CHAPTER 3

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR UNGROUPED DATA

3.2 MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR GROUPED DATA


MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

In chapter 2 we discussed how to summarize data using different methods and to
display data using graphs. Graphs are one important component of statistics; however it
is also important to numerically describe the main characteristics of a data set. The
numerical summary measures, such as the one to identify the center and spread of
distribution, identify many important features of a distribution.

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR UNGROUPED DATA

A measure of central tendency gives the center of a histogram or a
frequency distribution curve.

I) Mean

Obtained by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values in the data
set. Thus,

Mean for population data: =
N
x

Mean for sample data: x =
n
x

Example:

The following are the ages of all eight employees of a small company:

53 32 61 27 39 44 49 57

Find the mean age of these employees










Example:

The following are the ages of 20 persons empanelled for jury duty by a court:

48 58 33 42 57 61 49
31 52 25 46 60 53 30
52 63 41 34 47 38

Find their mean age.








II) Median

The value of the middle term in a data set that has been ranked in
increasing order:

-rank the data set in increasing order.
-Find the middle term. The value of this term is the median.



Example:

Find the median.


10 5 19 8 3









Example:

Ten persons sent out to interviews 50 students at each of 10 different
campuses, found that 18, 13, 15, 12, 8, 21, 7, 11, 16 and 3 of the
students sampled jog regularly. Find the median.



I) Mode

The value that occurs with the highest frequency in a data set.


Example:

Determine the mode for this set of data.


4 4 5 2 4 3 3 3 3
3 4 5 5 4 5 6 5 3







Example:

Find the mode.























14 12 20 18 21 15 9 16 17 18 18
9 14 11 13 11 12 15 20 14 15 11
10 8 20 15 13 9 19 10 14 26 15
14 8 12 19 12 10 13 15 9 15 24
12 13 14 12 15 7 16

3.2 MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR GROUPED DATA


I) Mean for Grouped Data


Mean for population data: =
N
mf

Mean for sample data: x =
n
mf

m =midpoint
f = frequency of class



Example:

Calculate the mean of daily commuting times.

Daily Commuting Number of Employees
1 to 10 4
11 to 20 9
21 to 30 6
31 to 40 4
41 to 50 2



















II) Median


Median for Grouped Data

m = b + i
(
(

f m
l
n
2



b = lower bound for median class
i = class interval
n = number of observation
l = cumulative frequency before median class
fm = frequency for median class



Example:

Find median based on data below:





















Class Frequency, f
10-14 6
15-19 19
20-24 23
25-29 18
30-34 9
35-39 3
40-44 2

II) Mode

For grouped data, the mode can be approximated by the midpoint of the class
containing the largest number of class frequency



Mode = L +
( ) ( )
(

+

2 1
1
f f f f
f f
o o
o
x c


L = lower class boundary of the class containing mode
C = size of the class containing mode
f
o
= frequency of the class containing mode
f
1
= frequency of the class before class containing mode
f
2
= frequency of the class after the class containing mode



Example:

Find mode for grouped data below.

Class Interval Number of employee
1-4 16
5-8 20
9-12 28
13-16 24
17-20 16
21-24 11
25-28 5


















Tutorial 3


1. The following data give the numbers of car thefts that occurred in a city during
the past 12 days.

6 3 7 11 4 3 8 7 2 6 9 15

Find the mean, median and mode for the above data.


2. A spot check of the number of students attending a lecture over a 21-day period
was made, with the following results:

78 87 94 92 79 78 67
82 88 62 97 80 82 62
90 79 82 90 87 86 62

Determine the mean, median and mode.


3. The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of hours spent
per week playing video games by all 60 students of the eighth grade at a school.









Find the mode, median and mean for the above data.


4. For 50 airplanes that arrived late at an airport during a week, the time which they
were late was observed. In the following table, x denotes the time (in minutes) by
which an airplane was late and f denotes the number of airplanes.








Find the mode, median and mean for the above data.
Hours per week Number of students
1 5 7
6-10 12
11-15 15
16-20 13
21-25 8
26-30 5
x F
1 20 14
21 40 18
41 60 9
61 80 5
81 100 4