Assessing The Management Operations, and The Role of The Trading Post (Taboan) at Mantalongon, Dalaguete, Cebu, As A Component in An Agricultural System, 2013

UPLBCA FORM No.
40
Revised 98

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAOS
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
College, Laguna

UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR PRACTICE
ASYS200a

Name of Student JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

Degree Program BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

TITLE OF PRACTICE ASSESSING THE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS, AND
THE ROLE OF THE TRADING POST (TABOAN) AT
MANTALONGON, DALAGUETE, CEBU AS A
COMPONENT IN AN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM, 2013

APPROVED:JOSE NESTOR M. GARCIA _____________, 20___
Adviser

APPROVED:FLORENTINO C. MONSALUD _____________, 20___
Department Chairman/Institute Director

APPROVED:DOMINGO E. ANGELES _____________, 20___
Dean

RECORDED:MARIA CYNTHIA R. OLIVEROS _____________, 20___
College Secretary

ASSESSING THE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS, AND THE ROLE OF THE
TRADING POST (Taboan) AT MANTALONGON, DALAGUETE, CEBU AS A

JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THECOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAOS IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GRADUATION WITH THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Systems

APRIL 2014

iii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author was born on the 10
th
of January
1989. He is the youngest of three children and the
only boy of Zosimo Maraon Cano and Evelyn Pil
Cano.
He attended two schools for his primary
education, of which the first is Child Development
Centre, Cebu (CDCC) and Maranatha Christian
Academy (MCA). It was after elementary that his
family experienced a financial crisis. After four years
of not studying due to the crisis, God provided a
miracle for him and was granted a full scholarship
at an international school for his secondary
education at Centre for International Education
(CIE) and graduated Salutatorian of his class.
Taking the UPCAT, he chose UPLB as top priority
and BS Agriculture as first choice of course. He has no regrets in doing so. He is now
one of four students majoring in Agricultural Systems. His first advisor was Dr. Virgilio
T. Villancio, and now is under the advisorship of Dr. Jose Nestor M. Garcia.
In college, he joined a couple of organizations, a socio-civic, a political
organization, and an academic organization. He has served for three years in the
student council as well; two years in the College Student Council as Councilor and
Chairperson, respectively; and, lastly as the University Student Council Vice
Chairperson. The experiences gained from working with all these affiliations have
shaped his ideologies and even interpersonal skills. It has also boosted his passion to
serve the country. After he finishes his education, he wants to do something significant
in meeting food security needs of the country and the world, whether it be through the
private or public sector.

JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A summer and two semesters have been consumed to generate the data,
analyses, and this paper. But all this would not have been possible without the help of
the following people:
To Dr. Jose Nestor M. Garcia, major practice adviser, for the extreme patience
given to me for the whole duration up until the end of this paper; for being always
available through call or text, which has made consultations way easier; for critically
critiquing everything related to this study.
To Dr. Virgilio T. Villancio, former major practice adviser, for guiding me in
taking the most essential electives that would help my study and maybe even career;
for helping me in finding a way to get to the trading post of this study; for endorsing
me to a great professor as my new adviser, before leaving the country.
To Doris Revano, whose thesis has been a great help to this study; although I
have not talked to personally, only through facebook, has been willing to give me the
references that she used for her study.
To Prof. Julieta A. Delos Reyes, whose lectures and notes in AECO 120 have
been of great help to my way of analyzing the trading post and its operations, the
marketing channels, and to some degree the agricultural system.
To Hon. Ronald Allan G. Cesante, Mayor of Dalaguete, who was kind enough
to take me as an intern at the local government despite the short notice; and for giving
importance to the agricultural sector in Dalaguete.
To Sir Rydal B. Cisneros, municipal administrator, for being very kind, patient,
and accommodating.
To Engr. Expedizitas Etas Lenares, officer-in-charge of the Municipal
Agriculture and Natural Resources Office, for being very accommodating and helped my
study significantly; who has made my stay in MANRO and Dalaguete very memorable.
To the MANRO Staff, especially Ate Mads, Ate Gladys, Mishael, Kuya Goldy,
Nong Sosing, Sir Erwin, for making my stay at the MANRO very alive every day; for the
awesome meriendas like champorado with bulad; to Ate Mads, Mishael, and Ate Gladys,
for giving me the necessary data for this study; to Kuya Goldy, for bringing me around
the mountain barangays; to Sir Erwin and Nong Sosing, for letting me have a look at
the municipals composting facility and letting me document the green turtles catch-
and-release.
To Sir Dennis Kap Amandoron and the PMAO Staff at Mantalongon, for
accommodating me at the office, giving me the necessary data, giving me a table,

v

helping me understand the ins and outs of the trading post, and making my stay
awesome.
To Tito Boy and Maam Flor Orozco and the family, for letting me stay at
their house when I needed a place to sleep when in the mountain barangay of
Mantalongon; for letting me enjoy the perks of their house as if I was adopted.
To Tita Gigi and Tita Sosing, who connected me to the Orozco family and for
the support in my study.
To Sir Dave Armiento, from the Agribusiness Marketing and Assistance
Division of the Department of Agriculture - Regional Field Unit 7, for giving me the data
which have helped me see the bigger picture of the agricultural system in Cebu and in
the Visayas region.
To the awesome Titas in Agricultural Systems Cluster: Tita Nelly and
Tita Mona, for helping me out with how to go about my study and the necessary
paper works; for the morale support and for cheering me on.
To the Titas in the College Secretarys Office and Kuya JP, for helping me
with the paper works, being accommodating and supportive.
To Tita Lorie of the Deans Office, for helping me out with my inquiries and for
being always so supportive.
To fellow Students of Destiny, who have cheered me on and whose Pastors
have been of great inspiration especially with the heart to change the world; for being
the source of spiritual nourishment.
To BUKLOD-UPLB members, who have been my guide and strength when
council stuff became overwhelming and overlapped my focus in academics; for instilling
within me Integrity, Initiative, and Involvement, which has shaped my work ethics so
much. Service Intensified!
To O35 people, who have been a source of joy and support when haggard
times come over me.
To the Macalos family, for accommodating me and treating me as a part of the
family; for giving the necessary support and cheer; for being a second family while
away from my own family; to Tatay Oca, whose simple nickname for me Secretary
of Agriculture is very inspiring.
To Jewel, for being always at my side; for always including me in your prayers;
for being patient despite my emotional letdowns and fluctuations; for pushing me to
work on my manuscript when I dont feel like working on it; for listening to me when I

vi

need to air out my frustrations over council, politics, people, and academics. Your love
and support has helped me greatly. Thank you very much.
To my sisters, brother-in-law,Yen Atsi Cano, Happy Ditsi Lumasag and
Kuya Nap Lumasag, for being an inspiration, especially in the road of pursuing Gods
purpose; for helping Daddy and Mommy mold in me a love for God and the nation; for
supporting your not so little brother anymore in his dreams; for being the best siblings
and in-law one could ever ask for.Your spiritual and practical guidance is like Jacobs
well which helps me so much.
To Sam and Anna, my awesome nephew and niece, despite being far away,
has been a source of joy for me; whose smartness and wit makes the dullest times
happy. This study and uncles pursuit for a better agriculture in the nation and the
world is for your generation and the next.
To Daddy and Mommy, for supporting me in all aspects emotional, spiritual,
practical, and financial; for instilling in me the values I possess today; for teaching me
how to relate with others in work; for teaching me how to value character and integrity
over gifts and talents; for pushing me to do excellently; for supporting me despite being
far away by calling me up regularly and texting me; for letting me grow up loving the
nation and always seeking to make the country a better one; for guiding in me in the
path of agriculture I have zero regrets taking your advice; and, lastly, for being the
most awesome parents in this world. Your toil and efforts do not go in vain. I love you
both dearly.
To all those who I failed to mention and give credit to.
And above all, my Friend, Savior, and Lord Jesus Christ, whose grace and
favor upon my life has opened up doors no man could close; for giving me the strength
to carry on when life and all its troubles and worries overwhelm me; for giving me the
vision and desire to build the nation in the agricultural sector; for always loving me
unconditionally despite my lack of faith and trust at times; for being the ULTIMATE
SOURCE OF INPIRATION because of your love for humanity. May my life forever be
dedicated to please you and fulfill your will. I love You with all sincerity.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH! College life would have been very hard and dull
without you all. It has been a long journey, but I thank God for each one of you. Truly,
no dream or vision can be achieved by one man, but always with a group of people. Let
us build this nation together. Again, thank you!

JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
Title Page
Biographical Sketch iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Appendices xiii
Abstract xiv

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Signicance of the Study 5

OBJECTIVES 7

EXPECTED OUTPUTS 8

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Wholesale markets / Bagsakan Centers 9
Supply Chains 11
Marketing Destinations of Vegetables Produced in Cebu 13
Assessing Agricultural Systems 19

DESCRIPTION AND SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES 26

PRACTICUM METHODOLOGY 28

DESCRIPTION OF THE CHOSEN AREA OF STUDY
Description of the Site 31
Vegetable Growing Areas 32
Road Networks and Transport 34

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRADING POST
The Trading Post (Taboan) 36
Physical Layout: Structure, Facilities and Design 37
The Management 47
Operations 54
Trading Period and Practices 54
Vegetables Traded and Volume Handled 59

viii

Areas of Production and Destination 64
Stakeholders 68
Commissioners 68
Farmers 69
Traders 72
Perception of Locals on the Trading Post 74

COST ANALYSIS OF THE ENTERPRISE 76

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 80

LESSONS LEARNED 83

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 85

RECOMMENDATIONS 90

REFERENCES 97

APPENDICES 99

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Volume of crops traded within April 1, 2013 to May 5,
2013. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013
63
2 Market destinations of vegetables from Cebu City with
their corresponding distances in kilometers.

67
3 Cost of equipment and fixture used at the Mantalongon
Trading Post.
77
4 Gross returns of the Mantalongon Trading Post. 78
5 Cost and return analysis of the operations of the
Mantalongon Trading Post.
78

x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Tomato Outlfow per port of destination (%), CY
2009. Source: Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7
Agribusiness Marketing Assistance Division

14
2 Wong Bok Outlfow per Port of Destination (%), CY
2009. Source: Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7
15
3 Percent Cabbage Outflow per Port of Destination (%),
CY 2009. Source: Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7
16
4 Carrots Outflow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009.
Source: Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7
17
5 Chayote Outflow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009.
Source: Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7
18
6 Map of Cebu showing location of Dalaguete. (Google,
2014).
31
7 Administrative Map of the Municipality of Dalaguete
showing location of the different barangays. Source:
Municipal Agriculture and Natural Resources Office.
33
8 Land Use Map of the Municipality of Dalaguete, 2013.
Source: Municipal Agriculture and Natural Resources
Office.
34
9 Layout of the Mantalongon Trading Post, Dalaguete.
2013.
38
10 Ramp at the side of the Trading Center. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete. 2013.
39
11 Unutilized Cold Chain of the Trading Center, 40

xi

Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
12 Market Collector (in light blue) weighing a bukag with
vegetables. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
41
13 Mantalongon Vegetable Trading Center loading area
(above); view of the Trading Center from the second
floor of the Commercial Center (below).
44
14 View of the Trading Center from the Stage.
46
15 Organizational structure of the Mantalongon Trading
Post PMAO. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
48
16 Market Collector with weighing scale and kargador
about to have the vegetables weighed. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete. 2013.
49
17 Pinakpak or the leaf trimmings from the vegetables on
the trading floor.
50
18 Trading area being attended to by sanitation personnel.
51
19 Trading area after being swept clean by sanitations.
Mantalongon, Dalaguete, 2013.
52
20 New Caleriohan two-storey market under construction.
Caleriohan, Dalaguete. 2013.
53
21 Market vendors and sellers are forced to sell by the
roads while the new market is under construction.
Caleriohan, Dalaguete. 2013.
54
22 Vegetables are brought to the roadside like this here
and gathered together, which will then be carried onto a
pick-up delivery truck and brought to the trading center.
Tabon, Dalaguete. 2013.
56
23 Picture of the logbook. Commissioners names to the
left most part, name of farmer next, then the code for
the crop and the weight in kilograms. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete, 2013.
56

xii

24 Sample sheet of the Market Arrival form. Source:
MANRO, 2013.
61
25 Volume of vegetables traded within the selected period
of 35 days. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. Source: Public
Market Administration Office Mantalongon Trading
Post.
62
26 Cabbages harvested and carried to the roadside.
(Leclerc, 2013).
65
27 Road to the barangays of Ablayan, Maloray and
Manlapay (left); Road to the barangays of Salug,
Dumalan and Babayongan (right).
66
28 A commissioner (in white) looks on as the vegetables
sent to him are being weighed by the market collector.
69
29 A farmer sprays insecticide straight into the inner most
part of the cabbage.
71
30 Cauliflowers and onions grown at one of the nucleus
farms of the LGU.
72
31 Trader looks on as her ordered goods are about to be
loaded on to the delivery van. Mantalongon, Dalaguete.
2013.
73
32 Carrots placed laid directly on the floor. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete. 2013.
75
33 The trading post at night (above); a gas station, bakery,
and other establishments around the vicinity of the
trading post (below). Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
82

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE NO.
A Copy of the Locator Slip the student accomplished for
him to work at the Mantalongon Trading Post.
100
B Price Monitoring Sheet provided by MANRO to track
prices of commodities. Each sheet contains a months
daily prices.

101
C List of Farmers from Logbook 102
D Sample list of commissioners contact-farmers 103
E Market destinations of Cebus vegetables (in red) and
location of Dalaguete, Cebu (in blue).

104

xiv


JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

ABSTRACT

The main focus of this major practice was to assess the operations and
management of the Mantalongon Trading Post located in the Municipality of Dalaguete
in Cebu.
Key informant interviews through purposive sampling and the analysis of
primary and secondary data was done to arrive at the results. The said trading post
was found to be very beneficial for the locals and have become a well-known source of
vegetables for key public and private markets in urbanized cities, not only in Cebu but
also around the Visayas region. Problems were observed to be present at the trading
post: lack of transparency in pricing; cleanliness and hygiene; lack of data for
projections; and, mishandling of vegetables.Recommendations were made to address
the problems which the researcher saw present at the trading post.
A cost and return analysis was done to see whether the trading post is gaining
or losing in its operations. From the analysis, it was seen to be slightly gaining with an
ROI of 1.10. This ROI is good since the trading post is for public service and not for

xv

profit. The trading posts operation is sustainable so as to provide future generations a
means of livelihood and even accommodate more vegetable trading which is beneficial
not only for Cebu, but also for its market destinations.

1


JIM LEANDRO P. CANO

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study
The Philippines faces issues like food security and safety especially now with the
increasing population, and the government agencies in charge of this sector is expected
to come up with solutions so as to bridge the goods produced from the areas of
production to the areas of consumption. The Philippines despite the growing service
and industrial industry is still agricultural in the sense that we still have tracts of land
devoted for agriculture. Most of the people in the rural areas are still highly dependent
on agriculture and depend on what they produce for their subsistence.With the
challenges the agricultural sector faces, many of the farmers and other actors,
especially in the rural areas, are poverty-stricken.Their means of livelihood are solely
dependent on what they grow and on how these goods are marketed;
____________________________
1
Major practice report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Agricultural Systems, Agricultural Systems Cluster, College
of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baos, College, Laguna. Prepared under the supervision of
Dr. Jose Nestor M. Garcia.

2

most of which are vegetable crops. It is therefore of great importance that this sector
and everything that pertains to it be given much consideration.
The vegetable industry contributes approximately 30% or more to the total
agricultural production and proves to be one of the major components of the Gross
Domestic Product of the country (UNDP, 2006). Most of the production comes from
highland and lowland cropping and dependent on the countrys wet and dry seasons;
also depending on what Corona Climate Classification a certain production area is
deemed to be. Highland cropping for vegetables in the Philippines is mostly found in the
Cordillera Administrative Region, Northern Mindanao, and Region VII, specifically in
Cebu. For lowland vegetable production, Regions I, III, and IV are the known areas,
with Ilocos, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and the whole of CALABARZON as
provinces in the said Regions (Johnson, 2008).
A 1.3% annual growth was seen in the area being devoted to vegetable
production from 1980 to 2005, from 450,000 to 632,000 ha (FAOSTAT, 2007). This
growth in vegetable production shows that there is a need to channel the goods
properly through the supply chain. Seeing the need for localized markets in the
barangay level, the Department of Agriculture through the Agribusiness Marketing and
Assistance Service (DA-AMAS), Regional Field Unit (DA-RFU), and the Bureau of
Postharvest Research and Extension (DA-BPRE) implemented the Barangay Bagsakan
Project (BBP). Through the BBP, the DA is implementing the Goal 2 Program which
specifically addresses the five (5) major concerns of the AFMA: food security, poverty
alleviation and social equity, income enhancement and profitability of farmers, global

3

competitiveness and sustainability. This is done by making available goods which are
low-priced yet sufficient and of good quality.
The BBP is described as a barangay-based food depot and distribution system
offering safe and quality agri-fishery products at low prices to the consumers,
according to the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for BBP. It is to comprise of the
direct marketing of agricultural goods from producers nearby, wherein the good shall be
sold wholesale and/or retail. The prices of the goods are expected to be lower than the
prevailing wholesale and retail prices in the markets when it is to be sold to its target
customers, mostly people nearby and around the community. Agri-fishery products that
are to be found within the market are fish, chicken, meat, fruits and vegetables but is
not limited to the aforementioned products.
The BBP has five (5) specific objectives: 1) to make available and accessible
quality food products such as meat, poultry, fish and vegetables at low prices to the
marginalized sector of society at the barangay level;2) develop alternative market for
the farmers produce through direct marketing thereby increasing farmers
income;3) ensure a stable price and supply of food commodities in the market through
the establishment of a Barangay Food Terminal;4) encourage barangay empowerment
by creating employment opportunities through livelihood and establishment of small
food packaging and food processing center for agri-based products thereby increasing
productivity and income of the barangay residents; and, 5) strengthen the partnership
of the different stakeholders in the delivery of basic services at the barangay level.

4

The nature of the BBP is that the DA provides the mechanisms on how the
project should go about and it partners with the local government unit (LGU). The LGU
is expected to find a location where the bagsakan center is to be established, and install
the necessary electrical power and water sources. DA-AMAS and DA-RFU provides the
training for the personnel and shall assist the proponent/recipient or the BBP operator.
The National Agribusiness Corporation (NABCOR) shall procure the cold storage facility
for the bagsakan center through which the DA-BPRE will provide it to the recipient.
NABCOR is also to provide the working capital for the bagsakans operation.

Statement of the Problem
The supply chain of agricultural products is a very complex chain involving
various market participants. This includes the actors that are present from the area of
production and the layers of different marketing channels. Agricultural products,
especially with vegetable crops go through a lot of middlemen before reaching the final
actor the consumer. The more the commodities go through more middlemen, the
more the quality and freshness of the products are compromised, leading to its
deterioration; moreover, the price of the product goes higher and higher as it goes
through the layers of marketing, and finally the consumer absorbs the effect of the
process and eventually pays higher for the product than what it ought to be ideally.
It is because of the presence of many middlemen that commodities quality goes
down and the prices go up. This is one of the aspects in the agricultural industry in

5

which the bagsakan centers that the Department of Agriculture seeks to address. So
with barangay bagsakan centers being established around the country, it is important to
see and validate whether they are fulfilling the purpose for which they were established
and how are they contributing to the agricultural system of the locale.
In Region VII, Cebu is the top and recognized province for vegetable production,
specifically in Dalaguete, Cebu, which produces approximately 60-80MT of vegetables
per day. This study will help assess the current system of the bagsakan project of the
DA, and hopefully help in further studies on both the effect of the bagsakan project on
our farmers profitability and the supply chain of vegetables in the Philippines.
Significance of the Study
The DAs Barangay Bagsakan Project is a promising project that can help
increase our farmers profitability and bring down the marketing costs by cutting down
the unnecessary layers of middlemen in the marketing chain. Safer food would be made
available to the end-consumer and a higher income would be received by the farmer.
Addressing the inefficiency along the supply chain and on a macro level, the agricultural
system, these bagsakan centers can be the road to a better state of living the people in
the rural areas of our country, where most of the areas of production are.
Assessing the efficiency of these centers would help us understand whether their
advantages outweigh their disadvantages and would help the key government agencies
and/or academic institutions propose better solutions wherever necessary in making the
project as effective and efficient as possible.

6

Government agencies that have an influence in the project can come up with
policies that will help improve the system of bagsakan centers, management and
operations-wise.
Having a more efficient system in these bagsakan centers can have rippling
effects that will affect the actors in the supply chain the producers, the middlemen
and the consumers. The actors in the chain that must be given much consideration for
from them come the economic effects of supply and demand on which a country
heavily depends on. Results of this study will help create a more efficient bagsakan
center system, supply chain, and an agricultural system.

7

Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the practicum is for the student to be exposed on the
marketing of farm produce by documenting and analyzing the Mantalongon Trading
Post (taboan) of Dalaguete, Cebu. At the end of the practicum, the student should be
able to:
1. Understand the supply chain of vegetables in Cebu Province;
2. Identify the factors that influence the supply chain of vegetables in Cebu
Province;
3. Observe and document how the Mantalongon Trading Post operates and
is managed;
4. Understand the marketing concepts of the Trading Post in bridging the
producers, traders, and consumers;
5. Analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of the Trading Post as a
marketing strategy;
6. Recommend measures for improving the operation of the Trading Post;

8

EXPECTED OUTPUTS
After the major practice the student is expected to come with the following
outputs within the major practices report:
1. Description and layout of the Mantalongon Trading Post
2. Detailed description of the trading period and the practices of the
stakeholders of the trading post.
3. List of the problems encountered and corresponding descriptions
during the major practice
4. A narrative on the lessons learned
5. Recommendations for the problems encountered during the major
practice

9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to Seidler, as quoted by Revano, trading posts are crucial to any
agricultural market, whether it be farming or fisheries (Seidler, 2001). They essentially
help reduce the number of middlemen in the marketing channel which is necessary to
keep prices of commodities at bay. Addressing the development of wholesale markets
and improving the issues that concerns them affect the overall impact on local
industries.
Wholesale markets / Bagsakan Centers

Wholesale markets are one of the most crucial components in food marketing.
The poor in countries which are less developed, can benefit greatly when there are
improvements done on food marketing. A huge percentage of the familys income
among the poor is spent on food and can range from a low 50% to a high 80%
(Tracey-White, 1991).

There is a separation that is found between areas of consumption and areas of
production, understanding that most production areas of agricultural commodities are
located in rural areas and that areas of consumption are mostly in urban areas. Food
marketing acts as the bridge between forces of supply and demand and we find that
wholesale markets have a crucial role to play in this bridging.

As stated by Edward Seidler, there is a need to upgrade the wholesale markets in
Asian cities given that there are physical problems, like size and management structure,

10

which become hindrances to a more efficient marketing system (Seidler, 2001). Many
other Asian cities are yet to establish rural retail markets and also to upgrade what is
presently existing in their areas.

In the Philippine context, the national government has initiated the Barangay
Bagsakan Project through the DA and other (sub-) agencies. The project aims to fulfill
the following objectives:
1) To make available and accessible quality food products such as meat,
poultry, fish and vegetables at low prices to the marginalized sector of
society at the barangay level;
2) Develop alternative market for the farmers produce through direct
marketing thereby increasing farmers income;
3) Ensure a stable price and supply of food commodities in the market
through the establishment of a Barangay Food Terminal;
4) Encourage barangay empowerment by creating employment
opportunities through livelihood and establishment of small food
packaging and food processing center for agri-based products thereby
increasing productivity and income of the barangay residents; and
5) Strengthen the partnership of the different stakeholders in the delivery
of basic services at the barangay level (DA, n.d.)

11

In the year 2010, former President Gloria Arroyo in her State of the Nation
Address (SONA), disclosed that around 308 Barangay Bagsakan Centers / Food
Terminals and 52 Bagsakan Centers / Drop-Off Points were set up since 2007 until June
of 2009. Given that set of information, we can assume at this time, more barangay
bagsakan centers may have been setup around the country and this would mean that
there are more rural wholesale markets which help the food marketing system in the
country.

Supply Chains

In today's world, there are huge networks of supply chains across the globe to
meet the requests of different customers. A supply chain contains different
participants,which can range from the suppliers' suppliers to the customers' customers.
According to Chopra, a supply chain consists of entities which are involved directly or
indirectly in the process of fulfilling customers' requests (Chopra, 2003). This can also
include the various functions within a company that is part of the chain.

In the context of the trading post in Mantalongon, the trading post serves as an
avenue where the different participants of the chain can meet and transact. Every
supply chain requires the making of hard decisions based on three critical flows: 1) flow
of information, 2) flow of products, and 3) flow of funds. These three flows are major
factors in affecting how a whole supply chain performs. Products usually flow from the

12

side of suppliers to the customers, while the flow of funds from the customers to the
suppliers. The flow of information goes both ways where it can come from the end of
the customers and also from the suppliers. A customers request can trigger a chain of
actions. When a vegetable crop is sold out on the shelves of a certain supermarket will
then contact the high demand for that product. The supplier to that supermarket will
then contact the trading post or other distribution centers and inquire if the said
product is available. Such inquiries let producers know that during that time of year,
this product is highly in demand. This will then cause producers to come up with that
vegetable during that time of year.

Supply chains in agriculture are complex in the sense that there are factors which
lean on the aspect of natural and climatic effect. Such factors trigger changes in the
types of products that are made available to the customers. It is also because of these
that the customers' requests are not met at times. Certain varieties of specific food
crops also have seasons in a year which they only thrive in. This also affects the
availability of these food crops.

Distribution centers are integral in the supply chain. They usually become the
avenue where traders source their goods from. The trading post is one example of a
distribution center. It can be called one in the sense that it is where suppliers, traders,
and even customers source goods from. These trading posts are the centers of trade

13

and the major ones usually have the capacity to dictate the prices of certain crops
based on the supply or demand.

Market Destinations of Vegetables Produced in Cebu

This section will mostly take advantage of the secondary data acquired from the
Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Division (AMAD) of the Department of
Agriculture Regional Field Unit 7 (DA-RFU 7). The following products are what will be
presented since these products are commonly produced at the Mantalongon Trading
Post: Tomato, Wong Bok (Chinese Cabbage), Cabbage, Carrots, Chayote, Lettuce and
Assorted Vegetables.

Tomato
Figure 1 shows where most of the tomatoes produced in the province of Cebu
are transported to: Maasin, Calbayog, Plaridel, Tagbilaran, Larena and Ubay. These are
towns in the provinces of Leyte and Bohol. We can see that even with the large tracts
of land in the two target provinces, they still source the tomatoes from Cebu, which a
lot are being produced in the Mantalongon Trading Post. Maasin has a high demand for
tomato compared to the other towns. If there are tomato-producing areas in Leyte,
they may not be sufficient enough to meet the demand of the locals of Leyte. Maasin
also is home to one of the biggest supermarkets in Leyte

14

Figure 1. Tomato Outlfow per port of destination (%), CY 2009. Source: Department of
Agriculture Field Unit 7 Agribusiness Marketing Assistance Division

Wong Bok (Chinese Cabbage)

In the following figure(Figure 2), the percentage of Wong Bok, also known as
Chinese Cabbage, distributed to towns outside of that in Cebu is seen. This vegetable
crop is seen to have a high demand in the province of Bohol, specifically in Tagbilaran.
This could be due to the thick presence of hotels which attracts thousands, if not
millions, of tourists to the island. With a huge market of tourists, we can assume that
there is a huge demand for such a vegetable crop which is an ingredient in various
Asian foods.

Maasin
63%
Calbayog
13%
Plaridel
8%
Palompon
7%
Tagbilaran
5%
Larena
4%
Total Volume = 5.97 mt

15

Figure 2. Wong Bok Outlfow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009. Source: Department
of Agriculture Field Unit 7 Agribusiness Marketing Assistance Division

Cabbage
Cabbage is another commonly produced crop in the farms of Dalaguete, Cebu. It
is also one of the most ubiquitous ingredients for Filipino dishes. It is thus fitting to see
where the Cabbage crops produced in Cebu go to aside from the provinces local
markets. Figure 3 shows that most of the vegetables are sent to Tagbiliaran, Bohol.
This could be because of the tourism industry in Bohol, thus the high demand.

Tagbilaran
97%
Palompon
2%
Calbayog
1%

16

Figure 3. Percent Cabbage Outflow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009. Source:
Department of Agriculture Field Unit 7 Agribusiness Marketing Assistance
Division

Lettuce

Lettuce is usually grown in high altitudes, which is why it is conveniently grown
in the farms of Dalaguete, especially in the Barangays which are located around
Mantalongon. 89% of the lettuce produced in Cebu is brought to Dumaguete as seen in
Figure 2.4. If we look at the background of Negros Oriental, its agricultural lands are
known to be predominantly devoted to sugarcane plantations. It is also not as
mountainous as Cebu is; this can be a factor for their lack of lettuce production. Negros
Oriental is also very near to Cebu, hence it makes the transportation of goods very
convenient.

Tagbilaran
70%
Calbayog
19%
Palompon
7%
Maasin
3%
Tubigon
1%

17

Carrot
With the cold temperatures in Mantalongon, Dalaguete, the environment makes
it very conducive to the cultivation of carrots within and around the barangay. In Figure
4, we can see that Tagbiliran City, Bohol receives most of the outflow of carrots from
Cebu. As with the cabbages, we can point out that the demand for carrots could be
linked to the high number of tourists that visit the city. Most of the tourists are
foreigners which have a preference for carrots, which is probably why there is so much
demand for it in Tagbilaran. Maasin in Leyte and Calbayog in Samar receive 27% and
10% of the carrots from Cebu, respectively.

Figure 4. Carrots Outflow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009.Source: Department of
Tagbilaran
62%
Maasin
27%
Calbayog
10%
Larena
1%

18

Chayote
One of the vegetables that is very common in Mantalongon, Dalaguete is
chayote. Most, if not all, of the farms in Mantalongon, Dalaguete have patches devoted
to the production of chayote. In the trading post, lots of containers coming from
different farms contain chayote. It may well be attributed to be a cultural and local
preference in Mantalongon. With the high amount of chayote production of 103.08 MT,
according to DA-RFU7 AMAD, most of the chayote is sold to buyers or markets from
Calbayog, Samar as seen in Figure 5. With Calbayog being the capital of Samar, we can
assume that it is a key economic point in Samar, which is why there is so much demand
for vegetables like chayote. The rest of the chayote are sold to Tagbilaran, Palompon,
Getafe, Dapitan, and Tubigon.

Figure 5. Chayote Outflow per Port of Destination (%), CY 2009.Source: Department of
Calbayog
67%
Tagbilaran
24%
Palompon
5%
Getafe
2%
Dapitan
1%
Tubigon
1%

19

From the data given by the Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Division of the
Department of Agriculture Regional Field Unit 7, we can see that Cebu truly is one of
the major suppliers of vegetables to its neighbouring provinces. Seeing that Cebu
supplies huge amounts of vegetables to the provinces around shows Cebus critical role
in the supply chain of vegetables in the Visayas region, especially for the key cities of
the other provinces. Given such an important role, an assessment on trading posts
within the province could well be a stepping stone on how a certain post can increase
its efficiency and effectiveness.
Assessing Agricultural Systems
The assessment of agricultural systems is a complex task since they are made up
of various supply chains, which are by themselves already complex. Various indicators
and parameters must be taken into consideration when assessing agricultural systems
because it is not only factors on the farm level that must be taken into consideration,
but also environmental, socio-economic, and even political factors, which may well
determine how an agricultural system as a whole would perform.
With trade liberalization opening up the markets of different countries and
connecting different regions of the world, agricultural systems have evolved dynamically
in the past years. Technologies which make crop production more efficient have been
made by leaps and bounds in the past years, and there are more which are in the
pipeline. Government policies in different countries either hinder or promote the
development of agricultural systems worldwide. Climate change has shifted the timing

20

of seasons which have greatly impacted the way farmers produce what they are used to
producing.
For this very reason, we look into two methods which seek to make sense of
how an agricultural system performs and to project if such a system is sustainable or
not.
SEAMLESS, the Multi-Scale Assessment Methodology (Van Ittersum, 2007)
There are plenty of modelling softwares and research models which are used by
researchers nowadays, but most of these models are focused on specific fields of study
(e.g. farm, markets, region, nation, global). These fields of study are analysed for
specific purposes only and are restricted to its predetermined purpose, whether to
evaluate new technologies, or the impacts of certain policies on the environment, farm,
etc.
Van Ittersum et al. (2007) suggests that an agricultural research which supports
integrated assessment must have the following key features:
Capability of assessing environmental, economic, and social issues
at stake;
Multi-scale capabilities which means that the methods used should
have room to investigate the relationships between various scales
of analysis; and,

21

Solid, strong, and open software architecture and implementation
which would give room for linkage, reuse and maintenance of the
models.
System for Environmental and Agricultural Modelling; Linking European Science
and Society (SEAMLESS), a European Union Integrated Project is aiming to develop
user-friendly network which is at the same time computerized and integrated. This is to
be known as SEAMLESS-IF. The goal of SEAMLESS-IF is to assess policies which are
agricultural and environmental and also technological advancements. It is to have
capabilities such as: 1) multi-perspective set of indicators of sustainability for economic,
social and environmental purposes; 2) quantitative models, tools and databases; and,
3) a software architecture. As a whole, SEAMLESS-IF aims to translate policy questions
into possible scenarios where a set of indicators can be assessed. These indicators will
then be assessed by means of intelligent linkage of quantitative models. The models
which will be used have been programmed to simulate various scenarios and aspects of
an agricultural system at different levels (e.g. farm, region, nation, global).
SEAMLESS-IFs first prototype was completed in 2006. It takes advantage of
various models, which has been carefully designed into the model chain. Examples of
the indicators that it takes into consideration are farm income, nitrate leaching and its
contribution to global warming. The model chain and the indicator calculator that
SEAMLESS-IF utilizes the following models with their respective purposes:

22

Common Agricultural Policy Regionalised Impact (CAPRI)
simulates supply-demand relationships in the EU25 for agricultural
commodities; estimates different nutrient balances and gas
emissions (Heckelei and Britz, 2001).
Farm System SIMulator (FSSIM) farm model where CAPRI derives
the necessary price-supply relationships; it has an agricultural
management module (FSSIM-AM) and a mathematical
programming aspect (FSSIM-MP), which computes input-output
coefficients of different agricultural activities and to calculate the
endowments of resources, constraints in policy and the objectives
of farmers, respectively (Deybe and Flichman, 1991).
Agricultural Production and Externalities Simulator (APES)
biophysical processes of agricultural production systems are
estimated with the use of this modular simulation model (Van
Ittersum and Donatelli, 2003).
Next prototypes of SEAMLESS-IF is said to take into consideration more diverse
agricultural activities. It will look into establishing a linkage with the global trade model
GTAP (Van Tongeren et al., 2001). Hopefully with the development of these tools,
researchers can better assess agricultural systems at the micro level and at the same
time, at the macro level. This will ensure the smooth flow of information, goods and
services, not only on a regional and national level, but also on a global scale.

23

Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) (FAO, 2013)
We now take a look at another tool or method to assess agricultural systems,
which was recently developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. The following discussion regarding Sustainability Assessment of Food and
Agriculture Systems (SAFA) is taken from FAOs SAFA Guidelines version 3.0. This
project was an initiative of Nadia El-Hage Scialabba of the Natural Resources
Management Division of the FAO.
SAFA aims to assess how food and agriculture systems impact people and their
environment. SAFA believes that the agricultural systems around the world possesses
all four dimensions of sustainability: good governance, environmental integrity,
economic resilience and social well-being.
These four dimensions of sustainability is founded on the definition of what
sustainable development is. The FAO Council in 1989 defined sustainable development
as the management and conservation of the natural resource base, and the orientation
of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment
and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such
sustainable development (in agriculture, forestry, fisheries sectors) conserves land,
water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading uh7jhj d,
technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. (FAO Council,
1989).

24

All the aspects of sustainable, cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry,
postharvest, and marketing is part of the holistic framework that SAFA offers. SAFA can
be used by different entities and institutions, where its framework is adaptable to
whatever context and size of operation of the group interested in using SAFA. It has a
standardized system which is easy to use, which will lessen the need for external
experts.
The framework of SAFA is on a global scale where it can be used as a reference
for the value chains of agriculture, forestry and fisheries. It seeks to assess the trade-
offs and the linkages between the aforementioned dimensions of sustainability. SAFAs
framework encompasses three areas, namely: Themes, Sub-themes, and Indicators.
Each of these three are aimed to address issues by using a set of sustainability goals,
objectives, and criteria for the performance of a given indicator. These three aim to
help the user of SAFA to address sustainability gaps in the supply chain and how to
identify the areas where risks are present. SAFA can be very useful for any food and
agriculture enterprise, non-government organization, government agencies, institutions
and policy-makers.
This tool that FAO has developed can greatly impact agriculture systems in the
sense that the tool offers a way to comprehensively analyse supply chains and as a
whole, agriculture systems. On a global scale, the processes of supply chains involving
the following can be assessed: production or distribution; parts which have an impact
on the environment and communities around; and, the processes which the assessed
entity has to influence significantly any financial or operating practices.

25

The two tools mentioned, hopefully, will carry out what it was made for so as to
help communities and nation states in how their agricultural systems perform.
Conducting an assessment of these growing and evolving systems is a step closer to a
more sustainable development on the local, regional, national and global level.
Researchers and users of these tools should keep in mind that the aim is how to
efficiently assess so that concerned stakeholders can undertake the necessary
corrective actions so that sustainable development is achieved. Meeting present
demands without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs is the
aim all in all of assessing agriculture systems and should be the rallying point of
stakeholders involved in such systems.

26

DESCRIPTION AND SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
Location and Time of the Practicum
The student was dispatched to the Mantalongon Trading Post, Dalaguete, Cebu
to observe, document, and analyze the marketing scheme of vegetables in the area and
the role of the trading post. The trading post was constructed through a joint
undertaking of the Department of Agriculture and the Municipal Government of
Dalaguete and funding from World Bank. It is under the management of the local
government unit (LGU) of the Dalaguete Municipality, specifically that of the Municipal
Agriculture and Natural Resources Office (MANRO).

He rendered a total of 224 hours during working days, with a minimum of eight
(8) hours a day from April 23, 2013 to May 23, 2013. The working days were shortened
due to the overtime that the student took most of the time to observe trading post
operations late at night and during the wee hours of the day.
Activities to be Undertaken
1. Courtesy call with the LGU of Dalaguete.
2. Collection and review available secondary data on supply chain and about
the Mantalongon Trading Post.
3. Identification and coordination and interaction with key players in the
vegetable supply chain of Cebu to include the Department of Agriculture
(DA), the Agribusiness Division of the Dain Cebu, the LGU of Dalaguete,
Farmers Cooperative and farmers.

27

4. Data collection on the supply chain and the Mantalongon Trading Post.
5. Analysis and assessment of observations and data collected.

Scope and Limitations of Activities
The student was tasked to observe and assess the supply chain of vegetables
that go through the Mantalongon Trading Post. The study includes observation and
assessment of the interaction between the different components of the trading post and
the factors behind the production and sale of goods, and also of the operations and
management of the trading post. Likewise, an assessment on the business and
marketing concepts utilized in relation to farming was presented.
The study will not cover marketing of vegetables outside of Dalaguete
Municipality or those that do not go through the Mantalongon Trading Post. The
analysis of the trading post was based mainly on the information provided by the key
informants and the stakeholders.

28

PRACTICUM METHODOLOGY
Types of Data Collected
Primary and secondary data were obtained and used for the study. The former
was taken through interviews with key informants from the government, market
administrators, and from key commissioners within the trading post. The secondary
data basically was more of the files that the municipal agriculturist had: volume of
vegetables traded, logbook of the market administration showing the data of the
vegetables traded per day, and the comprehensive land use program (CLUP) of the
LGU. Secondary data was also obtained from the Department of Agriculture Regional
Field Unit-7s Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Division (AMAD).
Purposive sampling was used in choosing the respondents of the key informant
interviews because of the irregularity of the respondents schedule for interview. This
also allowed the student to interview the key commissioners who were recommended
by the market staff.
Method of Analysis
Most of the data collected are based on observations, interviews, and past
records of the market administrations office. This would then lead to the students
analysis of the data on a qualitative basis and more of a descriptive type.

29

Those which were described are the trading posts layout, the facilities, staff,
management, policies, goods sold, practices, and where the goods bought are
commonly brought to.
The trading posts physical aspects will then be compared to a model of a trading
post whose standard measurements were designed by FAO. The student made photo
documentation of the trading post and the activities undertaken therein.

30

DESCRIPTION OF THE CHOSEN AREA OF STUDY
Description of the Site
Dalaguete is a first class municipality in the southern endof the province of Cebu.
It is 84.7 kilometers away from Cebus Capitol and will take about two hours to get to
the town from the South Bus Terminal. The towns population according to the National
Statistics Offices 2010 census is 63,239. With an area of 154.96 square kilometers
(15,496 hectares), it has a population density of 396 people per square kilometer
(Dalaguete, 2013).
Forty five percent (45%) of the towns area is protected area and watershed,
while 30% is devoted to agriculture. This area devoted to agriculture is the prime area
for vegetable production in the whole province. Its agriculture sector relies on farming
and fishing. The products are mainly vegetables and fish. The climate in the area is
mostly tropical and its average daily temperature ranges from 22.2 Celsius to 32.1
Celsius, except in the mountain areas.
In the mountain areas, it is usually cold especially during the month of January.
The mountain barangays are considered the Little Baguio of Cebu and this actually is
conducive to the cultivation of certain crops which need low temperatures. Much of the
farms in the mountain barangays are far-flung and in the remote areas. Some of them
have not been reached by the new roads. It has to be pointed out though that the road
from the town proper going up to the mountain has been nicely established already.

31

Figure 6. Map of Cebu showing location of Dalaguete. (Google, 2014).

32

Vegetable Growing Areas
Most of the areas devoted for vegetable production are the mountain barangays.
Mantalongon (with blue dot in Figure 8)has the largest market among the mountain
barangays and shall be used as the reference point. There are around 15 barangays in
the Municipality of Dalaguete, which are prime areas of vegetable production:
Manlapay, Maloray, Ablayan, Bulak, Salug, Dumalan, Babayongan, Obo, Caliongan,
Langkas, Tabon, Caleriohan, Dugyan, Nalhub, and Catolohan. Vegetables produced
near the boundary of the Municipality of Argao are sometimes brought to the markets
in Argao since it is logistically more practical than bringing it to Mantalongon.
There is no specific data from PMAO or MANRO which barangays usually produce
what vegetables, because the farmers plant what they deem is fit for the season and
what is necessary by the market given the time of year. Being in an elevated area and
cooler temperatures have allowed the mountain barangays of Dalaguete to grow crops
which could not be grown in the lower areas of the town.
Commonly produced vegetables in the mountain barangays and those which
reach the trading center are cabbage, pechay (commonly called Ombok at the trading
center, probably because of the common name Wombok), bell pepper, sweet potato or
kamote, squash or kalabasa, sili spada, gabi, eggplant, carrot, beans, and others. These
other vegetables which come in small amounts to the trading post are as follows:
celery, parsley, cucumber, tomatoes, potatoes, ampalaya, and ginger. Seen in
Dalaguetes administrative map (Figure 8) are the vegetable growing areas mentioned.

33

Much of the areas in Dalaguete are either cultivated or agro-forestry lands
(Figure 9). Some areas use sloping agriculture land technology (SALT) to plant
vegetables, which is necessary in areas which are sloping.

Figure 7. Administrative Map of the Municipality of Dalaguete showing location of the
different barangays. Source: Municipal Agriculture and Natural Resources
Office.

34

Figure 8. Land Use Map of the Municipality of Dalaguete, 2013. Source: Municipal
Agriculture and Natural Resources Office.
Road Networksand Transport
With wide roads being constructed, easy access of delivery trucks and even
buses up and down the mountain barangays is possible. During the time of the
students internship at the Municipality, some parts of the road were still in the process
of widening so as to accommodate more trucks simultaneously. This is to improve on
the current system of letting traffic from each lane through alternately. Road networks,
especially farm-to-market roads are critical in the transport and delivery of goods from
areas of production to the centers of trade. This is not lacking in Dalaguete and it is
praise-worthy that such road networks have been given much concern.

35

Transportation used around the town proper and to the other barangays of the
town is mostly tricycle, motorcycle, and pedicab, also known as trisikad in the
vernacular tongue of the Cebuanos. Going up the mountain areas are usually
dependent on the habal-habal motorcycle drivers. These motorcycles carry at most
four people up and down the road to the mountains. There are extensions placed upon
the back of the motorcycle so as to accommodate more people. Motorcycles are also
common means of transport from the farms to the trading post. A huge and customized
basket called bukag is attached to the tail-end of the motorcycle which carries
vegetables, and sometimes carried (bala) by the driver by attaching the handle to his
forehead.
The town may be far from the highly urbanized cities like Cebu, Mandaue and
Lapu-Lapu, yet most of the business enterprises and markets source their vegetables
from Dalaguete because it has established a reputation already that it produces tons of
vegetables all-year round.

36

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ENTERPRISE
The Trading Post (Taboan)
The Mantalongon Trading Post is located in Mantalongon, a mountain barangay
of Dalaguete . Back then the site of trading used to be just a small hill (bungtod in
Cebuano) with a winding trail for people to pass through. Along the trail would be the
commissioners who sold the vegetables. On a rainy day, it would be hard to conduct
any trade due to the muddy condition of the roads.
Later this area was transformed into a gym which was used by the people in the
area for contests and other events of the barangay. . In 2003, the construction of the
new Dalaguete Commercial Center began. It was then inaugurated in 2005. The new
center was a two-storey building with an area of 1,550 square meters withstalls for
fruits and vegetables, grocery stores, tables for the wet section, and stalls for
housewares.
Since then, farmers, commissioners and traders have been enjoying the benefits
of the vegetable trading center and the commercial center. Such establishments have
reinforced the reputation of Dalaguete as a prime source of vegetables for the province
of Cebu. It has also facilitated the trade of the vegetables coming from the neighboring
barangays which are also known as vegetable producing areas.
Dalaguete, according to Engr. Etas Lenares, head of the MANRO, approximately
produces 25 metric tons of vegetables every day. Most of these vegetables go through

37

the Mantalongon Trading Post. So we see that the trading post has a very critical role
as a center of trade where goods are centralized and then sold.
Physical Layout: Structure, Facilities and Design
The Mantalongon Trading Post, specifically the Vegetable Trading Center, is
somewhat located at the center of Mantalongon. Once you get to the relatively flat area
of Mantalongon where roads converge, one will see two huge buildings. One is the
Commercial Center where there are stalls for mini grocery stores, wet market tables,
and then the dry goods stores at the second level with some internet shops.
The other huge building that is very conspicuous is the Vegetable Trading Center
where the vegetables are traded every day. It is somewhat elevated of about 1.5
meters and is covered. A ramp is also found on both ends of the area for easy delivery
of vegetables. On one side are the loading docks or platforms. A rough sketch has been
made of the vegetable trading center by the student (Figure 3). From the main trading
area, the vegetables which have been bought already are brought to their respective
loading areas where the trucks of the buyers are parked. About 8 loading docks are
available and there are more parking spaces for other trucks to wait or for loading.
Some buyers park away from the loading dock and hire cargadors to bring the
vegetables to their truck.

38

Figure 9. Layout of the Mantalongon Trading Post, Dalaguete. 2013.

Figure 3.
Personal
sketch of
the
Vegetabl
e Trading
Center

39

Figure 10. Ramp at the side of the Trading Center. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
A Cold Chain Facility is seen at the side of the vegetable trading center. Back
then when the area was still newly launched, this cold chain was operational and sellers
made use of it. Along with the cold chain was one freezer van so that once the goods in
the cold chain are to be delivered, they would just be loaded on to the freezer van and
therefore lessen the effect of heat stress. But as of the students time of internship at
the area of study, the freezer van was said to be dysfunctional already, and the cold
chain facility not being utilized. The reasons behind the non-usage of these facilities
was that using the cold chain facility was just an extra cost for the sellers since they
would have to pay to use it. And besides that, the vegetables would still be exposed to
heat stress no matter if they keep their vegetables in the cold chain for a certain period
of time.

40

Figure 11. Unutilized Cold Chain of the Trading Center, Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.
Another equipment that is present at the vegetable trading center is the
weighing scale right in front of the market collector, as seen in Figure __. This weighing
scale is where all the bukag (basket) with the vegetables go through. Engineer Lenares,
head of MANRO, mentioned that the weighing scale needs upgrading since it can only
weigh up to 500 kilograms. Aside from that, it has to be upgraded too for the very
reason that it is not in good condition anymore. The cargadors who carry the
vegetables on their backs walk far sometimes or become tired already and so when
they place the bukag on the weighing scale, they just drop it heavily on the weighing
scale. This doing could have effects on the calibration of the weighing scale and it could
be possible that the measurements would not be as accurate anymore.

41

Figure 12. Market Collector (in light blue) weighing a bukag with vegetables.

A huge trash area, which is cemented, has also been set outside the trading
center. This allows a proper management of the solid waste of the trading center
especially when the leaves of cut off from the vegetables are just left on the floor after
trading times. Its presence helps in inculcating a culture of proper waste disposal
among the stakeholders of the trading center.
Based on the layout of the commercial center and the vegetable trading center
(Figure 10), the dotted lines are roads which surround the structures. Coming from the
poblacion or the town proper, one can see the two-storey commercial center to the left
and the vegetable trading center to the right.

42

The road going right leads to the barangays of Ablayan, Maloray, Manlapay,
Dumalan, Salug, and other barangays nearing the boundary of the Municipality of
Argao; while the road straight up in between the two structures leads to the barangays
of Tabon, Caleriohan, Dugyan, and Catolohan. These barangays which the two roads
lead to are prime areas of vegetable production and cut flowers, especially for products
which need cold temperatures. The road networks which have been constructed well
allow for better transport of goods coming from the areas of production. As of the time
of internship, the roads leading to Maloray and Manlapay were being widened and
cemented in lieu of the current dirt roads. The road going to Tabon and Caleriohan is
asphalted already, but there are parts of the road which are too narrow for two trucks
to pass through simultaneously.
The blank areas near the structures which are not part of the roads, as seen on
the layout, are the parking spaces. Nearby the cold chain facility is the usual parking
space for the habal-habal drivers, and the big space near the ramp to the side of the
trash and the cold chain are parking spaces for more trucks or also the
loading/unloading area of the mini buses that come in the mornings, noontime, and late
afternoon.
Behind the vegetable trading center are cafeterias, sari-sari stores, and some
bakery. There is also a part where nightly, a stall like a mini-fair takes place. The
drivers, sellers, and other kids go there to enjoy and just linger.

43

Around the commercial center are small stores as well, some water stations,
bakeries, and some agricultural input stores. They are at the periphery of the inner road
near the commercial center. The agricultural stores are the sources of farmers for their
seeds and for their pesticides and other inputs. One stores owner was a graduate of BS
Agronomy and he gives advice on how to mix the pesticides like which ones are
compatible with each other.
According to Tracey-White (1991), ideal gradients of slope for the site of a
market should be 1 4%, and that the site should be relatively level. With the case of
the Mantalongon Trading Post, it is set up on a sloping area but the structure itself has
been constructed in such a way that is level. It is also covered so as to prevent flooding
within the facility (Figure 5).
Since the site specifications that the Municipals Engineering Office provided was
that of the proposed new bagsakan model, the student has chosen to approximate the
area of the trading center to 1,000 square meters which includes the loading areas and
the parking spaces already. This 1,000 square meter estimate was based on the eyeball
estimate of a real estate broker who saw the market.Tracey-White suggests that 50-
60% of the market area should be devoted to roads and drainage systems. But if one

44

Figure 13. Mantalongon Vegetable Trading Center loading area (above); view of the
Trading Center from the second floor of the Commercial Center (below).

45

would see the vicinity, it can be said that more or less 70% of the area is occupied by
the covered facility, which is the area of trading.
Theoretically only 20-30% of the area should be devoted to the construction of a
building. But the actual setup is the opposite. This may be attributed to the fact and the
reality that if the building was reduced to a meagre 20-30% of the area, it would not be
able to handle all the vegetables that the surrounding barangays would provide. There
may be more problems if more traders are accommodated rather than the supply of
vegetables. Reducing the space for selling and trading could have some indirect effect
on the mind-set of the producers that since the area allocated for trading is small, they
could opt to lessen their production or have traders go to their farms directly. Such a
scenario could have huge implications on the supply and demand relationships of the
vegetables in the market, especially in the urbanized cities. This would also have certain
effects to the aforementioned areas of destination where Cebu supplies vegetables to.
According to Tracey-Whites data presented in his guide for the planning and
designing of wholesale markets, space requirements for vegetables in kilograms per
square meter is ideally 50 kg/m
2
. The students computation of the average daily
volume of goods traded in Mantalongon, based on the logbook records for the duration
of the practicum, showed that the trading post accommodates approximately 29, 000
kilograms on a per day basis. If we assumed that the usable space of the trading center
is about 70%, then we can see that the volume of vegetables accommodated at the
trading post is about 41 kg/m
2
. This is contrary yet again to the scenario which the
agricultural marketing expert of FAO showed. But if we compare the figures, we can say

46

that it less dense per square meter in Mantalongon given that each square meter
accommodates less number of vegetables than that of Sansai Market Centre in
Thailand.

Figure 14. View of the Trading Center from the Stage. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.

47

The Management
The office directly in charge of the markets in the Municipality of Dalaguete is the
Public Market Administration Office (PMAO), which is under MANRO. There are major
markets and satellite markets in Dalaguete of which the Mantalongon Market is one and
the other one located at the Poblacion of the town. The satellite markets are those in
Catolohan, Caleriohan, Caliongan, and Nalhub.
Most of the time spent by the student was at the Mantalongon office of the
PMAO which was under the supervision of Mr. Dennis Amandoron, who was a Barangay
Captain back then. He was at that time the Public Market Assistant Administrator of the
Mantalongon Trading Post. The organization of the Mantalongon Trading Post PMAO is
simple. It has four divisions: 1) Security; 2) Market Collectors; 3) Sanitations; and, 4)
the Assistant Administrator. According to the local governments website, the PMAO has
28 employees. This is exclusive of the employees who are assigned to the other
markets. This is seen in the organizational structure (Figure 16) of the trading posts
PMAO.
Security personnel are dispersed around the vicinity of the commercial center
and the vegetable trading centers. At night, about two or three security personnel go
around the trading centers. They are there to ensure that the stakeholders of the
trading center are safe, so are the facilities. There is a need for security also because
even at

48

Figure 15. Organizational structure of the Mantalongon Trading Post PMAO.

49

Figure 16. Market Collector with weighing scale and kargador about to have the
vegetables weighed. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.

night vegetables arrive at the trading center; even as late as 11 P.M. or 12 A.M.
Market collectors first shift usually starts around 7 A.M. and ends around 3 P.M.,
where the next collectorends his/her shift at 11 P.M., then another collector comes to
continue the cycle until 7 A.M. There are no breaks for market collectors since the time

50

of the vegetables arrivals are erratic and inconsistent, depending on weather
conditions, availability of transport and also the time when the farmers want their
vegetables harvested.
Cleanliness is one of the markets aspects that the PMAO ensures. Every after the
peak hours of trading, sanitations staff come in and bring along their kaing (wider type
of basket unlike the bukag which is cone-shaped). They then clean up the grounds of
the trading center by shoveling the leaves which were cut off by the segregators. In
between the peak hours and the arrival of the vegetables, the baskets are stacked and
the grounds are cleaned, ready for the next set of goods to arrive.

Figure 17. Pinakpak or the leaf trimmings from the vegetables on the trading floor.

51

Figure 18. Trading area being attended to by sanitation personnel. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete. 2013

52

Figure 19. Trading area after being swept clean by sanitations. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete, 2013.

53

The Assistant Administrator not only oversees the Mantalongon Trading Post, but
he also oversees the operations of the nearby satellite markets. So there are times
when he is out on the field and is at the other barangays. Same goes with the market
collectors. They may not have any shift at the trading center at times at the
Mantalongon Post but they may be assigned at the satellite markets. Like one time
when the student was out to check on the satellite market of Caleriohan, he was
surprised to see a market collector whom he thought was only assigned to the

Figure 20. New Caleriohan two-storey market under construction. Caleriohan,
Dalaguete. 2013.

54

Figure 21. Market vendors and sellers are forced to sell by the roads while the new
market is under construction. Caleriohan, Dalaguete. 2013.

Operations
Trading Period and Practices
Delivery of vegetable crops for trading usually start arriving at 3 A.M. This
goes on until noontime and the traders who buy the goods usually arrive around
7 A.M. Trading proper starts around 7 A.M. and ends around 11 A.M. or later if
there are a lot of vegetables for the day.
The kompradors or buyers bring their own or they rent vehicles for
transport of the goods that they buy. Whoever comes first gets to park by the
loading area. And those who come later park their trucks or delivery vans at the
nearby parking spaces and wait until those who came first are done. But the

55

trader themselves negotiate right away with their contact-commissioners, even if
they come late.
Commissioners have their contact farmers. According to one key
commissioner, for a given barangay there are three or four commissioners
assigned to him/her. This depends on the farmer on who s/he would entrust
his/her vegetables when the time comes for harvest. Once the crops are
harvested, they are harvested and placed in containers, the bukag. If the farm is
near the trading center and is well within walking distance, the vegetables are
brought by a kargador by carrying it on his forehead to the trading post. If the
farm is far, the vegetables in containers are brought to the roadside and will wait
for a truck or a Lite-Ace pick-up truck for the goods to be brought to the trading
center.
Once at the trading center, the kargadors bring the goods to the market
collector and have the containers weighed. When the reading is taken, the
weight of the vegetable and the container is recorded into the markets logbook.
This logbook has the following information: 1) name of the farmer; 2) the
commissioner; 3) the crop weighed; and, 4) the weight of the crops.The weight
of the crop is written on the handle of the bukag and brought to commissioner.
Around 10 or 11 A.M., the prices are set already and then told to the market
collector. The collector then notes the prices of the crops traded for the day at
the top part of the logbook for a specific date.

56

Figure 22. Vegetables are brought to the roadside like this here and gathered together,
which will then be carried onto a pick-up delivery truck and brought to the
trading center. Tabon, Dalaguete. 2013.
Figure 23. Picture of the logbook. Commissioners names to the left most part, name of
farmer next, then the code for the crop and the weight in kilograms.
Mantalongon, Dalaguete, 2013.

57

Each commissioner at the trading center have their set contacts of traders
already.And if there are new buyers, they go around and look for a commissioner
who has the type of vegetables they are looking for and see if a commissioner
who has the crop has enough stock of that crop for him/her. Some
commissioners also supply the needs of others if one has some surpluses and
another commissioner needs more of a given crop.
If the buyer is interested, s/he will then get segregators who will do a
quick grading on the vegetables. The vegetables are then trimmed and if there
are vegetables with poor quality, they are then placed with the rejects. The
rejects are still bought but at a lower price than the original. Once the vegetables
have been graded and trimmed, the goods are to be packed. A set of packers
are hired and will wrap each vegetable if necessary. Old newspapers are usually
used to wrap leafy vegetables to lessen moisture loss. Once individually packed,
they are then placed inside sacks or bigger baskets called kaing. A jute bag is
then sown over the kaing to ensure the vegetables do not fall out of place.These
packed vegetables are weighed again so they can get the net weight which will
be the basis of the deals price. The rejected ones, called tarha, are then
weighed again. Kargadors are then requested to bring the fully packed
vegetables to the loading area and then rolled or dragged into the trucks which
are headed to the different market destinations already.
The commissioners earn by commission basis. Their rates depend on the
season, the supply and demand of the crops. If the price of a crop is greater

58

than or equal to Php 20.00 per kilogram, the commissioner gets Php 1.00 per
kilogram. If the crop is less than or equal to Php 19.00 per kilogram, they get
Php 0.50 per kilogram. The commissioner usually covers the cost of the kargador
for carrying the vegetables from the farm to the trading post or for the hauling
services which is at the roadside near the farms. The cost of these services are
Php 20.00 per bukag and Php 50.00 per bukag, respectively.
The traders on the other hand cover the cost of the segregators and
packers, kargadors, and hauling services. Segregators are paid Php 20.00 per
kilogram, while the cost of the kargadors and hauling services are the same with
what the commissioners pay them.
The rest of the income goes to the farmers. They are either brought to
the farmer, or they meet up with the commissioner once the commissioner goes
back to his/her barangay. The farmers are to pay a fee to the government of
10% of the gross sales. But there are times when this is negotiated with, hence
the farmer pays lower. There is no clear record as to how much is being
generated from the fees collected on the farmers. What is seen in the logbook
though is a checkmark on the side of the farmers name who has paid already.
There is a culture of trust between the commissioners and farmers for
such a long time that when I asked them if there were cases where the
commissioners cheated the farmers, the commissioners interviewed replied that
they could not do that to the farmers, since they do not have any business if

59

there were no farmers. It is interesting to note that the culture of past
generations such as this has reached the current generation. Such traditions
should be kept and preserved and even honed if possible so that it becomes the
unique selling point of the area and of the trading center.
One thing that the student has noticed though is that there were
kargadors who are minors. One kid that was asked did not give his age, but he
looked like he was still 10 or 11. This is something that should be looked into by
the LGU. Even if the locals might accept it, there might be some external parties
who are not accustomed to seeing kids carry heavy loads of vegetables; and this
could be a source of an issue.
Volume Handled
The student was tasked by Engr. Lenares to try out the project they came
up with back then the Implementation of Vegetables Market Arrival. In this
system, the records seek to give the farmers and stakeholders up-to-date
information on market trends. Records generated from the market arrival system
would also help in plotting the trend of the income generated for each vegetable
crop at a given time. It also looks into where the source of the vegetables of the
crop is and what transportation is used by the farmer and commissioner to bring
the crop to the trading post. This will result into a production index by origin or
source for selected commodities based on what will be recorded in the market
arrival system.

60

The proposed system was to be implemented in 2012, but from the
observations of the student at the Mantalongon Trading Post, it has not
continued. Some of the staff said that the system is very time consuming since
they have a logbook already for their transactions and after that they were asked
to transfer the records into the market arrival sheets. With regard to how this
can be improved, this will be discussed in the recommendations portion.
Given the task, the student took the challenge of transferring the records
except what he did was encoded it in the computer instead of writing it into
another sheet. Microsoft Excel was used for encoding.

61

Figure 24. Sample sheet of the Market Arrival form. Source: MANRO, 2013.

62

The days taken into consideration for the task was April 1, 2013 to May 5,
2013. This was within the timeframe of the students internship.
Based on the data gathered from the logbook records, the volume of
vegetables traded were 798 metric tons (MT). That amounts to 21, 967.8
kilograms per day or approximately 22 MT per day. That is for the trading center
in Mantalongon only. If the satellite markets have less volume of goods as the
Mantalongon trading center, with the seven (7) satellite markets, the claims of
MANRO may certainly be true that production of vegetables in Dalaguete can
reach about 60 MT daily. Shown below is the graph of the volume of vegetables
traded for the period selected.
Figure 25. Volume of vegetables traded within the selected period of 35 days.
Mantalongon, Dalaguete.Source: Public Market Administration Office

0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435
V
o
l
u
m
e

(
k
g
)
Days
Volume of Vegetables Traded from April 1,
2013 to May 5, 2013

63

Table 1. Volume of crops traded within April 1, 2013 to May 5, 2013. Mantalongon,
Dalaguete. 2013
CROP
VOLUME TRADED WITHIN SELECTED
PERIOD(kg)
1. Cabbage 314,726
2. Pechay (Wombok) 240,548
3. Sweet Potato (Kamote) 85,308
4. Beans 37,267
5. Bell Pepper 18,375
6. Carrot 16,573
7. Squash 14,045
8. Eggplant 10,825
9. Chili (Sili Spada) 1,780
10. Others 3,345

Cabbage is the vegetable crop that is mostly produced, not only in
Mantalongon, but even the other barangays. According to the Bureau of
Agricultural Statistics, cabbage production in Cebu for the years 2010, 2011, and
2012 are 5,980.60 MT, 5,990.78 MT, and 5,920.54 MT, respectively.The demand
for cabbage is high which is why that it cannot be absent from the chosen crops
to be produced by the farmers.
Although the figures based on the logbooks records show that pechay or
wombok was traded more than sweet potato, the records of Bureau of

64

Agricultural Statistics show that for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012, sweet
potato production recorded 10,189.96 MT, 10,163.10 MT, and 10,923.10,
respectively; whereas, pechay was only recorded to have been produced for the
same years as 2,789.72 MT, 3,061.61 MT, and 3,130.33 MT, respectively. Sweet
potato is culturally prepared for merienda in the more well-known street-food
called kamotecue.
But the growing of these crops are also affected by the weather.Before
and during the internship of the student, there were strong rains which helped
water the leafy vegetables, which could be the reason why cabbage and pechay
topped in the volume of crops traded. Water is essential for vegetables especially
for leafy vegetables since most of the edible portions contain water.
Other vegetables which are produced but only in small amounts are
summed up together as seen in the table. These vegetables are celery, parsley,
lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes, potatoes, amplaya and ginger. All in all they
amounted to about 3.3 MT.
Areas of Production and Destination
Vegetables are mostly produced at the barangays which surround Mantalongon.
Towards the side of Municipality of Argao, the barangays which bring vegetables to the
trading center at Mantalongon are Ablayan, Maloray, Manlapay, Dumalan, and Salug.
Towards the side of the Municipality of Badian are the barangays of Tabon, Caleriohan,
and Catolohan.

65

Prices can differ between markets, and usually the satellite markets are
dependent on the price that is set at the Mantalongon trading center. This would cause
the farmers to decide whether they would sell their produce at the satellite market or at
the Mantalongon Trading Post.
From the farms in the said barangays, the mode of transport is any of three
means: 1) picked up at the roadside by a large truck; 2) picked up at the roadside by a
Lite-Ace pick-up; 3) motorcycle with the driver carrying the basket on his back and the
handle placed around the head; and, 4) if the farm is near the market it is carried by
walking.
Figure 26. Cabbages harvested and carried to the roadside. (Leclerc, 2013).

66

During summer time, the prices of the vegetables are high, so the cost of
transporting, according to one commissioner, is Php 1.00 per kilogram. But during the
rainy seasons July or August and onwards the prices of the crops are low so the
cost of transporting goods are not on a per kilogram basis anymore; rather, it is priced
per bukag. Each bukag would cost Php 50.00. In a Lite-Ace pick-up truck eight pieces of
bukag can fit.

Figure 27. Road to the barangays of Ablayan, Maloray and Manlapay (left); Road to the
barangays of Salug, Dumalan and Babayongan (right).

67

The goods, as mentioned in the review of market destinations based on the data
from DA RFU 7 AMAD, showed that vegetables from Cebu go to key cities in different
provinces: Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental, and
Zamboanga Peninsula.
Some of the trucks that go to the trading center do not go to Cebu City anymore,
but to some ports in Southern Cebu where they can load the trucks directly onto the
roll-on-roll-off (RORO) system. From the port at Cebu City, the distances to the
different destinations of the vegetables of the goods are seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Market destinations of vegetables from Cebu City with their corresponding
distances in kilometers.
DESTINATION DISTANCE (in kilometers)
1. Larena, Siquijor 188
2. Maasin, Leyte 271
3. Palompon, Leyte 149
4. Calbayog, Samar 408
5. Tagbilaran, Bohol 113
6. Ubay, Bohol 135
7. Getafe, Bohol 48
8. Plaridel, Negros Occidental 102
9. Dumaguete, Negros Oriental 149
10. Dapitan City, Zamboanga 295

68

The farthest that the vegetables from Cebu can go to is Calbayog, Samar, where
the distance is 408 kilometers and the closest destination is at Getafe, Bohol with a
distance of 48 kilometers only. With sure markets and continuous demand for
vegetables produced in Cebu, it should be of utmost importance to the LGUs in Cebu
where the trading posts are located that they increase the effectiveness and efficiency
of the trading post. See Appendix E for the map of Cebu with mentioned market
destinations.
Stakeholders
Commissioners
According to interviews from market staff, locals and residents at
Mantalongon, the relationship between both commissioners and farmers have
been there for a very long time already. It is a culture and a tradition among the
residents in the mountain barangays of Dalaguete and should be preserved.
Commissioners have a significant role in the trading aspect of the vegetables at
Dalaguete. They are the bridge that connects the farmers to the
buyers/traders/viajeros/kumpradors. Without them, the farmers would not be
able to focus on their production, because they have left all the business
activities necessary into the hands of the commissioners.
From the logbook and observations of the student, there were
approximately 44 different commissioners. Some of them do not come every
day, but there are some who are there constantly. Out of the 44 names of

69

commissioners on the logbook, there are more or less 18 females (41%) and 26
males. This would go to show that women are not hindered from participating in
the business activities of the trading post, like that of being a commissioner.
Figure 28. A commissioner (in white) looks on as the vegetables sent to him are being
weighed by the market collector.

Farmers
Since the study is focused only on the trading post itself, and the farmers
are rarely seen at the post, the basis of this parts analysis will be the interviews,
the logbook and some of the farmers interviewed during the internship.
As one of the commissioners mentioned, each commissioner has contact-
farmers who entrust their goods to him/her. These farmers totally entrust their
goods to the commissioners. When the commissioner says that the prices are

70

high at the market, the farmers usually harvest their produce even if they
recently just applied pesticides. As much as we can say that such practices
endanger the end-consumers, on the end of the farmers, it is a decision based
on economic needs.
This was confirmed with a farmer who the student interviewed behind the
Barangay Hall of Mantalongon. At the time of the interview, the farmer said the
expected date of her harvest was on May 15. The student went back on the said
date expecting to trace the vegetables from the farm to the trading post, only to
find out that the cabbages were harvested already because the prices went up
days ago. At times, the crops are harvested at an earlier time than what is
expected because of the economic atmosphere. And to some farmers, this is
more important because that is the sole purpose why they are into farming.
Most of the farmers still use heavy pesticides just to ensure that the crop
looks good because if not, their crops would be graded low and would be sold at
a lower price. The farmer the student interviewed even explained why the nozzle
of the knapsack sprayer is placed into the core of the cabbages head while
spraying insecticide. She said it is done so because the diamondback moths
larvae grows there at the core. She said there were times that the cabbage
looked good on the outside but was eaten up already on the inside, so it was
sold at a lower price. She learned from that experience and ever since sprays the
insecticide straight into the middle and most inner part of the cabbages head.

71

Figure 29. A farmer sprays insecticide straight into the inner most part of the cabbage.

There are programs in the government which aim to help the farmers, especially
in teaching and disseminating organic practices. This is done in the nucleus farms
where there are is an assigned farm manager and farmers are invited to plant and join
the program. Some of these nucleus farms were visited by the student, where he went
with a group of chemistry students from the University of San Carlos who had a project
with the LGU of Dalaguete. The nucleus farms visited were in Barangay Manlapay,
Babayongan, Sitio Kan-Ibang and Sitio Suwa of Mantalongon.

72

Figure 30. Cauliflowers and onions grown at one of the nucleus farms of the LGU.
Traders
Most of the traders usually come from the city who directly sell or supply
vegetables to small vendors at the public markets in the cities of Cebu, Mandaue,
or Lapu-Lapu. Some of the traders have been long-time contacts of the
commissioners, hence they can easily come in and get their needed produce.

73

During the internship of the student, there was a new trader that came to
the trading post looking for a commissioner whom she can order vegetables
from. It was not long before she was referred to a commissioner. They then
transacted and had a deal. Vegetables were then brought to their delivery truck.
It turns out that this trader supplied vegetables to some supermarkets in the
city.
Figure 31. Trader looks on as her ordered goods are about to be loaded on to the
delivery van. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.

The traders usually know how much the buying price of the goods are at
the public markets and the commissioners know the supply of their goods. The
pricing of the vegetables are still fundamentally dependent on the law of supply
and demand. One of the commissioners say that when there are too much

74

vegetables, the price is dependent on what the traders agree on. On the other
hand, if there is a low supply of vegetables, the commissioners have the say on
what the price of the vegetables should be.
From the interviews, the traders that come and go to the trading post
directly supply markets or vendors. There are less middlemen according to those
interviewed. This is probably because the commissioners themselves take charge
of the delivery of produce from the farms to the trading post instead of other
groups of traders doing that.
Perception of Stakeholders on the Trading Post
Easy access to trade, clean trading area, good security, and sufficient space for
loading of goods and parking of delivery trucks, the stakeholders say that the trading
post is good enough already for them. Its lighting facilities also are said to be sufficient
especially for deliveries and market operations during evening and dawn. The trading
post has somewhat been a crowd-drawer and because of that businesses around it are
thriving.
Its presence has strengthened the agriculture sector of the municipality and
because of that too the farmers are benefitting greatly from the structure. With proper
road networks, the trading post continuously attracts buyers, not only from the city but
also from different provinces. This has boosted the morale of the farmers so that they
seek to produce more to meet the demands of the buyers and the future customers.

75

It is clear as well to them that the government gives a high priority to the
agriculture sector of the town. The locals and the residents are very happy with the
trading posts presence.
Figure 32. The trading post at night (above); a gas station, bakery, and other
establishments around the vicinity of the trading post (below).

76

COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS
Cost and return analysis is prepared by the student to provide a financial
assessment to the PMAO, to show whether they are earning or losing from the
operations of the trading post. Since the trading post facilitates only the trade of
vegetables between the producers along with their commissioners and the buyers, the
government earns from the cash tickets and the percentage of sales that it has
established for the farmers. The cost and return analysis made is based on the year of
2013, which was the year of the students major practice.
Seen in Table 3 are the costs of the equipment and fixtures of the Mantalongon
Trading Post. The cold chain at the trading post, which is currently not being used, was
acquired by the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Unit 7. The price assumed for
the cost of the cold chain, also known as reefer container, is based on suppliers from
China for 20 footer reefer containers. The weighing scales are usually changed from
time to time due to the exposure of the equipment to constant drops of the bukag with
vegetables.
Table 4 shows the gross returns of the trading post. Tickets and receipts issued
to the commissioners for their goods traded are the sources of income for the
government. Finally, Table 5 shows a cost-return analysis of the trading posts
operations with its given costs and gross returns.

77

Table 3. Cost of equipment and fixture used at the Mantalongon Trading Post.
ITEM NO. OF
UNITS
PRICE/
UNIT
(PhP)
LIFE
SPAN
Depreciation
Cost/Year
(PhP)
SHARE IN
COST
Cold Chain 1 836,000
1
5 167,200 Fully
depreciated
Weighing
Scale
1 20,000 5 4,000 Fully
depreciated
Vegetable
Trading
Center
Facility
2

1 4,900,000 25 196,000 196,000
TOTAL AMOUNT (PhP) 196,000
1
Price sourced from Tianjin LongTeng International Trade Co., Ltd.
2
Cost of construction based on Php 7,000/sqm for 700 square meters

The trading post has two equipment only: the 1) cold chain and 2) weighing
scale. The latter is not being utilized anymore since there is no functional refrigerator
van which is supposedly used in tandem with the cold chain. The weighing scale on the
other hand is constantly used at the trading post to weigh in the vegetables being
traded. These two have fully depreciated already given a life span of 5 years. As for the
facility of the trading center, given the approximate cost of construction for a 700
square meter building priced at Php 7,000.00, it has a depreciation cost of 196,000 per
year.

78

Table 4. Gross returns of the Mantalongon Trading Post for the year 2013.
SOURCE OF
INCOME
GROSS SALES
(PhP)
Tickets from
Vegetables
1,620,000
Miscellaneous 240,000
TOTAL AMOUNT (PhP) 1,860,000

The trading post sources its income from the tickets that it issues from the
vegetables traded and the fees collected from ambulant vendors and other fees. They
normally charge 10% of the price at which the vegetable was traded, but there are
times when the farmers are financially tight, they negotiate with the collectors so that
they pay lower than 10%. The figures are not constant, so the stated income from the
tickets is an estimate of the assistant administrator of the Mantalongon Trading Post.
The trading posts an approximate Php 20,000 from the ambulant vendors and other
fees per month. Thus arriving at Php 240,000 for the year of 2013.
Table 5. Cost and return analysis of the operations of the Mantalongon Trading Post for
the year 2013
PARAMETER AMOUNT (PhP)
Cost
Direct
Equipment 0
Fixtures 196,000
Labor 1,440,000
Utilities 53,280
TOTAL 1,689,280
Returns
Tickets from Vegetables 1,620,000
Miscellaneous 240,000
TOTAL 1,860,000
Net Profit 170,720
Return on Investment (ROI) 1.10

79

From the cost and return analysis, we can see that the trading post has earned
Php 1,860,000 for the year 2013, and a total cost of Php 1,689,280 was incurred. This
shows a net profit of Php 170,720. Net profit was derived by subtracting total costs
from the total returns of the trading post. Return on Investment (ROI) was derived by
dividing total returns from total costs, which had a value of 1.10. This means that for
every peso spent for the operations of the trading post, 10 centavos is earned.
Understanding that the trading post is under the government, an ROI of 1.10 is good
enough already since it is for public service, and is not established to make profit.

80

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
Certain problems or observations were seen by the student during the internship.
For each problem seen and observed, the student has drawn up recommendations to
improve where it is deemed necessary.
Pricing transparency
Supply and demand are the most basic and fundamental factors of prices.
There can be times when the traders agree among themselves on what a crops
price should be without the commissioners knowledge about the public markets
prices in the city. This can be disadvantageous to the commissioner and to the
farmer. The lack of knowledge on the prices in Cebu City can be a hindrance to a
good and transparent transaction.
Cleanliness and hygiene
Going around the trading area, one would see that the leaf trimmings of
the vegetables were scattered around the floor, and even at times, the
vegetables themselves are placed directly on the floor. It is unsanitary and
unhygienic given that people from different areas walk around the trading floor.
There were times as well that people spat on the floor, cigarette butts thrown on
the floor, and there were dogs that also walked around. If the vegetables were
unloaded from the baskets and laid directly on the trading floor, contamination
on the crops is possible. Although there is proper solid waste management every

81

after peak hours of trading, there is a need to establish some policies or
mechanisms to better safeguard the quality of the vegetables being traded.
Lack of data for projections
Projections are important especially for any institution or office which
seeks to better the current operations of a system, like that of a trading post. It
is important to have a better system so that the trading post can track directly
the flow of goods, the source, the destination, and the price trends.
The market arrival system which MANRO proposed to better track the
inflow and outflow of vegetables in Mantalongon Trading Post is a noble and
feasible idea, which could address this gap in the trading posts system. But with
the current way the weights of the vegetables are being recorded and with the
load of work of the staff, additional paperwork does not seem to fit in smoothly
into the status quo. There should be a system which would maximize the present
and developing technologies so as to better track the flow of vegetables and
project market trends.
Vegetable mishandling
Post-harvest losses are usually attributed to the way a crop is handled
from the time of harvest to the market or trading post up to the point where it is
bought by the end-consumer. Mishandling of these goods can adversely affect
the quality and the supposed shelf-life of the vegetable. At the trading post, the
bukag with vegetables are rashly dropped on the weighing scale. And when the

82

vegetables are brought to the commissioners areas, some kargadors drop the
vegetables directly onto the floor from a certain height. This causes so much
stress on the crops.
At the time when the deal between the trader and the commissioner is
done, the trader gets segregators and packers for the vegetables. The way the
vegetables are segregated and packed are thrown from one person to the other,
and then to the floor. By this time the crops may have suffered moisture loss
already and this would affect the crops overall quality.

Figure 33. Carrots placed laid directly on the floor. Mantalongon, Dalaguete. 2013.

83

LESSONS LEARNED
The exposure of the major practice was a great experience for the student to be
exposed with how a local government unit works and operates. Public officials are
normally seen as ones with vested interest and not really the benefit of the public. But
the students major practice at the Municipality of Dalaguete opened his eyes to see
that not all public officials are like that; that there are mayors and public officials who
purely have the heart to give the public what is best for them; and, in the case of
Dalaguete, the agricultural sector is given of primary concern. The political atmosphere
and the thrusts and programs of those in position always have a huge factor on
whether the agriculture sector is improved or otherwise.
He also learned how the producers in the rural areas are driven to produce
certain commodities because of the markets preference at the certain time of the year.
Climate and weather, clearly, also have an effect on what commodities are to be
produced and how to produce them. Customers preference on how the vegetable
should look like also dictates the management practices of the producers. Even if the
farmers know that too much pesticides can be harmful, they still apply it because they
are affected, economically, in the sense that the prices of their goods are bought at a
lower price than what it should be if the vegetables do not appear appealing.
It is also interesting to note that there are cultural values in communities which
affect a marketing channel. One example that the student observed was the trust
relationship that the farmers have with their commissioners. It is this trust that lets
them endorse their produce to the commissioner without seeing them personally.

84

It was seen as well that the effectiveness and efficiency of one component of a
supply chain will generally affect the agricultural system where it belongs to. The
trading post with its good reputation attracts buyers from different places to patronize
the trading center, thus contributing to the different towns and cities markets which
source its goods from Dalaguete.
Truly, the agricultural sector should be of paramount concern to public officials
who are in position. There is much potential in the agricultural sector, which if improved
would greatly benefit the producers, end-consumers and even those who are in the
marketing channels.

85

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Generally, the study revolved around the idea of assessing the operations of the
Mantalongon Trading Post and to understand the role of one critical market in an
agricultural system in Cebu. From the assessment came results that would help
researchers and the student himself see what needs improvement and how to improve
an agricultural system, both on a micro level and on a macro level. Assessment was
done by conducting interviews with various stakeholders of the trading post including
that of the management, which is from the local government unit.
Most of analyses were done in a descriptive manner, which was done by
observing how the various components of the trading post interacted and were
interrelated with one another. Primary and secondary data were also used to help in
understanding and analyzing better the current system within the market and that also
of Cebu. Primary data was obtained by way of interviewing key informants from among
the different stakeholders: management (the concerned offices from the LGU), farmers,
commissioners, traders, and even some packers.These interviews helped in the analysis
of how trading is done at the trading post. They have helped clarify when trading
starts, what are the practices of the farmers, commissioners, and traders, and how the
prices are decided upon by the commissioners and traders; and, that the market staff
have no direct say on what the price of crops should be.
Secondary data were documents from the Municipal Agriculture and Natural
Resources Office (MANRO), the Public Market Administration Office (PMAO), and the

86

Agribusiness Marketing Assistance Division of the Department of Agriculture Regional
Field Unit 7 (AMAD DA-RFU 7). Data obtained from MANRO were the various types of
maps which helped assess the use of the lands in Dalaguete: administrative map, land
use map, land classification, watershed and drainage map, etc; also the volume of
goods that went through the different markets. This helped the student see the
distance between barangays which brought vegetables to the Mantalongon Trading
Post.
From the PMAO were the logbook records that helped the student get a ballpark
figure of what the daily volume of goods traded is at the trading post. This has also
shown what crops are highly produced during the summertime: cabbage, wong bok,
and sweet potato. The AMAD of DA-RFU 7 provided the data which showed what crops
were being sold at markets and where certain vegetables were said to be distributed.
Most of the data used for the study was what markets were the destination of the
vegetables from Cebu. This helps us see the effect that if something was to go wrong in
the supply of vegetables in Dalaguete, it could negatively affect the vegetable supply
chain of Cebu; and even that of the other provinces, especially those that source their
vegetables from Cebu.
The Mantalongon Trading Posts current facility has been there since it was
inaugurated in the year of 2005. But the area was already known as a taboan (term for
bagsakan in Cebuano) even before when there was no structure yet, only a hill with
vendors by the walkway.Dalaguete is known to be the Summer Capital of Cebu and
the Vegetable Basket of the South, while Mantalongon, Dalaguete specifically is

87

known as the Little Baguio of Cebu. Dalaguete is known to produce an approximate
volume of 60 MT per day. Mantalongons market itself, based on the records used for
the duration of the internship, showed that it trades about 29 MT every day.Cebu is a
key supplier of vegetables to its neighboring provinces key cities. Traders come from
areas in Leyte, Samar, Bohol, Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental, Siquijor and even
from the Zamboanga Peninsula. With Dalaguetes capacity to produce a relatively high
volume of vegetables daily, Cebu can continuously supply the said cities.
The trading posts operations is seen to be very effective and efficient in the
sense that it can smoothly allow the inflow and outflow of the vegetables. This could be
attributed to the facility and even the personnel. The structure is wholly covered and
elevated which minimizes the chances of flooding within the trading post. 24-hour
presence of personnel (market collector, security, and sanitations) have allowed farmers
to bring their produce to the trading post at their convenient time. It has become well-
known to buyers and new traders that Mantalongon, Dalaguete has a sure supply of
vegetables which makes it very convenient for them. In the aim to meet the growing
demands of people in Cebu and other provinces, the trading post is clearly an effective
and efficient way of meeting those demands.
Stakeholders farmers, commissioners, and traders were also assessed as to
what their practices in the trade are. Most of the farmers are moved by economic
factors and this dictates the date of harvest instead of counting the number of days
after planting and following the usual cropping period. Crops planted are mostly
dependent on what the specific area is suited to, aside from the obvious economic

88

factor of demand. The farmers and commissioners have relationships built on trust
which allow the smooth flow of goods from the farm to the trading post. Such a
relationship closes the door for traders to come in between and make any profit from
the farm to the trading post. It lessens the layers of middlemen. Each commissioner
handles a number of farmers within their barangay. If there are two or more
commissioners in the barangay, the farmer can choose who s/he wants to be her
salesperson at the trading post. Out of the 44 possible commissioners that are recorded
in the logbook, 18 of them are female, or approximately 41% of the population of
commissioners. This shows that women are not hindered from participating in any of
the business activities at the trading post. Such a culture should be upheld and even be
preserved. Traders come from the cities usually. They are either direct sellers of the
produce they buy at Mantalongon, or they supply vendors or even markets wet
market or supermarket.However, some traders who are from other provinces do not go
through Cebu City anymore, but rather use the ports which are present at the southern
parts of Cebu.
Although the Mantalongon Trading Post can be seen as a smoothly operating
market and that it is effective and efficient as a marketing tool for the town and the
province, there are still areas in which the LGU can improve the markets existing
operations. Problems which were observed during the period of the internship are as
follows: 1) pricing transparency; 2) cleanliness and hygiene; 3) lack of data for
projections; and, 4) vegetable mishandling. These are problems which can be

89

remediedeasily so as to increase customers and stakeholders satisfaction of the
facilities of the Mantalongon Trading Post.
Nevertheless, the stakeholders and the locals of the barangay enjoy the benefits
of the markets presence. It has made the barangay of Mantalongon more attractive to
people, not only with its tourism but even with its contribution to the agriculture system
of Cebu. Most of those interviewed have expressed that the facility has been very
helpful in ensuring that people have jobs being a commissioner, packer, or
segregator. Furthermore, it has also been a key into the opening up of wider and better
roads into the mountain barangays of Dalaguete. This implies that more and more
people can come and patronize the markets operations and the goods and services it
provides.

90

RECOMMENDATIONS
During the exit conference of the student with the Mayor of Dalaguete Hon.
Ronald Allan G. Cesante the student recommended possible solutions to the problems
observed at the trading post and its surroundings. Along with that were also
suggestions to better improve certain variables which were outside the limitations of
this study. The problems which were mentioned in the results and discussion also have
their corresponding possible solutions in this part.
Pricing
With the aforementioned observation that the setting of prices lacks transparency,
the LGU should establish a connection with Carbon Market in Cebu City and other end-
markets in the Province to monitor prices. These prices will then be flashed on a digital
screen (top area of the market collectors or side of the Stage) like that of the Stock
Exchange. This will help the commissioners see the actual market prices to check
whether what the traders are saying are correct. This will also help them come up with
an informed price.

Cleanliness and hygiene
There are secondhand plastic palettes which can easily be acquired or bought
from different warehouses. These can help serve as places for the vegetables to be
segregated instead of putting them directly on the floor where people sometimes spit,
or where stray dogs pass by. If not palettes, rubber mattings, just as long as the
vegetables are not placed on the floor directly.

91

Stray dogs should not be allowed into the premises of the trading post. There
should be a strict policy regarding this so as to lessen the chances of stray dogs
disposal of urine or waste into the area. Rodents and pests control within the trading
post should also be given attention. Another observation is the smoking within the
trading post. If possible, there should be areas where people can smoke but it should
be a smoke-free zone within the trading post. Lastly for this segment, the trash of the
trading post should be segregated properly and accordingly.

Maximize vegetable trimmings (pinakpak)
A designated basket (kaing) for vegetable trimmings (pinakpak) will be made
available at the market. These kaing will be owned by the LGU. If the commissioners
will not sell the pinakpak along with the rejects, they can ask from the sweepers a
designated kaing for them to dispose of instead of leaving the trimmings on the floor.
The LGU can either sell this as chopped vegetables or wash then dry then chop it so it
can be used for composting, or anything else. These are wasted resources and there
can be a lot that can be done with these. If there is a need to research into how the
pesticide residues can be lessened so as to maximize the trimmings for composting,
then let it be so.

92

Educational discussions for proper handling
Before anything else, benches or chairs should be made available for the people
at the trading post. This is to minimize the instances where people are forced to sit on
the sacks of vegetables because they have nowhere to sit.
Next, the kargadors/segregators/packers are important stakeholders in the
trading post and must be given importance. An association should be organized for
them. It will be through the association that they will be required to join a seminar and
workshop on proper handling of goods. They would be taught what the effects are
when the vegetables are mishandled, what post-harvest losses are, and lastly, proper
hygiene. Those who have joined the seminars and workshops will be accredited
kargadors/segregators/packers. After the required seminar, they can be given uniforms
(even if just shirts with a certain logo) for them to wear. Wearing uniforms can
sometimes give a boost in their morale and they would feel that they are properly
recognized as a stakeholder of the trading post. Ideally, these seminars should be
conducted in the afternoon when arrival of vegetables are not as plenty as in the
morning.

High-tech database recording
Farmers who wish to sell their produce at the trading post should register in the
new system, which will be for free. Their ID will be in digital form which can be
scanned. What they will pay for at a low cost or none at all (depending on what the
LGU will decide on) will be the stickers with their digital IDs. These stickers will then be

93

placed on the bukag. At the market, the sticker will be scanned after the produce is
weighed in (hopefully with a digital weighing scale so it can be more accurate). The
produce will then be registered under the famer after being scanned. The crop
commodity will be identified along with its weight. The location and mode of transport
will be part of the details that will be encoded during registration. Commissioners will
also be registered to the system. They will have a digital ID as well. After identifying the
farmer, the commissioners ID will also be scanned so that the crop will be associated
with him/her.
The suggested system is so that the details of the goods traded are directly
encoded into a system, which can generate a report by week/month/year and show the
trend of the supply. This will allow the LGU also to record the production of the farmer
and even award an incentive to the top producing farmer for a given bracket (a
commodity grown in a given number of square meters; or by barangay, etc.). This
awarding system will encourage the farmers to grow more crops or do their best to
increase production.
The possible details for the farmer/commissioner registration would be the
following:
o
Name
o
Age
o
Sex
o
Location (Barangay and address if possible)
o
Land Area Allotted for Farming

94

o
Usual mode of transport of produce (e.g. tick the box; choices: bala, motor,
multicab, Lite Ace, Truck, others)
o
Number of Household members

Entrepreneurship trainings
At the trading post, the commissioners are integral in the operations of the trade
daily. They should then be equipped with the basic know-how ate least of
entrepreneurship so they can be better at what they do. Short-courses on price control,
price monitoring, business entrepreneurship, how to scale up their profession,
professionalism, innovation, taking advantage of technology, etc. should be offered to
them. Scheduling will be arranged by the marketing staff or personnel from MANRO.
This will help the commissioners come up an informed decision regarding the prices of
crops and the control of inflow and outflow of vegetables.

Supplemental Follow-Up Surveys/Interviews
As a town that boasts in its high volume of vegetables produced or traded per
day, there should be a follow-up survey or study into how the producers are coming up
with their goods. The farmers should be asked what inputs are being used and are they
following the proper ways of applying the inputs or are they going beyond the normal.
It should be detailed as much as possible, like what brand they are using, what the
chemical composition of the pesticides are, etc.

95

Land preparation is an important factor if the town wants to know how the
agricultural sector is also affecting the environment. This should be looked into by the
municipality. A database of what land preparation methods are being done in the
barangays would help future researches and studies in the area. Along with land
preparation as a variable to be studied should be the management practices of the
farmers as well in their farms.
Data about the soil of the different areas in Dalaguete would also be helpful in
determining what crop is suited to what area. Details about the soil like soil type, the
pH level, and also the slope to calculate the possibility of erosion, should be taken into
consideration. Such researches would not only help future researches but even help
MANRO come up with a more comprehensive plan for the agriculture sector of the
town.
Weather forecast
Any agricultural area would depend on what the weather is because it affects the
management practices to be done and even the date of planting and harvest. There
should be a system of weather forecasting where at the markets, or through the use of
technology, the people in the surrounding villages would know what the weather
forecast.
Intensify research
The student was able to meet a group of undergraduate and graduate students
from the University of San Carlos. They said their research in Mantalongon was more of
focused on the Pesticide Residues in the different areas of Mantalongon and that of

96

even other barangays. It is the students hope that their research will be carried out
and that the effects of the chemicals on the people in the vicinity are investigated. It
was observed that there are more people in the area with inborn defects compared to
the people in the Poblacion, which is hypothetically so because they are directly
exposed to the chemicals used in the farming sites and that the pesticides may have
leached into the water table of the area. Hopefully, the LGU will pursue this project of
looking into the pesticide residues in the area so that the LGU can take upon necessary
actions and come up with the necessary information dissemination mechanisms.

97

REFERENCES

CHOPRA, S., MEINDL, P. 2007. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and
Operation 3
rd
Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle, River, New Jersey.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PHILIPPINES. n.d. Barangay Bagsakan Project
Memorandum of Agreement. Retrieved from:
http://www.rfu6.da.gov.ph/agribiz/bb/moa.htm.

DEYBE, D. and FLICHMAN, G. 1991. A regional agricultural model using a plant growth
simulationprogram as activities generator: an application to a region in
Argentina. Agricultural Systems, 37 (4),369-385.

HECKELEI, T. and BRITZ, W. 2001. Concept and explorative application of an EU-wide,
regional agricultural sector model (CAPRI-Project). In: Heckelei, T., Witzke, H.P.
and Henrichsmeyer, W. eds. Agricultural sector modelling and policy information
systems: proceedings of the 65th Europeanseminar of the European Association
of Agricultural Economists EAAE, Bonn, Germany, 29-31March, 2000.
Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel KG, Kiel, 281-290.

JOHNSON, G.I., Weinberger, K., Wu, M.H. 2008. The Vegetable Industry in Tropical
Asia: An overview of production and trade, with a focus on Thailand, Indonesia,
the Philippines, Vietnam,and India [CD-ROM]. Shanhua, Taiwan: AVRDC The
World Vegetable Center. 56 pp. (Explorations series; no.1).

LECLERC.2013.Retrievedfrom:http://franceleclerc.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/Phili
ppines1-16-of-29.jpg and
http://franceleclerc.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/Philippines1-14-of-29.jpg

MUNICIPALITY OF DALAGUETE WEBSITE. 2013. Dalaguete Statistics. Retrieved from:
http://dalaguete.gov.ph/about-us/statistics

SEIDLER, E. 2001. Wholesale Market Development. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations. Rome.

TRACEY-WHITE, J.D. 1991. Wholesale Markets Planning and Design Manual. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

UNDP. 2006. A logistical evaluation of the vegetables sub-sector. Globalization and
CorporateCitizenship (Project ID00014496) From Seed to Shelf, a Logistic

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Evaluation of the Vegetables Sub-Sector (Unpublished Report). United Nations
Development Programme.

VAN ITTERSUM, M.K., WERY, J. 2007. Integrated Assessment of Agricultural Systems at
Multiple Scales. Scale and Complexity in Plant Systems Research: Gene-Plant-
Crop Relations, 303-317. Springer.

VAN ITTERSUM, M.K. and DONATELLI, M. (eds.). 2003. Modelling cropping system:
science, software andapplications, Florence, Italy, 16 July-18 July 2001. Special
issue of European Journal of Agronomy,18(3/4).

VAN TONGEREN, F., VAN MEIJL, H. and SURRY, Y. 2001. Global models applied to
agricultural and tradepolicies: a review and assessment. Agricultural Economics,
26 (2), 149-172.

99

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Copy of the Locator Slip the student accomplished for him to work at the

Appendix B. Price Monitoring Sheet provided by MANRO to track prices of commodities.
Each sheet contains a months daily prices.

Appendix C. List of Farmers from Logbook

Appendix D. Sample list of commissioners contact-farmers

Appendix E. Market destinations of Cebus vegetables (in red) and location of
Dalaguete, Cebu (in blue).

100

Appendix A. Copy of the Locator Slip the student accomplished for him to work at the

101

Appendix B. Price Monitoring Sheet provided by MANRO to track prices of commodities.
Each sheet contains a months daily prices.

102

Appendix C. List of Farmers from Logbook

1. Senyong
2. Arnol
3. Moises
4. Kon. Moises
5. Soling A.
6. Rosa
7. Joel
8. Onie
9. Roger
10. Sally T.
11. Sally F.
12. Ester
13. Ruby
14. Betty
15. Kardo
16. Lito
17. Lita Esco / Lita Isko
18. Toning
19. Vener
20. Rufa
21. Lotlot
22. Antoy
23. Ludy
24. Boy
25. Capt. Timmy
26. Victor
27. Abling
28. Susan
29. Masing
30. Felly Eg.
31. Ekit
32. Jose
33. Michael
34. Rufing
35. Arsing
36. Kikoy
37. Cording
38. Juaning
39. Mondo
40. Banong
41. Diego
42. Analie
43. Anabel
44. Pering

103

Appendix D. Sample list of commissioners contact-farmers
I. Senyong
a. Jorge Caruana
b. Galo
c. Corning
d. Tony
e. Mac-mac
f. Pedro
g. Tino
h. Teresing
i. Gado
j. Medio / Julie
k. Henie
l. Fely
m. Aking
n. Tonio
o. Titing

II. Arnol
a. Berting
b. Bel
c. Annel / Arnel
d. Nisa
e. Condring
f. Dadong
g. Anon
h. Virgie
i. Rufo
j. Boboy
k. Leonie
l. Rudy
m. Patry
n. J.Z.
o. Tasyon

III. Rosa
a. Apim
b. Badii
c. Okring
d. Toper
e. Caloy
f. Ene
g. Jojen
h. Santa
i. Fina
j. Ruben
k. Gogie
l. Roger
m. Roy
n. Rene
o. Querin Cordova

IV. Moises
a. Boboy
b. Joe Ruben
c. Ben Ablayan
d. Tito
e. Bebie Rivera
f. Dolpo
g. Seny
h. Roger
i. Moring
j. Rogelio
k. Auring
l. Neneng Cenares
m. Roger
n. Marisa
o. Fely

104

Appendix E. Market destinations of Cebus vegetables (in red) and location of
Dalaguete, Cebu (in blue).

Assessing The Management Operations, and The Role of The Trading Post (Taboan) at Mantalongon, Dalaguete, Cebu, As A Component in An Agricultural System, 2013

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