NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS IN

POLICIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Direct nutrition intervention
Nutrition in development strategy
Support strategies
Home and community production
Credit for assistance livelihood
Nutrition education
Food assistance
Sangkap pinoy seal program
Salt iodization program
CHAPTER 11
ECOLOGY
From the Greek word OLKOS that means
a house or a place to live
Ernest Haekel
Ecology was first used by Ernest Haekel in
1869. a German biologist, naturalist,
philosopher, physician, professor and artist
who discovered, described and named
thousands of new species, mapped
a genealogical tree relating all life forms.
R.D. McKenzie
Defines Social Ecology as the study of
symbiotic relationship of the resulting
spatial patterning of human beings and
human institutions in the community.
ECOLOGY 3 MAIN SITES
ANIMAL
PLANT
HUMAN OR POPULATION
HUMAN ECOLOGY
Relationship of human beings and the
environment. This study will permit us to
understand how a community changes and
grows and adapts to the changing conditions
of its environment.
PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY
ABIOTIC PRINCIPLE
BIOTIC COMMUNITIES
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESION
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM
-STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
-THE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF
THE ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW AND CHEMICAL
CYCLING
Main source of energy -- SUN
DIMINISHING ENERGY PROCESS
30% reaches the earths atmosphere is
reflected back into space
5% absorbed as heat by the surface cluster
and vegetation.
20% absorbed by the atmosphere
0.02% sunlight available for use in
photosynthesis
90% potential available energy decreased at
each step.
DIVERSITY
Varieties or number of species living in a
community
FACTORS THAT AFFECT DIVERSITY
HABITAT
NEW COMMUNITIES MAY BE
AVAILABLE FOR ORGANISMS
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
PRODUCTIVITY
CLIMATE PREDICTABILITY
NICHE CONCEPT
By English ecologist Charles Elton and
Joseph Grinnell
The word "niche" is derived from
the Middle French word nicher, meaning to
nest. The term was coined by the
naturalist Joseph Grinnell in 1917
The ECOLOGICAL NICHE describes how
an organism or population responds to the
distribution of resources and competitors.
INTERACTIONS OF SPECIES IN THE
ECOSYSTEM
COMPETITION FOR SCARCE
RESOURCES
PREDATION
SYMBIOSIS
MUTUALISM
COMMERSALISM
PARASITISM
CHANGES IN THE ECOSYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESION
ECOLOGICAL STABILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVIES
IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE
CONSIDERED PROBLEM AREAS
POLLUTION
- BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTION
- NON-DEGRADABLE
POLLUTION

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

DAMAGE OF PROPERTY
DAMAGE PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
AFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH

WATER POLLUTION
Caused by:
Chemicals like lead , mercury , oil,
pesticides, fungicides , mine tailings
and other minerals.

WATER POLLUTION can control
by:
Soil conservation
Waste management and recycling

LAND POLLUTION
2 GENERAL SOURCES THAT
CAUSE LAND POLLUTION
1. Solid waste from domestic,
commercial, and industrial activities
2. Agricultural pollution from
pesticides and fertilizers.

NOISE POLLUTION
Over loud sounds
Unpleasant sounds that can assault
body
Causing mental or physical harm

AIR POLLUTION KILLS US
SLOWLY BUT SILENTLY, NOISE
POLLUTION MAKES EACH DAY
A TORMENT.

Meaning of Ecology
The term human ecology may be
conveniently understood in its
biological and social aspects.
According to Cole, the term
ecology (from the Greek word.
olkos meaning house or place to
live in).
Ernest Haekel (1869)- a German
Biologist who was 1
st
used a term
ecology.

Cole sites three main fields of
ecology:
- Animal
- Plant
- Human or Population (is a recently
developed field of ecology)

Sociological Definition of the Term
Ecology
R.D McKenzie defines Sociological
Ecology as the study of symbiotic
relationships and the resulting spatial
patterning of human beings and the
human intuitions in the community.
Horton & Hunt defines Human
Ecology as the study of man in
relation to his physical environment.
The concept of human ecology
maybe further considered in terms of
the relationships between human
beings and the environment in a
wider contex.

Principles of Ecology
1
st
principle is the Abiotic Principle
that life patterns reflect the pattern of
the physical environment-inland
communities vegetation patterns are
influenced by climate and said
climate has an effect on the height of
native plants.
2
nd
principle is the Biotic
Communities (plants and animals of
a given area) its biota tends to grow
into loosely organized units or
communities. This means that certain
types of plants and animals live
together in identified communities.
3
rd
principle is the Ecological
Succession, this means that
successive changes occur which
produce increasingly mature
communities from a heavier
community, like basic climate
changes.
4
th
principle is the Ecological System
it is exist in land, lakes, steams or
oceans or they our found wherever
soil, air and water support
communities.

Components of the Ecosystem
Ecosystem implies a working,
coordinated system of interacting
part-there is the energy interacting
between the biotic component and
the external factors of the
environment. The Ecosystem is a
self-sustaining collection of plants
and animals and their environment.
The term ecosystem was introduced
by English botanist A.G Tansley in
1935.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
OF THE ECOSYSTEM
a. Abiotic or non-living
components- This includes
an external energy source,
like the sun, diverse physical
factors such as the wind, heat
and the chemicals found in
soil, air and water that are
essential nutrients for life.
Abiotic factors, therefore,
include all the chemical and
physical components of the
environment such as
temperature, light, soil,
availability of diverse
nutrients and the amount of
moisture.
b. Biotic or living
components- the biotic
components are plants,
animals and microbes-
interact in an energy-
dependent fashion. The biotic
consist of 3 major categories
or trophic levels: a) producers
b) consumers c)
decomposers.
The producers are also called
autotrophs. Green plants are called
producers. They are numerous and
their food making process is called
photosynthesis. Organisms that
obtain food by eating other
organisms are called consumers or
heterotrophs because they cannot
manufacture the nutrients they need
to stay alive. Decomposer are the
micro-organisms or microbes or
micro consumers such as the fungi,
bacteria, and protozoans that break
down or decompose organic waste
from living organs and tissues of
dead plants and animals into
substances that are returned to the
environment and used by the living
organisms as nutrients.

THE FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
The operations, interactions and
interrelationship between the biotic
and abiotic constitute the functional
components of ecosystems.
Matter cycling and energy-flows
constitute the major ecosystem
functions which connect the different
structural parts of an ecosystem so
that life is maintained. The energy
flow and matter cycle may be seen in
the food chain.

Energy Flow and Chemical
Cycling
All ecosystems require energy
Sunlight is the main source of energy
used by green plants to form
inorganic nutrients into organic
substances. Only 30% of the sunlight
that reaches the earths atmosphere is
reflected back into space. 5% is
absorbed as heat by the surface,
luster and vegetation. 20% is
absorbed by the atmosphere. 0.02%
of the sunlight is available for use in
the photosynthesis. Organic
materials contain stored energy and
chemical nutrients. When there is
transfer of energy from producers to
consumers, the potential available
energy is decreased by about 90% at
each stop. This is called the process
of diminishing energy.

Diversity. This refers to the varieties
or the number of species living in a
community. Several factors affect
diversity, they are:
a. Habitat. Habitat or
environments that are
extremes tend to have
relatively few species.
b. New communities maybe
available for organisms. For
example dry lands may
become habitable when
oxygen builds up. These new
communities will have few
species.
c. Resource Available. If the
resources are diverse, the
species will also be diverse.
When the area is physically
diverse, that is, it has hills,
good soil, and dry spots, then
there will be more plant life
and it will follow that there
will be more animal species.
d. Productivity. There will be
more species that can be live
in areas of high productivity-
that is, almost all kinds of
food will be available to
support a population of
species permanently.
Climate Predictability. Areas where
the climate is stable or predictable
tend to have more and diverse
species. Chance weather events, such
as a very cold or icy weather in April
may kill most species. This is
especially true in low populations.
NICHE CONCEPT. To indicate the
entire role played by the species in
an ecosystem.
The ecological niche may be
described as what the particular
species do in an ecosystem. An
ecological niche is not the same as
an organisms habitat or physical
location. In an analogical term, the
habitat of an organism is its
address while its eco-niche is its
occupation or lifestyles.

Interactions of Species in the
Ecosystem
Species interactions occur between
populations of different species
living in the same community. This
species interaction affects not only
the structures of the ecosystem but
also its function by alternating the
size of species population and by
changing energy flow through the
web.
3 Types of Species Interaction
1. Competition for Scarce Resource-
Scarce resources may be food, water,
sunlight or habitat.
2. Predation- The most common
species interaction is the predator-
prey interaction; that is the predator
catches and eats an organism of
another species as the prey. This type
of interaction is not only on an
animal-animal interaction, but it can
also involve plants-animals
interaction and also plant-plant
interaction.
3. 3. Symbiosis- This is defined as the
inmate association of interaction
between 2 or more dissimilar
species, regardless of the benefit or
lack of it.

3 Major Types of Symbiosis
a. Mutualism- This is the symbiotic
association between 2 or more
different species in which both
organisms derive benefits in the
relationship. This is mainly a food
co-action.
b. Commensalism- Define as the food
co-action in which 2 or more species
are mutually associated in activities
centering on the food in which 1
species derives benefit from the
neither interaction, while the others
are neither benefited nor harm.
c. Parasitism- the relationship between
2 or more species wherein the
parasite benefits while the host is
harmed. The parasites get their food
from the host either from the skin,
hair or scales of the host- this is
called Ecto-parasites. Endo-
parasites, those that get their
nourishment from the tissue lining
the stomach of the host.

Changes in the Ecosystem
Ecosystems are dynamic; there are
always changes but they can also
resist disturbances. The ability to
adapt to change and to restore itself
is the most remarkable feature of the
ecosystem.
1. Ecological Succession- is the
orderly process of ecosystem
development where repeated of one
kind of natural community of
organism by another takes place
overtime. Ecological succession is
the general change in the kind of
organisms that occupies an area by
constant changes wherein a specie is
eliminated and other species are able
to invade.

2. Ecological Stability- Persistence
of structure overtime refers to
stability. When organism
communities and the ecosystem have
the capacity to resist or endure from
external forces; they have stability.
3. Environmental Stress- each
specie has its own range of tolerance
to various chemical and physical
factors of the abiotic environment.
The existence of the organisms is
determined by the level of tolerance
to different chemical or physical
factors.

Problem Areas in the Ecosystem
The ecosystem, population and
organisms have limits of tolerance
and they do not have the necessary
mechanisms to endure the synthetic
chemicals produced by man. Hence,
if the tolerance limit exceeds the
stress, it can result in natural hazards
such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, drought and so forth.

The effects of Human Activities in
the Environment that are
considered Problem Areas.
1. Pollution- which is defined as an
undesirable change in the
characteristics of the air, water or
land that can affect health, survival,
or the activities of human and other
organisms. (Miller; 1987:607).
A. Bio-degradable Pollutants:
a) Rapidly degradable pollutants
which can be decomposed or
absorbed by fungi and bacteria.
b) Slowly degradable pollutants
which remain in the environment for
a longer time before they can be
broken down to smaller parts.

The effects of Human Activities in
the Environment that are
considered Problem Areas.
B. Non-degradable Pollutants:
There are pollutants such as mercury,
lead and plastic that cannot be
broken down by natural processes. 4
Types of Pollution; Air, Land, Water
and Noise Pollution. These types of
Pollution come about due to 3 basic
factors: a) over production of waste.
B) Introduction of chemicals. C)
Reduction in the assimilation
capacity of the environment

Effects of Air Pollution
1. Damage of Property- air
pollution defaces and
discolors statues, building
and materials. Aside from
architectural damage to
property, air pollution from
soot grit can soil statues and
buildings which will require
millions of pesos for
cleansing and maintenance.
2. Damage to plants and
animals. Some forms of air
pollution such as sulfur oxide
stunt the growth of plants
and destroy food crops and
trees.
3. Affects human health. High
levels of air pollutants are
very harmful to the young,
old, and the poor especially
those with heart and
respiratory diseases.
Excessive inhalation to carbon
monoxide displaces oxygen in the
blood and reduces the amount of
oxygen carried to the tissues which
would affect the mental performance
of a person. Sulfur oxide causes
temporary or permanent injury to the
respiratory tract.

Water Pollution
- Occurs when substances like
lead degrade the quality of
water making it unhealthy for
specific purposes.
- The sources of water
pollution are: wastes coming
from untreated sewage from
cities and industries oil
spillage from offshore oil
wells and tankers, run away
sediments from the
construction of roads and
highways, etc.
- Water pollution degrades the
uses of water for
consumption and also
enhances eutrophication
resulting in the aging and
clogging of lakes.
Control of Water Pollution
1. Soil Conservation. This approach
will reduce sedimentation due to soil
erosion.
2. Sowing Treatment. Is the
purification of water from homes and
industries by a series of specialized
processes used to reduce the amount
of pollutants
3. Waste Management and
Recycling. This approach turns the
waste into fertilizer for the land or
for aquaculture ponds. This can be
done by recycling manufacturing
plants nutrient wastes.

Land Pollution
- Land Pollution may be traced to
two general sources:
1. Solid Waste from Domestic,
Commercial and Industrial
Activities.
2. Agricultural Pollution from
Pesticides and Fertilizers.
- Land Pollution takes place when
harmful substance are introduce to
the soil so that its unable to sustain
life. Soil pollution is the result of the
excessive use of DDT and other
Toxic Chemicals.
Noise Pollution
- The presence of sounds so loud or
so sudden or unpleasant that is
becomes an assault on the body
causing mental or physical harm.
Sound is measured in terms of
decibels. One decibel is the faintest
audible sound of the human ear. The
average of human ear can tolerate
noise of 50 decibels but noise above
50 is already considered dangerous
to health. The most serious
consequences of noise is that it can
cause mental derangement and even
death (NPCC: 1992)

3 Major Ways to Control Noise
Pollution
1. Reduce noise at its source:
2. Less noisy machines can replace
noisy ones;
3. Reduce amount of noise entering
the human ear.

Ways and Means of Minimizing
Pollution in General.
1. The use of nuclear techniques
such as activation analysis , gamma
radiation, carbon 14, sulphur content
meters and monitors and isotope
techniques;
2. legal measures to combat the
dangers from environment pollution;
3. Use of plants to combat air
pollution;
4. Recycling industrial domestic
wastes.

The Philippine Ecosystem
Problem Areas
- the study of
ecological problems . Environmental
management accepts the idea that
man is a significant force in the total
environmental complex. This
approach considers all environments
in social economic and physical
aspects. The Philippines considers
the following as ecological problem
areas; water resources, such as
rivers, streams, etc.; forest and wild
life ecosystems and urban
ecosystem. Water resources such as
lakes, rivers, streams and ponds are
endangered in our country. At this
time the coastal areas of Manila Bay
are declared catastrophe areas.
-- Cleaning for farming and grazing
and over cutting of trees for lumber
and firewood have seriously
degraded out forest.
Environmentalists charge that at the
rate our forest are being assaulted
they will be gone within the next 50
years. Ecologists warn that the loss
of forests could cause the extinction
of some tropical species leading to
an imbalance of our ecosystem.

CHAPTER 12
TERRORISM
It is the use of fear to pressure a
person or a community to act
contrary to reason.
In the 1970s, there were tens of
thousands of casualties in the area of
conflict, but it remained obscure to the
outside world. But suspected links
between one of the local resistant
groups the Abu Sayyaf militia and Al
Qaida operatives brought international
attention to these islands in southern
Philippines.
Muslims in the Philippines, also called
Moros constitute 5% of the total
population.
They are concentrated in the Southern
portion of the Philippine Archipelago in
Southern Mindanao and neighbouring
islands.
Filipino Muslims are Sunnis who
generally adhere to the Shaffi of Islamic
Law (madhhab).
For centuries, the Muslims in the Philippines
constituted independent sultanates and they
resisted the Spanish authority. However, the
United States succeeded in making them a part
of their independent Philippines in 1946.
Prior to Philippine independence, Muslims
retained their identity as a separate people which
was religious and cultural in nature. They didnt
consider themselves as Filipinos.
For decades, the Muslims have resisted the
encroachment of Christian settlers on their ancestral
lands. The Muslim elites aggravated the problems by
sponsoring large scale Christian migrants to the south.

The government tried to integrate the Muslims
to the general culture through scholarships in the
universities in Manila. However, these young
men from non eilte Muslims who benefitted
from government scholarship program organized
a separist movement in the later part of 1960.
They were able to attract popular support,
because of the failure of the elite Muslim leaders
to prevent the massive Christian migration.
Several events further alienated the Muslims and
forced them to arm themselves:
The massacre of Muslim trainees by the
military in March, 1968
Clashes between Muslims and
Christians in which the constabulary and
police often sided with the Christians;
Gradual loss of Muslim communal lands
to settlers
Effects of the November, 1971 elections
in which Christian politicians captured
many provincial and municipal offices
in traditional Muslims areas; and
The rise of well- armed Christian
paramilitary forces.
When Martial Law was declared in the
Philippines in September 21, 1972 the
government attempted to disarm the
Muslims which provoked open
rebellion.
Prominent in the struggle was the Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF),
whose founders were among those
Muslims youth trained in abroad.
Nur Misuary guided the MNLF and a
chairman of central committee. To him,
the Moro constituted a separate people
the Bangsamoro. He claimed that the
Muslims can only free themselves from
corrupt leaders and implement Islamic
institutions in an independent state.
The Organization of Islamic Conference
(OIC) and other Muslim International
organizations exerted pressure on the
Philippine government for peaceful
settlement with the MNLF leaders.
The Tripoli Agreement
The negotiation of settlement in Tripoli, Libya
in December, 1796 between the Philippine
government and the MNLF leaders regarding the
cease-fire and the granting of autonomy in 13
provinces where majority of the Muslims lived.
However, it was not genuinely implemented by
the Marcos administration, fighting resumed
again before the end of 1977, but it was not as
violent as before.
Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization
(BMLO)
It was formed by two traditional leaders living
as exiles in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Rashid
Lucman, a sultan and ex-congessman of Lanao
province and Salipada Pendatun, former
congressman and a member of theMaguindanao
nobility of Cotabato province. They proclaimed
BMLO as the leader of the Muslim struggle in
the Philippines.
Groups claiming to lead the Muslim
Movement:
MNLF- Misuary faction
MNLF- Salamat faction later renamed
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
BMLO
With the fall of the Marcos regime in
1985, the movement adopted popular
politics with the organization of mass
demonstrations for political autonomy.
They organized the Islamic political
party for provincial elections which
received popular support from the
ordinary Muslims.
Abu Sayaff
In Arabic, Abu Sayyaf means bearer of
the sword. Its main purpose is to
establish an Iranian style Islamic state
based on the Islamic state based on the
Islamic law in Mindanao.
It represents a process towards the
Islamization of the Moro identity and
the formalization of the existing Islamic
trend within the MNLF.
It did not emerge overnight. It was
hatched in the resentful settings in
poverty-stricken communities and the
members were trained and armed in the
interstices of the same global and
domestic power games of the world.
It is based mainly in southern
Philippines , but it has ties to a number
of Islamic fundamentalist organization
around the world, including Osama Bin
Ladens Al Qaida and Ramzi Yousef
(was convicted of organizing the
bombing of the World Trade Center in
New York).
Abduragak Abubakar Janjalani, the
founder of and leader of Abu Sayaff Group
(1991-1998), was a veteran of the war in
Afghanistan.. He was killed in December,
1998 in a firefight with police in the village
of Lamitan, Basilan Island.
ASG is largely based in Basilan, Sulu,
and Tawi-tawi. It finances its operation
through robbery, piracy, and
kidnappings for ransom. It is suspected
that ASG receives funding from the
international terrorist network of Osama
Bin Laden. Its activities include
bombings, assasinations, and extortions
from companies and wealthy
bussinessmen.
Balikatan 02.1
It is a code name for the joint US-RP military
training exercises in southern Mindanao and
Balanced Piston in northern Luzon under the
Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA).
It is intended to make the exercise training
scenarios more realistic and relevant to the
actual perceived threats of both countries that is,
the worldwide threat of terrorism under the
VFA.
Presently, there are 660 US soldiers deployed in
Zamboanga City and the Basilan Island (the
stronghold of ASG) for joint operations against
the rebels.
The Americans would undergo cross-training
with the Filipino soldiers at a training facility in
Zamboanga City. It would be followed by
combined field training exercise at a jungle
training base near the city. The joint forces
would the be sent to the military headquarters in
Isabela, Basilan and deployed to selected
infantry battalions. There would be one US team
of 12 soldiers per infantry battalion, typically
made up of 480 troops.
The presence of US troops in Basilan has
boosted the morale of the Filipino soldiers
assigned to fight the bandits. The American air
surveillance capability is so advance that it can
determine even the sex of a person hidden
beneath a thick forest canopy.
ASG ranks in Basilan have been reduced due to
months of relentless military operations. The
possibility of huge payoff is what is keeping the
core group of ASG from surrendering the
hostages as well as a shield against direct
assault. Their advantages are the heavy forest
canopy, knowledge of the terrain, and
adjustment to harsh climatic conditions.
While the Filipino leaders and the people are
one in condemning the ASG and the need to
dismantle their ranks and bring them to justice,
precaution should be exercised for the safety of
civilians and innocent people living in vicinity
of the afflicted areas.
There should be rehabilitation and socio-
economic development in southern Mindanao as
part of the post-Balikatan agenda. Presently, it is
a religion of poverty and terrorism, but it has the
potential of being transformed as the food
basket of the Philippines.
Jose Almonte, a former National Security
Adviser, claimed that the joint US-RP military
exercises do not impinge on the countrys
sovereignty.
Jaime B. Naval, a political science professor of
UP Diliman argued that, Inviting US troops is
an exercise of sovereignty. The US troops are
in the country because the Philippine
government consented to it. Sovereignty should
never be viewed as an end, but rather as a vital
instrument toward ensuring the well-being of the
people, as well as the overall interest of the
country. (PDI, February 2, 2002).
The Philippines has the obligation to do what it
can to destroy the Al Qaida network to which
Abu Sayyaf has links.
The most distinct feature of the Terms of
Reference (TOR) for the joint military exercise
is the agreement that US should not undertake
actions that would escalate conflicts with armed
groups negotiating peace with the Philippine
government.
The exercise would last six (6) months with the
participation of 660 US personnel and 3,800
Filipino soldiers.
The exercises would be conducted in Basilan,
Malagutay and Zamboanga areas. There would
be related activities in Cebu to support the
exercise.
Under the TOR, American military officers
would be in command over US troops
participating in Balikatan 02.1. AFP and US unit
commanders will retain command over the
respective forces authority of the exercise co-
directors: Brig. Gen. Emmanuel Teodosio,
AFP chief of staff for education, and Brig. Gen.
Donald Wurster, commander of the Special
Operations Command of the US Pacific
Command.
Operation Daybreak
conceived by former AFP Chief of
Southern Command based in
Zamboanga City, Lt. Gen. Roy
Cimatu; upgrading of Oplan Rescuer
was launched on May 27, 2002 upon the
order of Maj. Gen. Ernesto Carolina
when the military concluded that the
probability of the hostages being with
the bandits at Sibuco was above 60%.
5 Group Tasks of Operation Daybreak
Army Scout Rangers
Light Reaction Groups
Marine Rennaissance
Naval Special Warfare
Air Force Helicopter Team
Abu Sayaff Problem 95% Solved!
The strength of ASG is now reduced to 60 from
600. However, it is easy for them to elude
government troops because of their smaller
number.
According to the report of the Southern
Command Operation Division, 81 soldiers had
been killed and 216 had been wounded since
June 1, 2001. The report also revealed that ASG
suffered 241 deaths in the course of the military
operation in Basilan and Sulu. AFP had arrested
230 suspected ASG members and 188 members
surrendered.
The American Forces were instrumental in
tracking down some of the members of the ASG.
The AFP used the sophisticated equipment of
the Americans in order to detect bandits. Now
that the hostage is over, the ASG will no longer
find respite.
Former Defense Secretart Angelo Reyes and
Brig. Gen. Donal Wurster, commander of the
US Forces taking part in the Balikan military
exercises told reporters that Abu Sabaya, the self
styled ASG spokesperson died in June 21, 2002
encounter together with 2 other bandits.
Abu Sayyaf threat is the main reason for the
dwindling foreign investment in the Philippines
causing a great impact on our economy.