shah Tughlaq established a new department of charity at Delhi known as Diwan-i-Khairat.
40. Feroz Shahs book Dalayat-i-Feroz Shahi' was a work translated into Persian.
41. Taimur invaded India in 1398.
42. Sikandar Lodhi was the greatest of the bodhi kings.
43. In the Sultanate period, the Wazir was the prime minister of the Sultan.
44. The department of the Wazir was known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
45. In the Sultanate period. The Mushrif-i-Mumaliq maintained the account of the income and
expenditure of the provinces.
46. In the Sultanate period. the Chief Auditor of Accounts was called Mustafa-i-Mamaliq. His main
work was to inspect the accounts prepared by Mushraf-i-Mamaliq.
47. The Chief of military department was called, Ariz-i-Mamaliq who was not the Commander-in-
Chief of the army.
48. Dabir-i-Khas was the chairman of the correspondence department.
49. Department of Diwan-i-lnsha worked under Dabir-i-Khas who issued the royal Firmans (orders).
50. The Treasurer was called Khajij and the Chief Justice was called Qazi-i-Mamaliq.
51. The Chief of the Construction department was called Mir-i-lmarat.
52. The Public Hall of the Sultan was called Durbar-i-Azam.
53. The Sultan divided the empire into Iqtas or provinces.
54. lqta was divided into samll shiks or districts.
55. Jakat was the tax which covered the taxes of Sadpa and Tith.
56. Qutubuddin Aibak had built the mosque known as Quwwattul-Islam near the Delhi Fort of Rai
Pithora.
57. The famous mosque at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was constructed by Qutubuddin
Aibak.
58. Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was earlier a Sanskrit school which was built by Vigrahraj Bisaldeo.
59. Alai Darwaza which is considered to be the most precious jewel of Islamic architecture was built
by Alauddin Khalji.
60. The new city of Siri and the Hazaar Situn palace in this city were built by Alauddin Khalji.
61. In the period of Sikander Lodhi.his Wazir built the Moth mosque.
62. The mosque of Attala is one of the best buildings of Sharqi style.
63. The Jhajhanri mosque at Jaunpur was built by lbrahim Sharqi in about 1430.
64. The most important mosque at Jaunpur known as Jami mosque was built by Hussain Shaharqi.
65. The mosque of La! Darwaza at Jaunpur. was built in the middle of the 15th century.
66. The Vijay Nagar kingdom was divided into 6 provinces. The chief of the province was known as
Prantpati or Nayak.
67. The province was divided into Nadu or districts,
68. The provincial rulers were allowed to issue their coins.
69. In the Vijay Nagar empire Brahmans were the most respected.The criminal Brahman was
exempled from capital punishment.
70. Women enjoyed honourable status. Many of them learnt the art of warfare. They were
appointed as bodyguards.
71. Krishnadeo Ray is designated as the Andhra Pitamah.
72. Gold coins were used and they were called Barah.
73. Mixed metal coins were called Partab.
74. Kabir who adopted the Gyanashrayi branch of the Nirgun sect, was the disciple of Ramanand.
75. Namdeo was born in a small village of Satara district in I220.
76. Sabad refer to the composition related to Yog Sadhana.
77. Guru Nanak was born in a small village Talwandi near Lahor.
78. To reform a society ridden with ritualism and superstitious, he preached the Nirguna sect.
79. The fifth Sikh Guru Arjundeo systcmatized the composition of Guru Nanak in Guru Granth
Sahib.
80. Malik Mohammad Jayasi earned great name and fame for his work Padmavat.
81. The first invasion of Babar on India was conducted in 1519. During this invasion. he conquered
Bajaur and Bhera. He went back from here. When he left these two places were lost to the
Moghuls.
82. Babar again invaded India in 1526. for the fifth time and he did not go back this time. He
founded the Moghul empire in India.
83. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi by adopting his trustedwar tactics of Tulughma.
84. Babar used Artillery for the first time in the battle of Panipat.
85. Babur defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in the battle of Khanva in 1527. He scored a victory over
Afghans in battle of 'Ghaghara in 1529.
86. Babar declared the Chanderi war as Jehad and he constructed a minarate of the heads of the
dead Rajputs.
87. Babar wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Babri in Turkish lan-
88. Mirza Haider Speaks about numerous qualities of Babar in his book-Tarikh-i-Rashidi.
89. Babar's daughter Gulbadan Begum enumerated the qualities of Babar in her book. Humayun
Nama.
90. Babar in his reign abolished the tax Tamagha.
91. Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in Turkish poetry which was orginally the work of Khwaja
obeidullah.
92. Babar learnt the use of artillery from Ustad Ali and Mustafa-his two Turkish officers.
93. The name of Humayuns mother was Maharn Sultana.
94. In 1544 Hurnayun took shelter with Shah Tahmasp. the ruler of Iran.
95. In July 1555. Humayun again occupied the throne of Delhi.
96. Humayun died on 27 January, 1556 as a result of a sudden fall from the stairs of the Din-Panah
Library.
97. Shershah was a great conqueror. He fought and won a grim battle against Maldeo of Marwar.
98. Shershah introduced currency reform. extanded transport system by building. roads, most
famous being present day G. T. Road and reformed revenue system by classifying agricultural
land and introducing measurement of land.
99. During the administration of SherShah. the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked after the tax system and
economy and maintained the accounts of the income and expenditure of the State.
100. The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to recruit the army. supply the food and look after
education.
101. The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to conduct correspondence with other States and to
maintain contact with them.
102. The duty of the Diwan-i-lnsha was to write emperors orders and records of accounts.
103. The credit to solve the early difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard the Mughal empire
goes to Bairam Khan.
104. From 1556 to I560 the reins of Mughal administration remained in the hands to Bairam
Khan.
105. At Tilwara. a war was fought between Bairam Khan and the army of Akbar. Bairam Khan
as defeated.
106. In early days of his rule Akbar was under the influence of Harem particularly his foster
another Maham Anga. This is why some historian call the early years of Akbar as Purda-rule or
Petticoat government.
107. When Maham Anga died, the so called short Petticoat government of Akbar's time
ended.
108. In 1562 Akbar abolished the slavery system.
109. Akbar was the first muslim ruler who got maximum success in Rajasthan.
110. Akbar's second attack on Gujarat is considered to be not only the fastest invasion of
Akbar's time but the fastest in the history of the world of that age.
111. In 1595 during Akbar's time, Muzaffar Hussein was the Persian Governor of Qandahar.
112. Akbar's mother Hamida Bano Begum was a religious lady of a Sufi Shia family.
113. Raja Birbal died fighting on the royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi rebellion during Akbars
time.
114. In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri where every Thrusday, religious
deliberation were held.
115. Akbar was also impressed by Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain scholar l-leer Vijay
Suri from Tam Gachh in Gujarat to know about this religion.
116. Impressed by Zorastrianism, the holy fire was kept burning in Akbars palace.
117. Following the tradition of Hindu kings, Akbar started appearing for Darshan of his
people from the Jharokha of his palace.
118. ln Akbar's time. the prime minister was known Wazir or Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
119. ln Akbars time. the Finance Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.
120. Mujaffar Khan was the first to be appointed as Wazir during Akbars time.
121. The assistants of Deewan. Known as Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the accounts of the
army.
122. Another assistant of Deewan. Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the Industries of
different kinds.
123. The officer who managed the royal treasury was known as Mushrif-i-Khazana.
124. Meet Saman in Akbar's time. managed the affairs of the royal palace. Haram amd
kitchen.
125. In Akbm's time, Amal Guzar was the officer who collected the revenue from the
districts.
126. Bitikchi prepared the data about the quality of land and its produce. On the same basis,
the Amal Guzar fixed the revenue. Bitikchi was the second important officer in the Revenue
department.
127. Amil collected the revenue from the Pargana.
128. In Akbars time. the clerk was called Karkun. His main task was to record the cultivable
land in the Pargana and keep an account of the realized and unrealized revenue.
129. Akabar introduced Mansabdarisystem with its ranks of Jat and Sawar based on decimal
system.
130. According to Blochman. Zat was the definite number of soldiers.
131. the Mansabdars had to keep with them.
132. According to Blochman the Sawar meant the definite number of cavalry.
133. In Akbar's time. there were four kinds of land-PoIaj, Chacher, Parauti and Banjar.
134. In Akbars time. Ibrahim Sarhindi translated the Sanskrit text of Atharva Ved in Persian.
135. Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.
136. Maulana Sherry translated Hari Vansh Puran in Persian.
137. Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra in Persian.
138. Faizi translated the story of Nal Damayanti in Persian.
139. The history of Islam was compiled in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous book.
140. Akbar established a separate department of Painting. The chairman of this department
as the famous painter Khwaja Abdus Samad.
141. Abdussamad was an inhabitant of Persia who came to India from Shiraz. He was
adorned with the title of Shirin Qalam for his attainments.
142. Mohammad Hussain. the famous author of Akbars Court was adorned with the title of
Zari Qalam.
143. Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.
144. The first building of Akbar's time was Humayun's tomb at Delhi built under the guidance
of his step mother Haji Begum.
145. The main mason who built Humayun's tomb belonged to Iran and his name was Mirza
Meerak Ghyas.
146. Akbar wasborn on Sunday. Hence Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious day.
147. Nur Jahan was an educated lady. She was specially interested in music. painting and
poetry. She composed poetry in Persian.
148. The first Englishman to come to the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.
149. Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the guardian and tutor of Jahangir.
150. The English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe came to India during Jahangirs time.
151. The Jahangir's autobiography is Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.
152. Shahjahan was born on 5 January,1592 at Lahore. The name of his mother was Jagat
Gosain.
153. Two big rebellions broke out during Shahjahans time. One was the revolt of the ruler of
Bundcl-lthand named Jujhar Singh and the other was the revolt in south under the leadership of
Khan-i- Jahan Lodhi.
154. The title of Malika-i-Zamani was conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.
155. The first coronation of Aurangzeb was perfonned on 3l July. 1658 and the second
coronation took place on 15June. I659.
156. Aurangzeb passed an order and prohibited the repairs of the temples by the Hindus.
157. Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and Muhatsibs to check the spread of education and
hinduism.
158. Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon Hindus.
159. Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders paid 5% tax on goods while the Muslim traders
were free from this tax.
160. Aurangzeb issued orders to prohibit the celebration of Holi.
161. Diwali and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.
162. Gokul and Raja Ram were the leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb. After the death of
Rajaram. his brother's son named Churaman continued the revolt. The Jat rebellion went on till
the death of Aurangzeb and the Jats succeeded in establishing a frat lat state of Bharatpur Near
Mathura.
163. In I681, Akbar. the son of Aurangzeb revolted against him .
164. The 9th Guru of the Sikh order. Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested against the
religious policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam.
When he refused. he was beheaded.
165. Shivaji was the founder of Maratha State. He fought against the state of Deccan. as well
as the mughal empire. He was a great administrator.
166. Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji who was captured and put to death by Aurangzeb.
167. Rajaram ruled only as the representative of Shahu-the son of Shambhaji who was
imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Rajaram never occupied the Maratha throne.
168. After the death of Raja Ram Maratha war of independence was carried on by his wife
Tarabai.
169. Vasco-dc-Gama came to India as the representative of the ruler of Portugal. He met
Zamorin of Calicut and obtained trade facilities.
170. In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted the Portuguese the monopoly to trade with the
east.
171. From 1505 to 1509. Almeda remained in India as the first Portuguese Governor.
172. Albultirk was the successor of Almeda in India. his objective was to establish a
Portuguese colony in India by inter-marrying with Indians.
173. After coming to India. the Dutch established their trade centres at Surat. Bharaunch.
Cambay, Ahmedabad. Chinsura. KasimBazar, Patna. Balasore. Nagapat- tanarn. Kochin, Masuli-
pattanam and Agra.
174. The main aim of the Dutch was to trade with the Islands of south- east Asia. India was
just a passage for them. This is why the Dutch faced no rivalry with other European companies.
175. In 1608. under the leadership of Captain Hawkins, the English fleet reached India.
176. In 1717 the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar granted a Firman to the British giving them the
trade rights.
177. In 1692. the Nawab of Bengal issued an order to the French Company and they
established a commercial Factory at Chandra nagar.
Modern India
19. India in the late Eighteenth Century
20. The Advent of the Europeans and British Conquest of India
Points I must know
1. Vasco da Gama started his voyage from Lisbon in 1497.
2. The Portuguese allied themselves with the rulers of Honnavar, Bankipur and Bhatkal against
Bijapur.
3. Cochin was the best of all ports on the Malabar coast.
4. The trade was carried on to with China, Arabia and other countries front the port of Qullon.
5. Portugal's initial objective was to capture the spice trade of the east.
6. The Dutch expelled the Portugese from Sri Lanka (1638 to 1658).
7. The Dutch occupied Cape of Good Hope in 1652.
8. Goa was made the seat of Bishop in 1538.
9. The fanatic religious policy of the Portuguese was responsible for their rapid downfall.
10. The Portuguese were responsible of crippling the Indian Navy for their benefits.
11. Bartholomlo Diaz accompanied Cabral to India.
12. Christopher Columbus started his voyage in 1494 to explore the route to India.
13. Dutch occupied Malacca in 1641.
14. The chief of the factory at Golcunda was also the company's agent in the Court of Qutub Shahi
ruler.
15. The chief articles of import to the Coromandel coast were spices, . sandal wood and pepper.
16. Alfonso de Albuquerque can be called the real founder of the Portuguese empire in India.
17. The Dutch conquered Java Island in 1619 AD.
18. the Englishmen were brutally massacred by the Dutch in the Battle of Amboyna (1623).
19. Thomas Roe obtained the right to trade in Gujarat for East India Company.
20. Calcutta was founded by Job Chamock in 1690.
21. The British embassy which secured the farman' of 1717 from Farrukhsiyar was led by John
Surman.
22. The original name of Alivardi Khan was Mirza Muhammad Ali.
23. Major Camac was replaced by Hector Munroe before the start of Battle of Buxar.
24. Mirjafar died because of Leprosy.
25. Francois Caron established the first French factory in India at Surat (I667).
26. The biggest settlement of French in India was Pondicherry,Which was established by Francois
Martin in 1674.
27. The title of Nawab was conferred to the French Governor Dumas (1740) by Chanda Sahib
because he safeguarded him from Maratha attack.
28. Joseph Francis Duplex was the greatest French Governor in India.
29. The victorious French army was led by Capt. Paradise in the battle of St. Thome.
30. The battle of St. Thome is vividly described in a book entitled Private Diary written by ANAND
RANGA PILLAI.
31. The French Governor Duplex was succeeded by Godeheu. French commander Bussy was taken
as a prisoner in the battleof Wandiwash.
32. The battle of Wandiwash sealed the fate of French fortunes in India.
33. In the battle of Wandiwash (1760) the French were led by Count De Lally and the English led by
colonel Eyre Coote. St. Thome (near Madras) was occupied by Frenchman De Lalaye from the
Sultan of Golconda (July 1672) From 1693 to 1699 the Pondicherry remained under the
occupation of the Dutch and the credit of converting it into the best fortified European
settlement goes to them.Pondicherry was given back to the French by the Treaty of Ryswick
1697);
34. The name of the French EastIndia Company was Compagnie des Indes Orientales (founded by
Colbert. the minister of French king Louis XIV) in I664;
35. European Power in India , Came to India , Went Back :
36. Portuguese, I498, I961(Liberated Goa)
37. English, 1600, I947
38. Dutch 1602, End of l7th Century
39. Danes 1616, 1845
40. French 1664, After I947
41. French Settlement in India Surat- l668 (abandoned in l7l4), Musulipatnm-1669, Pondicherry-
I674, Chandra Nagar- 1690, (Bengal)
42. Palmer (Resident of Poona) signed a secret treaty with Peshwa to exclude the French from the
army.
43. NANA PHADNIS : Tipu is finished; the British power has increased; the whole of east India is
already theirs. Poona will be the next victim". Nana Phadnis is known as the Maratha
Machiavelli
44. The treaty of Rajpurghat was signed between Holkar and Sir George Barlow.
45. The main English commanders Involved against Maratha activities were : Elphinstone, Jonathan
Duncan, Malcolm, Colins, Lord Lake, Arthur Wellesly, Richard Wellesly. Lord Lake occupied Agra
in 1803.
46. Scindia's power was completely destroyed after the battle of Laswari.
47. Major General Weir and Major Griffith were badly wounded in the battle of Laswari.
48. Yashwant Rao Holkar murdered three British officers : Vickers, Dodd and Ryan (Who wanted to
leave his service);
49. Brigadier Monson was defeated by Yashwant Rao Holkar in the battle of Mukanda Pass.
50. Appa Saheb (the ruler of Nagpur) befriended the Pindari leader CHEETU.
51. Important leader of Pindaris were : Hera Buran, Karim Khan, Dost Mohammad, Namdar Khan
and Cheetu.
52. Devraj and Nanjaraj usurped the throne of king Chik Krishnaraj (the ruler of Mysore belonging to
Woodiyar dynasty).
53. The Woodiyars (ruler of Mysore) were the feudatories of Vijaynagar Kingdom.
54. Colonel Braith Waite was killed by an army led by Tipu Sultan.
55. Tipu signed the treaty of Mangalore with MAC ARTNEY, Governor of Madras:
56. After Tipus death the English annexed Kanara, Coimbatore. Wynaad, Dhrampuram and the
entire sea coast of the kingdom of Mysore.
57. Tipu Sultan assumed the title of Padshah (I787).Tipu Sultan joined the membership of Jacobin
club (a party of French after the French revolution in 1789) in 1797.
58. Tipu Sultan established three dockyards at Manglore, Wall flabad and Molldabad respectively;
59. Dalhousie pensioned Maharaja Dalip Singh (52 50,000 a year) and sent to England for higher
education.
60. Diwan Mulraj was transported for life to the Andamans but he committed suicide on the way.
61. The battle of Gujarat (Between Sikhs and Commander Gough) is known as the battle of gun's".
62. After the treaty of Lahore Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed as the Resident at Lahore.
63. Ranjit Singh divided his empire in four provinces (Lahore, Multan, Peshawar. Kashmir).
64. The land revenue was collected by the kardars';
65. Ranjit Singhs army was divided into three divisions viz Fanj-i-Am, Fauj-i-Irhas and Fauj-i-
Beqnald;
66. Zaman Shah (ruler of Afghanistan) appointed him as the Governor of Lahore and conferred on
him the title of Raja.
67. Struggle of Pindari Leader Karim Khan Submitted to Malcolm in I5 February I818
68. Wasil Muhammad Scindia (He Committed suicide after submission) in 18 February I818
69. Namdar Khan submitted to Col. Adams in 3 February 1818
70. Mir Khan (accepted the Nawabship of Tonk) November I818
71. Cheetu (killed by a tiger) March I818.
72. In 1846 Lahore Darbar was entrusted to a council of regency consisting of l. Fakir-Nur-ud-din 2.
Teja Singh 3. Sher Singh 4. Dina Nath
73. The Battle of Sobraon (10 February, 1846) was lost by the Sikhs due to the treachery of Lal Singh
and Teja Singh.
74. Burmese king Bodaw paya (1782-1819) conquered Arakan in 1784;
75. Burmese greatest general Bandula was killed by Sir Archibald Campbell (April 1825);
76. The British Residency was withdrawn in 1840 because of the hostile attitude of Burmese king
Tharrawady.
77. Bumiese General Bandula cut up an English detachment at Ramu.The Burmese king during
second angle Burmese was Pagon Min, Dalhousie sent Commodore Lambert to the Burmese
king Pagon Min to demand compensation.
78. The Burmese king during third Anglo Burmese war Theebaw.
79. Bombay and Burma trading company was an english company. The Burmese king imposed a
heavy fine on it and arrested few officers.
80. In 1855 Burma signed a trade treaty with France.
81. Burma was annexed to the British empire by a proclamation on January 1,1855.
82. The British army massacred a Tibetan horde at a place called Guru on 31 March. 1904.
83. The mission led by colonel Young Husband was stopped at Khambaiong.
84. The treaty of Lhasa was signed during the Governor Generalship of Lord George Nathaniel
Curzon. The Secretary of state for India was Mr. Brodriclt.
85. British Mission to Tibet George Bogle-l774-75, Samuel turner-l783, Manning-1811-12, Colonel
Young Husband- I903-04, B. J. Gould- I936-37,
86. Dorjieff Russian Citizen, acquired great influence in the administration of Tibet.
87. Treaty of Turkomanchai(l828) was signed between Russia and Persia.
88. It was not the practise of the British Government to interfere in the affairs of other
independent States. Lord Auckland in reply of the letter of Dost Muhammed who asked English
help in recovering Peshawar from Sikhs.
89. In 1826 the ablest of the Baraltzai chief Dost Muhammed Khan seized Kabul and proclaimed
himself Amir.
90. The contemporary of English mission led by Alexander Burns was The Russian mission led by
Vitlteviteh.
91. Dr. Brydon was the only survivor who managed to reach Jalalabad (midway between Kabul and
Peshawar) saving himself from the wrath of Afghanis;
92. Pollock defeated Akbar Khan (Son of Dost Muharnmed) and occupied Kabul on 16 September
1842.
93. After the death of Dost Muhammed. the war of succession broke out in 1863 among his 16 sons.
The main contestents were Afzal Azim and Sherali (became the Arnir).
94. In July 1873 Sher Ali sent an envoy to Shimla (the summer capital) to secure English help in case
of Russian attack, During Lord Ripon's regime Ayub Khan (son of Sher Ali) attacked the English
force at Kandhar and defeated them in the Battle of Maiwand (July 1880).
95. Ayub Khan was defeated at the battle of Kandhar by a British troop led by Sir Fredrick Roberts.
96. In 1926. Amir Aman-ullah assumed the title of King of Afghanistan.
97. The king of Burma. Mindon, died in 1878 leaving 48 sons and 62 daughters.
98. The British Residency was withdrawn from Mandalay (Burma) in October 1879.
99. In January 1885; Ferry. The French foreign minister. signed a trade treaty with Burma.
100. In 1885 the province of Burma was formed by combination of upper Burma and Lower
Burma with headquarters at Rangoon.
101. Under the Act of 1935 Burma was seperated from India with a Seperate constitution;
102. British Commanders Marley, Wood, Gillespie, Martindell, Ochterlony, Gardener took art
in the fust Anglo-Nepal war;
103. The English first came into contact with Bhutan during the period of Warren Hastings.
The royal ship was called Yellow ship which was regarded as a sacred ship by the Burmese.
104. Between 1850 and I870 twenty six expeditions were made by the British company to
subdue the tribes of North-west Frontier.
105. The company organised a Border police and Militia for Kohat and Peshawar districts.
106. British got the possession of Quetta by the treaty of Jacobabad.
107. A boundary line called the Durand Line (Sir Mortimer Durand) was drawn between the
Afghan and British territories in 1893.
108. Lord Curzon created the North west Frontier province in 1901 directly under the
government of India.
109. Warren Hastings created a new department at Calcutta whose head was known as the
Remembrancer of criminal courts.
110. Office of the Registrar was created by the Cornwallis Judicial Reforms of 1787.By the
Cornwallis Code of 1793, the natives of India were allowed to bring cases against British
subjects.
111. In the work of judicial reforms William Bentick was assisted by 1. Sir Charles Metcalfe.2.
Butter Worth Bayley and 3. Holt Mackenzie.
112. The regulation of 1831 provided that Indian judges who were known as Munsifs were to
try cases up to the value ofRs. 300.
113. William Bentick abolished the use of Persian as court language and ordered the use of
Vernacular languages instead.
114. Provision for open competition was first made by the Charter Act of 1853.
115. Sir Elijah Impey was appointed to be the first Chief Justice in Bengal presidency.
116. Out of the 4 councillors appointed by the Regulating act,the three namely Clavering.
Monson and Francis generally acted together in opposition of Warren Hastings.
117. Before 1682 Bengal had been subordinate to Fort St. George (Madras).
118. The chairman of the court of directors of the company was also its Ex-office Chairman".
119. The Act of I784 is generally known as Pitts India bill after the Prime Minister of England
Mr. Pitt the younger.
120. Pitts India Act introduced the system of dual control from England.
121. The act of 1786 made Cornwallis the Commander-in-Chief of Indian forces.
122. Dundas was the first president of Board of control.By the Act of 1793. no leave of
absence out of India was allowed to the Governor General, Governors. Commander-in-Chief and
few other high officials during their tenure of office.
123. Warren Hastings, Malcolm and Munroe defended the monopoly of company in l8l3.
124. By the Act of I813 the provision was made for the appointment of a bishop and three
arch deacons for the religious welfare of the Europeans in India.
125. By the Act of 1833 the president of the Board of control became the Minister for Indian
affairs.
126. Governor General in Bengal became the Governor General in India by the Charter Act of
1833.
127. The laws passed by the Government of India were to be called Acts. Before 1833. they
were known as Regulations.
128. The Charter Act of 1833 provided for the codification of laws in India.By the Act of 1853
no Indian element was associated with the legislative council.
129. Clause 87 of the Charter Act of 1833 sought to remove the colour bar in matter for
appointments to Civil Services.
130. Lord Wellesly took for the first training of Civil servants when he founded the Fort
William College. inCalcutta in November 1800.
131. Lord Cornwallis took steps for Europeanization of the services. In England. the company
established the East India College at Halleybury in 1806 for imparting two year's training to new
recruits.
132. In 1718. the jury system was abolished in the Bombay presidency and besides the
Governor and Council the other judges included a Hindu, a Muslim, A Parasi. A Portugese and
the company's employee;
133. In 1726. the court of Directors sought the Permission of the king to establish Mayor
courts.
134. In the Faqir uprising. the leader Chirage Ali was supported by two leaders namely
Bhawani Pathak and Devi Chadudhrani.
135. The pagal panthis preaced the doctrine of equality. Fraternity and truthfulness.
136. The real founder of Wahabi movement was Abdul Wahab of Nazd (1703 to 1787) Saiyed
Ahmad Rae Bareilvi was killed in the battle of Balakot.
137. Bhagat Jawahar Mal. the founder of Kuka movement was popularly known as Sian
Saheb.
138. Ram Singh the other important Leader of the Kuka revolt was deported to Rangoon in
1872.
139. Farazi or Faraidi movement was founded by Haji Shariat Ullah of East Bengal.
140. Saiyad Ahmed appointed 4 Khalifas namely Maulvi Qasim, inayet Ali. Vilayat Ali and
Ahmadulla to propogate Wahabi movement.
141. Diku were outsiders who settled down in tribal areas.
142. Mariah was a practice of human sacrifice followed by the Khonds tribe of Orissa.
143. Santhals defeated a British army led by Major Burrough.
144. Kukis had the peculiar custom of burying their deceased rulers alongwith human heads.
145. Singphos killed the British Political agent Colonel White.
146. The leaders of the Vishakhapatnam revolt were Birbhadra -Rauze and lagannath Rauze.
147. A tribal revolt in Burma broke out in 1853 which was led by Gaung Gyi.
148. In 1842 Bijai Singh, the talukdar of Kunja. near Roorki. revolted. It was suppressed by
the British ruthlessly.
149. The Scpoy mutiny at Govindgarh was suppressed by Charles Napier.
150. Raja of Dhalbhum. Jagannath Dhal revoltexi in 1867. The revolt was crushed by captain
Morgan.
151. The cultivators of Savda and Chopda (Khandesh) rcvolted in 1852.
152. The Central Headquarter of the Wahabi movement was Patna.
153. The Khalifas of Wahabi Movement and their Areas of Activities Vilayet Ali - Hyderabad,
central, Province and Bombay. Shah Muhamrned-Bengal and Bihar (Raj Mahal, Malda. Nadia.
Dacca).lnayet Ali - Kabul and Frontier provinces.Farhat Hussain - Madhya provinces.
154. The Wahabi movement is also known as Waliullahi movement.Stoppage of allowances
for active service in a foreign country was the cause of mutiny of the Bengal army in l844.
155. In Saurashtra the revolt of the Wagheras took place against the imposition of British
rule.
156. Kerala Venna, Raja of Wynoad, raisui the banner of revolt against the British.
157. The failure of the British Government to withdraw and restore Ahom government after
the Burmese war caused the revolt of Assam in 1820's.
158. Sikandar Shah, the Nizam of Hyderabad revolted against the imposition of subsidiary
alliance of Hyderabad;
159. The revolt was sparked off on March 29, 1857.
160. Mangal Pandey. a Brahmin Sepoy fired at the Adjutant Surgeant Bath.The 3rd cavalry
regiment at Meerut refused to touch the greased cartridges.Dhondu pant, who led the revolt at
Kanpur is popularly known as Nana Saheb.
161. Rani Laxmi Bai was the widowed queen of Raja Gangadhar Rao.
162. Begum Hazrat Mahal at Lucknow declared her 11 years old son Birjis Qadar as Nawab.
21. The British Administrative Structure, Reform ,
22. Impact and Organization of Government of India
23. Social Religious Movements in 19th 20th centuries
Points I must know
1. Raja Ram Mohan Roys mother name was Tarini Devi but she was popularly known as Phool
Thakurani.
2. The formal opening of the Brahmo Samaj was made on January 23, 1830.
3. The turning point in Ram Mohan Roy's life was the performance of Sati by his elder brother's wife in
1811.
4. 43rd Section of the Charter Act of 1813 spoke of Revival and improvement of literature (Sanskrit
and Arabic literature) and encouragement of learned natives in India.
5. Calcutta Female Juvenile School and 'Serampore Female society made noted contributions for
promoting education among women.
6. By the efforts of Dr. Carry the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India was formed under
Government patronage.
7. Raja Ram Mohan Roy died on September 27, 1833 in Bristol. England.
8. Tattvabodhini Sabha was founded by Devendra Nath Tagore in 1838.
9. Devendra Nath Tagore was the Secretary of the British Indian Association which was founded in
1851.
10. A fortnightly journal Indian Mirror was started by Keshab Chandra Sen in I861.
11. The main cause of Schism in Brahmo Samaj was the early marriage of the daughter of Keshab
Chandra Sen to the Maharaja of Cooch Bihar.
12. Swami Dayanand belonged to the Samavedi Brahmin caste.The real name of Dayanand Saraswati
was 'Mula Shankar'. Sambad Kaumudi or the Moon of Intelligence was the first Indian newspaper
which was edited. published and managed by the Indians.
13. The Young Bengal Movement was started by Henry Vivian Dorezio. He also edited Hesperus and
Calcutta Literary Gazette.
14. Prarthana Samaj (Prayer Society) was founded in 1867 in Maharashtra. Its chief architect was M. G.
Ranade' other prominent leaders were Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang' and R. G. Bhandarkar.
15. M.G. Ranade and D.K. Karve started Widows Home Association. to provide education to widows.
16. The two important centres of Ramakrishna Mission were (i)Belur near Calcutta and (ii)Mayavati
near Almora.
17. The first Arya Samaj was established on 10 April. 1875 at Bombay.
18. Dayanand Saraswati looked upon Vedas as India's rock of ages.Swami Dayanand died in 1883
possibly as a result of poisoning.
19. The Maharana of Udaipur accepted the discipleship of Swami Dayanad.
20. The original name of Swami Vivekanand was Narendra Nath Dutta.
1. John thomas, Robert Nesbit, Mrs. Winckler, Mrs. Wilson, Felix carey etc. rendered useful
medical services to the people at their respective centres. The christian missionaries adopted
service to humanity as the most attractive way of approaching the people.
2. Ram Mohan Roy helded David Home and Alexander Duff to open colleges.
3. The printing press was first brought to India by portugese Jesuit in the 16" century for printing
propaganda literature on Roman catholicism in the portugese language.
4. The number of non-christian students raised in missionary schools since the time of William
Bentinck who changed the policy of Camawallis of excluding Indian from Government service.
5. Raja Ram Mohan Roy died on September 27, I833 in Bristol (England).
6. Dr. Carry experimented in farming with improved seeds and better methods of cultivation under
government patronage be opened Agricultural and Horticultural Society in 1820.
7. The Serampore mission was the first agency to print and issue. periodicals and newspapers such
as Dig Darshan and Samachar Darpan.
8. In India William Bentlnck piloted the wind of change which was the result of combined efforts of
Evangelicals, utilitarians and Radicals, originated in England.
9. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the Father of Modern Indian Renaissance.
10. The prominent members of Young Bengal movement included Ram Gopal Ghosh,Krishna
Mohan Banerjee and Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee.
11. In December 1821. Ram Mohan Roy launced a Bengali weekly Sabad Kaumudi' which was the
first newspaper edited. Published and managed by Indians.
12. Devendra Nath Tagore organized the Tattvaraniini Sabha at Pranyogta Joramnko (Calcutta)
which was later renamed as Tattvabodhini Sabha.
13. The Indian Mirror a fortnightly Journal was started with Keshab Chandra Sen as editor which
became the first Indian daily paper in English.
14. White the slogan of Adi Brahmo Samaj was Brahmoism is Hinduism. the slogon of Nava
Vidhana was Brahmoism is catholic and universal.
15. Mahadev Govind Ranade is popularly described as the prophet of cultural renaissance in
western India."
16. In 1882 the Arya Samaj formed a Cow Protection Association.
17. Swami Vrajanand an ascetic residing in Mathura was the Guru of Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
18. The first Ramakrishna Math was established by Swami Vivekanand at Baranagar in 1887.
19. Volentine Chirol, the anther of Indian unrest, described Vivekanand's teachings as one of the
major causes of the nationalist movement.
20. The Theosophical society's most commendable work in the field of education was the opening
of the central Hindu college at Varanasi in 1898.
21. Swami Vivekanand is rightly remarked as a Kannayoy or a man of action.
22. Mrs. Annie Besant wrote two major books (i) India, a nation (ii) How India wrought her freedom.
23. Henry Vivian Derozio edited the papers, the Hespenrs and the Calcutta library Gazette.
24. In 1914, Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers (i) The Commonwealth and (ii) New India.
25. Pandita Rarnabai opened a school for widows called Sharda Sadan in Bombay and Mukti in
Pune.
26. The first Indian womens university was opened by D.K. carve at pune in 1916.
27. Gangabai is popularly known as Mataji Maharani Tapkwani.
28. The Shri Zorthosti Mandal was a Parsi womens organisation.Sister Subba Lakshmi was the first
Hindu widow in the Madras presidency to study for her graduation.
29. The Arya Mahila Samaj was founded by Ramabai, wife of M.G. Ranade.
30. Muthulaxmi Reddy was the first woman legislator appointed to the Madras legislative council in
1927.
31. The women's Indian Association started a journal Sliri Dharma'. Hindu Kanya Vidyalaya was
founded by J. E. Drinkwater Bethune.
32. Lala Hans Raj. the driving force behind the DAV education movement was the principal of DAV
school at Lahore.
33. The Kanya Mahavidyalaya founded the Hindi monthly Panchal Pandlta in 1898, to preach and
propagate female education.
34. The real name of Swami Shraddhanand was Lala Munshi Ram, Gurukul Kangri in Hardwar was
founded by Swami Shradhanand.
35. Rai Salig Ram of Radha Swami sect advocated female emancipation.
36. The first women university established at Pune in 1916 is now known as Shrimati Natheebai
Damodar Thackersey, Indian women's univasity, Bombay.
37. Pt. Dindayalu Shanna. the founder of the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal also founded the Hindu
College Delhi on 15 May. 1899.
38. The Paramhansa Mandali was founded by Dadoba pandurang and Bal Shastri Jambhekar of
Maharashtra in I849.
39. The servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in I915 to build a dedicated
group of people for social service and reforms.
40. M.G. Ranade has been called The Socratm' of Maharashtra.
41. The Guruvayoor Satyagraha was launched by Ambedkar in 1930.
42. Seva Samiti was founded by Hridaya Nath Kunjru in I914 at Allahabad.
43. Gopal Hari Deshmukh was popularly known as 'Lokahitawadi' was a judge and a member of the
Governor Generals council in 1880.
44. Rest Gaflar (voice of tnith) was the weekly paper published by the Rahnumai Mazdayasanan
Sabha Devanand was the second son of Shiv Narain Agnihotri who assumed the leadership of
Deva Samaj after him.
45. Balak Das was the son of Guru Ghasi Das who took over the leadership of Satnami sect in 1850.
46. Dayanand Saraswati gave the slogans : The vedas are the source of all knowledge". And Go
back to Vedas".
47. Shyamji verma the great nationalist was a pupil and friend of Swami Dayanad.
48. The Namdhari movement of the Sikhs was an off shoot of the Kuka movement in Punjab.
49. The greatest champion of the cause of womens emancipation was D.K. Karve. who worked the
longest for this cause.
50. Swami Vivekanand is rightly remarked as Karmayogi or a man of action.
51. The concept of Daridranarayan later on popularised by Mahatma Gandhi. had its origin in
Vivekanand.
52. The Ramakrishan monastic order was officially established in 1887 by Swami Vivekanand.
53. In 1914. Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers (i) The Common Weal and (ii) New India.
54. Dr. Annie Besant was made the President of Indian National Congress in 1917 at Calcutta.
55. Dr. Annie Besant was born in 1847 and died at Adiyar in Madras on 20th September, 1933.
56. The official journal of young Bengal Movement was Jnanvesan. Dharam Maha Mandala was
founded by Pandit Din Dayal Shanna in 1887 at Haridwar.
57. Dharam Sabha. was an orthodox society which was founded by Radhakant Deb in 1830.
58. Doraiswami lynger' was an important leader of the Veda Samaj. Swami Narain Sect was a sort
of protest against the luxurious and epicurean practices of vaishnavism.
59. Namdharis forbade the use of foreign courts. join government service and learn English
language.
60. Nirankaris issued Hukmanamas to define ideologies and precepts.In 1905. the Sikh reformers
cleaned the Golden temple at Amritsar from Brahmin priests.
61. Hindu rituals and idols. In 1880, the Khalsa Diwan was established at Amritsar to provide a
cermal organisation for all Singh Sabhas.
62. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote Tehzib-ul-Akhbar. Khutbm-i-Ahmadiya and Tabryin-ul-Kalam ti
Tasfir-al-turat-wal ingilala millat-al-Islam.
63. Shibli Kumar of Deoband School founded Nadwat-al-ulama and Dar-ul-uloom' in Lucknow.
64. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The founder of Ahmadiya movement claimed to be messiah and
mahdi.
65. Kandukuri Virasalingam Pantulu' published Viveka Vardhani to promote Enlightenment.
66. Pandita Ramabai' opened a school for widows called Sharda-Sadan' in Bombay and Mukti' in
Pune.
67. Rai Saligram' of Radha Swami sect advocated female emancipation.The first Indian Women's
university was opened by Dhondo Keshav Kane at Pune in 1916.
68. Gangabai. is popularly known as Mataji Maharani Tapiswani.
69. Sister Subhalakshrni was the first Hindu widow in the Madras presidency to study for her
graduation. The Arya Mahila Samaj was founded by Ramabai'. wife of M.G. Ranade.
70. The Stri Zarthosti Mandal was a parsi women organisation.
71. Hindu Kanya Vidyalaya was founded by 'J.E. Drinkwater Bethune.
72. Madhulaxmi Reddy was the first woman legislator appointed to the Madras Legislative Council
in 1927.
73. The National Council of women for India was established in 1925. The Women's Indian
Association started a journal Shri Dhanna.
74. Aravipuram Movement was launched in I888 on Shivratri day.
75. The institutions founded by Sri Narayan Guru came to be hi own as Sri Narayan Dharma pari
palana yogam'.
76. Dr. Palpu was the first Ezhva to receive western education.
77. Kumaran Asan' related to Aravipuram Movement was a well known writer and poet.
78. Nair Service Society was founded by Manmath padmonabh pillai in 1914 at Travancore.
79. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar participated in all three Round Table Conferences in England.
80. Mahar Satyagraha was launched by Ambedkar to establish the right of untouchables to draw
water from public wells and tanks.
81. The Alurs and Kurmis of Bihar opposed the Begar system in 1910.
82. Deccan Education Society found-ed the Fergusson College at Pune in 1885.
83. The first women university established at Pune in 1916 is now known as Shrimati Natheebai
Damodar Thackersey. Indian Women's University, Bombay.
84. Pandit Dindayalu Sharma. The founder of the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala also founded the
Hindu College Delhi on May 15. 1899.
85. The original name of Swami Shraddhanand
86. The Singh Sabha' was founded on 1st October. 1873 in Patiala by Thakur Singh Sandhawalia
and Giani Gian Singh.
87. The Gurudwaras came under the control of an elected committee known as the Shiromani
Gurudwara Prabandhalt. Committee,in November 1920.
88. Titu Mir whose original name was Mir Nithar Ali was an ardent follower of Sayyed Ahmad
Raebarelivi.
89. Taaiyuni Movement was founded by Maulana Karamat Ali.
90. Syed Ahmad liberalised Indian Islam and took up the task of education, Social reform and
religious interpretation.
91. Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidhya sagar in Bengal and Vishnu Shastri in Western India propagated
the remarriage of Hindu widows.
92. Jyotiba Phule wrote Ghulamgir' and Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak and founded Satya
Shodhak Samaj, on September 24, 1873.
93. MahatmaGandhi started harijan Sevak Sangh or All India Anti Untouchability League in
September 1930.
94. Dr. T.M. Nair. Sir Pitti theagaraja and the Raja of banagal together formed the South Indian
Liberal Federation (SILF) on November 20, 1916 which raised the first cohesive demand for
reservation in India.
95. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker was popularly known as Periyar.
96. The Justice Party was renamed as Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944 at Salem conference.
97. Swami Sahajanand founded Swami Narain Sect in Gujarat in beginning of 19th century.
98. Gurukul Kangri in Hardwar was founded by Swami Shraddhanand in 1892.
99. latpat Todak Mandal was founded to assimilate the reconverted members brought in through
Shudhi.
100. The founder of Satnami Sect Ghasi Das' opposed the caste system and taught about
equality of mankind.

24. Freedom Struggle
Points I must know
25. The Revolt of 1857 & change after 1857
1. Topics covered
1.1. Revolts prior to 1857
1.1.1. Military Revolt
1.1.1.1.
1.1.2. Various tribal and popular movements
1.1.2.1. Pagalpanthi and faraiyazi rebellion
1.1.2.2. Chuar rebellion
1.1.2.3. The struggle of velu thampi against imperialism
1.1.2.4. Bhil revolt
1.1.2.5. Ho and munda revolt
1.1.2.6. Ramose revolt
1.1.2.7. Ahom rebellion
1.1.2.8. Wahabi movement
1.1.2.9. Kol rebellion
1.1.2.10. Khasi rebellion
1.1.2.11. Satara rebellion
1.1.2.12. santhal
1.2. Causes
1.2.1. Exploitation of the Peasantry
1.2.2. Alienation of the Middle and Upper Strata of Indians
1.2.3. Annexation of Princely States
1.2.4. 'The Alien rule
1.2.5. Impact on the Sepoys
1.2.6. Threat to Religion
1.2.7. The Immediate Cause
1.3. Organisation
1.4. The Rebellion
1.5. Leadership(Bakht khan, Nana Saheb and Tantya Tope, hazrat mahal, kunwar singh, khan
bhadur, maulvi ahmadullah, rani laxmibai)rani laxmibai)
1.6. Defeat
1.7. Causes of Failures
1.7.1. Lack of a Unified Programme and Ideology
1.7.2. Lack of Unity Among Indians
1.7.3. Lack of Support from the Educated Indians
1.7.4. Disunity Among the Leaders
1.7.5. Military Superiority of the British
1.8. Impact
1.8.1. Transfer of Power
1.8.2. Changes in Military Organisation
1.8.3. Divide and Rule
1.8.4. New Policy Towards the Princess
1.8.5. Search for New Friends
1.9. Establishment of British Supremacy
1.10. Administrative System Before 1857
1.10.1. East lndia Company Vis-a-vis British Parliament
1.10.2. Economic Policy
1.10.3. Land Revenue Policy(permanent, Ryotwari, mahalwari settlement)
1.10.4. Judicial System
1.10.5. Impact of British Administration
1.11. Administrative System After 1857
1.11.1. The New Administrative Set Up
1.11.2. Administrative Decentralisation
1.11.3. Economic Policy
1.11.4. Organisation of the Army
1.11.5. Civil Services
1.11.6. Relations with Princely States
1.11.7. Hostile administration(education, public services, curbs on press, racial discrimination,
labour law)
1.11.8. The Question of Self Government for lndia
28. Freedom Struggle :Moderate Phase (1885 1905)
29. Extremist Phase (1905 17)
30. Reason for the emergence of Extremist & Leaders
31. The Partition of Bengal
32 Monte - Milroy Reform
33. Swadeshi Movement, Home Rule Movement etc.
34. Freedom Struggle : The Gandhian Era (1917 47)
35. Gandhi Advent and Achievement
36. Rowllat Act , Jalianawala Bagh Massacre and
37. Khilapat Movement
38. Non- Cooperation,
39. Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement
40. British Response and Negotiations
41. INA and Subhash Chandra Bose
42. Miscellaneous: Reforms / Acts / Committee,

Education and Press
1. Wood's despatch of 1854 is known as the Magna Carta of English education in India.
2. The Punjab University was founded in 1882. The Allahabad University was set up in 1887. In
1906 the state of Baroda introduced compulsory primary education throghout its territories.
3. From 1910 to 1913 GK. Gohakle made tremendous efforts in the Legislative Council, urging the
Government to bear the Responsibility for compulsory primary education.
4. Dr. M.E. Sadler was the Vice chancellor of the university of Leads.Sadler commission included
two Indian namely Dr. Zia-ud-din Ahmad and Sir Asutosh Mukherji.
5. The Salder Commission was of the opinion that the improvement of secondary education was a
necessary condition for the improvement of university education.
6. The committee under the leadership of Zakir Hussain prepared the syllabus of Wardha Scheme.
7. Sir John Sargeant was the Educational Adviser to the Government of India.
8. Sergeant scheme of 1944 is popularly known as sergeant plan.
9. The Sergeant plan which was envisaged for 40 years was reduced to 6 years by the Kher
committee.
10. Universities of Aligarh, Patna,Mysore. Benaras, Dacca.Lucknow and Osmania were established
on the recommendation of Sadler Corrunission.
11. Mr. J.F. Mc Dougall sewed as Associate Secretary of the Kothari Commission.Kothari
Commission included distinguished educationists and scientists from U.S.A.. U.K. and U.S.S.R.
Kothari Commission is regarded as the first step towards an educational revolution in the
country.
12. The aim of New Education Policy (1986) is to transform static society into a developed society.
13. University Grants Commission was constituted in 1953 on the recommendations of
Radhakrishnan Commission.
14. In 1956, U.G.C. was given an autonomous status,
15. In 1684,the first printing press of the company was set up in Bombay. The Bengal Gazette of
Hickey was sacked up in 1782 for his outspoken criticism of Government officials and Governor
General.
16. The first newspaper was published during the Governor Generalship of Warren Hastings.
17. Lord Hastings is also known as Earl of Moira.
Others:
1. Lord Canning was the first Governor General to adopt the additional title of Viceroy.
2. Queen Victoria's proclaimation was read by Lord Canning at a Darbar held at Allahabad.
3. The power was transferred from company to Crown by the Act of I858.
4. The Act of I858 received the Royal assent on 2 August. I858.
5. By the Act of 1909 Mr. S. P. Sinha was appointed Law member to the Governor Generals
Executive Council.
6. Morley. the secretary of state for India. appointed two Indians Mr. K. G. Gupta and Syed hussain
Bilgrami to the India Council.
7. By the Act of I909 there were four kind of electorates for Central Legislature: (i) General (ii)
Special (iii) Class electrolate and (iv) Muslims.
8. For the provincial legislatures the electorate were of three kinds(i) General (ii) Special (iii) Class
electrolate.
9. The two Boundary commissions for Punjab and Bengal were set up by the Act of 1947 under the
chairmanship of Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
10. Burma ceased to be a part of India by the Act of I935.
11. Commenting on the provisions of the Act of I935, Jawahar Lal Nehru said. The Act had all
brakes but no engine."
12. The Federal court was established by the Act of I935.
13. The Act of I935 vested the control of the Railways in a new authority known as the Federal
Railway Authority which had seven members who were kept free front the control of ministers
and councillors.
14. Under the Meston Awards. The provincial Governments were required to make certain annual
contributions to the Government of India.
15. The system of Dyarchy was introduced in I921 in nine Governor's provinces.
16. By the Act of l9l9 the salary of the secretary of state for India was made a charge on British
revenue.
17. A fifth member was added to the Executive Council of the Viceroy by the Act of I861 . The
member was to be ordinary and to be a financial expert.
18. The system of portfolio was introduced for the first time by the Act of I861.
19. The Indian Councils Act of I892 was passed at the instance of Lord Cross, the then secretary of
state for India.
20. The significant feature of the Indian Council Act of 1892 was the introduction of the principle of
election. The word Dyarchy is taken front the Greek words di' meaning two and archia'
meaning mle.Thus the meaning is rule for the govemment by two rulers.
21. The Royal commission, popularly known as Simon Commission was headed by Sir John Simon. a
member of the British Liberal Party.
22. Lord Blrken Head was the secretary of state at the time of the arrival of Simon Commission in
India.
23. Lala Lajpat Rai died by the injuries caused by lathi charge at Lahore while protesting against the
Simon Commission.
24. The Cripps Mission of I942 was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps. Gandhiji described the Cripps
proposals as a Post dated cheque on a failing bank
25. The Wavell plan was published on 4 June. I945. The political conference on Wavell plan began
on 29th June.I945 in Simla. It is popularly known as Simla conference.
26. the talks crashed because Mr. Jinnah did not agree to appoint any Muslim in the Executive
council of muslims who did not belong to League.
27. The Cabinet Mission consisted of three British Cabinet Ministers Sir Sapru Sir M. S. Aney Sir Ali
Imam Mr. Shoaib Qureshi Sri Subhash Bose G. R. Pradhan
28. The first temporary president of Lord Pethic Lawrence (ii) Sir Stafford Cripps and (iii) Mr.
Alexander. The Muslim league rejected the Cabinet Mission plan and observed 16 August, 1946
as Direct Action Day.
43. Congress Session,
44. Governor General Viceroys etc.
Point to remember:

1. Muazzam occupied the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah after his success in the war of
succession.
2. Muazzam. the son of Aurangzeb was called as the Shah Bekha- bar.
3. The Mughal King Farrukh Siyar gratned concession to the English men to trade in Bengal,
Gujarat and Hyderabad.
4. In 1759 Ali Mohar. the son of Alamgir sat'upon the Mughal throne as Shah Alam II.
5. After the death of Maratha ruler Shahu, the real power of the State came in the hands of
Peshwas.
6. Nawab Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal transferred his capital to Murshidabad from Dacca.
7. Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal transferred his capital to Moongher from Murshidabad.
8. In the middle of the 18th century. the nominal ruler of Mysore was Chika Krishnaraj. The real
power of the State lied with the two brothers-Nand Raj and Dev Raj.
9. In 1761 Hyder Ali captured Nandraj and became the master of Mysore.
10. In the first Anglo-Mysore war, Hyder Ali badly defeated the English army.
11. In 1781 Hyder Ali conqurered Arcot but in 1781 at Porn Novo Sir Eyerkoot defeated him.
12. Ali Muhammad Khan established the State of Rohilkhand.
13. The early capital of Rohilkhand was Awala which later shifted to Rampur.
14. Guru I-lar Gobind Singh constructed the Akaal Takht at Amritsar .
15. Guru Gobind Singh convened the Sikhs into a warring and military group.
16. In 1721, the two sects of Sikhism Bandai' and Tatkhalsa merged in one sect Khalsa. This sect
became a headache for the Mughals.
17. The Sikhs were organized in 12 unions or misls which grew in political significance. Later Ranjeet
Singh conquered these misls and organized them into Punjab State.
18. The ruler of the Afghanistan conferred the title of Raja upon Ranjeet Singh and appointed him
the Subedar of Lahore.
19. The treaty of Amritsar was signed between the English and Ranjeet Singh in 1809. As a result
the English checked the expansion of Ranjeet Singh towards the region of Sutluj.
20. According to the treaty of Amritsar, the English accepted Ranjeet Singh as an independent ruler.
21. During first Anglo-Sikh war. The Governor-General of India was Lord Hardinge.
22. Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Dalip Singh when the Lahore Treaty was signed in 1846 between
the Sikhs and the English after the defeat of Sikhs in the first Anglo Sikh war.
23. During Sirajudaullas time. The English settlement at Calcutta became a resort for the enemies
of Nawab and the traitors.
24. On 4th June, 1756 Sirajudaulla invaded and captured the Qasim Bazar factory of English near
Murshidabad.
25. The Black hole tragedy as it is known in history. came to light through the letter of Holvell. Some
of the historians consider it imaginery.
26. In the contemporary historical works like Sher~a-Mutkherin and Royas-us-Salatin. there is no
reference to the Black hole tragedy.
27. On 9th February, 1757, the Ali Nagar Treaty was signed between the English and the Nawab,
28. After the war of Plassey, when Sirajudaulla was running away from Murshidabad towards Patna
he was captured and killed.
29. On 28 June. I757. the English declared Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.
30. After victory in Plassey war, the English Company obtained concessions to trade in Bengal. Bihar
and Orissa
31. On 25 November. I759. The Bedara war was fought between the English and the Dutch and the
Dutch were defeated. The victory helped the English in consolidating their hold on Bengal.
32. Mir Qasim planned friendship with Vansittart to become the Nawab of Bengal.
33. Mir Qasim gave to East India Company. the districts of Vardhman. Midnapur and Chittgaon for
the expenditure of the English army.
34. in l764 the joint army of Mir Qasim. Shujauddaulla and Shah Alam fought with the English the
war of Buxar. the English were victorious in this war.
35. After the Buxar War. the Allahabad treaty was signed between English and the Mughal King
Shah Alam in I765 AD.
36. According to Allahabad Treaty, the districts of Kara and Allahabad were taken away from the
Nawab of Oudh and given to Mughal King. .Thc East IndiaCompany agreed to pay to the king a
pension of Rs. 26 lacs. In lieu the English got Diwani rights in Bengal.
37. After the death of Mir Jafar. His son Nizamuddaula was enthroned as Nawab of Bengal.
38. K. M. Panikkar holds that from I765 to I772, the rule of East India Company in Bengal was the
rule of dacoits.
39. During Warren Hastings period, the Treasury was transferred by the East India Company to
Calcutta from Murshidabad and Calcutta was made the capital.
40. During the Governorship of Warren Hastings, in every district of subjugated India one Civil and
one Criminal Court was opened.
41. The cases upto to Rs. 500 were referred to the Civil Court and alone it. the appeal could be
made to the Sadar Diwani Adalat.
42. The District Criminal Court was put in charge of an Indian Officer.
43. The Regulating Act of 1773 established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
44. The Permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis brought changes in the land system. Most
of the land came in the hands of commercial and rich classes of Calcutta.
45. The Permanent settlement ensured the income of the Government. Besides the cooperation of
the new Zamindars was obtained.
46. In the Mahalwari system. Land revenues was fixed either through the local Zamindars or their
hereditary tax collectors or the Zamindars of the Mahal. Mahal was the collection of villages.
The Mahalwari system was known in Punjab as the village system.
47. The Raiyyatwari system was introduced during early 19
th
century in some regions of Madras and
Bombay. The Govt. directly obtained a fixed amount from the peasants.
48. In the Raiyyatwari system. therevenue rate was fixed 45% to 50% of the total produce
separately.
49. The Raiyyatwari system had many defects which the Govt.official accepted at the time of a
parliamentary inspection for the renewal of the Company s Charter.
50. In the Fifth and Sixth decades of 19 century. the English invested in large amount to control
Indian economy.
51. The English invested their capital on roads and communications.Railway, Post and Telegraph.
Banks and tea gardens.
52. In 1830 the Ahoms again rebelled against the English. This time, the English Company adopted a
peaceful policy and granted north Assam and some other region to King Purandar Singh.
53. Raja Teerath Singh of Nanakkalo rebelled against the English with the help of Garo. Khampati
and Sinhopo tribes. Soon it took the shape of a mass-movement. In I833, the English could crust
it with superior military force.
54. In I825. the Assam Riflesrebelled against the English.
55. In 1838, the Indian troops stationed at Sholapur rebelled due to non-payment of the full
allowances.
56. In I850 the Gobind Garh regiment rebelled.
57. On 1 January. 1857. the use of British made Enfteld Rifles was started in India. In the cartridges
of this Rifle. the fat of cows and pigs were used.
58. In March 1857. the soldiers of Bairakpur Cantt refused to use the fat cartridges.
59. On 2 May. 1857, the Oudh Regiment of Lucknow too refused to use these cartridges. As a
result. the Oudh regiment was disbanded.
60. To the soldiers of Meerut who had refused to use the fat cartridges,an English military offieer
Carr Michael Smith issued the jail punishment of 5 years.
61. On 10 May. I857, a section of the infantry and cavalry of Merrut rebelled at about 5 P.M.
62. The rebels marched to Delhi,captured the city and declared Bahadurshah the emperor of India.
Bahadurshah assumed the leadership of revolt in Delhi.
63. During this rebellion. Nana Saheb established his suzeranity over Kanpur and declared himself
the Peshwa.
64. In Bundelkhand Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi assumed the leader ship of the revolt.
65. In Bihar. the zamindar olJagdi.sh-pur. named Kunwar Singh led the revolt.
66. On 28 May. I857, the soldiers of Nasirabad Cantt in Rajasthan. rebelled.
67. Kota and Adva were the main centres of revolt in Rajasthan.
68. The Central India. Tantya Tope led the revolt.
69. In UP. the importnat centres of revolution were Jhansi. Kanpur.Bareilly. Meerut. Lucknow,
Aligarh. Mathura and Agra.
70. The Bareilly rebellion was led by Batakhs Khan.
71. The Cmnmissioner of Oudh. Henry Luurrence died of ablust on 4th July. I857.
72. While suppressing the revolt. The English officer Neil buried the dead Brahmans and burnt the
dead Muslims.
73. In March I858, under the leadership of Kunwar Singh, the rebels captured Azamgarh.
74. While marching towards Benaras from Azamgarh. there was an encounter between Kunwar
Singh and the English officer Lord Mark in which Lord Mark had to run away to save his life.
75. Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the only leader to have died under the banner of freedom.
76. On I4 December. 1857. The English army blasted Kashmiri Gate of Delhi.
77. In November 1857 the rebels defeated the English General Windaham near Kanpur.
78. Vinayak Damodar Saverker was the first to name the rebellion of 1857 as the first war of Indian
independence.
79. According to Sir Seeley. the rebellion of I857 was fully a national revolt conducted by selfish
soldiers.
80. Sir John Lawrence. P. E. Roberts and V. A. Smith have called it a Sepoy Mutiny.
81. According to V. A. Smith. The rebellion of 1857 was purely a sepoy mutiny which fully reflected
the indiscipline of Indian soldiers and the foolishness of English military officers.
82. According to Sir James Outtram. the revolt of 1857 was the result of a conspiracy of the
Muslims who desired to fulfill their self interest on the strength of the Hindus.
83. Ashok Mehta in his book. The Great Revolt. has attempted to prove that it was a national
revolt.
84. Pattabhi Sim Ramaiyya takes it to be the first war of Indian independence.
85. After crushing the revolt of I857. they constituted an India Council and abolished the Board of
Directors. There were IS mem-bers in the India Council and a Secretary of State for India.
86. After the revolt. Lord Canning announced the Declaration of the Queen at a Durbar held at
Allahabad. He called it. the Magna Carta of Indian people.
87. In the Declaration of the Queen. the policy of expansion of the political limits came to an end.
88. The rebels responsible for the murder of Englishmen were punished. All others were pardoned.
89. The objective of Brahmo Samaj. Arya Samaj. Ramkirshna Mission and the Theosophical society
etc. was to herald a renaissance in India.
90. Brahmo Samaj was founded in Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August. I828.
91. Raja Ram Mohan Roy always advocated the appointment of Indians on high govt. posts. He
played a major role in the abolition of Sati system.
92. After the death of Raja RamMohan Roy on 20 August, I833. Devendara Nath Tagore assumed
the leadership of the Brahmo Samaj.
93. Aadi Brahmo Samaj was established by Devendra Nath Thakur.
94. Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen.
95. The principles of Brahmo Samaj helped immensely in the birth and Spread Indian nationalism.
96. Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Vedant College. English School and Hindu College at Calcutta.
97. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the advocate of English Education and he thought English to be the
vehicle of progress.
98. It was due to the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. that the restriction upon the newspapers were
lifted.
99. In 1819. at Maharashtra. Prathna Sabha was founded. It came to an end due to its limited
scope.
100. In I867 Alma Ram Pandurang established Prarthna Samaj. M. G. Ranade. R. G.
bhandarkar and Narayan Chandrawarltar were the prominent members of this Samaj.
101. Dayanand Saraswati left his house at the age of 21. As aBrahmachari Sadhu. he
travelled to different places in India.
102. Dayanand Saraswati started the propagation of his religion from Agra
103. In I874. he wrote his famous book Satyarth Praltash.
104. On 10 April. 1875 he founded Arya Samaj at Bombay.
105. Totapuri. a Vedantic sadhu taught Vedant Sadhna to Dayananda.
106. Ramkrishna Paramhans was born in 1836 in a poor Brahman family of Hoogly district of
Bengal.
107. Swami Vivekanand was the most devoted disciple of Swami Ramkrishna Paramhans.
108. Ramkrishna Pramhans did not establish any Ashram or sect.
109. In I893 in the All Religion Conference at Chicago Vivekanand impressed everyone. and
started a Vedant Samaj there.
110. In 1896 Vivekanand established Ramkrishna Mission.
111. In the last years of the third decade of the 19th century. The young Bengal movement
was led by an Englishman named Henry William Derozio.
112. On 7 September, 1875 in New York. U.S.A. Madame H.P. Blataveslty (Russian) and Col.
H.S. Alcott (American) founded the Theosophical Society.
113. Mrs. Annie Besant. an Irish lady was a very active member of Theosophical Society in
India.
114. Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. in I856. The Widow Remarriage Act as
legislated.
115. The slogan of Inkalab Zindabad' was given by Mohammad Iqbal.
116. Sir Saiyyad Ahmad Khan founded the Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1877 which
later became known as Aligarh Muslim University.
117. Haji Shariatullah was the initiator of Faryaz movement.
118. In Maharashtra the Bharat Sewak Samaj was started by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
119. In I922 Amrit Lal Vithlhal Das established the Bheel Sewa Mandal.
120. Jyoti Ba Phule was the champion of widow-remarriage in Maharashtra.
121. In l9ll Narayan Malta: Joshi organised the Social Service League. a society to solve the
social problems. He was assisted by some educated Indians.
122. Avanindra Nath Thakur founded the society known as-The Indian Society of Oriental
Art.
123. In the l9th century. the famous Bengali author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed
the song-Vande Matram.
124. In I875. Sisir Kumar Ghose founded the India League.
125. The Indian Association founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee was replaced by the Indian
League in 1876.
126. The credit for founding the Indian National Congress in 1885 goes to an English officer.
Allen Octavian Hume.
127. The first Conference of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal
Sanskrit College, Bombay under the chairmanship of W. C. Banerjee.
128. Bal Gangadhar Tilak started Ganesh Mahotsav in 1893 and Shivaji Samaroh in I895.

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