INTRODUCTION

Training & Development

Training is to develop the human resources present within the employees.Training is
for developing overall personality of an employee.Training is the responsibility of the
management as it is basically for raising the efficiency and productivity of employees.

Training plays an important role in human resource development. It is necessary and
useful in the case of all categories of operative employees, supervisory staff and managers.
Training raises their skills and creates confidence and ability to perform the job efficiently.

It also facilitates self-development and career development of employees. Training is
the watchword of present dynamic business world. Training is necessary due to technological
changes rapidly taking place in the industrial field. Industrial training is for a short period but has
wide coverage.

It relates to Knowledge, information, technical skills, social skills, administrative skills
and finally attitude building. Expenditure on training is an investment for manpower development
and gives rich dividend to employees and organization in the long run.

In a rapidly changing society, employee training and development are not only and
activity that is desirable but also an activity that an organization must commit resources to if it to
maintain a viable and knowledgeable work force.

Training is a process of learning a sequence of programmed behavior. It is application
of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules and procedures to guide their behavior.

Development is a related process. It covers not only those activities which
improvement job performance but also those which bring about growth of the personality, help
individuals in the progress towards maturity and actualization of their potential capacities


Definition

According to Edwin Flipper, training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of
an employee for doing a particular job.
Training may be defined as a planned programmer designed to improve performance
and to being about measurable changes in technical knowledge and skills of employees
for doing a particular job.
A formal definition of training is, it is an attempt to improve current or future employee
performance by increasing an employees ability to perform through learning, usually by
changing the employees attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge.
Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation and all
their study bent to worship God aright, and know his works Milton.
A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject application of mind to books, arts, or
science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge - Bp. Fell.
Study gives strength to the mind; conversation grace.-Sir Temple.
The Holy Scriptures, especially the Testament her daily study - Law.
A building or apartment devoted to study or to literarywork. ``His cheery little study
'Hawthorne.
To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell uponanything in thought; to muse; to
ponder - Chaucer.
To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study
the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.
To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understandas,
to study law or theology; to study languages.
A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an
original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a
study of heads or of hands for a figure picture

Purposes of training & development program
To understand the impact of broader changes in higher education on the working lives
of administrative and support staff and in particular on their roles and responsibilities.
To examine the opportunities available to them for training, staff development and career
progression.
To assess levels and sources of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
To explore their ideas on the development of higher education over the next twenty years.
To assess the quality of coronial autopsy reports in conjunction with the written
information relating to the death as presented to pathologists by coroners.
To obtain a baseline overview of the standard to which coronial autopsy reports are
currently being reported, and indirectly, the standard to which they are being performed.
To assess how issues raised by a death are being addressed in the coronial autopsy.
To highlight the variations in practices and explore reasons for these variations (e.g.:
coroners' requests and expectations; pathologists' workloads; mortuary facilities).
To evaluate the correctness of pathologists' Office of National Statistics (ONS) cause of
death formulations in terms of structure and content.
To make recommendations regarding quality of autopsy reports.







Advantages
1. Helps with Procrastination
Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects
with very limited time before the due date. When in a study group, meeting at scheduled
times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study
groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other
people are relying on them.

2. Understand/Absorb Information More Efficiently
Students tend to learn faster working within a group versus working alone. If a
student was working on his/her own, there would be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the
difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain
concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why
one persons answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster
working in a group setting while gaining personal skills.

3. Different Perspectives
Each group member has different qualities/ideas to offer to the study group.
Studying by yourself will always get you one perspective; yet, in groups, you may receive
various viewpoints which can assist in helping you reach your own conclusions. Listening
and asking questions will provide more food for thought developing your critical skills.


4. Improve/Develop New Study Skills
There are always ways to enhance your studying methods/techniques in your study
skills. Joining a study group will provide you the opportunity to observe a wide variety of
study methods and incorporate them into your regimen. Note-taking and organization skills
are two major study components that continue to be improved through study groups.

5. Good Company
Studying by you can get boring and monotonous. A study group brings on a
positive social aspect. Talking it over with a group can help that and make it a little more
enjoyable.

6. Minimizes Test Anxiety
Test anxiety is an uneasiness experienced before, during, or after an examination
because of concern, worry, or fear. Some students find that anxiety interferes with their
learning and test taking to such an extent that their grades are seriously affected. Being in a
study group with motivated classmates is often helpful. Instructors agree that study groups
improve student performance on tests and in classroom discussions.

7. Enhance your personal/professional skills
Study groups can help you develop as a student, person, and professional. Study
groups encourage members to think creatively and build strong communication skills. It has
been proven that those who participate in study groups feel more confident and comfortable
about reaching their academic goals. Overall, most professional careers require collaboration
with colleagues on projects, so study groups are excellent practice in preparation for the work
world.


Disadvantages
There are two limitations that need to be acknowledged and addressed regarding
the present study. The first limitation concerns the cross-disciplinary nature of this research
project. The commitment phenomenon was studied within the context of software process
improvement. There is an apparent danger involved whenever concepts are borrowed from
related disciplines, i.e. from the fields of organizational behavior and information systems,
and then applied in the present context. These scholars thought that it would be rather
beneficial to have an outsider investigating the role of commitment in the present context,
since it has not been done before and the present author does not represent any specific
school of thought, which frees him to make an attempt at bridging various views.
The second limitation has to do with the extent to which the findings can be
generalized beyond the cases studied. The number of cases is too limited for broad
generalizations. However, the four software process improvement cases represent rather
different aspects of the software development processes. Therefore, software organizations
performing SPI activities can benefit from the findings. Further empirical evaluations,
however, are needed to replicate the findings in different contexts and surroundings.