OS 20070201 Feb 2007

February 2007
Seaoor seismic LNG ports New deck lifting technique Subsea well intervention
Houston London Paris Stavanger Aberdeen Singapore Moscow Baku Perth Rio de Janeiro Lagos Luanda
World Trends and Technology for Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
West Africa E&P
spending to hit
$13 billion by 2010
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Totals Dalia eld
delivers rst oil
New Africa
frontiers
hold promise
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____________________
Offshore drilling requires a strategy, especially in
todays environment where the wrong move can be
more costly than ever. Thats why the first move
should be to look for a company with worldwide
capability and experience. And thats Transocean Inc.
Transocean has more experience drilling deepwa-
ter and harsh-environment wells than anyone. We
also have the largest and most diverse fleet in the
world, so we can deliver exactly the rig our customers
need when and where they need it. And we operate
in every major oil and gas area, so we can save on
mobilization and demobilization costs worldwide.
Put them all together and you can see why more
and more customers have learned that the right
move is frequently the easiest move. Thats why
they call Transocean.
Transocean: Were never out of our depth.
www.deepwater.com
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Offshore (ISSN 0030-0608) is published monthly by PennWell, 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112. Periodicals class postage paid at Tulsa, OK, and additional offces. Copyright 2007
by PennWell. (Registered in U.S. Patent Trademark Offce.) All rights reserved. Permission, however, is granted for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
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$10.50 per issue. Return Undeliverable Canadian Addresses to: P.O. Box 122, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6S4. Back issues are available upon request. POSTMASTER send form 3579 to
Offshore, P.O. Box 3200, Northbrook, IL 60065-3200.
International Edition
Volume 67, Number 2
February 2007
C ON T E N T S
DRILLING & COMPLETION
Combining expandable sand screens with propped
hydraulic fracturing technology in the Egret eld, Brunei ........................................ 60
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) and Halliburton Energy Services applied a combination of
expandable sand screens (ESS) and hydraulic fracturing during the completion of two wells
in the Egret eld, Brunei. The result was effective sand control with completion exibility and
improved productivity.
Challenges to drilling subsea, high angle HP/HT wells ............................................. 64
Statoil confronted challenges in drilling subsea, high angle HP/HT wells in the Kristin eld off-
shore Norway. The challenges included equivalent circulating density (ECD) management, hole
stability, formation damage, weight material sag, and operating on subsea HP/HT wells during
harsh winter conditions.
PRODUCTION
Managing deepwater intervention vessels offshore Angola can save costs ........... 68
An analysis of the future demands for vessels in deepwater off Angola by petroleum operators
shows where opex costs could be saved. The analysis formulated a technical denition of inter-
vention - required for specic tasks, and forecasted the overall demand for each of these units.
Subsea well intervention expected to grow .............................................................. 73
The recent combination of higher oil prices and the large number of newbuild subsea support
vessels entering the marketplace is a catalyst for growth in the rigless well intervention market.
The subsea well intervention market is being driven, in part, by the obligation of operators to
abandon redundant subsea wells in the UK sector of the North Sea.
SUBSEA
Raw water injection rst
for Columba E expansion scheme ...... 74
The worlds rst subsea raw seawater injection
system will shortly enter service in the UK
northern North Sea. CNR International opted
for a seabed pumping station as the most logi-
cal waterood solution for its Columba E eld.
Demanding Lobito/Tomboco
subsea installation schedule ............. 78
Chevrons subsea development of the Lobito
and Tomboco elds offshore Angola met its
start-up plan despite a compressed schedule
and difcult logistics. The Benguela, Belize,
Lobito, and Tomboco elds are in block 14,
about 80 km (50 mi) off the Angolan coast, in
up to 396 m (1,300 ft) of water.
TOP 10 DRILLING
CONTRACTORS
Rig utilization stands
at 100% around the globe .................. 38
The offshore rig market experienced a year of
highs in 2006, and the trend is not expected
to stop in 2007. Rig demand is stronger than
ever. Rig owners are struggling to meet
customers demands, and many operators face
difculty meeting their drilling goals around
the world.
Celebrating Over 50 Years of Trends, Tools, and Technology
West Africa
Total brings onstream
second deepwater hub
in Angolas prolic block 17 ........... 44
Late last year, oil started owing from
Totals second production center in
Angolas block 17. Dalia, like its fore-
runner Girassol, is being developed via
one of the worlds largest FPSOs linked
to an extensive network of deepwater
subsea wells.
The other Africa ............................... 52
With industry focus on the established
players and the big plays of fshore West
Africa, much of the regions nascent
activity has been overlooked. The new
prospects could well be as promis-
ing as some of the giants now moving
into production, but because they are
overshadowed by the mammoth devel-
opments, few are aware that new areas
are being explored.
West Africa operations venture
into new depths ............................... 56
West Africa will lead the world in
operations spending, reaching $13
billion by 2010, say Douglas-Westwood
analysts. The increasing demand for oil
and gas in new areas of the world has
brought with it a tremendous upswing
in E&P activity that is reected in the
amount of money going to West Africa.
78
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Synergy
Passionate performance
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CONSTRUCTION & INSTALLATION
Existing platforms raised to increase storm clearance ............................................ 82
A Devon Energy operated platform with 44 people on board in the Eugene Island 330 eld of the
Gulf of Mexico successfully was raised 4.25 m (14 ft) by 32 synchronously controlled hydraulic
cylinders. The eight-leg platform, Eugene Island 330C, in 76 m (250 ft) of water originally was
installed in the early 1970s.
Polyester ropes can meet design criteria to extend MODU mooring capability ....... 86
In the mid 1990s, Shell (US) was challenged to drill prospects in water depths nearly twice the
water depth ratings of the rigs under contract. At the same time, the need to eliminate the risk
of drive-off or drift-off, and the ability to disconnect in an emergency drilling riser disconnect
without signicant capex or opex increases to accommodate storms became a challenge.
TRANSPORTATION
& LOGISTICS
Increasing demand for natural gas,
amended legislation drive
US LNG port applications ................... 92
With demand for natural gas forecast to
outpace supply through 2020, regulatory
legislation has been modied to allow the
construction of deepwater ports to facilitate
LNG imports for domestic consumption. LNG
imports to the US will continue to increase to
meet the countrys growing need for natural
gas.
US export control laws ....................... 98
A relatively small percentage of US businesses
are aware of the extensive and very serious
laws and regulations that apply to exports from
the US. These laws and regulations apply to
items leaving the US regardless of destination
country or means of transportation.
*Mark of Schlumberger 2007 Schlumberger. 07-WT-007
Photograph of the Discoverer Enterprise courtesy of Transocean.
SenTREE* subsea well control system is the
answer that gives you safer, secure, lifelong
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Commander* control systems provide disconnect
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Volume 67, Number 2
February 2007
COVER: On Dec. 13, 2006, oil started
owing from Totals second production
center, Dalia, in Angolas block 17. The
1-Bbbl oileld is being developed via one
of the worlds largest FPSOs linked to an
extensive network of deepwater subsea
wells. The 300-m (984-ft) long, 63-m (207-ft)
wide, 32-m (105-ft) high FPSO is equipped
to handle up to an average of 240,000 b/d of
oil, 400,000 b/d of total liquids, oil storage
capacity of 2 MMbbl, and gas compression
capacity of up to 8 MMcm/d.
92
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The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. 2005 Emerson Electric Co.
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8 Of fshore February 2007 www.offshore-mag.com
GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS
Seaoor seismic acquisition coming of age ........................................................... 102
Ocean-bottom cable (OBC) seismic data acquisition is coming of age rapidly. Two things in
particular are feeding this maturation. One is the interest in the advantage of wide-azimuth/rich
azimuth surveys, and the other is the interest in seeing deeper into the target such as for
subsalt imaging.
EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING
Polymer can have advantages over steel in deviated wells ................................... 108
The offshore market is becoming increasingly aware of the benets that polymer products
offer in some instances, says Serena Arif, director of PolyOil. The primary benet is in terms of
signicant friction reduction (found to be a minimum of 22% in the eld).
Devin introduces dual compensating intervention tower ....................................... 110
Devin International has introduced a modular motion-compensation tower that adapts to any
type of vessel, platform, or rig that is experiencing motion during the well intervention stage. It
can move in two directions on its vertical axis.
Flotation Technologies develops new buoyancy module ........................................ 110
Flotation Technologies Inc. has developed a new buoyancy module for Cameron to use on
Chevrons Tahiti eld. The Straked Buoyancy Module provides vortex-induced vibrations (VIV)
suppression strakes.
Bardex delivers deepwater mooring system ........................................................... 110
Bardex Corp. has delivered a linear chain jack mooring system for a oating production facility
designed for 1,300 m (4,625 ft) of water and installed offshore East Malaysia. The mooring
system consists of 10 linear chain jack assemblies and 10 deck-mounted turndown sheave as-
semblies.
Askco develops offshore solids monitoring instrument ......................................... 112
Askco Instrument Worldwide Solutions has developed an instrument, Sandbox, which monitors
solids during offshore operations by using direct, online ltration techniques. The unit provides
a well owline monitoring program that samples uids and lters solids as small as 10 microns.
BEYOND THE HORIZON
Petroleum resources as the major driving force in the Arctic ................................ 128
On the rst of December last year, the Norwegian government presented its strategy for the
High North. Meeting the challenges and opportunities in this area is its main priority. One third
of mainland Norway lies north of the Arctic Circle, and Norway has the responsibility for manag-
ing resources in waters six times the size of its mainland territory.
D E P A R T M E N T S
Comment ............................................. 10
Data ..................................................... 12
Global E&P .......................................... 14
Offshore Europe .................................. 20
Gulf of Mexico ..................................... 22
Subsea/Surface Systems ................... 26
Vessels ................................................ 32
Drilling & Production .......................... 34
Geosciences ........................................ 36
Business Briefs ................................. 114
Advertisers Index ............................. 127
Volume 67, Number 2
February 2007
Correction: The caption with the photo on page 38 in the December issue is incor-
rect. Please see the correct caption with the photo on page 116.
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______________________
West Africa: now and the future
As part of our special report on West Africa in this months issue, our editors looked
at whats happening now and what might happen in the near future.
For example, late last year, oil started owing from Totals second production center
in Angolas block 17. Dalia, like its forerunner Girassol, is being developed via one of the
worlds largest FPSOs linked to an extensive network of deepwater subsea wells.
There the similarities end, however, as Jeremy Beckman, Editor-Europe, points out
in his report on Dalia in this months issue.
Dalias shallower subsurface location presented greater difculties in
well design, due to the need for a steeper drilling radius, and the elds
extent would require twice as many wells to develop. Also, its Miocene
crude is much heavier than Girassols Oligocene oil, and cooler on out-
ow. Total came up with solutions for these and other challenges, as
Beckman describes in his report on the eld development, beginning
on page 44.
But with industry focus on the established players and the big plays
offshore West Africa, much of the regions nascent activity has been
overlooked. Because the newer frontier areas are overshadowed by the
mammoth developments, few in the industry are aware that new areas
are being explored. Some of the newest plays are on Africas east coast,
which, for the most part, has seen very little drilling. The most inter-
esting activity is offshore Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. The new
prospects could well be as promising as some of the giants now moving
into production, as International Editor Judy Maksoud discusses in
her analysis of The other Africa, beginning on page 52.
Top 10 offshore drillers
This years list of top 10 drilling contractors (by eet size) is headed once again by
Transocean, followed by GlobalSantaFe and Noble. No surprise there. And theres no
surprise in the supply-demand picture, as rig utilization is virtually 100%.
The offshore rig market, as analyzed for Offshore by Justin Smith of ODS-Petrodata,
experienced a year of highs in 2006, and the trend is not expected to stop in 2007. Nearly
all rigs that can work are working.
Day rates have set records in 2006, and 2007 likely will see rates push even higher in
some market segments. Operators and rig owners alike have reported record prots,
and as a result, overall operator spending will increase this year. Although commodity
prices faltered somewhat recently, operators and rig owners continued to post record
prots, and the good times should continue for some time to come. Read the full report
on page 38.
Seaoor seismic coming of age
Ocean-bottom cable (OBC) seismic data acquisition is coming of age
rapidly. Two things in particular are feeding this maturation. One is the
interest in the advantage of wide-azimuth/rich azimuth surveys, and
the other is the interest in seeing deeper into the target, such as for
subsalt imaging. Along with these have come advances in cable con-
nections and in understanding of how OBC systems operate. Current
circumstances from an operations viewpoint have contributed, too. The
worldwide demand for vessels and the resulting run-up in day rates has
beneted OBC because the method can eliminate the need for a recording vessel. Tech-
nology Editor Gene Kliewer takes a look at how seaoor seismic is coming of age in his
analysis beginning on page 102.
To respond to articles in Of fshore, or to of fer articles for publication, contact the editor by email
(eldonb@pennwell.com) or fax (1-713-963-6296).
COMMENT
Eldon Ball Houston
PennWell
1700 West Loop South, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77027 U.S.A.
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EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Luke R. Corbett, Kerr-McGee Corp.
David J. Greer, Shell International E&P
Jack B. Moore, Cooper Cameron Corp.
Hugh ODonnell, Saipem
Bruce Crager, INTEC Engineering
James K. Wicklund, Banc of America Securities
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CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Eldon R. Ball
eldonb@pennwell.com
TECHNOLOGY EDITOR
Gene Kliewer
genek@pennwell.com
MANAGING EDITOR
David Paganie
davidp@pennwell.com
DRILLING & PRODUCTION EDITOR
Frank Hartley
frankh@pennwell.com
INTERNATIONAL EDITOR
Judy Maksoud
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PRESENTATION EDITOR
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Beckman
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Kliewer
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Aerial satellite photography courtesy of NASA.
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GLOBAL DATA
GoM drilling permits issued
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l
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g

p
e
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m
i
t
s

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
July
67
Dec.
66
Aug.
68
Sept.
55
Oct.
50
Nov.
53
June
83
Source: US Minerals Management Service
US GoM
40 (+1)
90 (+1)
Floaters
Jackups
North Sea
41 (+1)
34 (0)
East
Atlantic
Mex GoM
6 (0)
30 (0)
S. Asia
7 (0)
28 (+1)
SE Asia
21 (0)
34 (0)
Far East
3 (0)
16 (0)
M. East
3 (+1)
94 (+1)
W. Africa
28 (+1)
25 (0)
L. America
29 (-1)
15 (0)
Source: Rigzone.com
2 (-1)
1 (0)
Active rig eet, January 2007
This month Infeld Systems Ltd. (ISL) looks at the global subsea mar-
ket, not just trees, but also manifolds, pipeline end manifolds (PLEMs),
templates, wells (satellite & templated), subsea compression, and
separation systems. Europe and North America are expected to witness
a signifcant drop in their share of subsea completion related capital
expenditure (capex) over the 2007-2011 period, as subsea activities and
associated capex across the rest of the world are expected to take an
increasing share of the annual forecast total global capex.
When comparing the subsea completion project numbers across
the periods 2001-2006 and 2007-2011, a 112% global rise is forecast.
Latin America is predicted to account for the highest percentage rise
followed by Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Australasia, and the
Middle East & Caspian region.
However, in capex terms, a 116% rise is expected globally across
the two fve-year periods of comparison. With global subsea capex
forecast to increase in the 2007-2011 period, the regions forecast to
witness the largest share of this rise are the Middle East & Caspian fol-
lowed by Asia, Australasia, Africa and Latin America, with North Amer-
ica and Europe taking a progressively smaller percentage share of the
global market.
Ojus Palathingal, Research Analyst
Dr. Roger Knight, Editor & Data Manager
2002
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2003 2004 2005 2006
Year of spend
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

a
n
n
u
a
l

g
l
o
b
a
l

s
u
b
s
e
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
s

c
a
p
e
x
Europe
North America
RoW
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Ineld Systems Ltd.
Europe, North America and Rest of World (RoW)
Subsea Completions Capex 2002-2011
Gulf of Mexico day rates
Month/Year Minimum Average Maximum
Drillship
Jan 2006 $182,000 $213,026 $289,900
Feb 2006 $182,000 $222,175 $289,900
Mar 2006 $182,000 $229,617 $289,900
April 2006 $0 $216,401 $289,900
May 2006 $182,000 $233,650 $289,900
June 2006 $182,000 $234,139 $289,900
July 2006 $182,000 $234,483 $289,900
Aug 2006 $182,000 $234,513 $289,900
Sept 2006 $182,000 $239,399 $295,200
Oct 2006 $190,900 $243,600 $295,200
Nov 2006 $190,900 $243,582 $295,200
Dec 2006 $190,900 $243,312 $295,200
Jackup
Jan 2006 $40,000 $88,730 $165,000
Feb 2006 $40,000 $96,734 $165,000
Mar 2006 $52,000 $104,095 $170,000
April 2006 $52,000 $112,531 $170,000
May 2006 $52,000 $117,137 $195,000
June 2006 $65,000 $118,373 $195,000
July 2006 $65,000 $117,830 $195,000
Aug 2006 $65,000 $118,113 $185,000
Sept 2006 $65,000 $114,252 $185,000
Oct 2006 $0 $111,298 $175,000
Nov 2006 $0 $109,087 $185,000
Dec 2006 $0 $104,376 $185,000
Semi
Jan 2006 $62,000 $173,388 $325,000
Feb 2006 $82,000 $191,358 $400,000
Mar 2006 $95,000 $197,599 $400,000
April 2006 $62,000 $202,968 $400,000
May 2005 $62,000 $206,706 $400,000
June 2006 $0 $205,178 $400,000
July 2006 $0 $205,419 $385,500
Aug 2006 $0 $222,278 $385,500
Sept 2006 $0 $223,483 $385,500
Oct 2006 $95,000 $241,484 $385,500
Nov 2006 $102,000 $243,823 $385,500
Dec 2006 $102,000 $247,670 $425,000
Source: Rigzone.com * Undergoing hurricane repairs.
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Africa
Angola is in the West Africa limelight again
with the recent ultra deepwater discovery an-
nounced by Sonangol and Total E&P Angola.
Salsa-1, the sixth exploration well on block 32
was drilled in 1,806 m (5,925 ft) water depth
and tested at a rate of 3,686 b/d of oil from
a Miocene reservoir. The discovery is in the
southeastern part of block 32, 15 km (9 mi)
southwest of the Mostarda-1 discovery.
Technical studies are being carried out
to evaluate the results of the tests. Further
exploration drilling is under way, and more
is planned across the block.
Sonangol holds the concession rights for
block 32. The contractor group is formed by
Total, which operates block 32 with 30% in-
terest, Marathon Oil Co. with 30% interest,
Sonangol E.P. with 20% interest, Esso Explo-
ration and Production Angola (Overseas)
Ltd. with 15% interest, and Petrogal with the
remaining 5%.

Production from Africas offshore is up
slightly as a result of Hess Corp. and its
partners, Tullow Oil and GEPetrol, bringing
onstream the Okume complex off the coast
of Equatorial Guinea.
First oil was achieved on Dec. 14, 2006, at
the Okume B platform. According to Hess,
production will grow during 2007 as ineld
drilling progresses, eventually bringing output
to 60,000 b/d peak oil production in 2008.
Construction of the Okume facilities began
in August 2004 following approval of the plan
of development by the Republic of Equatorial
Guinea.
The Okume complex, 241 km (150 mi)
south of Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea,
has two tension leg platforms, three satellite
platforms, and a central processing platform.
These facilities provide for full eld pressure
maintenance and articial lift capability. The
Okume complex central processing facilities
are tied back to the Sendje Ceiba FPSO.
Hess operates the Okume Complex with
85% working interest.
Asia-Pacic
China National Offshore Oil Corp. Ltd. is
on the move to increase domestic produc-
tion. In fact, the company reportedly plans
to bring 16 new projects onstream this year,
and plans are in place to pursue as many as
60 onshore and offshore projects in the me-
dium term.
Not surprisingly, CNOOCs focus will be
deepwater exploration for oil and gas in the
South China Sea, which is already an active
area.
Late last year, CNOOC Ltd. and partner
Eni made discovery Huizhou (HZ) 25-4 in
the eastern South China Sea. Discovery well
HZ25-4-1 in block 16/19 in the Pearl River
Mouth basin is 180 km (112 mi) southeast
of Hong Kong.
The well was drilled to a TD of >3,900 m
(12,795 ft) in 102 m (335 ft) water depth. A
drillstem test showed a production level of
5,000 b/d of oil.
According to the production-sharing con-
tract, the company has the right to acquire
up to 51% working interest in any commer-
cial discoveries in the block.
At about the same time as the Huizhou
discovery, CNOOC signed two production
sharing contracts with Devon Energy Corp.
for deepwater blocks 64/18 and 53/30.
Block 64/18, in the Qiong Dong Nan ba-
sin in the western South China Sea, covers
7,712 sq km (2,978 sq mi). Block 53/30 cov-
ers 6,313 sq km (2,437 sq m) in the Pearl Riv-
er Mouth basin. Water depth in the blocks is
300-2,000 m (984-6,562 ft).
Devon will conduct a 2D seismic survey
and wildcat drilling during the eight-year ex-
ploration period.
Mediterranean
Libya is back in the big picture, and a
handful of companies are actively pursuing
offshore acreage.
Interestingly, Russias Gazprom is one of
the companies that has been successful in
the bidding process.
On Dec. 20, Gazprom was declared the
winner among 45 contenders for block 19.
The company won an upstream license for
up to 30 years for the block. At present, Gaz-
prom expects to spend more than $200 mil-
lion for geological exploration and drilling.
Plans include drilling six exploration wells.
Developing offshore block 19 in the Med-
iterranean Sea will be Gazproms second
largest project in Libya. The rst project will
be executed under a framework asset swap
agreement between Gazprom and BASF. Un-
der the agreement, Gazprom will get a 49%
stake in Wintershall Holding that annually
recovers 5 million metric tons (5.5 million
tons) of oil in Libya.
Libya has 1.5 tcm in proven gas reserves,
and the countrys gas potential is practically
untouched. Annual production is 7 bcm,
with only 83% consumed domestically.
The country is also rst in Africa in terms
of proven light sweet crude oil reserves,
with 5 billion metric tons (5.5 billion tons).
With the door now wide open to investors,
many have already lined up for a shot at explor-
ing the countrys prolic hydrocarbon basins.

While Gazprom is just getting into the
game in the Mediterranean, Lundin Petro-
leum is cashing in.
Late in December, Lundin Petroleum AB
and Atlantis Holding Norway AS announced
that gross oil production from the Oudna
eld offshore Tunisia now exceeds 20,000
b/d following the commissioning of water
injection and articial lift facilities.
The coventurers have equal shares in the
eld, with Lundin Petroleum acting as op-
erator.
ETAP, the Tunisian state oil company, has
a 20% purchase option in the eld that can be
exercised up to 120 days from rst oil produc-
tion, which took place in November 2006.
Americas
Statoil celebrated a milestone offshore
Venezuela early this year with the comple-
tion of drilling operations on the Cocuina-2X
well. This well is part of a three-well explora-

GLOBAL E&P
Judy Maksoud Houston
The Okume complex central processing facilities are tied back to the Sendje Ceiba FPSO offshore
Equatorial Guinea.
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tion campaign on block 4 of Plataforma Del-
tana offshore eastern Venezuela.
The well, 240 km (149 mi) from the Ori-
noco Delta, was drilled to a TD of 3,406 m
(11,175 ft). The well conrmed dry gas in
the three intervals tested. Statoil says block
4 potential will be conrmed when the ex-
ploration program is completed.
Next on the agenda is the Ballena-1X well,
which will be drilled in 350 m (1,148 ft) wa-
ter depth, the deepest water ever drilled in
offshore Venezuela.
Statoil won operatorship of the Plataforma
Deltana block 4 license in 2003.

More drilling is in the works offshore
Trinidad as well.
Canadian Superior Energy Inc. has sched-
uled refurbishment work on the Kan Tan IV
semisubmersible rig, which has been con-
tracted to drill three wells off the east coast of
Trinidad. The company announced on March
19, 2006, that the Kan Tan IV had been con-
tracted to drill two wells on the Canadian Su-
perior-operated block 5(C) offshore Trinidad.
The drilling of the third well was contracted
and announced in November 2006.
The semi will drill the Victory 1, Bounty 1,
and Endeavour 1 wells on separate gas pros-
pects on the block, the company says.

While Canadian Superior prepares its drill-
ing operations, BG Group Plc. and partner
Chevron have entered into heads of agree-
ment with the National Gas Co. of Trinidad
and Tobago Ltd. to supply 220 MMcf/d of gas
for up to 15 years beginning Jan. 1, 2009.
The gas will be used in the domestic natu-
ral gas market. A fully termed gas sales agree-
ment is expected to be nalized in 2007.
Gas will come from the BG Group-operated
East Coast Marine Area, which contains four

GLOBAL E&P
5
4
2
3
1
Caracas
Blocks
TRINIDAD
GUYANA
VENEZUELA
SOUTH
AMERICA
Area
shown
Statoil confrmed gas with the Cocuina-2X well drilled in block 4 of the Plataforma Deltana area
offshore Venezuela.
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natural gas elds Dolphin, Dolphin Deep,
Starsh, and Manatee and the North Coast
Marine Area, 40 km (25 mi) off the north
coast of Trinidad, which includes the Hibis-
cus, Poinsettia, Chaconia, and Ixora elds.

Offshore Brazil, Petrobras began Phase 1
of production operations with the P-34 plat-
form on the Jubarte eld.
The Jubarte-4 horizontal well is expected
to produce 15,000 b/d of heavy oil. Three
other wells will constitute a contribution to
P-34 to achieve its nominal capacity of 60,000
b/d of oil in the coming months.
Petrobras added production from the sec-
ond well, ESS-110, at the end of 2006. When
P-34 production reaches its peak, the Espri-
to Santo Business Unit (UN-ES) is expected
to produce 135,000 b/d of oil.
Europe
According to an announcement by the
Irish Ministry of Marine & Natural Resourc-
es in early January, Ireland will hold a licens-
ing round offering exploration blocks in the
Porcupine basin this year.
Noel Dempsey, minister for communica-
tions for the Marine & Natural Resources
Ministry, originally signaled his intention to
launch this new round at the conclusion of the
Slyne/Erris/Donegal licensing round in 2006.
The acreage on offer in the Porcupine ba-
sin covers unlicensed blocks in a 63,500-sq-km
(24,517-sq-mi) area that has been classied as
Frontier acreage because of the challenging
environment of Irelands Atlantic margin.
A comprehensive Strategic Environmen-
tal Assessment (SEA) of the region will take
place before exploration licenses are award-
ed. External environmental experts will con-
duct the SEA, and public consultation will
form an integral part of the assessment.
Applications for Frontier exploration li-
censes for blocks in the bidding round proba-
bly will be invited in May 2007, with a closing
date at the end of October. Bidders reportedly
will be limited to applying for a maximum of
three blocks in the north of the basin and for
a maximum of six blocks in the south.
Central Europe/Caspian
There were some interesting developments
late last year in the Aral Sea when the mem-
bers of a consortium of investors, including
Uzbekneftegaz, Lukoil Overseas, Petronas
Carigali Overseas, CNPC International Ltd.,
and KNOC Aral Ltd., signed a joint operating
agreement and a single operator agreement
to implement a production-sharing agree-
ment (PSA) in the Uzbek sector of the sea.
The original PSA was signed Aug. 30,
2006, in Tashkent. Each member of the con-
sortium holds an equal share.
In late October 2006, the government of
the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted a resolu-
tion on the measures to implement the proj-
ect, which provided for the documents to be
signed in the two months following.
The agreements set the terms and condi-
tions to establish the operating company, to
identify its functions, and to dene relations
among the parties under the PSA.
Exploration operations will be carried out
in two phases. In the rst phase, a 2,300- km
(1,429- mi) 2D seismic survey will be shot and
two exploration wells drilled for a minimal -
nancial commitment of $99.8 million under
the program during the rst three years.
The consortium expects to select a seis-
mic contractor in mid-February 2007, with
seismic operations beginning in March.
A feasibility study will be drafted and ap-
proved based on the results of the rst phase,
with subsequent approval of the commercial
terms of the PSA, including the minimal pro-
gram for the second phase and tax rates and
other payments as well as other parameters.
Phase two exploration operations will be
undertaken after the commercial terms of
the PSA are approved.

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Venture strengthens
Sevan alliance
Venture Production has contracted Sevan
Marine for a second FPSO for its UK North
Sea operations. It will be similar to the Sevan
Hummingbird, currently under construction in
China, which is due to sail out later this year
to Ventures Chestnut oileld. In both cases,
the cylindrical hull and marine systems are
based on the patented Sevan 300 technology
(formerly known as the SSP 300).
The new platform is destined for Pilot, a heavy
oileld discovered in 1989 in central North Sea
block 21/27a, with estimated reserves of 90
MMbbl. Venture is lining up an appraisal well on
the eld this spring, using a vessel modied for
shallow water drilling. It also aims to appraise a
nearby heavy oil discovery in block 28/2a. De-
pending on the outcome and UK government
approval, Sevans current year-long agreement,
covering detailed engineering for the production
facilities, could be extended to a 5- to 10-year life-
of-eld contract.
Venture plans to export Pilots oil via the
BP-operated Forties Pipeline System. Pro-
duction should start in 2009, but the plat-
form could be re-deployed later on to work
other stranded elds in the companys port-
folio as is the plan with Chestnut.
In the southern UK block 47/9c, Venture
is farming into Barbarossa, a gas structure
discovered by the British Gas Council in
1982. The eld also adjoins Ventures Chan-
non exploration prospect in blocks 47/3h
and 47/8c. Under an agreement with the
current license holders, Corsair Petroleum
and Nido Petroleum, Venture will pay the en-
tire cost of a single development well target-
ing 30-35 bcf of reserves, probably tiedback
a short distance to BGs Mercury platform,
using the jackup Noble Julie Robertson.
In the same region, Tullow Oil has gov-
ernment sanction for another single-well
gas development, called Thurne. Accord-
ing to eld analysts BritBoss, Tullow plans
to drill a horizontal well as a sidetrack from
the Deben subsea producer (a tieback to the
Thames AR platform). Debens subsea tree
will be removed and replaced by a new one
from Vetco Gray. The existing gas export
owline and umbilical will be retained.
Talisman lines up
jackup for Yme revival
Talisman Energy has submitted its plan for
re-developing the Yme oileld in the Norwe-
gian North Sea. Assuming government ap-
proval, this will be the rst reactivation of an
abandoned eld on the Norwegian shelf.
Former operator Statoil developed Yme
with a leased drilling and production jackup,
extracting 51 MMbbl between 1996 and 2001.
But plummeting oil prices rendered further
production economic, causing Statoil to shut
down and remove the eld facilities, eventu-
ally relinquishing the surrounding produc-
tion license. This was reissued to Talisman in
partnership with Revus Energy and Pertra in
2004 under Norways 18th licensing round.
Talisman has budgeted $656 million for the
new scheme, again based around a leased pro-
duction jackup, with 12 producer and injector
wells, ve of them to be completed subsea.
The Maersk Giant will handle rst-phase devel-
opment drilling.
According to eld analysts ScanBoss, the
company screened ve production concepts
before settling on Gusto MSCs MOPU/stor-
age jackup platform, devised originally for
marginal oilelds remote from pipeline in-
frastructure. This concept was rst applied
in the Danish sector Siri eld in the late
1990s. In Ymes case, the platform will rest
on a steel storage tank xed to the seabed,
ofoading oil directly to a shuttle tanker.
Gusto MSCs parent company SBM has
contracted yards in the UAE and Malaysia to
build the platform and storage facility, with
rst oil scheduled for early 2009. Talisman
expects to produce around 70 MMbbl over
the elds life (associated gas is likely to be
reinjected), and the facilities also may be
used to tie in discoveries on the companys
other blocks in the Egersund basin.
Talismans Gyda platform in the North
Sea also may host Dongs rst operated de-
velopment in the Norwegian sector. Scan-
Boss says the Danish company plans this
summer to appraise Oselvar, a 40 MMboe
eld in block 1/3 discovered by Elf in 1991,
using the jackup Maersk Guardian.
Assuming that the well meets expectations,
Dong may look to steer two horizontal subsea
producers through the oil rim beneath the gas
cap. The wells would then tie back either to Gyda
or BPs Ula platforms, both 23 km (14 mi) east.
In the Barents Sea, Statoil and its part-
ners have abandoned efforts to develop the
Snhvit gas elds oil zone. Gas production is
due to start late this year, and ideally the oil
zone should have been worked on soon after-
wards to maximize recovery before reservoir
pressure dropped too far. However, recent
technological and reservoir studies suggest
development would not be economic.
The company is pushing ahead, how-
ever, with its latest scheme to maximize the
Norne infrastructure in the Norwegian Sea.
It recently issued a NOK2.4 billion ($371
million) development plan for Alve, a 1990
gas-condensate discovery, which it proposes
to tie back to the Norne FPSO via a four well-
slot subsea template. At peak, Alve should
produce 4 MMcm/d (141 MMcf/d).
Goliat heads Norwegian
exploration roll call
Norwegian sector operators spudded 26
exploration wells across the shelf last year,
according to the Norwegian Petroleum Di-
rectorate (NPD). This was nearly double the
2005 total, although fewer wells were drilled
than planned, mainly due to rig shortages.
The combined efforts led to four new dis-
coveries. By far the largest was Enis 7122/7-3
in the Barents Sea beneath the Goliat oil eld,
which found new oil in the Kobbe formation in
Mid-Triassic rocks. The discovery was further
delimited by well 7133/7-4, which proved gas
as well as oil in the Kobbe horizon, leading in
turn to another minor oil nd deeper in the Tri-
assic Klappmys formation. Eni plans further
drilling on the production license this fall.
Statoil saw two small Jurassic discover-
ies near its production centers at Norne and
Gullfaks and also had good results appraising
Torenerose, east of Snhvit; Morvin, 8 km (5
mi) west of Aasgard; and Gudrun, north of
Sleipner. Other appraisal successes include
Talismans work on the 1983 Krabbe nd,
west of Ula, which the company may develop
in tandem with the closed-in Mime eld.
Attention has shifted to the Norwegian
Sea, where Shell, Total, and Hydro are drill-
ing potentially high-yield wells on the Onyx,
Hans, and Zita prospects. Despite continuing
rig constraints, NPD anticipates 30 new ex-
ploration wells offshore Norway this year.
NPD foresees a total exploration spend of
NOK 23 billion ($3.6 billion) in 2007, and de-
velopment spending of NOK 82 billion ($12.7
billion). It expects eight new eld develop-
ment plans to come forward, including BPs
Skarv, and revised plans to lift recovery from
major production centers such as Ekosk,
Eldsk, Snorre, Troll Oil, and Valhall. Over
the next ve years, these and other projects
should lift total investments across the shelf
to NOK 478 billion ($71 billion).
OFFSHORE EUROPE
Jeremy Beckman London
The Sevan Hummingbird for the Chestnut feld,
one of two Sevan 300 FPSOs currently under
construction at the Yantai Raffes yard in China.
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Bush lifts ban
on Gulf, Alaska acreage
US President George W. Bush has lifted
the executive ban on oil and gas leasing
in two areas in the outer continental shelf
(OCS), one in Lease Sale 181 South in the
central Gulf of Mexico and the other in the
Bristol Bay, North Aleutian basin of Alaska.
Interior Secretary Dick Kempthorne now
has the option of offering these areas during
the MMS next ve-year (2007-2012) OCS oil
and gas leasing program.
Kempthorne also has increased the roy-
alty rate for new offshore deepwater federal
oil and gas leases (excluding Alaska) from
12.5% to 16.7%. He projects that this could
yield up to $4.5 billion over 20 years.
Together, these actions will enhance
Americas energy security by improving op-
portunities for domestic energy production,
and also will increase the revenues that the
federal government collects from oil and gas
companies on behalf of American taxpay-
ers, says Kempthorne.
The NOIA has a different view. The organi-
zation says the rate increase may not yield the
anticipated additional revenue. By increasing
the royalty rate, the government is increasing
oil and gas companies operating costs, which
could drive exploration overseas and reduce
domestic production, resulting in decreased
revenue to the federal treasury, and less oil
and gas for the American consumer.
Raising royalty rates is bad public policy
that could either reduce domestic production
and drive up prices, or simply delay when the
treasury collects its compensation, adds the
agency.
Nevertheless, the new rates will take effect
with the rst 2007 GoM lease sale, which is
scheduled for late August.
The new Gulf area opened for leasing was
withdrawn from consideration through 2012
by former US President Bill Clinton in 1998.
The North Aleutian basin area opened for
leasing was held under a Congress-imposed
moratorium from 1990 through 2003, and
then discontinued in 2004.
The 2007-2012 OCS Oil and Gas Proposed
Final Program and Final Environmental Im-
pact Statement are scheduled for release in
the spring.
Environmental review
under way
The MMS is conducting environmental
reviews on 580,000 offshore acres in the
eastern Gulf, as directed by the Gulf of Mex-
ico Energy Security Act of 2006, signed by
President Bush on Dec. 20, 2006.
The legislation allows for oil and gas leas-
ing in two areas: the 181 Area, comprising
2 million acres in the central GoM Planning
Area and a segment of 580,000 acres in the
eastern GoM Planning Area; and in the 181
South Area, consisting of 5.8 million acres in
the central GoM Planning Area.
The central portion of the 181 Area was
reviewed in a draft Environmental Impact
Statement published in November 2006.
This area will be available for lease in Sale
205 scheduled for early fall.
Helix Producer I
under construction
Construction is under way on Helix En-
ergy Solutions $140-million disconnectable
oating production system for installation
on the Phoenix (previously Typhoon) eld
in Green Canyon block 236/237.
The train ferry Karl is being converted in
Croatia into the Helix Producer I (HPI), also
called Kommandor 5000. A 50/50 JV (Kom-
mandor Llc.) comprising Helix and KR RM
will own the DP2 vessel.
The re-deployable unit will be tted to han-
dle 45,000 b/d of oil and 70 MMcf/d of gas. It
also will have a quick-disconnect riser system
for relocation from an imminent hurricane.
Hydrocarbons will be exported through the
Gulfs existing pipeline network.
The contract for supply of the vessels ex-
ternal riser turret has been issued, and long
lead items for the topside facilities have been
ordered. Subsea infrastructure will be in-
stalled by the companys Intrepid or Express.
Subsea wells from the Helix-operated Phoe-
nix, Boris (Green Canyon block 282), and
Little Burn (Green Canyon block 238) elds
will be tied back to the HPI, with rst produc-
tion expected in mid-2008. Helix recently ac-
quired 100% working interest in these elds
from Chevron, BHP Billiton, and Noble En-
ergy. Wells from the Balvenie (Green Canyon
block 235), Tornado (Green Canyon block
280/281), and Kissy Suzuki (Green Canyon
block 325/326) prospects will be tied back
to the facility as well, pending drilling results
with the companys Q4000.
Meanwhile, Helix is designing a Q4000
look-a-like. GVA, under contract to Helix, is
performing the detailed design of the semi-
submersible drilling rig, Q4500. The owner
has ordered $23 million worth of thrusters
and engines for the rig, and was scheduled
to issue an RFP in January for construction.
Pending project sanction, which is anticipat-
ed in the rst half of this year, the semi is ex-
pected to be ready for service in late 2009.
Independence Hub sets sail
The Independence Hub oating production
platform set sail on Jan. 29 from Corpus Christi,
Texas, for a ve-day trip to Mississippi Canyon
block 920 where it will be installed. The hub,
owned by Enterprise Products Partners (80%)
and Helix Energy Solutions Group (20%), will
be moored 241 km (150 mi) southeast of Ven-
ice, Louisiana, in 2,438 m (8,000 ft) of water,
the deepest to date for an offshore platform,
according to Enterprise.
Mechanical completion of the platform
is expected by mid-March, followed by rst
production in the second half of the year.
The semis hull was fabricated in Singa-
pore and its topsides, designed with capacity
for 1 bcf/d of natural gas, were built at Kiewit
Offshore Services. In September 2006, the
platforms topsides were integrated with
the hull in Corpus Christi. Heerema Marine
Contractors is responsible for the hull and
mooring system transport and installation.
GULF OF MEXI CO
David Paganie Houston
The Independence Hub semisubmersible foating production unit is under tow to Mississippi Can-
yon block 920.
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2007 Halliburton. All rights reserved.
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Other major contractors include Atlantia Offshore for the hull and
mooring system design and fabrication; Alliance Engineering for top-
sides engineering; and Allseas for installation of the owlines and gas
export pipeline.
The $2 billion dollar project is anchored by an initial 10 subsea
elds in water depths from 2,377 2,743 m (7,800 9,000 ft).
Technip picked up a contract from Mariner Energy Inc. for the
fabrication and installation of a subsea owline and risers for the
Bass Lite development.
The contract calls for the engineering, procurement, fabrication,
and installation of a steel owline that will tieback subsea wells in
Atwater Valley bock 426 in 2,057 m (6,750 ft) of water to a steel cat-
enary riser to be installed on the Devils Tower spar moored in 1,707
m (5,600 ft) of water.
Technip also will design and manufacture one FLET (owline
end termination), two FLMTs (owline midline terminations), and
manufacture and install a jumper.
Detailed engineering and project management will be in Houston;
assembly of the owline and SCRs will occur at the companys spool-
base in Mobile, Alabama. The contractors pipelay vessel Deep Blue
will carry out installation in the fourth quarter.
Socotherm has secured a deepwater contract as well. The company
was awarded an $8 million contract by Murphy Oil to insulate pipe for
the Thunder Hawk project in 1,700-1,900 m (5,577-6,234 ft) of water.
The contract calls for the insulation of 22 km (14 mi) of 8-in. (80
mm) pipe for installation on the Thunder Hawk eld in Mississippi
Canyon block 735. Socotherm will apply its wetiskokote syntactic
polypropylene external insulation with hollow glass spheres for
thermal insulation and mechanical strength.
Socotherm will execute the contract with alliance partner Tenaris.
Installation is scheduled to begin in the third quarter.
The Murphy-operated Thunder Hawk project includes mooring of
an Atlantia-designed semisubmersible production facility in 1,800 m
(5,905 ft) of water. Aker Kvaerner will carry out facility installation
with its vessel Boa Sub C in 2Q 2008.
Hess completes Pony sidetrack
Hess Corp. has completed the Pony sidetrack well No. 2 in Green
Canyon block 468.
The well, drilled to 9,337 m (30,634 ft) TD, encountered 85 m (280
ft) of oil pay in Miocene age reservoirs after penetrating 60% of its
objective.
According to the company, the sidetrack well established a re-
cord for the deepest conventional core ever recovered in the Gulf
of Mexico, at 137 m (450 ft). The company says the oil bearing sec-
tion in the sidetrack well is similar in thickness and quality to the
equivalent interval in the discovery well, which was drilled to 9,890
m (32,448 ft) TD and encountered 145 m (475 ft) of oil pay.
Total hydrocarbon resources are estimated in the range of 100-
600 MMboe. Hess has a 100% working interest in Pony.
The company has arranged for the semi Ocean Baroness to ap-
praise Pony No. 2.
Semi study for Gotcha
Total USA E&P has contracted Exmar Offshore Co. to provide proj-
ect management and engineering services for the semisubmersible
pre-FEED study for the Gotcha development.
The eld is in Alaminos Canyon block 856 in 2,438 m (8,000 ft)
of water.
Exmar will be the main engineering contractor. The company also
will provide engineering and analysis for the proposed standalone
semisubmersible oating production facility, based on its proprietary
design, OPTI-6000.
The re-deployable semi will be tted with upgradeable capacity to
handle initially 40,000 b/d of oil and 40 MMcf/d of gas.
Other companies in the study include Houston Offshore Engineer-
ing for riser analysis, Intec Engineering for subsea production systems
and ow assurance, Mustang Engineering for topsides design, and
Aker Marine Contractors for mooring installation.
The study is scheduled for completion by the end of April. Con-
struction of the semi is expected to be completed in 1Q 2009.
Exmar says it will lease the facility to operators for early produc-
tion or marginal eld development under short-term contracts.
Total operates Gotcha with a 70% working interest; Nexen holds
the remaining 30%.
ATP acquires acreage
ATP has completed the acquisition of a percentage working inter-
est in a number of US Gulf of Mexico blocks.
The company now owns a 50% working interest in Aconcagua
(Mississippi Canyon block 305), a 16.67% working interest in Cam-
den Hills (Mississippi Canyon block 348), and an additional 25.83%
interest in the Canyon Express Pipeline Common System.
Aconcagua currently produces 10 MMcfe/d net to ATP, and Camden
Hills produced previously, but currently is shut-in.
Aconcagua, in 2,079 m (6,820 ft) of water, Camden Hills, in 2,168
m (7,112 ft) of water, and the companys Kings Peak eld (DeSoto
Canyon block 133), in 1,994 m (6,541 ft) of water, all produce through
Canyon Express. ATP now owns a 45.08% interest in Canyon Ex-
press as a result of the acquisitions.
The company says it completed the transaction primarily to ac-
quire the undeveloped reservoirs of Aconcagua, for further study
of Camden Hills, and to expand its interest in the Kings Peak/Can-
yon Express hub area. In 2009, ATP expects to be named operator
of Aconcagua and Canyon Express, and will begin planning further
development of Aconcagua.
The company also has increased its working interest from 50% to
100% in Ship Shoal block 351 in 107 m (350 ft) of water. Drilling is
planned to begin in the rst quarter.
GULF OF MEXI CO
3D image of the hull and truss deck of the Exmar-designed semisubmers-
ible production facility, OPTI-6000. The re-deployable platform will be
leased under short-term contracts for early production or marginal feld
developments.
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WHEN THE PRESSURE IS ON,
TECHNICAL INNOVATION CAN
KEEP YOU IN CONTROL.
ANYTHING LESS CAN BE COSTLY.
Offshore, your investments are big. Your risks are bigger.
The wellhead system you employ should be safe and reliable.
It should also save you expensive rig time.
Thats why operators are turning to Wood Group Pressure
Control for safe, cost-effective wellhead technology. For
example, a Gulf of Mexico operator recently wanted to drill
and complete three wells in a single 48-inch diameter con-
ductor. We delivered a multi-wellhead system based on our
innovative SH3 speed head technology that not only saves
expensive rig time but also enhances safety for rig person-
nel and the environment. Additional congurations continue
to be developed.
When the pressure is on, Wood Group Pressure Control
delivers safer, state-of-the-art equipment and service solu-
tions that keep you in control.
To learn more visit our web site
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Contracts issued for BC-10 elds
Shell Brasil Ltd. as operator for development of the BC10 elds in
the Campos basin offshore Brazil has contracted Subsea 7 to install 10
steel pipelines totaling 109 km (69 mi), to fabricate and install six steel
lazy-wave risers totaling 18 km (11 mi), to transport and install three
dynamic and two static umbilicals totaling 50 km (31 mi), to install four
client-supplied manifolds, and to fabricate and install 25 rigid jumpers.
The BC10 elds are 120 km (75 mi) southeast of Vitria in water
depths between 1,600 m and 2,000 m (5,249 ft and 6,5621 ft).
Subsea 7s new pipeline installation vessels the Seven Oceans and
the Seven Seas will undertake the offshore installation. The Seven
Oceans deepwater rigid pipelay vessel is due to be delivered to Sub-
sea 7 in 2007, and the Seven Seas deepwater exlay and J-Lay vessel
is scheduled for mid-2008 delivery. Both vessels are under construc-
tion in Holland.
Floating production system orders jump
Since July 2006, there have been 20 orders for oating production
facilities, according to International Maritime Associates (IMA).
There are 62 on order for delivery in the next two years to join the
188 in service or available at the end of 2006. The backlog consists of
47 FPSOs, 9 production semisubmersibles, 2 TLPs, and 4 spars
The current inventory is 115 FPSOs, 39 production semis, 20
TLPs, and 14 spars. There also are an additional 70 oating storage
vessels without production capability.
IMA has identied 105 more projects currently in bidding, design,
or planning that might use oating production or storage systems.
This is by far the highest order backlog of oaters in the 30-year
history of oating production systems, says Jim McCaul, head of
IMA. The number of oaters now on order is about the same as the
total number in operation 10 years ago.
Shell awards umbilicals for Perdido elds
Shell Offshore Inc. has awarded a contract to Technip subsidiary
Duco Inc. for the umbilicals to develop the Gulf of Mexicos Great-
SUBSEA/ SURFACE SYSTEMS
Gene Kliewer Houston
Subsea 7s
Seven Oceans.
0
50
100
150
200
Spar
TLP
Semi
FPSO
188 units
end 2006
64 units
10 years ago
18 units
20 years ago
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p
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n

f
l
o
a
t
e
r
s
Floating production facility
demand growing.
No one wants to hear excuses when a hydraulic pump
or motor failure shuts down your equipmentthey just
want to know when it will be back up and running.
That's when you need Wooster Hydrostatics for fast,
reliable service. Nobody does it faster or better.
Check out Wooster Hydrostatics online or contact
Customer Service so the next time you need repairs,
rebuilds or remans, you'll have more than excuses.
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When The Pressure's On, We Perform
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TOLL FREE 800.800.6971 (USA)
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WWW.WOOSTERHYDROSTATICS.COM
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Need a Raise?
Houston, TX.
(713) 937-3100
New Orleans, LA
(504) 392-3200
www.vbar.com sales@vbar.com The Power of Engineering Delivered
We can help.
Challenged by an offshore operator to increase the storm air gap on two 8-pile Gulf of
Mexico production topsides, VERSABAR developed and delivered the solution. Using 32
synchronized hydraulic rams, the deck-raising system elevated each platform 14 feet in
about an hour.
We anticipate problems. We develop strategies. We deliver solutions.
Versabar
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White, Tobago, and Silvertip elds which
will produce through the Perdido project.
The contract is for engineering and manu-
facturing of four dynamic and three static
umbilicals, two steel-tube ying leads with
topside and subsea hardware, and a proto-
type.
Total umbilical length is 53,466 m (33 mi).
The prototype is for qualication testing to
prove the design.
Great White, Tobago and Silvertip elds
are scheduled for development via a Perdido
regional host in Alaminos Canyon, 322 km
(200 mi) south of Freeport, Texas, in about
2,438 m (8,000 ft) of water. The direct verti-
cal access spar will be the deepest spar pro-
duction facility in the world. This spar was
the subject of a contract already awarded to
Technip for construction at its yard in Pori,
Finland.
First production from Perdido is expected
around the turn of the decade.
SUBSEA/ SURFACE SYSTEMS
Subsea Tieback Forum
provides answers,
denes future
The big news recently has been in
deepwater discoveries. If those discover-
ies are going to contribute to the worlds
oil supply, some big news in production
technology will have to follow. The 7th
Annual Subsea Tieback Forum & Exhibi-
tion (SSTB) directs industry attention
toward that side of the equation.
From Feb. 27 through March 1 at
Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas, the
SSTB will feature practical and up-to-date
presentations on the status and issues
involved with subsea tiebacks. The event
will address the current status of related
technology and look ahead toward future
solutions to deepwater production. The
Offshore Magazine sponsored event is
designed to permit operators and con-
tractors with an opportunity to discuss
common problems and individual solu-
tions in a private setting.
From the opening keynote speech
scheduled to come from Ryan M. Lance
of ConocoPhillips through to the closing
panel discussion about the challenges
of completing projects on time and on
budget, the Forum will address practical,
feld-oriented systems, procedures, and
hardware. Individual sessions are sched-
uled around the big hub development
concept and execution, long-distance tie-
backs, maintaining reliability in deepwa-
ter and with diffcult wells, real problems
and how they were attacked, operation
case studies, and subsea boosting.
Scheduled participation is coming from
such operators as Anadarko, Shell, Total,
BHP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, BP, and Petro-
bras, plus subsea equipment and engi-
neering suppliers such as Aker Kvaerner,
Technip, Vetco, Intec, TDW Offshore,
Oceaneering, and FMC. In addition, there
is the individual contact between sessions
and on the exhibit foor with other people
involved in the same business.
There is also information to be
gleaned from the 100 or so exhibits that
will parallel the Forum. Representatives
will range from small valve manufactur-
ers to turnkey system suppliers.
ConocoPhillips is the show host, and
the Society for Underwater Technology is
the supporting organization. Forum spon-
sors are Aker Kvaerner, Cameron, Cross
Group, CorrOcean, FMC Technologies,
Helix Energy Solutions, Oil States Indus-
tries, Technip, Vetco, and the UK Subsea
pavilion. PennWell is the conference or-
ganizer, and the fagship media sponsors
are Offshore, Oil & Gas Journal, and Oil,
Gas & Petrochem Equipment.
For more information, up-to-the-min-
ute schedules, speaker topic details,
or for registration, look online at www.
subseatiebackforum.com.
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New multi-purpose vessel will work anywhere
Following a successful management buyout, C&M Marine Ser-
vices Ltd. is investing $100 million to purchase and convert a multi-
purpose support vessel capable of operating anywhere in the world.
The Ice Maiden, formerly the MV Paardeberg, a 14,000-metric ton
(15,432 ton) Russian Class AAA ice-breaker, is in the Atlantic Marine
Shipyard in Mobile, Alabama, undergoing conversion into a multi-
purpose construction vessel with xed accommodation for 400. It
will become the rst mono-hull otel to work in the North Sea.
When fully-refurbished, the Ice Maiden will have ice-breaking capa-
bilities and temperature controlled workshops and will be capable of
operating in some of the harshest climates, including the Arctic Circle,
where it is reported that over 30% of the worlds remaining hydrocar-
bons are located, says group operations director, David Kellas.
Growing exploration and production activity within Arctic waters
include such elds as Shtokman, Obskaya, Tazovsskaya Bay, and
Sakhalin Island. At present, there are no vessels that can operate for
more than four or ve months per year in these waters.
The Ice Maiden, with a 45-cm (18-in) thick hull, can cut through
ice over 1 m (3.3 ft) thick at a cruising speed of 1.5 knots.
The company plans to complete the conversion in the next three
months so that the vessel can be on station in the North Sea toward
the end of May 2007.
Heavy lift
Keppel Verolme BV is pursuing a rst as well. The company
has secured a $184-million contract to build a oating heavy lifter to
decommission offshore structures.
This innovative rst-in-the-world heavy lifter of its class was
awarded by MPU Offshore Lift ASA, a subsidiary of the Norwegian
design and development company MPU Enterprise AS.
The semisubmersible unit is expected to be completed by early 2009.
Keppel Verolme will execute the marine outtting works and will
build the accommodation block. The company also will fabricate and
carry out steelwork, and will install equipment to lift topsides and jack-
ets. Yard facilities will be leased for construction of the concrete sub-
structure by the owners appointed civil contractor, the company says.
Heerema adds newbuild
Heerema Marine Contractors is investing $1 billion for a new
deepwater construction vessel.
A new generation, deepwater construction vessel is needed to
meet the demands of national and international oil companies. Mar-
ket developments and needs of customers, as well as our current
market position, are strong drivers behind the decision to proceed
with the design of a new vessel, says HMCs CEO, John Reed.
Design is under way, and a competitive tender will be launched to
select a shipyard for fabrication. Likely candidates are in Southeast
Asia, Reed says.
The vessel will measure approximately 220 m (722 ft) by 88 m
(289 ft) and will be equipped with capacity to lift at least 12,882 met-
ric tons (14,200 tons), equivalent to the companys Thialf.
According to Heerema, the vessel will be marketed for worldwide
use, including the Arctic.
Frontline converts vessel
The market for heavy-lift vessels has prompted Frontline Ltd. to
get into the game. Late last year, Frontline declared an option with
COSCO Shipyard, China, to convert the Front Target to a heavy-lift
vessel. The conversion, scheduled to begin in May 2007 and to con-
clude in August 2007, will include tting a new mid-ship section and
upgrading all major vessel components. The company estimates the
vessels operating life, once the conversion is complete, at more than
15 years.
Frontline has entered into a management contract with Interna-
tional Transport Contractors, the Netherlands, regarding commer-
cial operation of its heavy-lift vessels.
Another construction vessel enters eet
MPU Enterprise AS awarded Grenland Group an engineering
contract for a new semisubmersible concrete vessel, the MPU Heavy
Lifter. The vessel is a U-shaped multi-purpose buoyancy lifter for use
in offshore installations. It is designed to lift by deballasting and can
remove topsides from jackets or oating substructures and can in-
stall topsides onto jackets or oating substructures. The MPU Heavy
Lifter also is equipped for removing and installing jackets.
The contract includes detail design and engineering and has a val-
ue of $4.7 million. The work will be performed in Grenland Groups
ofces in Sandefjord.
Jurong to build jackup barge
Jurong Shipyard has received a letter of award from Saudi Ar-
amco for the design, construction, and delivery of a self-elevating,
heavy-lift jackup barge to be completed in 1Q 2010.
The jackup will be a self-elevating heavy-lift, subsea pipeline re-
pair and maintenance support unit, designed for operations in 5-60
m (16-197 ft) water depths in the Arabian Gulf.
The jackup barge structure, machinery, and systems will be built
for a life span of 30 years. Capable of continuous operations for 14
days, the jackup barge also is designed to withstand 50-year storms
from any direction when elevated.
Labroy to build AHTSs
In late 3Q 2006, Labroy Shipbuilding and Engineering Pte. Ltd.
secured contracts to build two 72.5-m (238-ft), 150-metric-ton (165-
ton) bollard pull anchor handling tug supply (AHTS) vessels. The
units are scheduled for delivery in 2009.
These new shipbuilding contracts have raised the companys or-
der book to $1.2 billion, says director Tan Boy Tee, Labroy chairman
and managing director.
Tan projects a strong outlook for the building of new offshore
AHTS vessels globally. Similar to oil rigs, the majority of the global
offshore AHTS eet was built during the last offshore cycle in the
1970s. Currently, more than 70% of the eet is more than 20 years of
age and this aging eet is due for replacement, he says.
There is a strong direct link between the growth of AHTS vessels
and that of offshore rig, Tan says. The current boom in rig building
bodes well for the prospects of AHTS vessels.
VESSELS, RI GS, UPGRADES
Judy Maksoud Houston
Keppel Verolme BV will build a foating heavy lifter to decommission
offshore structures.
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Introducing TurboTorque
TM
/ ? t | ? I / ' w ? I t ? I / ? : l I I ' I f
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Saves time, cuts cost...
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horizontal wells.
TurboTorque is the industr ys f i rst fami ly
of connections designed to meet the specif ic
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TurboTorque connections feature a
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Shell plans deepwater seabed
production boosting systems
Shell and Baker Hughes Centrilift plan to
install two major deepwater seabed produc-
tion boosting systems for subsea projects
one in the Gulf of Mexico and one offshore
Brazil. This marks the rst project using
electrical submersible pumping (ESP) sys-
tems in seabed vertical booster stations in
the GoM.
The Shell Perdido Regional Development
project in the Gulf includes ve enhanced
run-life ESP vertical booster stations. Each
installation will include a liquid/gas separa-
tor to maximize ESP performance.
The vertical booster stations will handle
production from three subsea satellite elds
(Great White, Silvertip, and Tobago) tied
back to the Perdido spar host facility. This
will be the deepest spar production facility in
the world, moored in approximately 2,438 m
(8,000 ft) of water. The booster stations will
be directly beneath the spar and will be tied
to the platform via top tensioned risers. First
production is anticipated around the turn of
the decade.
The rst phase of the Shell Brazil BC-10
deepwater project offshore Brazil includes
six enhanced run-life ESP vertical booster
stations 8 km (5 mi) from the host FPSO.
Centrilift will supply the ESP equipment as
well as perform engineering design, quali-
cation, and testing services. Four of the
systems include liquid/gas separators; two
do not include separators, but employ spe-
cially designed Centrilift multi-phase uid
pumps.
The BC-10 project encompasses the Ostra,
Abalone, and Argonauta elds. The BC-10
block is in the Campos basin in 1,600 to 1,905
m (5,250 to 6,250 ft) of water, 121 km (75 mi)
southeast of Vitoria. First oil is scheduled
around the turn of the decade.
ESP booster systems offer several advan-
tages, including deployment from vessels, re-
dundant system designs to maximize run time,
and use of existing infrastructure to house the
systems in certain congurations.
ExxonMobil installing subsea
multi-phase meters
ExxonMobil plans to install 19 Vetco Gray-
supplied Roxar subsea multi-phase meters
in the Mondo and Saxi/Batuque elds, part
of the Kizomba C development. The project
is operated by ExxonMobil subsidiary Esso
Exploration Angola (block 15) Ltd.
In June 2006, Roxar signed a letter of in-
tent for the installation in the Mondo eld
which has since been extended to include
the Saxi/Batuque elds.
Through the continuous measurement of
the amount of oil, condensate, gas, and water
at the wellheads on the seabed, ExxonMobil
can determine the optimal production capac-
ity of each well to avoid overproducing the
well, increase ow assurance from the elds,
and optimize the production process. The
meter provides continuous on-line monitor-
ing of ow rates with its electronics and ow
computing modules contained in a subsea
retrievable canister.
By measuring multi-phase ows in real-
time and obtaining new information for the
diagnosis and optimization of a wells perfor-
mance (the timing of well ow changes, for
example), ExxonMobil can conduct quicker,
more efcient well tests, take greater con-
trol over its production systems, and ensure
maximum reservoir performance. Each well
has a jumper mounted meter with retriev-
able canisters containing electronics, central
processing unit, and power. By eliminating
anges, the need for dedicated test lines and
full body replacement, should electronics
fail, the meter simplies manifold and sub-
sea structure design and minimizes the risk
of leakage and environmental pollution. The
meter weighs 680 kg (1,500 lb).
The Mondo eld is 370 km (230 mi) west
of Luanda, Angola, in 740 m (2,428 ft) of wa-
ter, and represents Phase 1 of the deepwater
Kizomba C project. Together with the Saxi
and Batuque elds, combined resources are
estimated at 615 MMbbl of oil. Two FPSOs
will be required to develop the elds with
initial production set for early 2008 and peak
production estimated at 200,000 b/d of oil.
The estimated cost for the Kizomba C devel-
opment is $3.5 billion.
Kizomba is part of block 15 and is the larg-
est deepwater development offshore West
Africa. To date, over 4 Bboe have been dis-
covered on the block and, following the 2005
start-up of Kizomba B, combined daily pro-
duction capacity is more than 550 Mb/d of
oil. Daily production capacity for the block is
projected to exceed 750 Mb/d by 2008.
AWE developing Tui eld
offshore New Zealand
Australian Worldwide Exploration (AWE)
continues its drilling program for the Tui
Area Development by running the surface
casing and cementing on the Pateke-3H, Tui
2H, and Tui-3H production wells.
The Pateke-3H well was cased and tempo-
rarily suspended after successfully running
and cementing surface casing at a depth of
1,500 m (4,921 ft). Following subsea tree in-
stallation, the rig was released on Dec. 22,
2006.
The Tui-2H well started drilling on Dec.
23, 2006, and the surface section of the well
was drilled to 1,502 m (4,928 ft) MD, where
surface casing was run and cemented. The
well was temporarily suspended on Dec. 28,
and the rig was released to the Tui-3H loca-
tion.
Tui-3H has been drilled to 1,500 m (4,921
ft) MD and preparations are being made to
install the subsea tree. Following completion
of these activities at Tui-3H, the well will be
suspended temporarily and the rig will be re-
located to the adjacent Tui-2H well for instal-
lation of the subsea tree, followed by drilling
of the deeper section of the well, including
the horizontal reservoir section.
The Tui Area Development is within PMP
38158, in the Taranaki basin, 50 km (31 mi)
offshore New Zealand. First oil is expected
by June 30, 2007. When fully commissioned,
a production rate peaking at 50,000 b/d of oil
is anticipated.
DRI LLI NG & PRODUCTI ON
Frank Hartley Houston
ExxonMobil will install 19 Roxar
subsea multi-phase meters
on the Kizomba C development
offshore Angola.
ANGOLA
REPUBLIC OF
CONGO
DEM. REPUBLIC
OF CONGO
Roxar subsea
Multi-phase meter
CABINDA
(ANGOLA)
Kizomba A
Kizomba C
Kizomba B
Xikomba
Block 15
Block 17
ExxonMobil interest
Announced deepwater discovery well
Development projects
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Contact us at
coiled.tubing@bakeroiltools.com for your free
Coiled Tubing Solutions Handbook.
T H E C o m p l e t i o n a n d I n t e r v e n t i o n C o m p a n y
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OHM charters dedicated survey vessel
Offshore Hydrocarbon Mapping Plc. has chartered a dedicated
CSEM vessel from Seatrans for ve years. The OHM Express is
scheduled for a May 2007 launch.
OHMs engineering team has been working with Seatrans over
the last months to complete the design for the conversion of the ves-
sel to CSEM operations.
Upon completion, the vessel will offer fast transit performance,
dynamic positioning, dedicated launch / recovery for OHMs CSEM
transmitter, handling of CSEM receivers to and from below decks
storage facilities to preparation area and directly to the waterline,
and continuous high-speed data link to shore.
OHM has traditionally opted for survey vessels that used the
portability of the OHM technology, says Dave Pratt, OHM CEO.
However, the growing demands for our industry-leading technol-
ogy and the tight shipping market have demonstrated that a dedi-
cated survey vessel is required for the longer-term.
Falkland plans 2D assessment, CSEM survey
Falkland Oil & Gas expects to begin assessing 10,000 km (6,214
mi) of 2D seismic work, planning a CSEM survey to begin in Janu-
ary, and then beginning a sea bottom coring program in February.
Waveeld InSeis was contracted for the 2D seismic survey and Off-
shore Hydrocarbon Mapping was contracted for the CSEM survey.
This work is expected to culminate in exploration drilling by 2008.
Falkland also is planning to acquire sea bottom cores. These will
be targeted at a number of possible oil seeps that have been identi-
ed from seismic data and satellite imagery, says Richard Liddell,
chairman, and Tim Bushell, chief executive, Falkland.
We hope to recover live oil samples. This would demonstrate
that oil has been generated and that it has migrated within the South
and East Falkland basins.
No contractor has been named to conduct the coring.
TGS starts Indonesia surveys
TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. ASA has begun acquisition of geo-
scientic surveys over Indonesias frontier basis. The survey will
cover about 1 million sq km (386,102 sq mi) in 16 sedimentary ba-
sins, according to TGS.
The studies are scheduled to include the following:
33,000 km (20,505 mi) new 2D seismic data
419,000 sq km (161,777 sq mi) of Multibeam SeaSeep, gravity,
and magnetic data
1,500 sediment cores
4,500 geochemical analyses
250 heat ow probes.
This exciting new program will generate a huge amount of new
data and ideas on Indonesian geology, says R. Pryono, director of
Directorate General of Oil and Gas (MIGAS), a subdivision of the
Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. I am con-
dent that as a result we will be able to rewrite the geology of Indo-
nesia.
The project is designed to couple new technologies with proven
geologic concepts, says TGS. The gravity and magnetic data will pro-
vide information on the tectonic fabric and basement architecture
in the basin while the seismic data will provide more detailed struc-
tural mapping capabilities. The Mutibeam SeaSeep data will provide
a high-resolution view of seaoor topography and will be used to
detect hydrocarbon seeps on the seaoor. The sediment cores, geo-
chemical analyses, and heat probe tests will be used to evaluate the
commercial viability of petroleum found in the frontier basins. The
complete, integrated data package will be marketed to the explora-
tion industry.
The geology and petroleum potential of Indonesias frontier ba-
sins are not well understood by industry, with large areas written off
with little or no data, says Paul Gilleran, TGS general manager for
Asia-Pacic. Modern, integrated data can help open these frontier
basins to new, clever exploration.
China awards gas hydrate work
Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS) of the Ministry of
Land and Resources, Peoples Republic of China has awarded Fugro
Hong Kong a $9-14 million contract for drilling and sampling ser-
vices involved in GMGS gas hydrate research.
GMGS expects the South China Sea to contain gas hydrates, and
views that as a potential new source of energy. To assess the pres-
ence of gas hydrates, GMGS requires data on the nature of seaoor
geology. Fugro will use its geotechnical investigation vessel M/V
Bavenit for this contract. The vessel is equipped with a DP system
for work in deepwater.
Scan Geo Searcher sets company records
Scan Geophysical ASAs 2D vessel, the M/V Geo Searcher, has set
both single day and daily average production records for the com-
pany while working offshore Pakistan.
The vessel shot 232.5 km (144.4 mi) on Nov. 11, 2006, a record
daily production for Scan. In addition, the vessel has shot 4,255 km
(2,644 mi) in 24 days, for an average daily production of 177 km (110
mi), also a company record.
The survey was being conducted by SCAN for GEMS Interna-
tional NV, a Belgian and UK-based company specializing in EEZ and
UNCLOS surveys.
GEOSCI ENCES
Gene Kliewer Houston
Kenya survey under way. Pancontinental Oil & Gas says its
partner Origin Energy has started a 3,200 km (1,988 mi), 2D
seismic program over blocks L8 & L9 in the Lamu basin off-
shore Kenya. The program is scheduled to target some 40 leads
across both, which are adjacent to the Woodside-operated
block L5, where exploration drilling is currently under way. Seis-
mic acquisition is expected to be completed in February 2007.
A F R I CA
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Kenya
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Rig utilization stands
at 100% around the globe
All regions expect shortages in 2007
T
he offshore rig market experienced a
year of highs in 2006, and the trend
is not expected to stop in 2007. Rig
demand is stronger than ever. Rig
owners are struggling to meet cus-
tomers demands, and many operators face
difculty meeting their drilling goals around
the world. Marketed offshore drilling eet
utilization is essentially 100% for all rig types
around the globe. Nearly all rigs that can
work are working. However, as dozens of
new rigs are delivered from shipyards over
the next several years, things could change.
US Gulf of Mexico
Offshore rig eet utilization in the US
Gulf of Mexico has been climbing slowly to-
ward 90% supply. In mid-January 2007, 119
of the 139 available rigs in the regions have
contracts, which translates to 86% utilization.
However, since none of the idle units are
available for immediate work, eet utiliza-
tion is effectively 100% in the region.
Supply and demand will remain relatively
close for jackups and semisubmersibles in
the US Gulf, even following the departure
of a number of rigs in 2006. Currently, 76
jackups, 30 semis, six drillships, and seven
submersibles are working in the GoM. Most
of them are working in shallow water.
On the plus side, the region sees strong
demand in its deepwater segments. In-
creased exploration and production activity
has boosted demand for deepwater capable
drillships and semis, of which there are far
too few supplied. As a result, operators are
agreeing to record day rates so they can be
assured access to deepwater rigs.
Drillships capable of drilling in up to 3,048
m (10,000 ft) of water are catching the largest
contracts. Transoceans Discoverer Enterprise,
for example, will earn $520,000 a day when it
begins its contract for BP in the Gulf.
Central and South America
Rig demand continues to outstrip supply,
with several offshore rig market segments
at 100% utilization in Central America, South
America, and the Caribbean Sea. Day rates
continue to rise, and with several rigs sched-
uled to leave the Latin American market,
there seems to be no end in sight for the
tight rig supply in the region.
All seven drillships in Latin America are
working offshore Brazil, and all will stay on
contract throughout 2007. The highest day
rate for a drillship in this region is $300,000,
but that will jump to $475,000 next year, when
Transoceans Deepwater Discovery moves to
Brazil to work for Devon Energy.
Semisubmersibles are also at full utilization
in Latin America as they have been for nearly
two years. As of January 2007, all 28 semis in
the region were under contract. Only one is
not working. While utilization has remained
static for the last year and a half, average day
rates have risen dramatically, and now hover
around $336,000. The highest day rate for
semis in the area is just under $450,000.
The jackup utilization rate in Latin America
is about 91%, with 42 of 46 jackups under con-
tract. The average day rate for a jackup in Lat-
in America is $165,651. If rigs were available,
forecasts indicate a potential 10-rig increase
in jackup demand in the region in 2007.
Europe
In mid-January, all 76 rigs in Northwest Eu-
rope were under contract. The scarcity of rigs
has forced European operators to tender for
rigs for future drilling programs earlier than
usual. The regions rig market could come up
short by as many as four semisubmersibles
over the next year. As for the jackup market,
2007 will see operators confronting a range of
market conditions, from a four-rig shortage
early in the year to a more-or-less balanced
market by year-end.
Over the last year, the Northwest Europe
rig market has been very strong. However,
the long-term outlook for the UK is question-
able due to declining production, aging in-
frastructure, and increasing tax rates. These
factors could discourage further exploration
and production in the area.
Also, while Norwegian operators have
made new discoveries and drilled successful
appraisal wells, many companies nd Norway
a difcult place to operate because rigs need
special certication, labor costs are high, and
environmental restrictions are stringent, par-
ticularly in the Barents Sea, which is the most
promising exploration area.
Even with these problems, more projects
are planned than rigs are available to ex-
ecute, which could cancel some projects.
The scarcity of rigs has resulted in some
companies, Statoil ASA in particular, signing
multiple large rig contracts with primary
terms of four or ve years with up to ve ad-
ditional years in options.
Justin Smith
ODS-Petrodata

TOP 1 0 DRI LLI NG CONTRACTORS
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Total supply Contracted % Total utilization
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Worldwide mobile offshore drilling rig supply and demand
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DRI LLI NG & COMPLETI ON
Mediterranean, Black Sea
Currently, 23 of the 24 rigs in the Mediter-
ranean/Black Sea region are under contract,
for a eet utilization rate of 96%. Of the rigs
in the region, 21 are working.
Egypt leads the region with 11 of the 24
active rigs, but several other area countries
will see increased activity. The number of rigs
working offshore Italy is expected to increase
by ve, while Turkey is home to two units.
Libya and Tunisia are expected to see more
activity as more rigs become available, al-
though this may not happen in the next year.
With the recently completed Petroleum Geo-
Services offshore seismic survey, it is possi-
ble that Lebanon could throw its hat into the
oil and gas exploration ring.
West Africa
West Africa is the very denition of tight.
For months, rig eet utilization has steamed
along at 100%, and this level of activity should
persist though the remainder of this year. At
present, supply and demand are in balance,
but by the end of the year, slight shortages
can be expected.
Over two-thirds of the available rigs in West
Africa will be on long-term development proj-
ects, many of which last through 2008 and
several into 2010. Operators are pushing with

Top 10 Drilling Contractors
Rig Total Rigs Under U.S. Gulf Latin Northwest West Middle Asia Rest of
owner mobile rigs Contracted Construction of Mexico America Europe Africa East Pacic World
Transocean 81 81 3 10 6 15 13 4 17 16
GlobalSantaFe 60 57 1 12 2 10 13 9 8 6
Noble 60 60 4 9 15 9 7 14 5 1
Ensco 48 46 4 16 1 8 1 8 12 2
Pride 48 48 0 14 19 0 9 2 1 3
Diamond Offshore 47 45 2 22 8 4 0 1 9 3
SeaDrill 34 27 14 0 0 4 4 0 24 2
Maersk Contractors 30 20 7 1 10 8 0 0 10 1
PDVSA 28 23 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0
Todco 27 19 0 21 5 0 1 0 0 0
Total 463 426 35 105 94 58 48 38 86 34
Note: This table shows the Top 10 worldwide drilling contractors ranked by the number of offshore mobile rigs in their feet (excluding inland barges
and platform rigs). Data is as of Jan. 10, 2007.
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GE
Transportation
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Then you need GEs AC motors.
GE manufactures the toughest AC motors available for
drilling applications. In fact, since 1997 GE has provided
more than 1,000 AC traction motors for land and offshore
drilling rigs worldwide.
GEs AC motors have more torque than DC motors, but rest
on the same 752 DC footprint and weigh less than the
competition. Offered in horizontal or vertical congurations,
the 1150 hp or 1500 hp AC motor will meet the most
stringent requirements of your drilling equipment.
For more information on GEs AC and DC motors visit
www.getransportation.com.
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exploratory programs as well, especially in
deepwater regions.
The tight rig market keeps upward pres-
sure on day rates, and rig owners have taken
advantage of the upswing this year. At this
time last year, 91-m (300-ft) cantilever jack-
ups in West Africa were signing contracts for
about $123,667 per day. Now, the day rate for
these rigs is in the $165,500 range.
Semisubmersibles capable of drilling in
greater than 1,524 m (5,000 ft) of water began
2006 signing deals for an average of $250,000
per day. That number has since exploded.
Today, rigs with the same capability earn
$430,000 per day.
Semis have not cornered the market on
astounding day rate increases though. Drill-
ships in January 2006 were signing contracts
for $285,000 per day, but Eni recently award-
ed Saipem a contract for the Saipem 10000 at
a rate of $490,000 per day. Considering that
deepwater work in the region is increasing,
these numbers could continue to climb.
Middle East
With 86 of 90 mobile offshore rigs under
contract in the Middle East, the regions off-
shore rig eet utilization rate stands at 96%.
Two of the rigs in the region are semisub-
mersibles, and the rest are jackups.
The most active operators include Saudi
Aramco with 18 offshore rigs under con-
tract, followed by Adma-Opco with 12, and
RasGas with nine.
As with the rest of the world, day rates for
offshore rigs in the Middle East have been ris-
ing, but day rates in this region are still lower
than those in other rig markets. Day rates in
the Middle East range from as low as $40,000
to $60,000 per day up to nearly $200,000.
One reason rates are lower in the region is
that many of the contracts were signed over
the last couple of years when oil prices and day
rates were lower. The contracts were signed
for terms lasting several years.
The majority of upcoming offshore rig
requirements in the region will be for work
offshore Qatar, the United Arab Emirates,
and Saudi Arabia.
Caspian Sea
Half the rigs in the Caspian Sea area are
under contract. The Caspian Sea eet is made
up of 14 rigs: seven semisubmersibles, six
jackups, and a lone barge rig. Seven of the
rigs are cold stacked, six in Azerbaijan and
one, the barge, in Russia. One rig, North
Drilling Co.s semi Iran Alborz, is under con-
struction and is scheduled to begin a contract
with Caspian Oil in February. The remaining
rigs are working for several operators includ-
ing AIOC, BP, Dragon Oil, Lukoil, ExxonMo-
bil, and Petronas Carigali.
Asia/Pacic
Mobile offshore rig utilization in the Asia/
Australia region, excluding India, is 95%, with
96 of 101 rigs under contract.
The Southeast Asia market will see more
uctuation than other regions, with both
shortages and surpluses. At worst, opera-
tors seeking jackups can expect shortages
as high as seven rigs. Those seeking semis
will fare little better, with a market that will
be short by ve rigs. Drillship supply will
continue to be a non-issue. Only two or
three of the four to ve drillships in the re-
gion are likely to be working at any given
time over the next year.
Rig supply in the Far East market should
continue to slightly outpace demand through-
out the rst half of 2007. The supply decit
will not be as bad as in many other regions
since demand is expected to exceed supply
by only one or two rigs.
The Australia/New Zealand region also is
likely to experience shortages of no more than
a rig or two. The bulk of these shortages will
occur in the jackup market, but semis could in-
cur a small decit towards the end of 2007.

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20-22 February 2007
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Total brings onstream second deepwater
hub in Angolas prolific block 17
240,000 b/d of oil year-end target
L
ate last year, oil started owing from Totals second production
center in Angolas block 17. Dalia, like its forerunner Girassol,
is being developed via one of the worlds largest FPSOs linked
to an extensive network of deepwater subsea wells.
There the similarities end, however. Dalias shallower sub-
surface location presented greater difculties in well design, due to
the need for a steeper drilling radius, and the elds extent would
require twice as many wells to develop. Also, its Miocene crude is
much heavier than Girassols Oligocene oil, and cooler on outow.
This would necessitate more intensive ow assurance measures, both
to safeguard passage of uids to the FPSO at the correct temperature,
and to counter hydrates build-up during shut-downs.
Prior to its merger with Total, Elf discovered Dalia in September
1997, as part of a prolonged drilling campaign in the previously un-
drilled deepwater block 17. The eld, 230 sq km (89 sq mi) in area, is
situated 135 km (84 mi) offshore Angolas northern coast, in water
depths varying from 1,200 to 1,500 m (3,937 to 4,921 ft). Recoverable
reserves are estimated at close to 1 Bbbl of oil.
Dalias four main reservoirs were formed over 25 million years
ago following the accumulation of sediments at the mouth of the
Congo River. Over time, periodic subsea avalanches shifted these
sediments out to the deep offshore, where they were deposited in
and along the edges of seabed channels.
Today the turbiditic, unconsolidated and heterogeneous reser-
voir sands, lying at a subsurface depth of 800 m (2,625 ft), are sev-
eral kilometers long, with varying thickness. All contain viscous and
acidic crude (21-23 API), with relatively low outow temperatures
of 45-50 C.
Jeremy Beckman
Editor, Europe

GEOGRAPHI C FOCUS: WEST AFRI CA
The 984-ft-long Dalia FPSO is equipped to handle 240,000 b/d of oil.
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pipelay
accommodation
installation
fabrication
www. seatrucksgroup. com
Sea Trucks Group
SERVING THE INSHORE AND OFFSHORE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
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According to Dalias project di-
rector, Daniel Picard, Total started
preliminary analysis of the eld
and its geology in 1998. One of the
main preoccupations was resolving
uncertainties over the sediment
composition: Clay deposits cause
compartmentalization in Dalias
reservoir sands, in turn constrain-
ing connectivity and hampering oil
ow.
During the projects concep-
tual stages, ABB in Den Haag
performed basic engineering, but
Totals in-house team managed
subsequent engineering studies,
before submitting the nal devel-
opment plan to Sonangol in 2002.
From the outset, says Picard, in-
sulation of subsea equipment was
the overriding concern for Elf
and its block 17 partners Exxon-
Mobil, BP, Statoil, and Hydro.
Development options
Angolas government sanctioned a de-
velopment plan in May 2003. The subsea
production system, awarded early on to
Kvaerner Oileld Products, would be one of
the worlds largest for a deepwater project,
with a base case of 67 wells, comprising 34
producers, 30 water injectors and three gas
injectors (two to be converted later on for
water injection). There would be an option
to expand the total to 71 wells, should the
partners decide to tie in the nearby Miocene
accumulation Camellia.
Due to the relatively shallow subsurface
depth, all would be highly deviated near-
horizontal within the reservoirs with an
average drain length of 1,100 m (3,609 ft),
and drill-through horizontal christmas trees.
These wells would be tied into nine mani-
folds connecting 40-km (25 mi) of 305 mm
(12-in.) pipelines in four production loops, to
maximize coverage on the seabed. Produced
uids would head to the FPSO through eight
exible production riser bundles; reservoir
drive would be assisted by four 305-mm (12-
in.) water injection lines and associated ris-
ers, and two 305 mm (12-in.) gas injection
owlines, with 75 km (47 mi) of steel tube,
control/power umbilicals.
Technip secured a contract for the um-
bilicals, risers, and owlines, manufacture
being split among the companys exible
pipe production center in northern France
and its new umbilical plant in Angola. Tech-
nip was also contracted for pre-installation
of the FPSOs mooring system, installation
of the subsea manifolds, and all associated
subsea tie-ins.
Total contracted Samsung Heavy Indus-
tries (SHI) for the 50,802-metric ton (56,000-
ton) FPSO hull, with a turnkey contract for
the 27,216-metric ton (30,000-ton) topsides
awarded to the Dalia Mar Profundo joint
venture of Technip, Saipem, and Stolt Off-
shore (now Acergy), in partnership with
fabricators SHI and Daewoo (DSME).
The 300 m (984 ft) long, 63 m (207 ft) wide,
32 m (105 ft) high FPSO would be equipped
to handle up to an average of 240,000 b/d of
oil, with two processing trains to heat incom-
ing crude and separate out gas and water. It
would also have total liquids handling capa-
bility of 400,000 b/d, oil storage capacity of 2
MMbbl, and gas compression capacity of up
to 8 MMcm/d.
Subsea network
Total and Sonangol had sanctioned Kvaern-
er Oileld Products (KOP) to start pre-engi-
neering for the subsea production system late
in 2002. The full EPC contract the following
April covered the supply of 67 christmas trees
and associated wellhead systems, along with
nine six-slot subsea manifolds, two workover
systems, and related connection equipment.
The 178 mm (7-in.) and 140 mm (5 12-in.)
drill-through, horizontal trees, each measur-
ing 5 x 5 x 4 m (16 x 16 x 13 ft) and
weighing around 40 metric tons
(44 tons), are designed to control
and monitor produced reservoir
uids, water, and gas injection. Oil
production will be commingled
at nine manifolds, each with slots
for up to six wells, before heading
through Dalias subsea pipeline
system to the FPSO. Water and
gas injection trees are being con-
nected on a standalone basis to
their dedicated injection lines.
All the manifolds have dimen-
sions of 14 x 8 x 8 m (46 x 26 x 26
ft), weigh around 140 metric tons
(154 tons), and incorporate large
and small bore piping and valves
for hydraulic control and chemical
injection via umbilicals. Due to the
nature of Dalias reservoir uids,
thermal insulation of the produc-
tion equipment must be safe-
guarded at all times to sustain the
oil temperature above the hydrate
formation point.
KOPs extensive qualication
tests for this equipment took over
a year to complete. Following as-
sembly in Tranby, Norway, the
rst production christmas tree
was sent to the companys complex in Ab-
erdeen early in 2004 for controls integration
testing, while the rst water injection tree
was shipped directly to the companys mani-
fold fabrication yard in Tarragona, northeast
Spain, for underwater performance tests in
20 m (66 ft)of water.
These shallow water tests the rst ever
conducted at the port of Tarragona began
at the end of 2004, using a portside crane to
lower the injection tree onto its wellhead. An
ROV then connected a production tree to a
pre-installed manifold, the tree being linked
to the shore via an umbilical.
The main objectives were to prove that
the primary equipment items could function
individually, connect to each other and oper-
ate in unison, and could accommodate ROV
intervention at a future point. To ensure
compliance with temperature constraints,
hot uids were placed in some of the subsea
equipment components to verify ow assur-
ance and temperature controls. KOP/Total
also conducted a cool-down test to assess
procedures for the prevention of hydrate
formation. For the ROV operations, special
tools were developed for installation of ca-
bles, turning clamps and valves.
During summer 2004, the Schlumberger-
designed completion strings linking the
trees with the reservoirs underwent two
months of system integration tests in Hous-
ton, prior to nal assembly. Total selected

Dalia FPSO on Angola block 17.
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Libya
Egypt
Algeria
Niger
Chad
Sudan
Tunisia
Greece
Malta
Sirte Basin
228,747 kms.
Al Kufra Basin
145,074 kms.
Murzuq Basin
124,664 kms.
Ghadames Basin
151,522 kms.
Offshore Area
244,815 kms.
Cyrenaica Platform
66,294 kms.
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seven different completion designs for Da-
lia, including two smart congurations.
Qualication involved individual compo-
nent and sub-system testing to ensure com-
pliance with Dalias uids specications. The
completion was then assembled and run into
a horizontal test well to validate running op-
erations and functionality for workovers and
interventions.
For the initial phase of development drill-
ing, Total contracted two deepwater drill-
ships to work in parallel, the Pride Africa
and the Pride Angola, both of which had also
served on Girassol and the subsequent tie-in
of Rosa/Lirio.
Dalias light architecture well trajecto-
ries, all designed by Total in-house, were
relatively complex in certain cases. Among
the main challenges would be the need to
sustain an accurate drain trajectory through
productive reservoir layers varying from 80
m (262 ft) thick in the elds main channels
to just a few meters on the anks.
Development drilling started in Febru-
ary 2005, and the 67 wells are expected to
take 2,500 days, or close to seven rig years,
to complete. Pride Angola is due to work on
Rosa mid-2007, but Pride Africa will remain
on station for the duration of the program.
The drill-through design of the trees
improves drilling times and productivity,
Picard explains, as it allows us to install the
trees earlier in the drilling sequence, and to
drill the wells in batches without having to
lift and re-install the BOP each time. Fol-
lowing setting of the rst production and in-
jector trees, the multi-purpose construction
vessel Bourbon Jade has taken on this role for
the time being. Although tree installation is
usually performed by the rig, Picard says,
installation by cable from a multi-purpose
vessel is quicker, and the day rate is also
lower.
Flow management
Total discounted both steel catenary ris-
ers and riser towers, the latter rst tried on
Girassol, as being far too heavy for Dalias
FPSO. To optimize ow of the heavy crude,
and the associated need for gas injection, the
company opted instead for a network of 305
mm (12-in.) risers and owlines. These were
congured to maximize production while si-
multaneously controlling multi-phase ows.
The twin imperatives of heat conservation
and hydrate formation prevention meant
that all uid-bearing owlines and risers had
to be heavily insulated, to guarantee that:
1. During normal production periods, oil
exiting the reservoir at 46 C could not arrive
at the FPSO at a temperature below 34 C.
2. In the event of a shutdown, the uids
temperature would not fall below 21 C be-
fore the lines integrity had been preserved.
The solution for the owlines was a con-
guration of four pipe-in-pipe production line
loops resting on the seabed. Total selected
Aerogel, an efcient insulation medium with
an OHTC of around 0.65, to ll the annulus
between the inner 305 mm (12-in.) and outer
432 mm (17-in.) carrier pipes. NASA had
developed this material (Aerogel) for space
applications, but Dalia represented the rst
use in an offshore setting.
We are using a silica-based version with
an average pore size of around 10 nanome-
ters and a pore size distribution of typically
2-50 nanometers, says Picard. The Aero-
gel is combined with reinforcing bers to
produce sheets that are further processed
in 2-m (7-ft) long blankets, comprising four
layers.
Another innovation was the selection of
Integrated Bundle Production risers (IPBs)
a Technip concept to convey produced
uids from the owlines to the FPSO. The
eight IPB risers, each 1,650 m (5,413 ft) long
and 800 metric tons (882 tons) in weight, are
exible, allowing them to yield in all direc-
tions to sea currents.
Within all the bundles, 24 gas-lift tubes
(each comprising 60 elements) and six elec-
trical trace heating cables are wound around
the 305 mm (12-in.) exible pipe core, with
10 layers of insulation provided to ensure
uids heat retention. The 3-m (10-ft) long
end-ttings each weigh 15 metric tons (17
tons).
A distributed temperature system, based
on optical bers, provides temperature mon-
itoring throughout the length of each riser.
The principle, Picard explains, is based
on the temperature along the ber length
being a function of a shift in the light spec-
trum. The distance from the beginning of
the ber is calculated through time of ight
measurement. This allows us to obtain a
temperature prole of the ber at 1-m (3-ft)
intervals with good accuracy.
Technips initial analytical program for
the Dalia IPBs involved seven months of
material qualication tests, mechanical tests
including crushing, bending and pulling,
and subsequent deepwater immersion per-
formance tests at a location offshore Brazil
to validate the IPBs design integrity.
The main purpose of the deepwater trials
was to provide feedback on the behavior of
the tensile armor layers under buckling con-
ditions. Technip submitted the pipe section
to cyclic curvature variation, as might be
induced by the FPSOs motions, while also
subjecting the pipe to external pressures.
After each cyclic test, the team released cal-
lipers, which were allowed to slide down the
pipe section. Any stoppages en route would
have indicated diameter variations brought
on by buckling.
Technip then cut up the test IPB for fur-
ther analysis and validation, also conducting
full-scale vertical thermal tests over a three-
month period to conrm thermal charac-
teristics and performance. These involved
measuring the heat exchange coefcient, the
heating performance, and cool-down times.
The IPBs were manufactured in two batch-
es of four at Technips factory in Le Trait in
northern France; collectively the 10 layers
represented the biggest diameter (584 mm
[23 in.]) the company had produced for an
offshore project. Le Trait also supplied the
dedicated exible risers for each of the four
water injection pipelines and the two gas in-
jection lines, and the FPSO export line (see
below).
Technip has also engineered the exible
risers to manage dynamic stresses and cor-
rosion concerns. There is a potential prob-
lem of hydrogen sulde in Dalias gas which
could migrate horizontally through the riser
carcass, Picard points out. To counter that,
you need a material that is H2S-resistant - i.e.
a higher grade stainless steel - but this also
makes it difcult to maintain the risers me-
chanical properties. It was a very complex
design process our solution involved using
15 different materials for the risers.
FPSO construction
First steel sections for the FPSOs hull were
cut in January 2004. Work at SHIs drydock
started three months later, with the completed

NASA had developed this material (Aerogel)
for space applications, but Dalia represented
the rst use in an offshore setting.
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hull being launched in August that year. In
May 2005, the Dalia Mar Profundo consortium
installed the topsides on the hull at DSMEs
yard in Geoje Island.
According to Picard, the deck is not as
spacious as Girassols, where room was left
from the outset to accommodate the later-
phase tie-in of Rosa and Lirio. When we
started on this project six years ago with
the low oil price, we had to be careful not
to over-design the facilities. There was some
debate at the time about leaving space for
future modules, but in the end we decided
against the extra cost of increasing the size
of the hull.
The project team opted for a modular ap-
proach, in contrast to Girassols pancake
deck solution. That gave us more exibility
for the construction. At the time, we werent
sure that all the modules could be built in
one place. The Korean yards had a huge
workload at the time, so it was not easy to
nd slots for this project. However, SHI had
a slot available to assemble the hull and also
some module construction capacity, so in
the end, we split the 12 modules between
them and DSME. This turned out to be a
good choice, as the project was not delayed.
In our case, some of the modules ended
up weighing over 3,500 metric tons (3,858
tons), and we had to bring in a crane from
Japan for the assembly at DSME. We ended
up relatively steady at the basic engineering
gure for the topsides of 30,000 metric tons
(33,069 tons), but it took some ingenuity
to stay within this weight. For instance, we
used more sophisticated and expensive ma-
terials or steel grades for the pipes than had
been allowed for in the original plan.
One of the major issues affecting the top-
sides process design was the composition of
Dalias crude, which brings the risk of naph-
thenate formation during production. Under
certain conditions (temperature, pressure,
and acidity), the naphthenic acids normally
dissolved in Dalias crude are liable to pre-
cipitation, leading to formation of deposits in
pipework and pressure vessels.
Total had conducted various studies of
this phenomenon, at times with the part-
ners assistance. Statoil, for instance, had
experience countering naphthenate forma-
tion offshore Norway. The solution for Dalia
combined anti-naphthenate injection at the
riser base, via the gas-lift tubes, with a novel
technique involving rst-stage oil, water, and
gas separation under pressure.
Tests have shown that some crude oils
form naphthenates at higher acidic values,
Picard explains. During the treatment of
acidic oils, the pH increases throughout the
entire process when the pressure decreases.
A pressurized system maintains acidity at a
level lower than pH 6.2, where equilibrium
exists between the pH and the carbon diox-
ide partial pressure, inhibiting the precipita-
tion reaction.
GE Oil & Gas supplied the FPSOs power
generation and compression equipment,
which comprises three 24MW PGT+25
gas turbine generators; two high pressure
turbocompressors (two PGT+25 turbines
driving four compressors); and two sets of
low pressure and export/injection electric
motor-driven compressors operating at 50
Mpa (500 bars). We are using a very fancy
coupling for the gas injection compressor,
says Picard. Sulzer provided the three injec-
tion pumps, two driven by Solar Taurus gas
turbines, the other powered by a 5.25MW
electric motor.
The seven-deck, 2,500-metric ton (2,756-
ton) living quarters module, also built by
SHI, is located above ve levels of machin-
ery space in the hull, and can accommodate
up to 190 personnel during shutdowns in 70
cabins. The quarters module also houses
the control room, normally manned by just
four staff, whose duties include monitoring
the subsea control system. This is one of the
The KaMOS Actuator can operate on valves in all
positions and is reversible. It is driven with air pres-
sure and one actuator can be used for several valves.
Enormous time and labor saving can be achieved
when used on manual valves which take from
15 minutes to several hours to operate by hand.
If you are spending too much time turning
manually valves - Please contact us.
References:
Statoil, Phillips, BP, Amoco, Conoco, Mrsk, Elf, Exxon, Canadian
Petro Int., Saga, Norsk Hydro, Donline, Petrovalves, Kvrner.
By applying the actuator, a
heavy duty valve may be
opened or closed within 10
minutes, while the same
operation may take up to 2
hours using manual power
S TAT OI L
The efficient sollution for manually valves
Portable air driven valve Actuator
P.O.Box 484 - N-4291 Kopervik - Norway - Telephone +47 52 84 43 40 - Telefax +47 52 84 43 41
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worlds largest, managing 17,000 underwa-
ter control points. It was congured from the
outset to eventually supervise 100 live wells,
taking into account production from possible
future inll wells and satellite elds.
Dalias oil is exported via two 610-mm
(24-in.), 2-km (1.2-mi) exible pipelines to
an ofoading buoy, accommodating tanker
berthing. The ofoading process normally
lasting around 36 hours. At Girassol, the
SBM-designed buoys mooring chains be-
gan to fail not long after start-up. Although
the problem was eventually resolved, Total
opted for APLs turret-moored buoy solution
for Dalia, following a design competition.
This 30 x 19 x 7.5 m (98 x 62 x 25 ft) struc-
ture weighs 650 metric tons (717 tons).
Following onshore testing and commis-
sioning, the FPSO sailed out of South Korea
on March 8, 2006, arriving in block 17 early
in September following a brief stopover in
Cape Town, Fairmount, under sub-contract
to Technip, provided the ocean-going tugs
for the entire voyage.
The FPSO was moored at its offshore lo-
cation by the Normand Installer. According
to Picard, the anchor pattern was designed
to take into account the effects of long swells
in this region.
Earlier, Technips Deep Blue had installed all
the IPBs, pipe-in-pipes and injection lines, the
companys Constructor managing installation
of the umbilicals, subsea manifolds, the moor-
ing foundations, and the production spools.
Around 20 other vessels, including tugs and
barges, assisted in these various operations.
Local manufacturing
As with all recent deepwater Angolan de-
velopments, Dalia has invigorated the local
manufacturing and offshore support sector.
The existing Sonamet yard in Lobito, for
instance, built the hull and suction anchors
for the ofoading buoy, and seven of the
foundation bottom structures for the nine
manifolds. It also completed assembly of the
manifolds.
Nearby in Lobito, Technips new umbilical
plant, Angoex, manufactured most of the
static and dynamic injection and production
umbilicals, and this base was also used for
integration of the subsea distribution units
and umbilical termination heads.
In Dande, 50 km (31 mi) north of Luanda,
Technip found a location for a purpose-built
spool base for the pipe-in-pipe, injection
pipelines and ofoading lines assembly, also
erecting a 600-m (1,968-ft) long jetty to ac-
commodate spooling onto the two pipe reels
onboard the Deep Blue. In Luanda itself, the
Sonils Base underwent extensions which in-
cluded a new workshop to house completion
and workover control systems activities.
Picard expects a nal capex gure for the
Dalia development of $4 billion. It is a slight
increase due to external specic market
conditions (price of steel, fuel, drilling ser-
vices). Dalia came on stream on December
13 at 20,000 b/d of oil. Our priority in the
early stages is to gain production experi-
ence. However, the development plan calls
for a plateau output of 240,000 b/d of oil to
be reached by the end of this year. Ques-
tions are being asked about how we can
achieve this. The answer is, we will know by
this summer. But once there, we should stay
at that level for at least four years.
All the associated gas is being used ini-
tially for power generation and injection.
Some gas will be exported under Angolas
proposed multi-block LNG gas-gathering
scheme in the future.
Water and gas injection should come into
service by the end of February or early in
March. In time, Total may employ a viscosi-
cation technique in its water injection wells
to further boost recovery. The company is
also contemplating acquiring a 4D seismic
survey over the reservoirs to monitor pro-
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The other Africa
Frontiers of f the east and west coast hold promise
W
ith industry focus on the established players and the big
plays offshore West Africa, much of the regions nascent
activity has been overlooked. The new prospects could
well be as promising as some of the giants now moving
into production, but because they are overshadowed by
the mammoth developments, few are aware that new areas are be-
ing explored.
A lot of exploration dollars are going to Africa, and some of it is
going to under-explored and unexplored areas.
East coast prospects
Some of the newest plays are on Africas east coast, which, for the
most part, has seen very little drilling. The most interesting activity
is offshore Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
After nearly two decades of inactivity, drilling is under way again
offshore Kenya. In mid-December 2006, Australias Woodside En-
ergy Ltd. set 51-mm (20-in) casing at 2,944 m (9,659 ft), 751 m (2,464
ft) below the seabed at the Pomboo No. 1 well in license L-5 in the
Lamu basin.
According to Woodside, operator of L-5, the company identied
east Africa several years ago as an under-explored frontier with the
potential to replicate the companys success in Mauritania on the
west coast.
Entry into these regions provided Woodside with a relatively low-
cost initial investment in a very large under-explored area.
Woodside acquired 40% interest in Kenyas L-5 license along with
three other blocks from Dana Petroleum Plc. subsidiary Dana Pe-
troleum (E&P) Ltd. in May 2003. At that time, Woodside agreed to
operate blocks L-5, L-7, L-10, and L-11 as a condition of the farm-in.
The four blocks cover 47,500 sq km (18,340 sq mi) in water depths
to 3,000 m (9,842 ft). The licenses also include some onshore areas
and coastal waters.
Partners on L-5 include Dana Petroleum (E&P) Ltd., Repsol, and
Global Petroleum Ltd.
Woodside considers Kenya on the east coast and Sierra Leone
and Liberia on the west coast to be promising under-explored, fron-
tier areas with signicant potential. The company has considerable
exploration interests in all of these regions.
In April 2006, Aminex Plc. entered into a seismic option agreement
with Upstream Petroleum Services Ltd. over blocks L9 and L10.
Under UPSLs technical evaluation agreement, 570 km (1,931 mi)
of new 2D seismic data were acquired over the area as well as geo-
chemical seabed coring and additional seismic on prospective leads.
The agreement covers about 5,000 sq km (354 sq mi), of land and
near-shore acreage in the original Kenyan blocks L9 and L10.
Last December, Australias Origin Energy began the early stages
of its Kenyan exploration program with a 3,200 km (1,988 mi) seis-
mic survey in Lamu basin blocks L8 and L9. Origin holds an option
to extend the program by 600 km (373 mi).
The program objective is to dene 40 mapped leads by the time
the survey is complete in February 2007.
In December 2005, Pancontinental Oil & Gas farmed out 75% of
blocks L8 and L9 to Origin Energy in return for full funding of the
$4-million seismic program and the drilling of an exploration well in
each block.
Pancontinental also holds an interest in block L6, where Gippsland
Offshore Petroleum Ltd. is expected to begin a seismic program with
the same contractor upon completion of the Origin Energy survey.
Blocks L6, L8, and L9 contain targets that are of the same type
as in the two Woodside-operated permits, blocks L5 and L7, says
Andrew Svalbe, Pancontinental CEO.
With the number of operators looking for targets in this region,
Kenyas offshore is likely to see a discovery soon.
Tanzania
Last January, EnerGulf submitted its proposed production shar-
ing agreement to the Tanzania Petroleum Development Commis-
sion (TPDC).
The companys 8,000-sq-km (4,971-sq-mi) Tanga block has poten-
tial for several signicant petroleum accumulations, but no further
activity has taken place on the block.
In 2Q 2006, Aminex began acquiring a new 2D survey in the Area
Judy Maksoud
International Editor

New players could soon contend for the billions of E&P dollars fowing
into the African continent.
KENYA
ETHIOPIA
SUDAN
EGYPT
NIGER
MAURITANIA
MALI
NIGERIA
SOMALIA
NAMIBIA
LIBYA
CHAD
SOUTH AFRICA
TANZANIA
ZAIRE
ANGOLA
ALGERIA
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C
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MOZAMBIQUE
Caspian
Sea
Red Sea
Lake Chad
Lake Victoria
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Albert
Lake Nyasa
Lake Kariba
Aral Sea
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
BOTSWANA
ZAMBIA
GABON
CENTRAL
AFRICAN REPUBLIC
TUNISIA MOROCCO
SAUDI ARABIA
FRANCE
UKRAINE
SPAIN
TURKEY
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
IRAN IRAQ
UGANDA
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
MALAWI
BURUNDI
RWANDA
TOGO
BENIN
GHANA
IVORY
COAST
LIBERIA
SIERRA LEONE
GUINEA
BURKINA
GAMBIA
CAMEROON
ZIMBABWE
CONGO
WESTERN
SAHARA
DJIBOUTI
SENEGAL
GUINEA BISSAU
North
Atlantic
South Atlantic
Indian Ocean
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B transition zone of the Nyuni license, offshore Tanzania. Aminex
acquired 330 km (205 mi) of new conventional 2D seismic data over
this area in 2005. The transition zone data is particularly important
at Nyuni, where the majority of the potential drilling locations un-
derlie shoals, limestone reefs, and small islands, many of which are
partly submerged at high tide.
The aim of the survey was to establish drilling targets for explora-
tion wells.
Last April, Aminex signed a farm-out agreement with East African
Exploration Ltd., a Dubai-based oil and gas exploration company.
The agreement provided for EAX to earn into part of the Nyuni li-
cense by acquiring new transition zone 2D seismic data over Area
B of the license.
Area A of the Nyuni license in Tanzania was partly farmed out to
East Coast Energy the previous year.
Mozambique
In late December 2006, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. signed an ex-
ploration and production concession contract with the government
of Mozambique for Offshore Area 1 in the Rovuma basin. Anadarko
was awarded the block in Mozambiques second licensing round
earlier in the year.
The 2.6-million-acre block includes 90,000 onshore acres and
stretches eastward 56 km (35 mi) offshore into 1,800 m (6,000 ft)
water depth. The blocks boundary borders Tanzania to the north
and extends southward 160 km (100 mi).
Offshore Area 1 is a ground-oor opportunity to explore the
highly prospective Rovuma basin, where only two wells have ever
been drilled, says Bob Daniels, Anadarko senior VP of worldwide
exploration. Through our regional evaluation and analysis of exist-
ing seismic data covering most of the block, we have already identi-
ed multiple leads across an area equivalent in size to 460 typical
Gulf of Mexico lease blocks.
Under the terms of the contract, Anadarko has a ve-year initial
exploration term with options to extend that phase another three
years, and a 30-year production term following any commercial dis-
coveries. Anadarko will acquire new 2D and 3D seismic data, and
will drill seven wells during the initial exploration term.
Anadarko operates the block with 100% working interest.
Petroliam Nasional Bhd (Petronas) won bids for two exploration
oil and gas blocks, Area 3 and Area 6, in the same basin as Anadar-
kos block. Italys ENI won the other offshore license. Seven foreign
countries were involved in the bidding process.
Petronas rst entered Mozambiques oil and gas industry when
it was awarded an EPC contract for offshore Zambezi Delta block in
June 2002, with Empresa Nacional de Hidrocarbonetos de Mozam-
bique (ENH) as partner.
Under the terms of the EPC, Petronas Carigali Mozambique E&P
Ltd. holds an 85% interest in the block, with ENH holding the re-
maining 15%. Petronas Carigali Mozambique operates the block.
The Zambezi Delta block covers 9,054 sq km (5,626 sq mi) off-
shore in up to 2,000 m (6,562 ft) water depth. The basin, within
which the block is located, has a proven hydrocarbon system with
discoveries of several onshore gas elds.
Mozambique will see more drilling once the seismic analysis de-
termines the biggest targets. Expect more exploration news from
the area.
West coast frontiers
Senegals Petrosen, the national oil company, created in 1981, is
responsible for exploration activity in the country.
Over the past 50 years, the Senegalese offshore has seen nearly
50 exploration wells, half of which were in the Casamance offshore.
The rest of the Senegal basin remains under-explored.
Most of the discoveries have been oil, with primary production com-
ing from the Dome Flore and Gea elds, jointly operated by Senegal
and Guinea-Bissau. Senegal receives 85% of the production proceeds
from the area. Thirteen wells have been drilled on the Dome Flore
block, with several penetrating heavy oil deposits. Two wells have hit
lighter crude, though in smaller quantities, about 70 km (43 mi) off-
shore in 50 m (164 ft) of water.
The primary activity in the area is a 1,500-sq-km (579-sq-mi) 3D
seismic survey that Edison Spa and partner Petrobras planned to
begin at the end of last year over the eastern part of the Rusque
Offshore Profond license.
Energy Africa acquired the St. Louis exploration license with
Petrosen in late 2003. Tullow operates the license with a 60% inter-
est, having farmed out 30% to Dana in late 2004. Petrosen holds the
remaining 10%.
The license covers the northernmost inshore section of the Sen-
egalese offshore area and adjoins Mauritanian block 1 in which the
company has a 20% interest. Tullow acquired a 1,200 km (746 mi)
2D survey in 2004 and subsequent interpretation identied various
prospects which are currently under further evaluation.
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissaus offshore has been active since the late 1960s,
when Esso drilled six wells. Very little exploration has taken place
since, partially because the country has not had a stable enough
government for much of the time since and partially because of an
offshore boundary dispute with Senegal that wasnt resolved until
the mid-1990s.
The agreement with Senegal resulted in joint management of the
Dome Flore and Dome Gea discoveries, which nets Guinea-Bissau
15% of the proceeds from activity in the area.
All of the offshore exploration has been in the Sinapa and Espe-
ranca permits in the shallow water of the Casamance-Bissau sub-
basin. Together, the Sinapa (block 2) and the Esperanca (blocks 4A
and 5A) permits, cover 5,840 sq km (2,116 sq mi) in 10-2,000 m (33-
6,562 ft) water depths.
Beginning in 2001, Premier Oil has carried out 3D seismic data
acquisition, followed by drilling the Sinapa-2 well and Sinapa-2Z side-
track, which discovered non-commercial levels of oil.
Premier Oil planned to start Eirozes (190 MMbbl potential) and
Espinafre (70 MMbbl potential) wells in January 2007.
Liberia and Sierra Leone
In early 2005, Woodside acquired exploration acreage off Liberia
in the countrys rst offshore licensing round.
Woodsides acreage adjoins blocks held by its joint venturer, Rep-
sol, in neighboring Sierra Leone. Woodside and Repsol each hold
a 50% interest in two blocks immediately west of Liberia in Sierra
Leone, giving them interests in ve adjoining blocks across Sierra
Leone and Liberia.
Woodsides initial four-year work commitment in Liberia includes
geological and geophysical studies, including acquiring 600 km (373
mi) of 2D seismic data and 1,600 sq km (618 sq mi) of 3D seismic data.
Cameroon
In December 2002, Tullow and Addax Petroleum signed an explo-
ration license with the Cameroon government for the shallow-water
Ngosso area, which contains small oil discoveries, including Narendi,
Odiong, and Oongue. These discoveries still are undergoing appraisal.
One of the objectives of the initial work program is to appraise
these discoveries with a view to establishing commerciality.
A 3D survey, covering 207 sq km (80 sq mi), was completed in 1Q
2006. There is a chance that up to two wells will be drilled this year,
most likely in 4Q.

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West Africa operations venture
into new depths
Spending to hit $13 billion by 2010
W
est Africa will lead the world in operations spending, reach-
ing $13 billion by 2010, say Douglas-Westwood analysts.
The increasing demand for oil and gas in new areas of the
world has brought with it a tremendous upswing in E&P ac-
tivity that is reected in the amount of money going to West
Africa. The areas offshore will see a large percentage of the money
allocated to exploration and development in the coming years.
At the end of 2006, 55.4 Bboe had been brought onstream off-
shore Africa, according to analysts at Ineld Systems Ltd., and an
additional 29.6 Bboe is expected to come onstream between 2007
and 2011. More operators are getting in on the action, Ineld says,
and some are looking into areas that have seen little or no explora-
tion. The region, which has seen tremendous growth over the last
decade, will continue to attract international E&P dollars.
Looking forward
For 11 years, PennWells Offshore West Africa (OWA) Confer-
ence and Exhibition has been the leading source for information on
new technology and operating expertise for this region.
In 2007, the conference, titled Venturing into New Depths, again
will be in Abuja, Nigeria. From March 20 to March 22, over 1,500
attendees and 100 exhibitors from around the world will gather in
Abuja to evaluate the current state of the industry in the region and
to lay plans for future projects.
For more than a decade, investors, operators, and service com-
panies have attended the Offshore West Africa conference to take
advantage of the multi-national participation, to gather intelligence
on the region, and to prepare for upcoming opportunities.
Technical content
The focus areas for this years technical component cover sub-
jects as wide ranging as eld architecture and economics, project
nancing, deepwater operations case studies and lessons learned,
subsea technology, riser technology, marginal eld development,
oating facilities, and well construction.
Every company operating in the area or interested in working on
the African continent will nd the conference content and the oppor-
tunity to interact with industry leaders of inestimable value.
The following summaries are representative of the technical pa-
pers that will be presented at OWA this year.
Nigerian Content into Major
Integrated Subsea Projects
Aloy Chiege, Ranveer Dhillon
Cameron
Contractors supplying major subsea systems and support for ma-
jor deepwater projects in Nigeria must implement multifaceted, in-
country execution plans to achieve contract deliverables. These plans
must include local content initiatives that minimize project risk, man-
age project costs, and provide life-of-eld support. Meeting this tall
order requires close partnerships with the local government, national
oil company, international oil company, and associated contractors.
Five years ago, Cameron established the rst of three signicant
operations to support major integrated subsea projects in West Af-
rica. Since then, the company has gained signicant experience re-
garding local manufacturing and eld operations.
While the fundamental challenges of delivering and supporting
subsea projects in Nigeria are similar to other emerging deepwater
markets, the region presents its own set of challenges. Understand-
ing Nigerian manufacturing and engineering capabilities and coop-
erating with the customer to balance these capabilities with local
content requirements is critical. Nigeria has signicant human re-
source capability for manufacturing and for providing major project
services. Making the most of these resources requires realistic ex-
pectations to be set and appropriate training programs to be imple-
mented. It also requires an appropriate organizational structure.
Investment in the region generally comes at a high cost in an un-
predictable market environment, which means an incremental de-
velopment approach is often most appropriate.
This paper summarizes the companys experience operating in Ni-
geria and presents lessons learned to companies newly entering the re-
gion as well as companies that are already established in West Africa.
Accessing Deepwater Offshore
Support Vessels Availability,
Contracting Processes, and Key Issues
Kingsley Uwgbale
Vigeo Farstad Shipping Ltd.
Current high demand for deepwater support vessels in West Africa
has created several drilling challenges. As the industry explores deep-
water, a key determining factor for success is the availability of support
vessels with the right specications. The oil producing companies have
modied their selective criteria to include age restrictions on vessels
Judy Maksoud
International Editor

Of the 29.6 Bboe
expected to come
onstream in 2007-2011,
Total will own 11% of
the largest holding of
reserves. Other key
players include Exxon-
Mobil with 9%, BP with
8%, Chevron and NNPC
each with 7%, Shell
with 6%, Eni with 5%,
and Statoil, Hess, and
EGPC each with 3%.
Source: Ineld Sytems Ltd. 2006
EGPC 3%
Amerada Hess 3%
Statoil 3%
ENI 5%
Shell 6%
NNPC 7%
Chevron 7%
BP 8%
ExxonMobil 9%
Total 11% Others 38%
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bidding for work in the region. The criteria also include local content
enforcement. These new criteria will impact vessel owners.
The supply vessel market suddenly is very active and protable,
and that activity raises some questions. Why the sudden increased
demand for vessels? Why the paradigm shift in the contracting
processes of oil producing companies? Why are so many newbuild
vessels targeted at this region? Will this high demand be sustained
over a long period? Are investors encouraged, even with the current
security situation in the Niger Delta?
This paper attempts to answer these questions. It also evaluates the
current situation and assesses the coming requirements for the region.
As of June 2006, there were about 170 platform supply vessels (PSVs)
and anchor handling tug supply (AHTS) vessels operating in the region.
What will be the gures for PSVs and AHTSs in the coming years?
As the industry grapples with new opportunities in deepwater op-
erations, a key challenge will be to give this vital segment the needed
attention.
Innovative Drilling Rig for Offshore
and Onshore Operations
Frederik Nilsson
Dietswell Engineering
Changes in drilling parameters continue to push the capabilities
of drilling units. Dietswell Engineering is commissioning a new type
of compact, highly mobile drilling rig for offshore and onshore op-
erations using an in-house design.
The design allows for conventional rotary drilling as well as un-
derbalanced drilling in reverse circulation mode without any down-
time for rig modications.
The ability to instantly switch between conventional and reverse
circulation drilling to apply the most appropriate drilling practice for
a particular situation allows signicant well cost reduction.
The way the underbalanced reverse circulation has been implemented
on this new drilling rig gives raise to numerous advantages, including:
Cost reduction due to underbalanced drilling with a lower vol-
ume of nitrogen
No damage of the formation by invading drilling uids
Higher rate of penetration (ROP) in hard formations compared to
a conventional drilling rig
Possibility of casing while drilling allowing for safe, fast drilling across
unstable formations, depleted zones, and freshwater reservoirs.
The rig also is equipped with an innovative system for drillpipe and
casing handling that allows for safe, efcient operations.
This paper presents a detailed technical description together with
the drilling rigs full capacity and range of operating environments.
Fundamentals and Applications
of Subsea Technology
Benson Ezeigbo
FMC Technologies/Deltatek Engineering Ltd.
The rise in oil price caused by high oil demand in the 1970s
prompted offshore development that would help countries become
self sufcient. For many years, offshore production relied on tech-
nology originally developed for land-based operation.
Exploiting oil and gas reserves from reservoirs below the seabed
is more demanding than onshore operations because the subsea en-
vironment is a medium where fatigue is enhanced, wave force and
impact damage are possible, and marine growth and seabed motions
have to be considered. Furthermore, subsea equipment needs to
meet normal oileld operating conditions and codes, including the
containment of high pressures and temperatures as well as uids
and gases with signicant corrosive properties.
Subsea engineering technology involves multi-disciplinary activities
covering the design, installation, and operation of equipment and sys-
tems on or near the seabed for the purpose of hydrocarbon production.
This paper provides a clear understanding of the technical, commer-
cial, and ecological issues involved in applying subsea technology.
Case Histories Validate Value
of Foam Technology in Liner
Cementing Operations
Hank Rogers, Earl Webb, Alton Branch
Halliburton
The internal upsets common to tubing and drillpipe connections
can cause conventional wiper plugs to wrinkle at every connection,
allowing uid to bypass during displacement. This can lead to incor-
rect displacement, insufcient uid separation, and contamination
of pumped uids.
The solidied, polyurethane foam matrix wiper plug was designed
as an alternative to the standard rubber wiper plug. The plug passes
through restricted passages and wipes multiple internal diameters
(IDs) in a tubular string.
The foam wiper plug wipes the tubular without wrinkling, adapt-
ing to changes in the ID. This allows the plug to reduce uid bypass
and contamination.
It is considered impossible to use a solidied foam matrix down-
hole because pressures would cause it to collapse. However, the
open-cell molding technique used to create this plug promotes
uid absorption by the foam matrix throughout the wiper plug. The
absorbed uid provides resistance to collapse as the plug is pumped
through the tubulars.
This paper presents several case histories where solidied, poly-
urethane foam matrix wiper plugs were used to separate uids in-
side tubulars, mechanically wipe tubular(s), and launch subsurface
plug systems for liner or subsea cementing.
Sustainable Development in a
Dynamic Environment: Strategic
Issues in Community Interface
Fidel I. Pepple
Nigeria LNG Ltd.
Helping the community is not altruism; it is enlightened self interest.
When the late public relations guru, Prof. Sam Black made this state-
ment over two decades ago, it was difcult to visualize a world where
companies would be faced with not only the challenges of an increas-
ingly difcult and hostile business environment, but also an ever in-
creasing movement for self determination and participatory resource
allocation on the part of their host communities.
The challenge was not just in placating and satisfying the inordinate
demands of indigenous populations. The challenge, instead, became
more a question of actualizing the more esoteric desires of the people.
It is unfortunate that after years of active engagement and the ex-
penditure of vast sums of money, oil and gas companies in Nigeria still
are far from obtaining a satisfactory license to operate from their host
communities.
This paper seeks to examine some of the challenges specic
to West Africa and to suggest practical ways to deal with existing
trends in the implementation of sustainable development programs
and projects. It also will look at community interface issues and the
need for a paradigm shift in execution strategies.

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Jostein Jaasund, Tenaris logistics manager in Norway, coordinates pipe and accessory deliveries for the offshore operations.
Statoil called upon Tenaris to supply TenarisBlue
Dopeless
TM
premium connections when it came
to develop its Snhvit field in the environmentally sensitive Barents Sea. The dry, dope-free
connections are being used for all casing and tubing in a full range of materials including carbon,
chrome and CRA because the Dopeless
TM
technology eliminates discharges, allows fast and clean
make-up and makes for safer working conditions on the rig. Our innovations are opening up a new
world of possibilities and making life easier for our customers, their crews and the environment.
Tubular technologies. Innovative services.
TenarisBlue
Dopeless
TM
connections open up a
zero-discharge world for Statoil.
www.tenaris.com

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Combining expandable sand screens with
propped hydraulic fracturing technology
Challenges, successes, best practices
B
runei Shell Petroleum (BSP) and Halliburton Energy Services ap-
plied a combination of expandable sand screens (ESS) and hydraulic
fracturing during the completion of two wells in the Egret eld, Bru-
nei. The result was effective sand control with completion exibility
and improved productivity. This technology combination was applied
to three oil reservoirs that were completed and produced commingled, using
one gas reservoir as a lift source resulting in a skin of less than +1.
Egret eld
BSPs Egret eld is 43 km (27 miles) offshore in 60 m (197 ft) of water.
The eld consists of stacked sand formations (mainly gas and some oil-
rim reservoirs), broken into multiple blocks by faults. The operators rst
production from three gas wells in November 2003 was transported via a
25-km (15.5-mi) multi-phase gas pipeline at 7 MPa (1,015 psi) back pres-
sure to processing platform AMDP06.
To ensure that the well would ow against the back pressure, an arti-
cial lift technique was needed in the completion conguration. The idea
of using one of the gas reservoirs as a source for lift was investigated and
found to be feasible.
Another technology considered was intelligent completion with real-time
monitoring of pressure and temperature from any zone and control of pro-
duction, either individually or commingled, without well intervention. Per-
manently installed electric cables provide power and communication with
the downhole sensors and valves. Each well contained two to three interval
control valves (ICVs) and four downhole pressure gauges (DHPGs).
Technologies facilitated eld development planning updates, develop-
ing an intelligent well eld philosophy and also alternative methods for
developing oil rims in complex conditions such as producing against a
high-owing tubing-head pressure. The team decided to include these
technologies in the completions.
The rst well, EG-1A, was a dual string producer lifted with gas from
reservoir BP1. A single trip balanced perforation of three zones, followed
by a stacked, propped-fracture operation prior to installing an expandable
sand screen was planned. The second well, EG-1B, was planned for a simi-
lar completion except for separate perforation trips based on experience
gained from EG-1A.
Challenges
The team decided sand control was needed. A sand screen and hydrau-
lic fracturing were selected. An expandable screen was chosen because
the increased inside diameter (ID) would help to optimize the completion
design. These combined technologies were key to achieve the production
performance. Screen plugging was minimized while sand production was
effectively controlled with a low skin factor.
Another challenge was to optimize the well design in three months.
Sakamrin Abdul Derek Lim
Rahman Ceng MEI Jit Juan Lim
Brunei Shell Petroleum Kuo Chuan Ong
Halliburton Energy Services

4 1/2 in. TRSCSSV
4 1/2 in. X 3 1/2 in. crossover
3 1/2 in. sliding sleeve circulating device
Fluted no-go locator
Screen suspension tool (SST)
3 1/2 in. ICV (open/close)
Annular barrier tool
Seal bore extension 6 m
Feed thru seal unit 1.76 m
3 1/2 in. ICV (open/close)
Feed thru seal unit 1.76 m
3 1/2 in. smart choke
3 1/2 in. LV
Pup joint
Mule soe
Screen suspension tool (SST)
Bull plug
Cut blanks
6 5/8 in. blanks
The amalgamation of the three
technologies (smart completion,
expandables, and fracture stimula-
tion) enabled EG-1A and EG-1B
to be produced and managed
effectively and effciently.
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DriIIing me so!IIy.
Radiagreen allows !asI ahd e!!ciehI drillihg operaIiohs,
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NeverIheIess Ihe di!!erehI Radiagreeh lubricahIs, all
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biIs li!e uhder Ihe mosI challehgihg circumsIahces.
Radiagreeh allows Io drill !asIer ahd sa!er, reducihg Iorque
ahd drag Io ah absoluIe mihimum. 1his superior rahge
o! WaIer ahd Oil based drillihg !uid addiIives allows Io
drill deeper ahd exIehded reach wells. Ih Ihe meahIime iI
prevehIs di!!erehIial sIuck pipes ahd biI ballihg siIuaIiohs.
Meaning. beIIer driIIing !or beIIer proIs, Iooking MoIher
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_________

During this time, a variety of new technology applications would
have to be combined and pre-completion procedures reviewed
with the well construction team. The completion operations would
include single-trip perforation methods for three to four producing
zones followed by stacked frac packing and expandable sand screen
expansion before the intelligent well completion assemblies (3 ICVs,
1 variable ICV, 4 DHPGs) with three control lines could be run.
Other challenges in the pre-completion phase were to control lost
circulation, to maintain a clean wellbore prior to running the expand-
able sand screen, and to place multiple fracture treatments.
Completion design
BSPs initial eld development plan (FDP) called for development
of the gas reserves prior to beginning the oil development in 2007.
However, following an appraisal well in 2003 that conrmed greater
than expected oil reserves, the development was accelerated by
three years, a project of $51.7 million net present value. In addition,
the early production data gained from the oil rims would help to
reduce the risk of further eld development.
BSP spudded two oil wells, EG-1A and EG-1B, in October 2004.
Seven producing zones were completed with hydraulic fracs and 250
m (820 ft) of expandable sand screens. The team installed and suc-
cessfully expanded all screens.
The old FDP called for all Egret wells to be completed with sand
control based on comparison to nearby elds, particularly the Fair-
ley eld 7 km (4 mi) west where sand control is required to a depth
of some 2,750 m (9,022 ft) true vertical subsea.
The Egret elds rst gas production was from three wells in No-
vember 2003. Traditional sand control methods using the micropoly-
mer gel were applied in these wells; two wells have a standard acid
pre-pack IGP, and one well is a 400 m (1,312 ft) horizontal open hole
with a gravel-pack completion. BSPs initial production was below
expectation, and after a year, the skin was more than +20. Fines plug-
ging was the suspected primary cause since the formation grain size
has more than 15% nes content on average. The team re-evaluated
sand control methods to improved productivity leading to fracture
stimulation to increase the effective wellbore diameter and to re-
duce nes ow velocities into the well.
The teams requirement of the larger ID to accommodate a total of
three control lines, two ICVs, one HCV, and four DHPGs suggested the
use of an ESS expanded in the 9 5/8-in. (244 mm) perforated casing. The
decision to include propped hydraulic frac as part of the completion came
late in the well planning process when the existing wells showed low pro-
ductivity plus a risk of hot spotting in the expandable sand screen.
The completion philosophy, therefore, called for the amalgama-
tion of three technologies in the same well, namely intelligent well
completions, expandable sand screens, and hydraulic fracturing.
Stimulation and screen
installation
Although both EG-1A and EG-1B were completed with similar
philosophies and design, they were dissimilar in terms of installa-
tion. As EG-1A was the rst to be completed, and lessons learned
were applied on EG-1B.
Halliburtons propped fracture stimulation was designed with 500
to 800 lbm/ft using 30# borate cross-linked carrier uid. EG-1A was
designed with a maximum of 12 lbm/gal sand concentration where-
as EG-1B was designed with a maximum 14 lbm/gal sand concentra-
tion to maximize fracture conductivity.
Upon completion of the lowest zone of EG-1A with approximately
500 m (1,640 ft) of wire-wrapped screens in the horizontal section, the
zone was isolated with a bridge plug, and the upper three zones were
perforated in one run. However, the lowest perforation assemblies
parted and were left in hole.
What worked, what didnt
Due to the limited availability of case histories and successful
combining of the three technologies; the completion of the two wells
resulted in a steep learning curve. The specic challenges were:
Fluid-loss control
Effectively isolating zones that had been treated while achieving
a balance between operational risk and rig-time optimization
Wellbore cleanup
Successful screen expansion.
The teams choice of uid loss control was to ensure safe, efcient op-
erations in addition to minimizing formation damage. During EG-1A op-
erations, a hyroxyethyl cellulose polymer gel (HEC) with internal break-
ers was used as the primary lost-circulation material (LCM), because
particulate LCM such as graded salt could plug the ESS expansion tool.
The experience on EG-1A and EG-1B showed that the use of a re-
trievable bridge plug to isolate zones that have been treated may add
complexity and risk to the overall operations. In wells with a low angle
of deviation, sand plugs may be the most appropriate method of isola-
tion with minimal operational risk, in addition to being cost effective.
BSPs wellbore cleanup was critical to ensure trouble-free installation
of the ESS assembly. On EG-1A, the screen suspension tool prematurely
set due to debris and proppant from the zones above. However, subse-
quent jobs on the top installation and EG-1B were trouble free owing to
the additional cleanup trips and to the change in the perforating process.
Lessons learned
The combination of ESS with hydraulic fracture stimulation and
intelligent well completion helped accelerate production of the oil,
as of January 2006, at a sustained rate of 1.5 Mcm/d (9.4 Mb/d)
which supported BSPs production target for 2005 and proved incre-
mental oil reserves. Acquisition of real-time reservoir data from the
intelligent completion will be used to optimize future development.
The concept of gas (for gas-lift)/oil dual production used for these
wells was the key technology to produce the small oil rims economi-
cally.
Editors Note: This is a summary of SPE 101187 presented at the 2006 SPE
Asia-Pacic Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Adelaide, Australia, Sept.
11-13, 2006.

(No gas inj), PC
Gas inj 50 km
3
/d,
IPC
Gas inj 100 km
3
/d,
IPC
Gas inj 150 km
3
/d,
IPC
Gas inj 200 km
3
/d,
IPC
IPR (currently
observed <+1
SKIN)
IPR (used during
well design stage)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Production rate (m
3
/d)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
B
a
r
a
)
700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
50
100
150
200
250
300
EG-13ST2 inow modeling (BM2&3 commingled)
This technology combination was applied to three oil reservoirs that
were completed and produced commingled, using one gas reservoir as a
lift source resulting in a skin of less than +1.
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The solution and results
M-I SWACO* developed a comprehensive plan for injecting used
mud and cuttings while the dedicated injection well was being
drilled and the surface facilities were installed and commissioned. This
mandated designing suitable slurries and appropriate operational pro-
cedures to match the facilities, as well as ensuring that the CRI operators
understood the importance of strictly adhering to specified quality control
and parameter requirements. The monitoring and optimization measures
implemented were effective in managing the variables associated with this
critical cuttings-injection well. To date, more than 100,000 bbl of cuttings
slurry and displacing fluid have been injected into this well without inci-
dent. It has been clearly demonstrated that drill-cuttings re-injection is
an economically sound and environmentally friendly, long-term solution
for cuttings disposal in remote and environmentally sensitive areas such
as offshore Sakhalin Island.
See for yourself how M-I SWACO Drilling Waste Management
prevents costly problems for operators worldwide.
This success story is just one of hundreds where our drilling waste manage-
ment people, equipment, processes and services prevent serious problems
for operators every day. Your M-I SWACO representative can tell you more
about our complete suite of drilling waste management capabilities.
Sakhalin Island:
Cuttings re-injection
solves economic and
environmental problems
for remote-area drilling
The situation
An operator drilling off
Sakhalin Island had a strict
environmental policy in addi-
tion to the zero-discharge
rules already in place for the
area. The remote area has no
drilling waste management
or treatment facilities, and six
months of freezing temperatures make
it all but impossible to haul cuttings and
mud to shore. It was essential to establish
successful CRI operations as soon as pos-
sible, because the purpose-drilled injection
well provided the only option for drilling
waste management, and without it, the drilling
program would be delayed for at least a year.
2007 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
Drill-cuttings re-injection is an
economically sound and environ-
mentally friendly, long-term solution
for cuttings disposal in remote and
environmentally sensitive areas
such as offshore Sakhalin Island.
www.miswaco.com
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Challenges to drilling subsea,
high-angle HP/HT wells
Three drilling uid systems applied in Kristin eld development
S
tatoil confronted challenges in drilling
subsea, high angle HP/HT wells in the
Kristin eld offshore Norway. The chal-
lenges included equivalent circulating
density (ECD) management, hole sta-
bility, formation damage, weight material sag,
and operating on subsea HP/HT wells during
harsh winter conditions. The company attempt-
ed to handle these issues using three different
drilling uid systems.
Kristin eld development
Statoils Kristin development consists of four
templates with 12 subsea wells with inclination
through the reservoir ranging from 28 to 85.
The reservoir is at 4,600 m (15,092 ft) TVD
with an initial pore pressure corresponding to
1.96 sg EMW (16.36 ppg) and a temperature
of 172C (342F). The 360 m (1,181 ft) water
depth requires an MW of 2.05 sg (17.11 ppg) to
maintain a riser margin.
Facing the challenges of developing a
subsea HP/HT eld, the company conceptu-
ally designed the wells to be 2D with a verti-
cal down to the 12 14-in. section, building a
maximum inclination of 60. The design also
included the casing program, which is the
standard North Sea-type design, where the 14-
in. (356 mm) and 9 7/8-in. (250 mm) casing is
introduced to cope with the HP/HT.
The company dened the reservoir, in a
Middle Jurassic structure below the Base
Cretaceous unconformity, consisting of three
separate sands with highly varying properties.
The initial plans called for 60 wells penetrat-
ing the low-permeability sand and wells with
inclination less than 40 penetrating the high-
permeability sands.
As Statoils understanding of the reservoir
matured, the company realized the reservoir
length exposed to the production wells had to
be increased for the low-permeability sand with
high-inclination wells through the reservoir.
The companys basic well design was main-
tained with the production casing landed at
4,500 m (14,764 ft) TVD in the shale above the
reservoir. An 8 12-in. hole was drilled through
the rest of the shale and into the reservoir with
all hole building from 60 to 85 performed in
the 8 12-in. section.
Another complication arose when essential
parts of the completions equipment were de-
layed, making it impossible to complete the
wells immediately after the drilling was n-
ished. The wells were temporary abandoned
after drilling, leading to the introduction of a
7-in. (178 mm) liner in the reservoir.
Fluid selection
The most important factors in choosing
drilling uids were:
Well control
Formation damage
Formation evaluation
Drilling progress
Fluid stability
Well completion strategy.
The company originally selected the drill-
ing uid for the 8 12-in. sections on Kristin
based on the experience of several operating
companies with drilling uids for HP/HT
projects and Statoils own experience with
the Huldra project. The HP/HT oil-base mud
(OBM) was to be used to drill the 8 12-in.
(216 mm) sections of the 10 wells that were
to be completed with liner and perforated in
underbalance. There were also two open hole
sand screen wells to be drilled with the uid,
Cs/K-COOH. A change in completion strategy
to screens for all wells led to the introduction
of the Cs/K-COOH as the drilling uid for all
wells. This change also was motivated by the
well control advantages of a solids-free drilling
uid and Statoils HP/HT experience with Cs/
K-COOH. The invert emulsion HP/HT OBM
was used in the 12 14-in. (311 mm) sections.
When washout was experienced in the shale
sections using Cs/K-COOH, HP/HT OBM
was qualied as an alternative uid for high
angle reservoir sections. The company recog-
nized the danger of plugging the screens for
wells that were planned with open-hole sand
screens. An invert emulsion HP/HT OBM sys-
tem with micronized barite as weighing agent
was qualied as a reservoir drilling uid.
Cesium/potassium
formate drilling uid
The cesium/potassium drilling uid was
based on clear cesium and potassium formate
brine. The main benets compared to the fol-
lowing oil based drilling uids included:
No sag potential as the density comes
from the clear brine itself
Low ECD
Less screen plugging risk due to a low
level of solids in the system
The particles in the formate would be
CaCO
3
for uid loss control. These parti-
cles can be acidized should screen plug-
ging become a problem
Low gas solubility and enhanced kick de-
tection.
Cesium/potassium formate exhibits low
viscosity and goes easily into turbulent ow.
This and the buoyancy of such uids reduce
S.A. Hansen
D.H. Breivik
M. Gjnnes
K. Svanes
M. Vujovic
P.E. Svela
O.I. Srheim
Statoil

Casing Casing shoe depth [mTVD] (ft) Max inclination
Seabed 360-380 (1,181-1,246)
30-in. conductor 450-470 (1,476-1,541) <1
20-in. surface casing 1,400 (4,593) <6
14-in. x 13 38-in. intermediate casing 2,200-2,300 (7,217-7,545) <30
10 34-in. x 9 78-in. production casing 4,500-4,600 (14,763-15,091) <60
7-in. liner or 6 58-in. screens TD <85
The design also included a casing program that is the standard for the aNorth Sea, where the 14-in.
and 9 7/8-in. casing is introduced to cope with HP/HT.
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the need to viscosify such a system. For practical reasons, it is normal
to viscosify the system with xantan gum to improve hole cleaning and
to be able to add lter loss material. The company added starch, PAC,
CaCO
3
, and special HP/HT polymers for uid-loss control, and recog-
nized that hole stability in regard to swelling of clay was very good as
the water activity was very low. One problem was that the low activity of
the water dehydrated the formation and occasionally resulted in large
washouts. In sand sections, the uid has very good characteristics and
did not inuence the hole quality. The uid loss in the permeable parts
of the hole was controlled by adding CaCO
3
of various sizes together
with uid-loss polymers.
The uid normally has a low inuence on surge, swab, and ECD due
to the low viscosity. Compared to oil-based drilling uid, the thermal ex-
pansion was similar, but the compressibility was lower. So, the equiva-
lent static density (ESD) would be lower than the surface density. The
temperature and density properties of the uid must be monitored to
control the downhole ESD. To run screens, Cs/K-COOH was used be-
cause the risk of screen plugging would be minimal. Cs/K-COOH also
was attractive from a well control point of view since the sag potential is
non-existent, the gas solubility is very low, and thermal uid stabiliza-
tion is achieved quickly during ow checks.
Invert emulsion HP/HT oil-based drilling uid
The HP/HT OBM system was based on parafn, as base oil, weight-
ed with standard API barite. The focus point in the design was a low, at
viscosity prole to reduce the impact of the ECD and to ensure sag sta-
bility and bridging capability when exposed to high pressure and tem-
perature. The uid was successful when drilling the high angle 8 1/2-in.
hole on Kristin. Formation damage was acceptable for the wells drilled
with HP/HT OBM. This applied to wells completed with perforated lin-
ers. Downhole sand screen plugging has been questionable and is the
most important factor for avoiding this uid in wells completed with
downhole screens.
Invert emulsion HP/HT OBM with MBS
Invert emulsion uid consisted of specially treated weight materi-
als to improve drilling uid performance. The barite was ground to
micron size (D50 of 2 micrometers) and coated to prevent particle-to-
particle interactions. The uid had very low viscosity, low surge/swab
effect, and good anti-sag stability. The small particle size of the barite
reduces the chance that the drilling uid was less likely to plug down-
hole screens. Formation damage from this uid depended on optimi-
zation of particle size distribution using plugging materials, such as
CaCO
3
. Formation stability was equal to a standard OBM system.
Formation damage testing
Two different types of formation damage tests were done on Kris-
tin drilling and completion uids to qualify them for use. First was
the dynamic formation damage test, where drilling uid is circulated
in front of the core to simulate drilling and circulation, and overbal-
ance pressure is kept on the core for the duration of the test to al-
low for seepage loss. Second was the static formation damage test,
where a predetermined volume of uid is injected into the core and
the core is shut off.
Several uid formulations were tested, including different lab for-
mulations and the actual drilling uid. Test results gave direction as
to when to use and where to use these uids and what is acceptable
formation damage.
Field development preparations
The three major issues that must be addressed to develop an HP/
HT eld are equipment, procedures, and competence. The company
compiled an extensive HP/HT well control manual prior to opera-
tions. The manual was revised several times in the operational phase
based on actual experience.
A key element of the manual was the companys requirement to
perform ngerprinting and well control training prior to drilling the
8 12-in. section. The ngerprints were designed to map the well re-
sponse to certain operations.
Fingerprints included:
Flowback/drainback volume during connections
Drilling uid expansion due to temperature increase
Effect of drill string rotation on ECD
Surge/swab pressure to break circulation
Trip tank ngerprint during connections
Checking ESD vs. PWD measurements.
The well control manual also gave requirements for backup drill-
ing uid volume and drilling uid chemicals needed onboard.
Drilling depleting reservoir
Kristin faces rapid depletion after production startup. Continued
drilling is dependent on coping with severe depletion. In terms of
drilling uid, the addition of particles to strengthen the borehole
wall and/or lter cake to create a stress cage is one approach that
has been pursued. Field tests using HP/HT OBM and HP/HT OBM
with MBS examined the feasibility of maintaining an elevated con-
centration of solids in the drilling uid. The focus of the eld tests
was on the handling of big bags on the rig and on the shaker screen
size selection.
The well was displaced to a drilling uid pre-blended with a cer-
tain distribution of CaCO
3
and graphite. In addition, big bags with
a pre-blended mixture of various sizes of CaCO
3
and graphite de-
signed to replace what was stripped out at the shakers were added
to the active system at a rate of 2.95 tons/hr. Thus, a wide range of
particle sizes were present in the drilling uid. The test showed that
it is possible to drill ahead and maintain a certain concentration of
various particle sizes in the drilling uid.
Acknowledgments
We thank the members of Kristin BITE. It is their dedication, ef fort, and profession-
alism which facilitated the drilling of these wells. We also acknowledge the Kristin
partners (Eni, ExxonMobil, Norsk Hydro, Petoro, and Total).
Editors Note: This article is a summary of paper SPE 103336 prepared for
presentation at the 2006 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in
San Antonio, Texas, Sept. 2427, 2006.

Shea rate (rpm)
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
l
b
f
/
1
0
0

s
q

f
t
)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100
HTHP OBM MSB
HTHP OBM
Cs/K-COOH
200 300 400 500 600
The rheology profle at 50 for the three drilling fuids used in this feld.
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GE
Oil & Gas
The numbers tell the story
Sometimes a small improvement can make a big difference. GE has recorded an
average 3% operating efficiency increase in our centrifugal compressors for most
recent LNG and pipeline applications. This might not seem like much at first glance,
but it adds up to nearly 11 days of additional production every year a substantial
improvement in productivity and profits for our customers.
For more information, visit www.ge.com/oilandgas
3
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Managing deepwater intervention vessels
offshore Angola can save costs
Cooperation among operators holds key
T
he scarcity of intervention vessels con-
tinues to drive up day rates, adding
signicant costs to eld operations off-
shore Angola. An analysis of the future
demands for vessels in deepwater off
Angola shows where operating expenses could
be reduced. The analysis formulated a techni-
cal denition of intervention required for indi-
vidual tasks, and forecast the overall demand
for specic units. Vessel specications can be
used to screen the existing eet and to help se-
lect those best suited for subsea/well interven-
tion in Angola. The results also provide a start-
ing point for vessel fabrication or modication
specications.
Study results indicate that managing re-
quirements on an area basis, especially for
high-spec units, could lead to signicant
cost savings for operators. This holds true
because the forecast most blocks does not
indicate that each block will require one ves-
sel of each type.
Projects in the deepwater blocks offshore
Angola are coming swiftly. Dalia (block 17
operator Total Angola), Kizomba B and C
(block 15 operator Esso Angola), and Great-
er Plutonio (block 18 operator BP Angola)
already have started up or will soon achieve
rst production. Others, such as Kizomba C
and development of the ultra deepwater block
31 operated by BP, are at the study stage.
Most of theses developments have followed
similar schemes based on an FPSO linked to
a subsea production system. In the coming
years, this will require a strong level of activ-
ity in installation, commissioning, and startup.
There will also be a need for inspection, main-
tenance, and repair. To examine the conse-
quences of this evolution, Angolan national oil
company Sonangol and operators of the deep-
water blocks asked ADC to determine the
need for intervention vessels to service and
support the installed subsea equipment.
The objectives of the multi-purpose vessel
study were to:
Evaluate the intervention needs on sub-
sea production system equipment and
the umbilical, owline, and riser (SPS/
UFR) systems as eld equipment is
phased in, additional production is tied
back, and during operation over the life
of the eld.
Evaluate the demand for well interven-
tion work
Dene the minimum functionality and
characteristics required for the inter-
vention vessels to conduct the work and
to dene specications
Review and evaluate the current vessel
market
Analyze the marked demand and the al-
ternate commercial strategies that could
be used in Angola.
An inventory of subsea equipment was
developed taking into account the projects
under way or under study for blocks 14, 15,
17, 18, and 31. Inventory was estimated for
the years 2004-2014, taking into account all
of the data made available by the operators.
The latest rst-oil date was 2009, and the in-
ventory estimates are reasonable up to that
date. In the following ve years, estimates in-
creased due to the inevitable materialization
of other developments not yet identied.
The inventory is based on available eld
architectures, on provisional forecast produc-
tion curves, and on estimates of the number
of wells, SPS equipment, and UFR lengths re-
quired to meet the forecast production.
The results show strong growth. The num-
ber of subsea wells increases by a factor of 4.5
between 2004 and 2009, the number of mani-
folds increases by three, and the total length of
owlines and umbilicals increases by 10 times.
For the SPS/UFR interventions, 60 tasks
were identied based on typical subsea archi-
tecture. Each task has an associated duration,
taking into account water depth and interven-
tion frequency. To conduct the study, these
tasks were associated with the means neces-
sary (lift capacity, type of ROV, deck area re-
quired, etc.) and grouped into the following
classes:
IM0 Modest size fast winch to handle
small loads and work-class ROVs to do
inspection, maintenance, valve opera-
tion, diagnosis of breakdowns, survey
and maintenance of jumpers, and to as-
sist in commissioning and startup
IM1 Lifting capacity of 9 metric tons
(10 tons) at 2,000 m (6,562 ft) to replace
small subsea equipment items, control
modules, valves, connectors, etc., and
for intervention on wells during connec-
tion/disconnection of christmas trees
(35 tons) at 2,000 m (6,562 ft) for instal-
lation and replacement of jumpers, and
installation of christmas trees
(130 tons) at 2,000 m (6,562 ft) for instal-
lation and replacement of manifolds
(250 tons) at 2,000 m (6,562 ft) for work-
class ROVs, modular deck mounted equip-
ment, and replacement of all types of UFR
lines.
The base estimate of activity for each ves-
sel was increased by a contingency allowance
of 33% for downtime and 13-23% for transit
time. Vessel provisions were assumed to
come from shore bases via supply vessels.
The study showed that the demand for all
vessels would grow to about four vessels in
2009, with a split of 2.5 IM0, 0.8 IM1, and 0.5
Dr. Richard J.S. Harris
Gaspar C. da Silva Fernandes
Pierre Vanhaecke
ADC

PRODUCTI ON
CONGO
ZAIRE
ANGOLA
Congo
basin
5
19
18
4
33
32
16
17
3
2
15
31
14
2
,0
0
0
m
0
Soyo
ANGOLA
(Cabinda)
Deepwater blocks offshore Angola.
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PRODUCTI ON
IM2. There was a loss in demand for inspection, maintenance, and
repairs forecast for IM3 and IM4 vessels.
For this reason, IM3 and IM4 were dropped from later stages of
the study. If the need for vessels of these classes should arise, it
could be met using vessels of opportunity, such as on-site installa-
tion or drilling/workover vessels.
The study also resulted in the following observations: rst, each
block required intervention from all classes of vessels; and second,
the demand per block was consistently low at less than one vessel (all
classes summed) for all blocks but one. Since more able vessels can
do the work of less able vessels, there will be a tendency to charter
vessels corresponding to the highest demand capabilities frequently
required (IM2).
This exibility carries an estimated cost of $5 million per year per
block. The cost could be an incentive for operators to federate de-
mands for a vessel to allow them to use lower-cost vessels, particu-
larly the IM0, for which the largest portion of the work is forecast.
The daily cost of the IM0 is estimated at 40% of that for an IM2.
For well intervention, the act of dening tasks and durations took
into account the types of completions and trees (vertical or hori-
zontal). The intervention frequencies of all types are on the order
of four years for producers and nine to 12 years for injectors. Some
30 tasks for intervention methods were linked to well maintenance,
ow assurance, and reservoir management.
Intervention means were grouped as follows:
H class Capable of heavy well intervention with limited drill-
ing capacity, such as christmas tree replacement, changing
completions, and side-tracking
M class Medium level intervention capacity, such as wireline
or slickline, coiled tubing, and conventional christmas tree re-
placement
L class Light well intervention such as riserless work.
In the end, the study excluded L class because riserless well inter-
vention is not yet considered to be a mature technology. All of the work
that would have been classied as L was re-allocated to the M class.
The estimated demand for M vessels was less than one vessel, and
the demand for H vessels was two vessels in 2009 for all blocks.
Forecasting the arrival of this type of unit in Angola posed dif-
culties. Only one Angolan block was forecast to reach a level with
enough work to keep an intervention vessel fully occupied, and then
only by summing the H and M type work.
For other blocks, sharing a type M vessel could be commercial
if an agreement could be reached. The cost of this type of vessel
would imply a day rate competitive with an H type or standard drill-
ing rig. This option would lose its commercial interest if the light
well, riserless intervention technologies became common because
these technologies can be deployed from an IM2 vessel. Operations
can be executed faster with no riser, and the IM2 support would be
mobile and easily redeployable when not in use.
As for the H type, the unit is estimated to have a construction cost
saving of 15% with respect to a drilling unit operating under the same
conditions. So the H type unit is vulnerable to competition from drilling
units already in the area. A long-term charter would be needed to give
the vessel owner condence to construct a type H unit, and the type H
unit probably would get work allocated to both types M and L.
Vessel requirements
One objective of the study was to dene the minimum charac-
teristics for vessels corresponding to each intervention class. The
following steps were taken for each class:
1. List the systems needed to execute the tasks identied in the
intervention study
2. Dene the capacities required for each system
3. Select and dimension the best options
4. Outline the design of the vessel required to support the systems.
Functional specications were developed for each vessel class
suitable to outline the requirements for a newbuild.
In parallel, a review of the existing eet guided the denition of
the vessels and evaluated the number of existing vessels that meet
ADC specications.
For SPS/UFR intervention vessels, the principal systems dened
were as follows:
Lifting capacity in deepwater
ROV support
Propulsion and dynamic positioning
Cargo deck
Accommodation and helideck.
Deepwater lifting operations (placing and retrieving seabed pack-
ages) were characterized by the weight of the lifting cable as a sig-
nicant addition to the package weight and apparent load increased
by dynamic factors. Forces include drag on the package and inertial
forces, particularly during transition across the air/water interface,
as well as the vertical movements induced on the lifting point by
wave forces on the oating support. These inuences excite the
mass-spring system made up of the package suspended on the ca-
ble. System elasticity increased with depth. The natural frequencies
of the system also change with depth, increasing the chances of ex-
citing them at some stage during a lift.
To reduce the impact of these dynamic effects, ADC recommends
use of a dynamic heave-compensation system, positioning of lifting
points to minimize vertical excitation from vessel motions, and inclu-
sion of the lifting cable mass in the system capacity denition with
an appropriate dynamic amplication factor. There are other ways to
mitigate these effects, such as using synthetic lifting cable or reduc-
ing the apparent weight of the package with the aid of buoyancy.
ROV support
In terms of ROV support, the principle concern is redundancy.
Experience shows that these complex pieces of equipment have a
relatively high downtime. The advisability of having a back-up ROV
Characteristics of SPS/UFR intervention vessels
IM0 IM1 IM2
Length overall (m) 54 65 80
Beam(m) 13 15 21
Depth(m) 6 7 7
Dead weight tonnage (t) 2,300 3,600 5,900
DP Class 2 2 2
Installed power (kW) 4 x 750 4 x 1,200 4 x 1,600
Lifting system A frame 3.5 t Crane AHC 32 t Crane AHC 98 t
ROV Support 1 WROV (+1) 2 WROV 2 WROV
Cargo deck (m
2
)

160 250 800
Accommodation (pers) 35 50 70
An artists rendering of an SPS/UFR intervention vessel.
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PRODUCTI ON
depends on criticality of the task and the
cost of associated equipment mobilized. For
example, installing production equipment is
more critical than inspection.
Only the IM0 vessel has been presented
with a single, low-payload ROV during rou-
tine operations.
The vessels are equipped to receive the ROV
equipment on skids that are installed at a loca-
tion favorable for launching and equipped with
dedicated control rooms and workshops. The
ROV is seldom owned by the vessel provider.
The criteria for dynamic positioning class
recommended by ADC for use in Angola de-
pend on the potential of a loss of position, as
follows:
Loss of time: DP1
Damage to surface installations: DP2
Damage to equipment being installed
or subject to IMR: DP2
Damage to producing subsea equipment:
DP3.
A DP2 system is recommended for inter-
vention vessels in Angolas deepwater elds.
DP2 vessel propulsion and power genera-
tion architecture usually is one of two types:
1. Classic propulsion system with a shaft
driven by a diesel motor complemented
by electric driven thrusters, either tun-
nel mounted or retractable azimuth, at
the bow and stern
2. Diesel-electric propulsion system through
the main azimuth propulsion thrusters at
the stern complemented by bow-mounted
tunnel and/or retractable azimuth thrust-
ers forward.
Even though the initial cost of a diesel-elec-
tric system is higher than the classic system
for the same power level, it is better suited
to DP mode because it consumes less fuel, is
easier to maintain while operating, and allows
more exibility in optimizing vessel design.
During subsea intervention operations in
relatively benign environments, there are no
large demands on DP system power, unlike
the demands in towing. The classic propul-
sion system is more robust and efcient at
full power for towing. The propulsion sys-
tem, DP, and power generation specic for
the operational conditions have been speci-
ed for each vessel class.
The ability to accommodate a helicopter is
not required for intervention operations be-
cause they never are far from production or
drilling surface installations, which can pro-
vide personnel transfer facilities. Nonethe-
less, a helideck was recommended for the
largest vessels because its integration would
have no impact on vessel architecture.
The dimensioning principles applied by
ADC to the layout for the SPS/UFR inter-
vention vessels were as follows:
The general arrangement follows the tradi-
tional offshore supply vessel layout, taking
into account the working areas required
and integrating a workable system and lay-
out for load transfer. The benets of a cata-
maran or small waterplane area twin hull
vessel to reduce wave-induced movements
also were considered, but were set aside
because of the difculty in integrating all
of the demands in a tight space, their con-
struction, and the designs sensitivity to
transverse movements of loads, such as
in lifting
Estimation of lightship weight based on
ADC experience
Naval architecture of the designs was
checked using the normal criteria of free-
board (International Convention on Load
Lines), intact stability including the vari-
ous stages of lifting, and draft limits in the
coastal supply bases of Angola.
An analysis of the hydrodynamic behav-
iors of the vessels evaluated the best loca-
tion for placing lifting devices. The analysis
also allowed ADC to specify the associated
stroke and speed required in the heave com-
pensation systems.
The existing eet was reviewed using ADC
specications to nd out the principal charac-
teristics of the vessels and their capacities. Of
the 125 vessels with the capacity to carry out
subsea intervention, 82 were identied as hav-
ing the potential of IM0, IM1, or IM2, allow-
ing for some minor modications to some of
them. The distribution was 15 potential IM0;
38 potential IM1, of which six were oversized;
and 31 potential IM2, of which 10 were over-
sized. The oversized vessels could be used in
appropriate, specic commercial
circumstances.
Size and layout of well interven-
tion vessels is determined princi-
pally by the loads and areas need-
ed for equipment and by operating
philosophies that determine the
layout of the different systems.
Dimensioning studies were done
for both monohull and semisub-
mersible designs for classes M and H, along
with the equivalent drilling rig of the same type
to provide a benchmark. Comparisons based
on the cost of construction favor the monohull
layout. Monohulls have an advantage in transit
speed. These considerations lead to favoring
the monohull design for class M.
For the H type, which has longer interven-
tion times, the disadvantage in loss of opera-
tions time drops to 2%. The semisubmersible
design was recommended for the H type de-
spite an estimated 10% higher construction
cost. This choice was linked to the great ex-
ibility offered by the hull design, ease of equip-
ment layout for the deck, and potential to use
the derrick or auxiliary crane for heavy lifting
in deepwater (tasks of the SPS/UFR IM3).
There are few existing units designed for
intervention on wells and workovers that
meet ADCs specications. Semisubmers-
ibles of the Amethyst type correspond to
the H type if upgraded for all tasks in water
depths to 2,000 m (6,562 ft). The semisub-
mersible Q4000 is the only M class vessel
currently operating. Certain rst-generation
drilling vessels designed for more limited
water depths could operate with an interven-
tion riser in 2,000 m (6,562 ft) of water.
Evaluation of construction costs and day
rates for SPS/UFR and well intervention
vessels were conducted on the basis of spec-
ications and dimensioning by ADC. These
evaluations were compared with the eco-
nomic data for existing vessels and apprais-
als by a shipbroker. The economic data then
were used to make comparisons between
alternative classes of vessels and potential
intervention arrangements, and to generate
commercial evaluations.
NOTE: We thank BP Angola, CABGOC (Cabinda Gulf
Oil Corp. Chevron Texaco), Esso Angola, Sonangol
P&P, and Total Angola for their participation during
the study and for permission to publish the paper.
ADC, a consortium of Sonangol, Pride Foramaer, and
Doris Engineering, was created to execute engineer-
ing studies related to development of deepwater zones
of fshore Angola. The studies were nanced by the
operators.
Renderings of well
intervention vessel types.
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PRODUCTI ON
Subsea well intervention
expected to grow
T
he recent combination of higher oil
prices and the large number of new-
build subsea support vessels enter-
ing the marketplace is a catalyst for
growth in the rigless well interven-
tion market. The subsea well intervention
market is being driven, in part, by the ob-
ligation of operators to abandon redundant
subsea wells in the UK sector of the North
Sea. An increase in other rigless subsea well
intervention work across the globe is antici-
pated as well as operators strive to cut costs
to maximize returns.
Rigless christmas tree installation frees
up rig time for specic drilling and comple-
tion activities and can provide signicant
benets in accelerated production and rig
programs in the current tight rig market. In
addition, the spread rate can be signicantly
less than the comparable rig rate, providing
major cost savings.
Wireline data acquisition can provide
signicant reservoir management data that
allows petroleum engineers to optimize
reservoir models, to site development well
locations, and ultimately maximize eld re-
covery rates. With the current pressure on
exploration results and the increased value
of incremental production from high oil
and gas prices, this type of intervention can
be very attractive in more mature subsea
regions. Historically, the costs of rig mobi-
lization coupled with short duration opera-
tions have dampened the activity. A faster,
more easily deployed, DP vessel that does
not require anchor handlers during installa-
tion and demobilization and needs no riser
to be run and tested offers a signicant cost
saving.
Examples of these vessels can be seen
with two new TSMarine entries.
The rst of these vessels will be a conver-
sion of the MT6010 design Havila Harmony,
due for delivery in March 2007 and char-
tered on a long-term arrangement with Havi-
la Shipping. Once tted with a large moon-
pool, extra accommodation and a heave
compensated crane, the vessel is committed
to undertaking a mixed program of well in-
tervention work in Australia for Woodside
Energy Ltd.
The program includes installing subsea
christmas trees on wire and a number of pro-
duction data gathering programs, both using
a subsea lubricator system.
The second vessel will be the newbuild
REM Etive. This MT6016 design, due for de-
livery in April 2007, has a long-term arrange-
ment with REM Maritime.
Fitted with two TSMarine owned Quan-
tum 150-hp ROVs, 140-metric-ton (154-ton)
AHC crane, and accommodation for 100, the
REM Etive can carry out a wider variety of
operations.
TSMarine also plans to install a 100-metric
ton (110-ton) capacity module handling tow-
er positioned over the moonpool. The tower
can deploy subsea modules, such as control
pods and christmas trees, and will be supple-
mented with a module skidding system to fa-
cilitate a subsea lubricator package. The unit
will be tted with a heave compensated top-
drive, automated pipe handling, and a rotary
spider for tubular make-up. This will allow
drillpipe to be run and used for a variety of
operations including well abandonment and
intervention, seabed excavation, and poten-
tially, tophole drilling.
TSMarine entered the market with Initial
well operations limited to subsea decommis-
sioning where the well control issues and
operational complexity are relatively lim-
ited. By targeting opportunities to work for
well service contractors such as Weather-
ford and WellCut, TSMarine says it has built
a knowledge of well operations that includes
identifying the necessary vessel capabilities
required to support abandonment as well as
more complex well operations.
www.offshore-mag.com February 2007 Of fshore 73
(Above) The TSMarine REM Etive.
(Left) The TSMarine Havila Harmony.
Rigless christ-
mas tree instal-
lation frees up
rig time for spe-
cic drilling and
completion ac-
tivities and can
provide signi-
cant benets.
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Raw water injection first
for Columba E expansion scheme
Lower cost, better delivery
T
he worlds rst subsea raw seawater
injection system will enter service
soon in the UK northern North Sea.
CNR International opted for a seabed
pumping station as the waterood
solution for its Columba E eld. The alterna-
tive, injecting water via a dedicated pipeline
from a platform, would have cost more while
delivering less in terms of pressure boost.
Columba E, extending across UK blocks
3/7a, 3/7b, and 3/8a in 145 m (476 ft) wa-
ter depth is the largest and most southerly
of ve faulted structures known as the Co-
lumba Terraces, with 270 MMbbl of oil origi-
nally in place. All lie south and west of Nin-
ian, the giant oileld developed originally by
Chevron with one concrete-based and two
steel production platforms.
CNR International (UK) and its predeces-
sor Ranger Oil (UK) have operated the Ter-
races since their discovery in the 1970s. De-
velopment, however, had to be put on hold
until the 1990s, when Ninians production
decline eased infrastructure constraints.
Even then, says CNR Internationals VP
for Exploitation and Business Develop-
ment, James Edens, they had a tough time
securing platform drilling slots due to
Ninians ongoing inll drilling and work-
over/intervention programs.
The current project represents Colum-
ba Es fourth development phase in the
past 10 years and is designed to sustain
production from the eld well into the
next decade.
Reservoir targets
When Ranger rst appraised the eld
with a view to development in 1995,
Edens explains, the idea was to drill two
extended reach producers from Ninian
Southern out to the platforms offset limit.
One well was designed to intersect the
good quality Upper Brent rock contain-
ing 20% of the elds oil, while the other
would be dedicated to the poorer quality
Lower Brent rock, which had 80% of the
oil in place.
Columba E came onstream in 1998 at
11,000 b/d, via the EP1 producer. This
was a fantastic initial rate, Edens says,
and that well produced 6 MMbbl cumula-
tive up to 2001. EP2 followed at the end of
1998 at a rate of 1,500 b/d and has produced
2.4 MMbbl to date. These two wells demon-
strated that viable production was possible
from Columba E, but also that the eld
would take a long time to give up its prize
due to the poor rock quality.
Ranger considered renting further slots
on Ninian Southern to drill three to four
more wells, including injectors for pres-
sure maintenance and waterood, using
the platforms water injection facilities.
But this would have been a relatively high
cost option, Edens explains, as a review
showed that getting the injectors out with
a far enough offset to Columba E would be
beyond the reach of the platforms drilling
capability.
We felt that with limited upgrading of the
platforms drilling rig, we could get out to
the better part of the Upper Brent section
with a 6,706-m (22,000-ft) offset, but only in
the far western extent of the eld. Ultimate-
ly, the Columba E eld group did sanction
the upgrade program when the UK govern-
ment agreed to grant royalty relief for the
Columba E Terrace.
In April 2002, CNR drilled the EW3 water
injector into the E Terrace. Even with the
upgrade, Edens says, we were still operat-
ing at the limits of the platforms offset ca-
pability. The well had as gun-barrel straight
a trajectory as was possible, but we suffered
formation collapse twice while tripping out
after reaching the reservoir.
In the event, we were third time lucky,
but this exercise took up a tremendous
amount of cost and time. Also, being fully
occupied with drilling EW3, we were un-
able to pursue at the time other planned
developments in the southern region of
Ninian and the Columba B area, which
were deferred almost a year as a result.
On the plus side, EW3 did show that
waterood was feasible on Columba E,
and we also saw signicantly improved
performance as a result from EP1. This
gave us sufcient condence to proceed
to waterood at a full-eld scale.
Having proved this waterood capabil-
ity, Edens adds, We wanted to do it again,
but in a more cost-effective way, via sub-
sea injectors and platform producers. The
two injector wells would be drilled out to a
further offset than the platforms drilling
radius would allow, maximizing the water-
ood development extent. Our next issue
was how best to get the injection water
into the reservoir.
Water transfer
According to Edens, Our entrepreneurial
guys in Aberdeen had been looking at sub-
sea raw seawater delivery for some time.
Jeremy Beckman
Editor, Europe

SUBSEA
Ninian southern
platform
Raw seawater
pump station
Power and
control umbilical
(trenched)
Columba E
subsea water
injection project
3/08-A2 (E6)
3/08-A1 (E5)
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SUBSEA
McDermott in London was the original pioneer in this re-
gard, leading a joint industry project in the late 1990s. Out of
this JIP, a scheme was devised for Columba E. The technol-
ogy is basically simple, and based on proven subsea pump-
ing, but used in a novel way, Edens says.
CNR discounted the alternative of a dedicated injection
pipeline from Ninian Southern mainly on technical and cost
grounds. In late 2003, the plan was to put in two new plat-
form-drilled producers in the northern part of Columba E,
followed by two to three subsea water injectors, directly to
the south of the producers, to be drilled by a semisubmers-
ible. The subsea raw water injection facilities would be in-
stalled on the seabed in close proximity to the wellheads,
eliminating the need for a new water injection pipeline from
Ninian Southern.
The raw seawater systems, as the projects 2003 environ-
mental statement explains, could deliver higher pressures
into the reservoir than would be possible with the existing
injection facilities from Ninian Southern. This higher deliv-
ery pressure, in turn, was expected to translate into higher
hydrocarbon volumes from the new production wells. The
preferred option would also involve less change to the exist-
ing infrastructure around Columba E and Ninian Southern, which
had economical and environmental benets.
Britains Department of Trade and Industry approved the de-
velopment in March 2004, but at that point CNR was focused on
the acquisition and transfer of operatorship from Eni of the Tiffany
and Balmoral elds in the central UK North Sea. We decided to
defer our investment in Columba E for a year, Edens says, while
also using that time to make sure that this was the right way to go.
Ultimately, we concluded that the economics were robust and pro-
ceeded with project delivery.
During the summer of 2004, the company drilled one of the two
extended reach Phase 4 producers (EP4). The well came onstream
that August at 7,000 b/d, clearly demonstrating a strong waterood
response. Production continues today at more than 2,500 b/d cu-
Columba E oil saturation plots.
1. Current situation
2. No further development
3. Phase IV development
Oil Saturation
Get More from Offshore by Accessing Reader
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SUBSEA
mulative from the three platform producers
balanced by the single injector.
Framo Engineering designed and built
the electrically powered subsea seawater
injection pumping station. The system will
provide injection capacity of 55,000 b/d and
a normalized injection pressure of 32 MPa
(320 bar), although this could be raised to
39 MPa (390 bar) if reservoir fracing opera-
tions are required.
Two subsea injectors will be drilled from
nearby seabed locations and deviated to the
targets in the reservoir through directional
drilling. The subsea injection facility will
then be connected to the wellhead via ex-
ible jumpers.
The pumping stations seawater lter inlet
is built into the openings on the side of the
lter top section. The openings are located
4.5-5 m (14 3/4-16 1/2 ft) above the mud
line to minimize ingress of particles into the
lter. The lter will be kept clean through
regular water purging.
Ninian Southern will supply power for the
pumping station via a 7.4-km (4.6-mi) umbili-
cal designed and manufactured by Ocean-
eering Multiex and installed on the seabed
last summer. The pumping station rests on
a suction base with four mud mats, one at
each corner of the structure.
Drilling of the rst two injector wells
started late last year, and both should be
completed simultaneously this spring, with
injection rates of 10,000 b/d each. All sub-
sea equipment was installed by the end of
2006, and shortly the pump system will be
deployed within the pump station, and the
subsea hookups will be completed.
The injectors will be chemically dosed with
a biocide three times a week, says Edens,
with a second scale inhibitor also added dur-
ing the rst million barrels. We will also have
the ability to frac the formation at startup if we
choose.
Once the system has been re-pressur-
ized, the producers should ow naturally
at 5-7,000 b/d gross uids each. He also
points out that articial lift was installed in
two of the platform producers when the in-
jection project was deferred in 2004.
Like the existing well stream from Colum-
ba E, Phase 4 oil and associated gas is sepa-
rated and treated on Ninian Southern, with
the crude exported to the Sullom Voe termi-
nal in Shetland via the Ninian Pipeline Sys-
tem. The main modications to the platform
associated with this scheme include installa-
tion of a new switch room to accommodate
controls for the subsea water injection facili-
ties; a step-up transformer to control power
feeding through the high voltage umbilical;
and a variable-speed drive to regulate ow
through the pumping station.
To date, Columba E has produced nearly
11 MMbbl of oil. CNR hopes that the new
waterood scheme will extract another 30
MMbbl from the four producer locations,
connected to at least an estimated 80 MMb-
bl in place. That still leaves two-thirds of the
reservoir around 190 MMbbl not con-
nected to these three producers. We keep
challenging our guys to nd new methods of
accessing those reserves, Edens says.
Later in the elds life, the raw water injec-
tion system could be re-deployed or replicat-
ed to access those targets or used to replace
an existing water injector well on the Lyell
eld to the west of Ninian, Edens says. We
could also transfer it to Columba B and D,
taking out existing injectors and converting
them back to producers by putting in raw
water injection.
Pump station retrievables
WI pumps
5 m high X 20 te
Filter units
2 m high x 3 te
8 x 6 x 7 m
Circa 110 te
Bypass
valve insert
Control pod
1.5 m high x 1.5 te
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C
hevrons subsea development of the Lobito and Tomboco
elds offshore Angola met its start-up plan despite a com-
pressed schedule and difcult logistics.
The Benguela, Belize, Lobito, and Tomboco elds are in
block 14, about 80 km (50 mi) off the Angolan coast, in up
to 396 m (1,300 ft) of water. Together, they make up the BBLT De-
velopment, one of Chevrons major capital projects, operated by its
Cabinda Gulf Oil Co. Ltd. subsidiary
The Lobito/Tomboco project involved the tieback of three subsea
drilling and production centers to the Benguela/Belize compliant
tower. Each drill center has a production manifold with slots for up
to ve wells, a water injection manifold with slots for four wells, and
a subsea distribution unit. There were 15 pipelines to connect the
manifolds and wells back to the platform, comprising 3-in (76 mm)
methanol, 6-in (152 mm) gas lift, 8-in (203 mm) test, 10-in (254 mm)
production, and 12-in (305 mm) water injection lines. Flexible jump-
ers connected the pipelines to the manifolds and tree umbilicals at
each drill center.
Subsea 7 was awarded the engineering, procurement, installation,
and commissioning contract for the subsea installation in Septem-
ber 2004. The project involved the manufacture of 120 km (75 mi) of
pipelines as well as 24 associated pipeline end terminations (PLETs),
and three umbilicals totaling 29 km (18 mi) in length. There were
also 30 exible jumpers and 22 ying leads, three production mani-
folds, three water injection manifolds, and three subsea distribution
units. These were provided by others, but installed and connected
by Subsea 7. All the equipment installed on the seabed was tested
and commissioned.
One of the companys most signicant achievements involved
building a pipe fabrication facility at the Sonils base in Luanda.
At the time of the award, the spoolbase site was under water, and
land had to be reclaimed on a tight schedule to allow site construc-
tion work. Pipe welding was taking place at the spoolbase within
eight months of the start of dredging. Another achievement was
the training and employment of Angolans to weld and fabricate the
pipe stalks.
The choice to use Sonils was benecial because of the companys
location in the shelter of Luanda harbor, the comprehensive and
professional services provided by Sonils, and direct access to other
Heather Beresford
Subsea 7

SUBSEA
Demanding
Lobito/Tomboco
subsea installation
schedule
First oil ahead of schedule
Reclaiming land
for the spoolbase.
Toisa Perseus and Grampian Surveyor
alongside the Benguela/Belize compliant tower.
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MODEC
Profit from our experience
Te Industry Leader in FPSO/FSO Operations
W
ith ten floating production units currently
operating worldwide and four more on the
way, MODEC continues to expand its scope of
operational excellence.
From FEED through startup, the MODEC
operations team is involved in every aspect of
your project to ensure that your floating pro-
duction facility operates at maximum efficiency
throughout its lifetime.
For your next FPSO/FSO, talk to us about our:
Consistent delivery of maximum uptime
Excellent safety record
Highly skilled and diverse operations workforce
Cost competitive, value driven Operating Results
Consistent record of exceeding client KPI goals
To profit from MODECs leading operations
experience, call us at 1-281-529-8100 or visit
www.modec.com.

Visit us at Offshore West Africa, Booth 137.
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SUBSEA
local support services the spoolbase required for everyday opera-
tions. Also, being close to the city allowed Subsea 7 to access a higher
percentage of local personnel for spoolbase operations. One of the
companys main objectives with the Lobito/Tomboco project was to
train and employ Angolan nationals. All 24 PLETs were fabricated in
the Sonamet yard, with Angoex manufacturing the three umbilicals.
Both of these facilities are in Lobito.
The Lobito/Tomboco project involved building a spoolbase from open
water to production within eight months and the technical decision to use
coiled tubing for the methanol
pipe reduced pipe stalk fabri-
cation time in an already tight
schedule at the spoolbase.
The coiled tubing pipe was
delivered on individual reels,
trans-spooled onto two larger
offshore reels, and nally in-
stalled using the piggy-back
method on the 12-in. (305
mm) water injection pipeline.
The piggy back approach required the standard PLET to be modied
for hot stab connections to the 3-in. (76 mm) methanol jumpers, but also
resulted in savings in offshore installation time.
Offshore work began in February 2006 with Subsea 7s reel lay ves-
sel Skandi Navica starting pipelay operations. It was joined a month
later by the construction vessel Toisa Perseus. Each vessel spent about
100 days working offshore Angola in an integrated schedule that saw
Chevron achieve rst oil ahead of plan. At its peak, Subsea 7 had seven
vessels in the eld and more than 300 people working in Angola. There
were no lost time incidents throughout the installation work.
The biggest challenges lay in achieving the fast-track schedule
and difcult logistics, having to engineer, procure, install and com-
mission the pipeline, exible jumpers, umbilicals, and PLETs in An-
gola all within 22 months all preceded by shipping the parts and
equipment into Angola.
The Skandi Navica alongside
the spoolbase in Luanda.
Subsea 7 welders in Luanda.
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CL I F F ORD- J ACOBS F ORGI NG
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your business or technology.
For more information contact Sherry Humphrey
at 918.832.9379 or sherryh@pennwell.com
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Copyright 2007. All rights reserved. Trade Mark of Aker Kvaerner and its subsidiaries.
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Existing platforms raised
to increase storm clearance
14 feet added in two days
A
Devon Energy-operated platform with
44 people on board in the Eugene Is-
land 330 eld in the Gulf of Mexico
was raised 4.25 m (14 ft) by 32 syn-
chronously controlled hydraulic cylin-
ders. The eight-leg platform, Eugene Island
330C, in 76 m (250 ft) of water originally was
installed in the early 1970s. In 2005, Hurri-
cane Rita passed through the eld causing
signicant damage to EI 330C and claimed
connecting platform EI 330S. In order to pre-
vent repeated damage from future storms,
EI 330C and neighboring platform EI 330B,
which had also suffered signicant damage
from the hurricane, Devon teamed with Ver-
sabar to raise both platforms.
Due to the size of the hurricanes during
the 2005 season and resulting uncertainty
in future requalication metocean criteria,
Devon Energy decided to have the platforms
qualied to meet API RP 2A, Section 17, A-I
criteria, even though the platforms were clas-
sied as A-2. Analysis showed that by raising
the decks 4.25 m (14 ft), the effects of wave-
in-deck loading would be removed and a com-
fortable air gap established. Analysis also
showed that the additional leg movements
attributable to increased platform leg length
would not affect the structural integrity of the
platform. The deck-raising was sanctioned by
Devon and partners in May 2006, with rais-
ing operations for the two decks completed
by November.
System design
A key design element of the deck-rais-
ing system was placing split sleeves around
the existing legs. This served to contain the
deck legs during the initial cutting, to pro-
vide lateral stability for the topsides during
jacking, and to provide the permanent leg ex-
tension sections for support of the topsides
at the new elevation. The split sleeves were
installed around each deck leg after cutting
approximately 60% of the circumference in
four equal quadrants. Following the installa-
tion of all the sleeves and immediately prior
to the raising operations, the remaining 40%
of the deck legs were cut through windows
in the sleeves.
After jacking was completed, a pin speci-
ed to withstand storm loads in API A-2 cri-
teria was inserted through the split sleeve
and the leg to provide a storm-safe condition
after cutting the deck legs but prior to weld-
ing. This design feature enabled most of the
work prior to jacking to be completed during
the 2006 hurricane season.
The platform-raising system was designed
with two control modes synchronous and
manual. Both control modes keep the rela-
tive leg displacements within 25 mm (1 in.)
to avoid overstressing the deck members.
Synchronous is the primary control mode.
A computer system sends signals to the ow
control valves for all legs at the direction of
one operator. The synchronous controls are
on a main control console that also houses
two monitors that show all aspects of the
platform raising, including leg displace-
ments, cylinder pressures, and hydraulic oil
temperatures. In manual mode, operators at
independent consoles adjust the ow con-
trol valves for each leg. The consoles con-
tain displays which show leg displacements.
The only variable used to control the ow of
oil to each leg during the platform raising is
the displacement of each leg. That displace-
ment is measured by transducers mounted
to each leg.
Testing
Prior to raising EI 330C, the controls and
split-sleeve design were tested at Versabars
Houston, Texas, yard. A structure with four
Paul Van Kirk
Versabar Inc.
Mark Day
Devon Energy Corp.

CONSTRUCTI ON & I NSTALLATI ON
The deck before lifting at left. The deck after lifting at right.
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___________

legs identical to the offshore platforms legs
was built, and steel weights were added
asymmetrically on top so each leg would
support a different load with a magnitude
similar to the actual offshore platform. The
total weight lifted in the test was 742 metric
tons (818 tons) with the most heavily loaded
leg supporting about 298 metric tons (328
tons). Based on analysis, the most heavily
loaded leg offshore was expected to have
approximately the same load. On Thursday,
Sept. 28, in Versabars yard, the test raised
742 metric tons (818 tons) from an elevation
of 12 m (38 ft) to 16 m (52 ft) in less than one
hour while keeping all leg displacements
within 25 mm (1 in.) of one another.
Failsafe
In addition to completing full system test-
ing prior to mobilizing offshore, several re-
dundancies were designed into the system
to mitigate potential problems offshore. To
ensure that a displacement transducer fail-
ure would not hinder the raising process,
each leg was tted with two transducers. If
the primary had failed, the controls would
have switched to the secondary transducer
without interrupting the lift. Equally spaced
around each leg are four, 236-metric ton
(260-ton) capacity hydraulic cylinders sized
so their load is approximately 30-40% of their
maximum capacity while loading offshore.
This low level of utilization allows for one or
two cylinders on a leg to be unpinned should
they fail and still be able to continue raising
the platform. In addition to the redundant
control systems, spare equipment including
two cylinders, two power units, two manual
control consoles with hydraulic valves, and
multiple hoses and ttings also were held on
the platform.
The lift
By the third week in October, all the
equipment was installed on EI 330C. Rais-
ing began on the afternoon of Oct. 18. After
completing an equipment checklist and re-
moving the pins from the legs, the cylinders
on all the legs were slowly extended until
each had a pressure reading of 2 MPa (300
psi). Then, the circumferential cuts in the
legs were completed through access holes
in the extension sleeves. The platform was
raised 25 mm (1 in.), then 152 mm (6 in.)
to conrm the synchronous controls were
working properly and there were no inter-
ferences. The platform was estimated to
weigh 1,451 metric tons (1,600 tons) and
was calculated from the hydraulic pressure
readings of the cylinders to be 1,724 met-
ric tons (1,900 tons), including the jacking
equipment. At this point, the platform was
lowered, and the pins reinserted into the
legs for the night.
On Oct. 19, the pins were removed. Jack-
ing began at 8:15 a.m. After the initial up-
ward movement, the only indication the plat-
Close-up of the
legs during lift.
The total service package comprising system design/supply/installation/commissioning/
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salesasia@sparrowsoffshore.com
Tel +61 8 9359 2355
Rig Mechanisation?
Sparrows can handle it.
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form was moving came by looking at the legs. On top of the control
console were two monitors displaying views from cameras oriented
toward the bottom hole in the extension sleeves on each leg. As the
platform neared its nal lift height, the hole in the platform leg could
be seen starting to align with the hole in the extension sleeve. At
9:15 a.m., after rising 4.27 m (14 ft), the platform came to a gentle
stop, and the pin hole in each leg was independently oriented using
the view from the cameras. One hour later, all the pins were installed
in the legs, and the platform was lowered onto the pins. During the
entire lift, the pressure on the legs varied by no more than 3.5 MPa
(500 psi), which corresponds to 82 metric tons (90 tons). During the
last 1.5 m (5 ft) of the lift, one leg carried no load at all. The overall
force required to raise the platform varied between 1,724 metric tons
(1,900 tons) and 1,783 metric tons (1,965 tons) during the one-hour
lift. Immediately after the lift, the cylinders were retracted so that the
weld-out of the leg sleeves to the deck legs could begin. Within two
days, all the jacking equipment was removed from the platform with
the exception of the cylinders which took longer due to weather.
While EI 330C was being raised, EI 330B was being prepared for
lift. Three weeks after the rst successful platform lift of its kind in
the GoM, Devon Energy and Versabar repeated the success by rais-
ing EI 330B 4.27 m (14 ft) on Nov. 10, 2006.
(Above) Pin being inserted into one leg. (Below) Final platform leg cut
through window in sleeve.
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Polyester ropes can meet design criteria
to extend MODU mooring capability
Pre-installed system cuts operating expenses
I
n the mid 1990s, Shell (US) was chal-
lenged to drill prospects in water depths
nearly twice the water depth ratings of
the rigs under contract. At the same
time, the need to eliminate the risk of
drive-off or drift-off, and the ability to dis-
connect in an emergency without signicant
capex or opex increases to accommodate
storms became a challenge. Shell decided
that extending the water depth capability of
a moored MODU addressed all the issues.
An effective upgrade to a rigs maximum
water depth rating requires upgrades to
both drilling and stationkeeping capabilities.
Shell and its contractors developed a Pre-
Installed Mooring (PIM) System to supple-
ment the onboard mooring system and ad-
dress both problems.
The rst generation PIM had suction pile
anchor/subsea connector/wire buoys. The
top of the PIM connected to rig wires when
the MODU arrived at the well site. This sys-
tem was applied successfully at Na Kika and
Coulomb elds, in water depths of 1,524-2,438
m (5,000-8,000 ft) even though the rig had
1,372 m (4,500 ft) variable deck load capacity.
The PIM concept used two sets of moor-
ing lines so that one could be used at the rig
and the second could be pre-set at the next
well site. In this way, the MODU could move
to the next site by disconnecting and buoy-
ing off PIM lines rather than waiting for the
entire mooring system to be retrieved. This
also allowed the rig to begin working at the
new site within about 24 hours of arrival, re-
duced idle rig time from 7-8 days down to 2
days or less, and also decreased the expo-
sure to weather related downtime.
The higher initial capex for the two sets
of PIM lines was more than offset by opex
savings within 24 months, depending on the
frequency of moves and the rig day rate.
The PIM system also improves a MODUs
stationkeeping. The semi-taut-leg steel PIM
lines improved a rigs uptime by reducing
rig offset compared to a typical catenary sys-
tem. Suction pile anchors allow higher uplift
angle and precise installation for a smaller
mooring footprint with more exibility in
dealing with interference to mooring.
The rst generation PIM met design tar-
gets and set mooring records, but there was
room for improvement. The second genera-
tion system targeted reduced capex and opex
in addition to reduced radius of the systems
watch circle. To that end, lightweight and
corrosion-free polyester rope appeared to be
a candidate to replace heavy steel wires and
submersible buoys. Initial studies also indi-
cated the polyester rope PIM system could
have better stationkeeping capability.
At that time, polyester mooring guidelines
were under development. There was no
proven installation procedure or hardware.
Most on-board mooring lines were steel
wires which generate torque under tension.
Conversely, most polyester rope design was
torque-balanced. So, the unknown effects
of torque mismatch between rig wire rope
and polyester mooring rope was a concern.
There also was concern about polyester
rope bending-tension fatigue performance.
Few polyester rope test results were avail-
able. Lastly, the nonlinear properties of
polyester rope and no industry experience
with polyester mooring line damping made
polyester PIM system design performance
difcult to conrm.
To maximize the cost savings of a polyes-
ter PIM system, Shell designed the second
generation system to extend the water depth
rating of the Transocean Deepwater Nautilus
and the Marianas.
Working with contractors, rope suppliers,
installation contractors, and regulatory agen-
cies, Shell resolved most of the issues. The
second generation PIM was installed in the
Gulf of Mexico in water depths from 2,286
m (7,500 ft) to 2,774 m (9,100 ft). Since that
time, the PIM has been recovered and rede-
ployed at more than a dozen locations.
The system enabled Nautilus to operate
in twice the water depth of its initial rating.
The MODU and PIM survived hurricanes
Isidore and Lili. However, the mooring wires
failed at the center of Ivan. This was not a
surprise since the Category 4 hurricane far
exceeded the MODU mooring design cri-
teria. Following that, full-scale testing was
done to evaluate the PIM system.
Wire-rope interface
The unknown effect of connecting polyes-
ter rope to steel wire was one hurdle. Shells
earlier studies indicated that the risk of pre-
mature failure or strength reduction of poly-
ester rope when connected with a wire could
be mitigated by proper rope design. The re-
maining question was what the magnitude
of the wire fatigue life reduction would be
and what to do about it.
One proposed solution was to manufac-
ture torque-matched polyester rope. Such a
rope did not exist. Shell also determined that
due to inherently different material proper-
ties, a torque-matched rope could match a
wires torque only at a xed load, such as op-
erating tension. In reality, mooring tension
in different lines of the same system vary
signicantly with the line bearing angle and
the tension variation increased as sea states
worsened. Also, a low-efciency swivel still
would be needed to make handling the
steel wires easier. This swivel would make
the torque match concept more difcult to
implement as it would be difcult to predict
when the swivel would lock-up.
So, from the design view, the best way
H. Shu
D.A. Loeb
Shell Intl. E&P Inc.

Comparison between the 10-year criteria and
hindcast maximum wave and associated sea
state at Lloyd Ridge block 399 during Hurricane
Ivan. Note that the directions of wind, wave
and current in a 10-year storm are assumed
collinear.
Pre-Ivan Hindcast max
1O-year storm wave sea state
criteria (at LR399)
Wind spd. (1-min) 53.1 kts 97.8 kts
Wind dir (from) 77.9
Surface current 2.0 kts 3.9 kts
Curro dir (toward) 257.9
Total wave (Hs) 7.6 m 15.3 m
Total peak period 11.9 sec 15.7 sec
Wave dir (toward) 295.6
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Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids Selected for Record Setting Project
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to resolve the wire fatigue problem is not
6- or 8-strand wires in a polyester mooring
leg. But, most MODUs use some steel wires
for raster handling during rig moves and re-
placement with torque neutral components
such as chains would be cost-prohibitive.
Logistically, one PIM design to extend
mooring capabilities of more than one rig
would maximize exibility and minimize
cost. Shell expected the need to extend
mooring ratings of two contracted MODUs
in deepwater drilling, Transoceans Nautilus
uses 8-strand wires, whereas Marianas uses
6-strand wires. This made it impossible to
design one torque-matched PIM system for
both rigs.
After theoretical investigations, design stud-
ies, and consultations with rope manufactur-
ers, the rig owner and mooring handling con-
tractors, Shell proposed to conduct a full-scale
eld trial of PIM based on torque-balanced
polyester ropes.
Full-scale eld trial
The full-scale trial was to test Shells rope
handling method and design approach. The
handling procedures and required hardware
directly impact the feasibility of using poly-
ester ropes in a mobile mooring system. The
difculties experienced in one of the early
eld trials of polyester rope handling proce-
dure by other operators deepened concerns
over offshore handling of ropes.
From January to August 2000, a JIP led by
Shell successfully prepared and conducted a
full-scale eld installation and recovery test
in 1,890 m (6,200 ft) of water in the Gulf of
Mexico on Marianas. The wire/polyester-
rope/wire PIMS mooring conguration was
used in two lines for about 1 1/2 months.
Key determinations from this eld test in-
cluded the following:
Existing mooring procedures can be
adapted to handle polyester ropes
Polyester mooring ropes can be safely
installed and recovered with existing
AHV and equipment
ROV inspection shows nearly no twist
in ropes under operating tension
Recovered ropes showed virtually no
residual twist
Lightweight polyester mooring exten-
sions clearly showed potential to enable
existing MODUs to operate in deeper
water.
These ndings spurred PIM system de-
velopment based on torque-balanced poly-
ester ropes.
Shell conducted post-trial extreme ten-
sion tests on full size ropes and wires to
determine if the wire-rope interface used in
the eld trial would result in any strength
degradation of either wires or ropes. The
polyester ropes used in the tests were those
recovered from the eld trial in the summer
of 2000. The same type of wire-rope-wire as-
sembly was tested under extreme tensions.
The tensions were cycled over 5,000 times
to 50% wires MBL, and approximately an-
other 100 times to 60% wires MBL. The 50%
and 60% MBL tensions are the maximum al-
lowable per API RP 2SK for quasi-static and
dynamic analyses, respectively. Additional
tests determined the wire twists as a func-
tion of tension.
No premature failure of any mooring hard-
ware occurred during testing. After the tests,
rope and wire samples were tested for resid-
ual break strengths. The residual strength of
the ropes were a few percent below the new
ropes MBL, whereas the residual strength of
the wires were slightly above the new wire
MBL.
In summary, the full-scale eld trial and
post-trial tests enabled Shell to select the
proper polyester rope construction and ter-
mination, and to design the proper line sizes
and conguration to use torque-balanced
polyester ropes to extend a MODUs mainly
wire mooring lines to work in deeper water.
PIM conguration
The Transocean Nautilus main mooring
hardware consists of a traction winch, 4,420
m (14,500 ft) long 95 mm (3 3/4-in.) 8-strand
wires, 152 m (500 ft) of 4 5/16 in. chain and
a drag anchor for each of the eight mooring
lines. The rating of the mooring system of the
rig was designed up to 1,524 m (5,000 ft) wa-
ter depth, which was at the leading edge when
the rig was designed in the early 1990s.
Based on the positive results of those
tests and 8-strand wire properties provided
by the supplier, Shell obtained agreement
with Transocean, MMS, and USCG to sup-
plement the rigs on board mooring system
with a polyester rope PIM system. The PIM
line typically has the following components
(below the rig wire and swivel):
3 9/16 in. connecting chain with a chaser
stopper, one 50 kip inline submersible
buoy with 100 ft of 3 9/16 in. R4 chain.
The outer-dimension of the buoy mea-
sures 8.8 in. x 8.8 in. x 24.8 in. This buoy
is added to allow the preset ropes to be
buoyed off the seabed and to provide dy-
namic resistance to twists of the rig wire,
Polyester ropes (800-ton MBL, 6 9/10 in.
with varying length segments to suit for
different water depth)
6-strand wires (3 3/4 in. x 610-1,067 m
(2,000-3,500 ft),
Suction pile anchors with 15.5 m (51 ft)
of 3 3/4 in. forerunner wire and Delmar
subsea connector.
The rig wire payout typically varies from
427 m to 671 m (1,400 ft to 2,200 ft) depend-
ing on water depth at the anchor and the
mooring line scope or other constraints on
the sea oor.
The polyester PIM system is the practical
mooring solution that allows Nautilus or a simi-
lar MODU to drill in up to 10,000 ft of water
without waiting for the torque-matched rope
to be developed. For a MODU with marginal
payload capacity in ultra deepwater, such as
Marianas, the polyester PIM would not require
costly upgrades to the rigs existing payload
capacity. So far, the polyester PIM system has
been deployed successfully at more than 12
sites since its rst deployment in August 2001.
Hurricane experience
In September-October 2002, Nautilus was
moored using the polyester PIM system at
Shells Mensa eld (MC 730, water depth
Conclusions
Shells experience in developing the polyester PIM system and the evaluation test
results since the 1990s had shown the following:
1
It is feasible to use torque-balanced polyester ropes to extend an existing
MODUs mooring capability even if the rig uses 6-strand rig wires. The rig wires
as-built relationships should be determined before the mooring system confgura-
tion is fnalized. This practical solution is cost-effective and does not adversely
affect the rig moorings ultimate survivability.
2
Optimization of a MODUs mooring pattern may improve its survivability in hur-
ricanes of higher return periods.
3
The test results of polyester ropes recovered from the seafoor after Hurricane
Ivan showed that the ropes flter met design expectation of protecting load bear-
ing core from seafoor mud and other debris during frequent handling. This sug-
gests that polyester ropes could be pre-laid on the seafoor in a controlled process
without detrimental effects.
4
Short polyester test inserts do not necessarily represent long ropes condition
in the same system. A fawed test insert will be the weak link of the mooring
system, and it could not be detected effectively by non-destructive testing. For a per-
manent mooring system, recovering the test inserts is costly and inherently risky.
5
More cost-effective methods are needed for in-situ monitoring of synthetic mooring
lines. If test inserts have to be used for monitoring purposes, longer rope length
would offer better test samples while reducing the aforementioned shortcomings.
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1,646 m [5,400 ft]) when two hurricanes,
Isidore and Lili, moved through the Gulf.
Based on satellite photos and hurricane
wind force diagrams, the rig experienced
strong tropical storm wind forces when the
center of Hurricane Lili passed at about 209
km (130 mi) away from the rig. The platform
and the polyester mooring system survived
the hurricanes without any visible damage.
After more than two years of service, the
used samples of polyester rope inserts and
rig wires were tested. The used rope sample
was tested for stiffness at three different
mean loads and load ranges according to
API RP 2SM. The results showed that the
rope had stiffened at lower load levels while
the stiffness at high-load level was almost
unchanged. This indicated that the ropes
have been bedded-in, and their mooring
performance has improved.
To maximize the information from the test
rope sample, no destructive test was performed
at rope level. The sample was dismantled care-
fully to examine and test the subropes. The
used subrope break strengths were compared
with the new subrope strengths. Using the cor-
relation formula between subropes and full-size
rope provided by the rope maker, it was found
that after over two years of service, the polyester
inserts strength was about 4-5% lower than the
new ropes average actual breaking strength,
but was still about 2% higher than the ropes
specied design MBL. These results conrmed
that the performance of polyester ropes in the
PIM system met design expectation.
In addition to polyester rope tests, a
sample of the rigs 8-strand wire was tested.
The residual wire strength at 740 tons was
higher than wire design MBL of 680 tons.
Test results also revealed that the 8-strand
rig wires torque is signicantly higher than
any earlier available estimate. At approxi-
mately 20% MBL load, the 8-strand wires
torque was about 70% higher than that of an
equal size 6-strand wire. Its twist at the same
load level is about twice that of an equal size
6-strand wire. The wires torque-tension re-
lationship is nonlinear in tension ranging
from 550% MBL. Based on these ndings, a
section of 152 m (500 ft) of 95.25 mm (3 3/4
in.) 6-strand wire (the same type as the bot-
tom wire) was added between the top of a
pre-set mooring leg and the Nautilus rig wire
swivel to provide protection.
On Sept. 15, 2004, Hurricane Ivan, a strong
Category 4 storm with maximum sustained
wind speed of 140 mph and gust of 175 mph,
hit Nautilus directly at Lloyd Ridge block
399. The hindcast wind data clearly showed
that the eye wall of Ivan swept the rig twice
as the storm passed.
The mooring design criteria for Nautilus
prior to Ivan was the 10-year storm (that is
the maximum MODU mooring design crite-
ria per API RP 2SK, 2nd-Edition 1996).
Hindcast data indicated that the sea state
at LR 399 during Ivan far exceeded the exist-
ing 10-year hurricane criteria. The results of
a post-Ivan mooring analysis found that the
rigs wires would fail (when tension safety
factor is reduced to 1) in a storm with return
period of 65-year to 85-year, depending on the
heading (assuming the wind, wave, and cur-
rent of the storm are collinear for simplicity).
Each mooring line had 1,067 m (3,500 ft)
of bottom wire, 2,286 m (7,500 ft) of polyes-
ter ropes (2 x 914 m [3,000 ft] and 457 m
[1,500ft]), a 50 kip buoy, and 152 m (500 ft)
of 6 x 3-in.-strand wire connected to approxi-
mately 610 m (2,000 ft) of 8 x 3-in.-strand rig
wire. Lines 3, 4, 7, and 8 each had one 13.75-
m- (45-ft)-long polyester insert. The nearly
equal line separation angle is typical for a
MODU mooring design, and is assumed to
give more uniform offset radius in operating
conditions regardless of weather headings.
However, this mooring pattern may need to
be optimized for survival because a MODUs
total mean load coefcients could vary more
than 50% with storm heading.
The lay pattern of 7 broken lines indicated
that the rst failure occurred either in line 4
or line 5, and line 3 failed after lines 4 and 5.
After that, the remaining 5 lines also failed.
The failures of mooring lines 1 to 7 occurred
in the rig wire near the fairleads, where the
wire is subject to bending-tension loads. The
post-storm inspection of wire failures found
signs of wire overloading. Line 8 failed in
the suction pile anchors forerunner wire,
and was dragged by the drifting rig for over
113 km (70 mi). The weight of steel hard-
ware in lines 1-7 caused broken line to fall
to the seaoor. The pressure at over 2,743 m
(9,000 ft) depth crushed submersible buoys.
However, there was no failure in any part of
the polyester ropes in the PIM system.
After the mooring ropes were recovered
from the seaoor, Shell conducted an inves-
tigation of the polyester ropes condition.
Test methods and matrices were designed
to allow comparison with test results ob-
tained prior to Hurricane Ivan.
In survival draft, it was found that when
the wind speed reaches 98.5 kts, the mean
load of wind alone would exceed the wind-
ward rig wires MBS of 1,500 kips. In view
of the rapid increase of wind, wave, and cur-
rent of the hurricane and inspection of dam-
aged wires, it is deduced that the rig wire
failures were due mostly to overload rather
than bending-tension fatigue. Therefore,
the maximum load in lines 1-7 before their
failures were estimated at above 90% of poly-
ester ropes design MBS of 800 tons. This
assessment is supported by the resultant
damage of the buoys steel frame from the
chaser stoppers pulled by the ropes recoil
force after overload failure of rig wires.
One sample cut from the bottom segment
of 914 m (3000 ft) rope in line 8 showed
residual strength of at least 90% new rope
MBS; whereas another sample cut at the
lower end of the mid 914-m (3,000-ft) seg-
ment showed residual strength of 95% of
new rope MBS. Both samples showed clear
signs of being dragged on the seaoor by
the drifting MODU.
The load-bearing cores of the ropes were
found not affected by seaoor mud. In fact,
no visible mud or sand was found to reach
the core of any rope samples even though
all 6 samples examined were exposed to
seaoor in 2,743 m (9,000 ft) water depth, or
were dragged on the seaoor.
The fact that the rope structure maintained
its integrity in such extreme condition indi-
cates that the rope specication has met our
design expectations. More importantly, these
results suggest that pre-laying the same type
of polyester ropes with the built-in lter on
seaoors in a controlled process during in-
stallation should not adversely affect ropes
performance. This nding has the potential
to simplify the current rule of no contact
with seaoor for polyester ropes, thus allow-
ing the industry to improve polyester moor-
ing installation cost and efciency.
Note: This is an excerpt of a paper presented by the
authors at the Of fshore Technology Conference in
Houston.
The fact that the rope structure maintained its
integrity in such extreme condition indicates that the
rope specication has met our design expectations.
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Increasing demand for natural gas, amended
legislation drive US LNG port applications
15 issued to date, 5 approved
W
ith demand for natural gas fore-
cast to outpace supply through
2020, regulatory legislation has
been modied to allow the con-
struction of deepwater ports to
facilitate LNG imports for domestic con-
sumption.
LNG imports to the US will continue to in-
crease to meet the countrys growing need for
natural gas. Demand is forecast to increase
from 2006 levels by 10% in 2010 to 24 tcf and
by 20% in 2020 to 26.3 tcf, according to the En-
ergy Information Administration (EIA). Net
imports of gas (LNG and pipeline imports mi-
nus exports) to the US is expected to increase
from 2006 levels by 33% in 2010 to 4.6 tcf and
by 56% in 2020 to 5.4 tcf.
By the end of this year, US natural gas con-
sumption is expected to increase by 1.5% over
total demand in 2006. To meet this projected
growth, gross imports of gas are forecast to
increase by 0.13 tcf, with LNG imports ac-
counting for 0.21 tcf of the bump, offsetting a
decline in pipeline shipments from Canada.
To overcome this projected imbalance of
gas supply and demand, the US government
adopted The Maritime Transportation Se-
curity Act of 2002 (MTSA), which amended
The Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (DWPA) to
include natural gas.
This enabled the construction of new LNG
port facilities in waters beyond the US territo-
rial limits. The amended legislation authorizes
the Secretary of Transportation, together with
the Maritime Administration (MARAD), US
Coast Guard (USCG), and other federal agen-
cies, to issue licenses for the construction,
operation, and decommissioning of deepwater
ports in federal waters.
Since MTSA was passed, MARAD has re-
ceived 14 deepwater LNG port applications
and has granted three licenses (one applica-
tion was received and one license was issued
before the passage of MTSA). All of the ap-
plications involve facilities for ofoading and
re-vaporizing or re-gasifying LNG, which is
natural gas cooled to minus 259 F to con-
vert it from a gas to liquid. This process re-
duces the volume of natural gas by 600 times
for efcient transportation in vessels.
The DWPA was amended again with the
Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
Act of 2006. That gives priority processing to
applicants who will use US-agged vessels.
Deepwater ports will contribute to great-
er energy independence by enhancing our
natural gas reserves and increasing our ex-
ibility by enabling the US to receive large
amounts of natural gas, says the US Depart-
ment of Transportation.
Licensed ports
To date, 15 deepwater LNG port applica-
tions have been led and ve licenses have
been issued. All of the licensed projects are
in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Among them, Chevrons Port Pelican, li-
censed on Jan. 20, 2004, currently is inactive.
Construction has been placed on indenite
hold. Shells Gulf Landing project, licensed
David Paganie
Managing Editor

TRANSPORTATI ON & LOGI STI CS
2006 US natural gas imports (Nov. 2006)
Country Total (Bcf)
Trinidad 352.5
Egypt 108.1
Nigeria 54.2
Algeria 17.4
Artist rendering of an Excelerate Energy Bridge Regasifcation Vessel
connected to a submerged turret buoy for offoading. The gas fows from
the buoy through a fexible riser to a subsea manifold and then to shore.
Rendering courtesy Excelerate.
A closer look at the STL buoy connected to an Energy Bridge Regasifca-
tion Vessel, ready for product transfer. Rendering courtesy Excelerate.
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on May 20, 2005, is moving forward with con-
struction and development of monitoring and
mitigation plans for impacts on the marine en-
vironment.
Excelerates Gulf Gateway Energy Bridge,
licensed on May 26, 2004, has been active
since March 20, 2005. The port has delivered
0.18 tcf of natural gas to domestic markets
via the Sea Robin and Blue Water pipelines
in Louisiana. The company also has delivered
LNG by ship-to-ship transfer, between the
LNG regasication vessel (LNGRV) Excelsior
and LNG carrier (LNGC) Excalibur.
McMorans Main Pass Energy Hub was
licensed on Jan. 3, 2007, and Neptune LNGs
Massachusetts Bay port approval was re-
leased on Jan. 30, 2007.
Active LNG in the Gulf
Excelerate Energys Gulf Gateway Energy
Bridge deepwater facility is the only active off-
shore LNG port in the Gulf of Mexico, and the
worlds rst, and only, offshore LNG terminal.
The port is in West Cameron block 603
in 91 m (298 ft) of water, 187 km (116 mi)
from the Louisiana coast. It has a baseload
capacity of 500 MMcf/d of gas with a peak
capacity of 690 MMcf/d.
The Gulf Gateway complex is comprised
of an STL (submerged turret loading) buoy,
with associated anchor lines, exible riser
and subsea manifold, a metering platform
for measurement of volume and composition
of gas owing to downstream pipelines, and
LNG EBRVs (LNG Energy Bridge Regasi-
cation Vessels) for loading and ofoading.
Once an LNG EBRV reaches the port, it
retrieves and connects to the STL buoy and
begins regasication of the LNG onboard.
The natural gas then is discharged from the
buoy through a 3.04-km (1.89-mi) pipeline to
the metering platform. The buoy, designed
to withstand 100-year storm conditions, sub-
merges to a safe depth, typically about 30 m
(100 ft) below the surface, when not in use.
The product then is distributed to market
via pipeline connections from the platform to
the Blue Water Pipeline and Sea Robin Pipe-
line systems. The export pipelines measure
2.20 km (1.37 mi), 18-in.; and 6.31 km (3.92
mi), 20-in., respectively.
Construction of the $70-million Gulf Gate-
way project began in August 2004 and was
completed in February 2005. First cargo was
delivery on March 17, 2005, from the compa-
nys LNG EBRV Excelsior. In 2006 (through
November), the tanker ofoaded a total of 0.05
bcf of LNG from Trinidad to Gulf Gateway.
Excelerate controls four other LNG RVs: Ex-
cellence, Excelerate, Explorer, and Express. All were
built, or are being built, by Daewoo Shipbuild-
ing & Marine Engineering Co. (DSME). The
company says its partner, Exmar, is building
two larger vessels at DSME, which likely will
join the EBRV eet. The vessels are scheduled
to be delivered in 2009.
Submerged turret loading
The STL system is a key technology compo-
nent in the Energy Bridge system. Although
this application of the system is new, it has a
proven track record in the North Sea.
The concept comprises an anchored, con-
ical-shaped, submerged buoy with an inte-
grated turret. The STL buoy body can rotate
around a central annulus through the buoy,
which again connects to the mooring lines
and riser for product transfer.
In a typical application attached to the buoy
are eight mooring lines which are anchored
to the seaoor using wire rope and chain seg-
ments. The design of the mooring system is
site- and application-specic. These mooring
lines keep the buoy stationary and the vessel
on station. The ship is connected to the system
by pulling the STL buoy into a mating recess in
the bottom of the ship. When the buoy is locked
to the ship, the vessel can weathervane freely to
minimize wind, wave and current loads.
When a ship is regasifying LNG, the re-
sultant pressurized natural gas ows from
the vaporizers on board the vessel through
the annulus of the STL buoy and into a dy-
namic riser. Once the ship has completed
the vaporization process for its cargo, the
buoy is released, re-submerged to approxi-
mately 30 m (100 ft), well below the draft
of any ship trafc that might inadvertently
stray into the area.
Because of its inherent mobility, the STL
and Energy Bridge system can be deployed
and redeployed virtually anywhere in the
world to meet incremental demand for natu-
ral gas, says Excelerate.
Main Pass Energy Hub
has green light
On Jan. 3, 2007, McMoRan Exploration Co.
received license approval from the MARAD for
its Main Pass Energy Hub (MPEH) project.
The agency concluded that construction
and operation of the deepwater port will
be in the nations best interest, and will be
consistent with US security and other policy
goals and objectives, including energy suf-
ciency and environmental quality.
The organization also suggested that the hub
will ll a vital role in meeting national energy re-
quirements for the future, and that its location
will help reduce congestion and improve safety
in receiving LNG cargoes to the US.
The MPEH port facility will be positioned
in Main Pass block 299 in 64 m (210 ft) of

Excelerates frst LNG EBRV, Excelsior, is con-
nected to the STL buoy in West Cameron block
603. The vessel was delivered to Excelerate on
Jan. 14, 2005 from the Okpo Bay shipyard of
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co.
Ltd. (DSME) in South Korea. Excelsior is owned
by Exmar NV and is under a 20-year time charter
to Excelerate with a series of extension options.
Photo courtesy Excelerate.
Photo of APLs submerged turret loading (STL)
buoy prior to load out and installation in West
Cameron block 603 in 91 m (298 ft) of water. The
buoy connects to Energy Bridge Regasifca-
tion Vessels and directs product fow to shore.
Photo courtesy APL.
Installation of APLs STL buoy for Excelerates
Energy Bridge project. Photo courtesy Excelerate.
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Copyright 2006. All rights reserved.
Using dependable technology
to deliver innovative subsea
solutions, Aker Kvaerner
provides subsea processing
and boosting systems and
services for a diverse
range of applications.
New or existing field developments can
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systemssystems based on proven
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thinking for subsea implementation.
Whether your aim is to improve oil recovery,
access challenging new reservoirs,
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Aker Kvaerner also provides aftermarket
support from system delivery through
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of service centers and personnel. Aker
Kvaerner has a vision of deploying technology
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water, where four platforms exist, 60 km (37
mi) from Venice, Louisiana. Construction re-
quires use of new and existing infrastructure,
which will sit atop a 3-km (2-mi) salt dome.
Here, natural gas will be stored in three pro-
posed caverns with capacity for 28 bcf.
Proposed new infrastructure for the fa-
cility includes a metering platform and gas
pipeline junction platform. The platforms will
be installed in Main Pass block 164. Six gas
transmission pipelines with a total length of
309 km (192 mi) are proposed to connect the
port with existing gas distribution pipelines;
one near Coden, Alabama.
The approved port will be equipped with ca-
pacity to ofoad LNG carriers at a rate of 250
MMcf/hr, regasify LNG at a peak rate of 1.6
bcf/d, and deliver 3.1 bcf/d of gas to market.
McMoRan is actively seeking potential
LNG suppliers, gas marketers, and consum-
ers in the US to develop commercial arrange-
ments for the facilities. Once contracts are
in place, construction of the port will take
around 3.5 years at an estimated $1 billion
(approximately half of which is for pipelines
and cavern storage).
MARADs approval and issuance of the
deepwater port license for MPEH is subject
to additional terms and conditions.
Open-loop vs.
closed-loop vaporization
Most of the LNG regasication facilities in
the world use the open-loop process which
uses heat available in seawater for changing
the super-cooled LNG into a gas at normal
temperatures.
The initial proposal for MPEH included use
of open-loop, open-rack vaporizer (ORV) tech-
nology. As part of the licensing process, a nal
environmental impact statement (EIS) was pre-
pared. The EIS analyzed variations of three al-
ternate solutions: ORV with and without waste
heat recovery, submerged combustion vapor-
ization (SCV), also known as closed-loop tech-
nology, and intermediate uid vaporizer (IFV).
The nal EIS determined that use of ORV
or IFV with the proposed MPEH would cause
a number of adverse impacts, with the most
import being its affect on sh eggs and larva
that could be entrained in the seawater intake
or affected by the process water discharge.
Within the EIS, MARAD notes that it has
determined as a matter of policy that all future
deepwater port facilities licensed in the GoM
that use ORV technology would be required to
have certain prevention, monitoring, and miti-
gation plans in place, consistent with Shells
approved Gulf Landing terminal.
At this point, McMoran still was planning
to use the open-loop system with its proposed
MPEH.
However, shortly thereafter, Louisiana Gover-
nor Kathleen Blanco vetoed the construction of
the proposed port in a letter to the MARAD, over
concerns of potential long-term adverse eco-
nomic and environmental impacts. This trumps
all prior approvals.
I will oppose the licensing of offshore LNG
terminals that will use the open-rack vaporizer
system, said Blanco. Until studies demonstrate
that the operation of the open-rack vaporizer
will not have an unacceptable impact on the sur-
rounding ecosystem, I will only support offshore
LNG terminals using a closed-loop system hav-
ing negligible impacts to marine life.
McMoran later submitted a revised application
for its MPEH using the closed-loop system, which
uses natural gas to regasify LNG. About 2% of the
gas will be consumed to operate the entire facility
to regasify LNG, compared to 1% with the open-
loop system. In addition, according to McMoran,
would cost about $30 million more to build the
closed-loop system than open-loop, and the add-
ed cost of operation from consuming more gas
depends on the price of the commodity, but cur-
rently is estimated at $25 million per year.
Uncertainties raised by opponents to this
process (open-loop) in the US have forced the
use of closed-loop systems, despite the inher-
ent inefciencies of burning natural gas to
heat LNG, says McMoran.
Pending ports
Of the 10 unlicensed proposals, seven of
them are under review. They consist of three
LNG receiving terminals (Cabrillo Port LNG,
North Star, and Ocean Way Energy Port) off
the coast of southern California; one LNG
facility (Northeast Gateway) in Massachu-
setts Bay; two LNG ports in the Atlantic, one
(Safe Harbor) off Long Beach, New York, and
the other off Florida; and one LNG terminal
(TORP Technologys Bienville Terminal) in
the Gulf of Mexico.
Three applications have been withdrawn:
ExxonMobils Pearl Crossing project was
withdrawn on Dec. 8, 2005, and ConocoPhil-
lips Compass Port and Beacon Port projects
were withdrawn on June 8, 2006, and Nov. 3,
2006, respectively.

Photo of the existing McMoran-operated facilities that will be used with its Main Pass Energy Hub
LNG port system. The infrastructure is in Main Pass block 299 in 64 m (210 ft) of water. The com-
pany received license approval for its deepwater LNG port from the MARAD on Jan. 3, 2007. Photo
courtesy McMoran.
A front view of McMorans Main Pass Energy
Hub infrastructure. Photo courtesy McMoran.
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_________
US export control laws
What you dont know and some of the
things you need to know
A
relatively small percentage of US
businesses are aware of the exten-
sive and very serious laws and regu-
lations that apply to exports from
the US. These laws and regulations
apply to items leaving the US regardless of
destination country or means of transpor-
tation. They cover everything from data
transmissions to physical exports to re-
export from one country to another. The
laws even apply to activities in the US that
are deemed to be exports to the country of
citizenship of foreign nationals such as em-
ployees, vendors, partners, and customers.
Liability is possible in the event of a merger
or acquisition with a company that is not in
compliance with these laws. These are par-
ticularly important to the offshore oil and
gas industry because many of the products,
technical information, and foreign nation-
als working for US companies are subject
to controls for export purposes.
Risks of non-compliance
Fines and penalties for violations of these
laws and regulations can be signicant. Civ-
il penalties of $50,000 to $500,000 per viola-
tion are possible. Due to the structure of
these laws, it is almost certain that a single
unlawful export transaction can result in
multiple violations. There are also criminal
penalties. These can be applied both to the
company and to the individuals involved. Ad-
ditionally, nancial reporting laws also may
create exposure for unreported non-compli-
ance by regulated companies. Perhaps the
greatest potential impact of a violation will
be the business disruption resulting from
government seizure of critical equipment,
or an investigation and consequent possible
loss of customer condence. A good under-
standing of US export controls combined
with a robust compliance program are es-
sential for US businesses operating in time
critical and high stakes environments.
The US export control laws are some of
the federal governments best kept secrets.
Do you know, for instance, that sending a
downhole tool from Houston for use on a
rig in Mexican waters is an export that may
require an export license even if the tool
is a rental that will be in the control of its
owner and will never touch Mexican soil?
You may need a license from the US gov-
ernment before an engineer in Houston,
who is a citizen of the UK, reviews the tech-
nical specications of that same tool. Did
you know that certain tools and equipment
that contain certain types of sensors, ac-
celerometers, or gyroscopes, may be con-
sidered munitions that require an export li-
cense from the State Department? Did you
know that the countries of registration of a
ship, as well as the country of citizenship
of its captain and charterer, are necessary
pieces of information to determine whether
placing your tools and equipment on that
ship may require an export license? These
questions touch on just a few of the areas
impacted by US export control laws.
Enforcement
The US has myriad complex and arcane
export laws and regulations applicable to
the offshore oil and gas industry, and its
activities abroad. This article briey de-
scribes some of the regulations of the US
Department of Commerce, the US Trea-
sury - Ofce of Foreign Assets Control
(OFAC), the State Department, and US
Customs and Border Protection that are
most often applicable to the industry. The
Commerce Departments regulations apply
to most commercial export transactions.
Treasurys OFAC regulations enforce the
USs sanctions and embargoes. The State
Departments International Trafc in Arms
Regulations (ITAR) regulates items that are
considered military even if a product such
as a sensor or gyroscope is being used in
an E&P application. US Customs is more
or less the gate keeper and is primarily
charged, on the export side, with monitor-
ing compliance with the export laws.
Jon David Ivey
Baker & Hostetler LLP

The following are examples of items
that are described under various
Export Control Classifcation Numbers
(ECCNs) that may require an export
license:
Certain stainless valves, piping, tanks,
and vessels
Valves of 5 mm (0.2 in.) or more with
bellows seals made from or lined with
aluminum, nickel, or alloys
Radioactive materials (specifcally
including tritium, uranium, and alpha
emitting radionuclides)
Crude oil
Hydraulic fuids containing synthetic
hydrocarbon oils
Piping, fttings, and valves made or
lined with stainless or copper nickel
alloys
Portable electric generators and parts
Robots
Pressure transducers
Vacuum pumps
Toxic gas monitoring systems
Equipment capable of drilling holes of
0.6 m (2 ft) in diameter or greater
Electric powered pumps designed for
5 hp or more
Laser, MIG, or E-Beam welding equip-
ment
Certain recording equipment
Power converters and inverters
High power or high voltage DC power
supplies
Certain digital and analog computers
Radios, repeaters, amplifers, regen-
erators, and other telecommunica-
tions equipment
Information security devices and
software
Marine acoustic systems
Optical sensors
Underwater cameras or television
cameras
Lasers
Magnetometers
Gravity meters
Pressure sensors
Inertial navigation equipment and
software
Gyros, angular or rotational acceler-
ometers
GPS and GLONASS
Navigational instruments and soft-
ware
Submersible vessels and supporting
equipment
Syntactic foam for underwater use.
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_____________________

The US Department of Commerces, Bureau
of Industry and Security (BIS) is responsible
for the Export Administration Regulations
(EAR). Most of the goods or items in the US
are covered by the EAR. US origin goods or
items outside of the US also may be covered.
As a safe and simplistic rule, if something is in
the US, was made here, or was made as the di-
rect application of US technical information or
equipment, then the item is probably subject
to the EAR.
To determine obligations under the EAR,
consider the following points:
Whether an item, technology, or software
is specically described in the EAR
Where the item will be going
Who it will be delivered to
What will they do with it?
Also, depending on the type of item, tech-
nology, or software, the deemed export rule
may require that a license is obtained before
a foreign national here in the US can lawfully
have access to or discuss controlled techni-
cal data.
Commerce control list
and ECCNs
The EAR includes a section called the Com-
merce Control List (CCL) that describes 10
broad categories of commodities. The items
on the CCL are described and dened by Ex-
port Control Classication Numbers (ECCN).
The ECCNs are technical descriptions used
to determine whether the item is controlled
or not.
If the equipment, materials, software, or
technology is not described in an ECCN,
then it is referred to as EAR99. Common
commercial items in the US are EAR99 and
no export license is required or NLR. A
designation of EAR99 is not the end of the
inquiry for export compliance. The follow-
ing points still need to be considered: where
the item is going, who will use it, and what
they will use it for?
If the item is described in an ECCN, then
it will give some information as to whether it
will need a license. For example, items such
as certain kinds of anti-friction bearings,
sensors, valves, pumps, seismic equipment,
or remotely operated subsea equipment, are
controlled for various reasons. Depending
on the reason for control, a product may not
need a license for export to the North Sea,
but may need a license for use in Mexican
waters. If a license is required for export to
a particular country, you may still be able to
ship without a license if you can qualify for
one of the listed license exceptions.
End-users, uses, red ags
Regardless of whether a license is re-
quired, companies with products or technol-
ogy leaving the US will need to consider the
ultimate end-user and the ultimate end-use.
End-users of a product should be screened
against the Commerce and Treasury De-
partments lists before export to that end-
user. The last objective is to conrm that
the exporter knows the end-use. Assume,
for example, that a high pressure valve does
not require an export license to the UK, but
the end-user is listed as a bakery. This is a
red ag that should warn an exporter to ask
more questions about the transaction. Items
commonly used in the energy industry, par-
ticularly those in the offshore market, could
easily be adapted for uses in chemical or bio-
logic weapons production, or to aid in other
prohibited activities.
Licenses and exceptions
Even if a license is required, there are
exceptions allowed under the regulations.
If the transaction qualies for an exception,
the item may be exported under the proper
ECCN. Availability of a license exception
does not mean that the product is EAR99 and
does not remove the obligations to screen
the end-user and conrm the end-use.
If a license is required, information about
the transaction should be sent to the BIS ei-
ther electronically or on a paper license appli-
cation form. Any supporting documentation
(such as technical information describing the
products and end-use) should also be submit-
ted with the license, typically along with a
brief letter explaining the proposed transac-
tion. BIS then will review the application and
grant it, deny it, or return it without action for
one of several possible reasons.
Once the license is issued, it will have a
number to reference in the Shippers Ex-
port Declaration (SED). The SED contains
the basic information about the export that
will be reviewed by Customs. The EAR also
requires that the export documents (bill of
lading, air waybill, etc.) include a statement
for all exports of items not classied as
EAR99 that these commodities, technology,
or software were exported from the US in
accordance with the Export Administration
Regulations. Diversion contrary to US law
is prohibited. Failure to properly complete
the SED, AES, or to include the destination
control statement could result in nes and
delays in shipping.
Deemed exports
The EAR species that any release of
technology or source code subject to the
EAR to a foreign national is deemed to be an
export to the home country of the foreign
national. This applies not only to foreign
national employees, but to vendors, contrac-
tors, customers, and employees of partners
as well. Basically, this means that if informa-
tion about a product or process is controlled
by the EAR, it will need a license before it
can be presented to or discussed with a for-
eign national, whether in the US or abroad.
The good news is that this rule only ap-
plies to technology that is controlled for ex-
port purposes. It does not apply to publicly
available information or to foreign nationals
who have received lawful permanent resi-
dent status (i.e., green card holders). Also,
technology and technical data are controlled
for various reasons that are country-specic.
Review the ECCN that controls the technol-
ogy and then check the country chart in the
EAR to determine whether it will need a li-
cense for a foreign national from a particular
country.
Other rules and regulations
There are many other signicant rules
and regulations governing the export of
goods, software, and technology from the
US, including rules concerning unlawful
boycotts, limiting re-exports from abroad of
US origin items, and regulating brokers and
agents activities in connection with interna-
tional trade.
A strong and effective export compliance
program will not only save the expense of
nes, penalties, and legal fees, it can also
serve to reassure customers that there will
be no regulatory impediments to goods and
services being delivered on time.
Editors Note: For sake of brevity and clarity, some
generalizations and simplications are made in this
discussion, and citations to laws and regulations are
not included.

A good understanding of US export
controls combined with a robust
compliance program are essential for
US businesses operating in time criti-
cal and high stakes environments.
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Sales: 713-964-2662
Service: 202-962-4791
Email: sales@api.org
www.api.org
2007 - API, all rights reserved. API and the API logo are either trademarks or registered
trademarks of API in the United States and/or other countries.
Its a tough business.
Look to API.
1220 L Street, NW
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Standards Certification Training
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Seafloor seismic acquisition
coming of age
New development expands applications
O
cean-bottom cable (OBC) seismic data
acquisition is coming of age rapidly.
Two things in particular are feeding
this maturation. One is the interest in
the advantage of wide-azimuth/rich
azimuth surveys, and the other is the interest
in seeing deeper into the target such as for
subsalt imaging. Along with these have come
advances in sensor isolation and in under-
standing of how OBC systems operate. Cur-
rent circumstances from an operations view-
point have contributed, too. The worldwide
demand for vessels and the resulting run-up
in day rates has beneted OBC because the
method can eliminate the need for a record-
ing vessel.
A lot of what was talked about a year ago
in terms of OBC benets, we now are see-
ing, says Tim Rigsby, senior vice president
of Seabed Solutions at I/O. One area is op-
erational advantages in inaccessible areas
such as shallow water and areas of exten-
sive infrastructure like platforms and ship-
ping lanes. Those circumstances are ones
in which seaoor seismic methods are used
commonly.
The other area, and the one showing the
most interest in the last year, is in the geo-
physical applilcations of OBC.
You get the full wave recording and imag-
ing with the converted wave, says Rigsby.
You get the much broader bandwidth much
lower lows and much higher highs. You also
have the opportunity for wide-azimuth and
multi-azimuth designs. That actually plays
into the strengths of a bottom cable system
because it is much like a land system. You
have a lot of exibility in how you place your
receiver arrays relative to your source arrays.
Multiple vessels and multiple passes are not
required with OBC in order to acquire wide
azimuth data.
When you look at some of the exotic
streamer acquisition methods, the cost per
square kilometer is as high or higher in
some cases than OBC, says Felix Bircher,
seabed systems product manager for I/O.
Companies are showing an increased will-
ingness to pay that extra money to get that
extra data quality. OBC is inherently wide-
azimuth with the way it is collected.
The VSO (I-Os VectorSeis Ocean OBC
system) can be laid out in any fashion. Were
not restricted by what a boat can pull or by
having to use multiple vessels. We can lay out
a survey and have a full azimuth distribution
around it, says Peter Stewart, senior geo-
physical advisor for GX Technology Corp.
Technical advantages
In recent months, it is the broad band-
width acquisition available with seabed
seismic methods that has created the most
interest.
Things we talked about last year we have
demonstrated this year. With VSO we have
recorded signal down to 2 or 3 Hz which has
enabled us to image deeper data with better
resolution. We also have done some tests
on the VSO OBC system that have shown
exceptional improvements in the vector -
delity of the Vectorseis sensors relative to
older OBC systems that used gimbled geo-
phones, says Rigsby.
VSO data is recorded in acceleration form
rather than the usual velocity form. The data
can be converted easily, if there is a benet
to doing so.
Youre actually getting an apparently higher
frequency from the acceleration, says Stewart.
A conventional geophone measures a veloc-
ity movement and these geophones, however,
measure a rate of change in the velocity. What
we noticed is that the data had a huge band-
width ... very good at the low end and a very
good high end.
This bandwidth benet is seen when re-
cording with both the hydrophone and geo-
phone, and with the correct summations.
The summations remove the inherent spec-
tral notches.
You get an upcoming wave that you re-
cord on the cable, and then a wave comes
down from the sea/air interface to interfere
with that particular wavelength and cancels
out those frequencies, says Stewart. With
the ocean bottom system when youre re-
cording both the hydrophone and geophone,
you can eliminate that if you combine those
in the correct fashion.
A new element starting to come more into
play with OBC is the horizontal component.
We use the horizontal components to re-
cord converted waves, says Stewart. That
is data that is propagated down as a pres-
sure wave and at some point reects back as
a sheer wave. These are picked up on hori-
zontal phones. We are able to make images.
There are properties associated with those,
particularly when combined with P-waves,
that are going to give direct hydrocarbon
indications.
We did a small 3D survey and processed
it with the P-wave and then the C-wave, and
in this area there were known hydrocarbons
that were bright amplitudes on the Ps. The
same reectors on the converted waves did
not have the bright amplitudes, and that is
an indicator that those bright amplitudes are
hydrocarbons and nothing else.
It was known that OBC seismic was able
to better penetrate gas clouds. Continued
investigation indicated that this was related
to P-waves, also. Another property of P-
waves is that theyre able to get through gas
saturated areas, gas clouds, and providing
you acquire the data correctly with a wide-
azimuth you have the potential for analyzing
for fractures and using sheerwave splitting
processing technique, says Stewart.
When you combine wide-azimuth with con-
Gene Kliewer
Technology Editor

GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSI CS
Deep data returns. With bandpass flter applied
(1-3-6-9 Hz) VSO reveals deep Gulf of Mexico
structures not visible on towed streamer image.
Towed streamer returns are at left, VectorSeis
Ocean OBC returns are on the right.
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$1.8billion
in investments
between 2007 and 2010
for next generation vessels
positioning us as a market leader
in global maritime services.
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________________________________________

verted waves, you have a huge new amount of
information.
Reservoirs are found in fracture forma-
tions in many areas of the world. In a frac-
tured environment, seismic waves have dif-
ferent velocities depending on their attitude
toward the fracture. So, the velocity in the
direction in the fractures will be different,
and usually faster, than the 90 to that when
youre cutting through the fractures. Hydro-
carbons that ll the fractures would create
that difference in velocity.
Subsalt applications
Another application where growing in-
terest is being shown to OBC is in imaging
subsalt, particularly where there are illumi-
nation problems with streamer data. This is
where the multi- and wide-azimuth seismic
runs have been popular. With OBC, the con-
tractor can lay multiple cables over the salt
mass and run the source boat. The offsets
and azimuths are going to be recorded in a
uniform distribution. The range of frequen-
cies that can be collected with OBC also is a
benet in this application.
I/O also has implemented a new method
for isolating the sensor package from the
steel armored cable using a series of Kev-
lar ropes as part of the cable/sensor attach-
ment. This new sensor attachment device al-
lows the sensor nodes to be mounted inline
with the cable for ease of cable handling but
eliminates some of the side effects associat-
ed with the cable/sensor systems deployed
under tension.
This simple but effective device works
like a railroad car coupler in that the cable
is under stress when it is being laid out, but
once it is deployed, the sensor package has
the ability to relax. This detensioning device
allows the sensor package to couple well to
the seaoor and eliminates strumming noise
that can be an issue with OBC systems that
use steel armored cables deployed under
tension. We have seen data that show this is
a very effective device.
Without this exible coupling, strumming
noise could be caused by the cable vibrating
under tension. Also, because the sensor pack-
age is under tension without the coupling,
relief in the seaoor could prevent proper cou-
pling of the sensor package to the ocean bot-
tom, making the pickup of returns a problem.
Detection technology
The MEMS (micro electric mechanical
sensor) used in VSO is one of the core tech-
nological differences in the system. MEMS
is a digital sensor which replaces moving
coils in the conventional seismic sensor.
The MEMS has been used onshore for a
long time, says Bircher, and has a very good
reputation for delivery of a very high qual-
ity signal. We have a mode in VSO where the
hydrophone data is collected in a derivative
mode. We can collect a derivative of the pres-
sure signal. The characteristic of the hydro-
phone signal matches the VectorSeis sensor in
a way which gives better sensor matching and
effectively better bandwidth.
Fixed system
Permanent installations of seabed seismic
hardware are part of the e-eld technologi-
cal development. For this purpose, OBC use
is used as a time-lapse tool. The operator can
image the reservoir over time to get indica-
tions of hydrocarbon movement in order to
make decisions regarding best practices to
extend eld life and recover the maximum
reserves. Operators still are determining
how to apply available tools to e-elds, par-
ticularly regarding the initial expense.

Operational advancements
The operational advantages to OBC acqui-
sition are in the way signals can be acquired.
P source
P wave
P wave
S wave
Reflector
Mode-conversion point P reflection point
4 C Receiver on the seafloor
(Above) This schematic indicates the wave difference with ocean bottom seismic applications.
(Below) This schematic shows the general ocean bottom seismic survey equipment layout.
Deployment &
shooting vessel
Recording buoy
Subsea float
Lead-in cable
Anchor Sensor section cable
Repeater
(optional)
Sensor nodes anchor
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The VSO system from I/O is buoy-based.
This omits the requirement for a recording
vessel and crew. The recording is done in
the buoy at one end of each seabed cable.
The buoys communicate with a shipboard
system via radio links. There is no need for
a physical connection from a vessel to the
receivers, so the communications hardware
can be on the source vessel, for instance.
Another advantage of this radio link is in the
time required to access the receiver data.
There is another advantage to not need-
ing a dedicated recording vessel. Because
the cable is on a reel and requires little by
way of handling equipment, it is possible
to not only have a one-boat operation, but
also to use a vessel of opportunity. The VSO
equipment can be shipped anywhere and
installed on any suitable vessel. There is no
requirement for streamer handling or data
acquisition to be built into a vessel.
OBC does not require ROV involvement
for placement or retrieval, either. In this
case, I/O used acoustic positioning devices.
That, coupled with dynamic positioning ca-
pability on the installation vessel, means the
end of the cable can be put down and posi-
tioned, and the remainder of the cable un-
spooled under some tension in order to get
a straight line with the cable. Then, the cable
can be monitored with the acoustic devices
during operation. Once the seismic run is
complete, the operator only has to retrieve
the buoys and reel in the cable.
System application
Reservoir Exploration Technology (RXT)
completely rethought the OBC end of the
business, says Larry Wagner, vice presi-
dent. We started with a clean sheet of pa-
per. We looked at how we handle equipment
and how we operate equipment. What came
out of that were some unique and proprie-
tary handling systems. So we not only have
better data, but we have an operations mode
that is fundamentally different.
The handling system is not the only dif-
ference. With VSO, everything is recorded
in buoys. Prior to that, the operator used a
cable connected to a recording vessel. With
the recorder in a buoy, one less vessel is re-
quired. That, of course, favorably impacts
economics.
Weve been operating steadily for 2 1/2
years in the Gulf of Mexico, says Wagner.
Our second crew began life in the North
Sea last year, and weve just been awarded
work in the Caspian Sea. Plus, we have the
initial plans for a fourth crew. Each one of
these geographic areas is different in terms
of the application.
In the GoM, its much more exploration.
Even though it is a 4C system, people are
looking at it as a 3D survey. In the North Sea,
people really are looking at it from a true 4C
response. So, the systems and equipment
operate a little different in an operations
sense in that were trying to get true 4C cov-
erage over an active oileld.
One aspect of a distributed system is that
the shots and receivers are separate. They
are not tied together and so do not move at
the same time. This means the operator can
set up the geometry however necessary for
the best coverage.
Weve been operating bottom-cable with
the idea that it needs to match up with stream-
er geometry, says Wagner, so what weve
been doing for many years with OBC is play-
ing to the strength of a streamer crew. Now
you nd that streamer crews are trying to do
the very thing that distributed systems can
give you automatically.
Cable handling
The way RXT now handles the cable
aboard the vessel has improved, too.
We used to dog pile cable on the deck
of the cable handling boat, says Wagner.
One of the problems you get into is once
you had a problem with the cable, the rst
thing you had to do was get people into that
pile of cable and start pulling pieces out to
nd what module and what section needed
to be checked. It was a manually intensive
operation.
If you look at the back deck of our crews
now at RXT, the one thing you see is that it
looks very much like a streamer crew because
everything is operated mechanically. The
cables are stored on reels. The reels have lev-
el-winders and de-tensioners. These vessels
pick up and deploy cable and the crew almost
never touches any cable. This minimizes the
number of people required on the back deck
and greatly reduces the HSE risk.
That process of automated cable handling
allows the operator to integrate more of the
systems.
In our cable-handling vessels, for instance,
we have the cable handling system connect-
ed to the DP system, thats connected to the
controller for all of the mechanically operated
equipment that is automated, says Wagner.
This means it is possible to program into
the navigation system a point on the cable
where the operator wants to stop. The naviga-
tion system knows how much cable has been
played out and communicates with the DP
system and the mechanical operation. The
boat slows and the equipment slows, then the
boat stops and the DP goes onto hold.
That translates into efciency, says Wag-
ner.
In our cable-handling vessels,
for instance, we have the cable
handling system connected to the
DP system, thats connected to
the controller for all of the
mechanically operated equipment
that is automated, says Wagner.
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all speak to our unmatched ability to meet our customers' needs and exceed their
expectations. There are other options in seismic acquisition, but only one, true
seismic solution... Sercel.
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Houston, 7exas USA
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The offshore market is becoming increasingly aware of the benets
that polymer products offer in some instances, says Serena Arif, direc-
tor of PolyOil.
The primary benet is in terms of signicant friction reduction
(found to be a minimum of 22% in the eld), but also the opera-
tional advantages due to their lightweight nature, improved
safety in handling, excellent resistance to corrosion, and
ease and speed of tting, she explains.
The lower coefcient of friction characteristic of poly-
mers compared with that of steel (steel on steel in oil-based
mud ranges from 0.2 to 0.25 while thermoplastic on steel
ranges from 0.08 to 0.18) is of particular importance in ERD
applications.
While original cable clamps were designed for straight or slightly
deviated wellbores inside casing, the advent of smart well monitoring
and intelligent completions in horizontal reservoirs has necessitated a
design shift, explains Calum Whitelaw, PolyOils engineering director.
(Polymer) cable protectors reect these changing needs by ...
providing centralization which is essential for horizontal or open-hole
wells, he says. This centralization increases tubing stand-off, thereby
minimizing the transition to tubular buckling, while also reducing fric-
tion during deployment.
Operations using shallow wells with long horizontal sections
frequently encounter problems running tubing. This is often demon-
strated in steel clamps which are prone to frictional drag and snagging.
An operator in the Qatar region recently ran a simulation prior to
running tubing, and predicted a successful run to depth with 10,000
lb. to spare. This was simulated using a friction factor of 0.18 for the 9
5/8-in. casing and 0.23 for the 7-in. liner, data derived from a previous
tubing run.
When the actual gures were inserted from this run, it resulted in
friction factors of 0.16 for the 9 5/8-in. and 0.15 for the 7-in. liner. Al-
though some of this results from the trajectory of the well, it certainly
appears that the plastic control line protectors aided in the running of
this string, says the operator spokesperson.
The impact absorption of Poly-Tectors is better than steel, says
Whitelaw. This means that any shock is dissipated more quickly,
affording better protection to delicate ber-optic control lines, he
explains. Our clamps do not corrode either.
The companys control line protectors use a hinged arrangement
for easy tting to tubing at mid-joint or cross coupling positions. The
lightweight design, typically one-third of a steel equivalent or better
depending on designs, not only makes for easier and safer tting, but
also makes for a sleeker shape which is conducive to successful
deployment.
The companys Poly-Glider centralizers overcome axial
friction and allow the transmission of torque by rotation,
thereby reducing the constraints of torsion and buckling,
and increasing the possibility of successful tubular deploy-
ment, says Whitelaw.
PolyOil products also are used in the UK for well screen
centralization when the well path is particularly tortuous. In
August 2005, the company was granted a UK patent for its Poly-
Tector. It has a patent pending for this product in Norway.
Regular client feedback conrms that the Poly-Tector cable clamps
and Poly-Glider centralizers continue to demonstrate the excellent
material properties that the optimized design provides, as well as an
outstanding protection system ensuring all control lines and cables are
protected for the full length of the string, says Arif.
The company recently won a $2.9 million (1.5 million) contract to
provide Poly-Tector cable clamps and Poly-Glider centralizers to the Al
Shaheen eld in block ve, offshore Qatar.
New tools and technology for the offshore industry
Polymer can have advantages over steel in deviated wells
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EQUI PMENT & ENGI NEERI NG
Example of a centralized &
non-centralized control line
protector designs.
Mid-Joint & Cross Coupling
Protectors with control lines
positioned in place, with
view to interchangeability of
slot confguration.
Screen centralization
confguration offering low
friction deployment in
long step out multi-lateral
North Sea wells.
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Devin International has introduced a modular motion-compensation
tower that adapts to any type of vessel, platform, or rig that experiences
motion during well intervention. It can move in two directions on its
vertical axis.
The tower compensates for up to 3 m (10 ft) of rise-and-fall motion,
sufcient for most jobs, but it can correct up to 6 m (20 ft) of vertical
motion with the use of a double shive system, doubling capacity while
maintaining a minimal footprint.
It can work over a moon pool or cantilever over the side or the rear of
the vessel and is capable of working over a single well at full capacity or
two wells with lesser capacity. Standing at 10.7 m (35 ft) tall, the tower
is height-adjustable to accommodate the size of the tubing or wireline
used and water depth at the site.
With a lift capacity of 68 metric tons (75 tons), the tower is limited
only by the length and capacity of the wireline or coiled tubing and the
intervention tools it supports.
It has not reached a eld test benchmark it was unable to support,
according to Devon.
Devin introduces
dual compensating
intervention tower

Flotation Technologies Inc.
has developed a new buoyancy
module for Cameron to use on
Chevrons Tahiti eld.
The Straked Buoyancy
Module provides vortex-induced
vibrations (VIV) suppression
strakes as part of the module
and an inter-module locking
system that provides a continu-
ous helix once assembled. This
provides the buoyancy required
of the jumpers while breaking the vortices and suppressing potentially
destructive VIV, says the company.
Flotation Technologies
develops new
buoyancy module
Bardex delivers deepwater
mooring system
Bardex Corp. has delivered a linear chain jack mooring system for a
oating production facility designed for 1,300 m (4,625 ft) of water and
installed offshore East Malaysia.
The mooring system consists of 10 linear chain jack assemblies
and 10 deck-mounted turndown sheave assemblies. The chain jacks
will service the specied 0.4-in. (124 mm) Grade 4 chain size, and are
designed with a maximum rated haul-in/pay-out capacity of 1,200 kips,
mechanical hold capacity of 1,550 kips, and a chain stopper capacity of
3,230 kips.
A self-contained, air-cooled hydraulic power unit assembly, with two
independent 250 hp motor/pumps, provides a haul-in/payout speed of
0.55 m (1.8 ft) per minute for each group of jacks, or 0.9 m (3 ft) per
minute for a single jack operation. Supported by the systems program-
mable logic controller, four pedestal mounted control consoles include
all instrumentation and control actuators for operation of clusters of two
or three linear chain jacks.
Devins dual compensating intervention tower adapts to any type of ves-
sel, platform, or rig.
Straked Buoyancy Modules installed.
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The tower concept
emerged as a
tool to expedite
recovery in the
Gulf of Mexico
from hurricane
damage.
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Askco Instrument Worldwide Solutions has
developed an instrument, Sandbox, which
monitors solids during offshore operations by
using direct, online ltration techniques.
The unit provides a well owline monitor-
ing program that samples uids and lters
solids as small as 10 microns. Sandbox is
used to determine the type and content of
suspended solids, including sand, proppant,
corrosion and erosion products, and organic
deposits.
Sandbox technology applications include:
Positive identication of a suspended
solid causing noise level increase on an
acoustic sand monitoring device.
Determining particle size distribution of
sand to determine if there is a problem
with downhole sand control.
Used to quantify the amount of sand
production in pounds/day or grams/day,
when sample volumes are collected ac-
curately.
Determining the shape or morphology of
the particles of the solid sample.
Used with sand injections, and to cor-
relate quantity of sand verses other sand
sensor response.
Collecting samples for analyses for diag-
nosis work.
In most scenarios, a measured volume
of liquid is collected through a pre-weighed
lter and then prepared for shipment to a
designated lab or to Askco. The sample is then
cleaned at the lab, weighed, and a report is
made. This will determine the amount of sand
being produced.
Sandbox is available in both portable skids
and suitcase-sized models.
Askco develops offshore solids monitoring instrument

A suitcase-sized model of Sandbox. Portable skid model of Sandbox.

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People
FMC Technologies Inc. has made three
executive appointments effective Jan.1, 2007.
John Gremp has been appointed executive
VP, with worldwide responsibility for FMC
Technologies Energy Systems businesses.
Robert Potter and Tore Halvorsen have
been appointed senior VPs. Potter will
continue to be responsible for the Energy Pro-
cessing segment and will add to his responsi-
bilities the Global Surface Wellhead business.
Halvorsen will be responsible for Global
Subsea Production Systems, encompassing
his current responsibilities managing the East-
ern Hemisphere and adding the remaining
regions of the subsea business globally. Potter
and Halvorsen will report to Gremp.
Exploration Manager Ed Chau of Canadian
Superior Energy Inc. has assumed responsibil-
ity for all of Canadian Superiors exploration
and development programs. Chau will be
taking over former VP of exploration Mel
Marshalls duties and responsibilities.
Representatives
of various Houston
engineering organiza-
tions have selected
James Pappas, P.E. as
the 2007 Houston Area
Engineer of the Year.
The selection of Pappas
is a result of his record
of service to his profes-
sion, contributions to
numerous technical
and professional societies, and long-stand-
ing involvement in civic and humanitarian
activities. Pappas will be honored during the
nationwide celebration of Engineers Week on
Friday, Feb. 23, 2007.
Hughes Inc. has appointed Didier Char-
reton VP of human resources. Charreton is
expected to assume his duties by March 1,
2007. He replaces Greg Nakanishi, who is
retired effective Jan. 2, 2007.
Wood Group ESP
has appointed Frank
Claborn as region
manager, Europe,
Middle East, and
Africa. Claborn will
manage operations for
the companys electric
submersible pumping
systems products and
services.
Rowan Companies
Inc. has made the following management title
changes, effective Jan. 1, 2007. John Buvens
is now executive VP, legal. Mark Keller is
executive VP, business development. David
Russell is executive VP, drilling operations.
William Wells is VP, nance and CFO. Mela-
nie Trent is corporate secretary and special
assistant to the CEO. Each reports to CEO
Daniel McNease. Together, they comprise
Rowans executive leadership team. On Dec.
31, 2006, Robert Croyle, Rowans vice chair-
man and chief administrative ofcer, retired
after more than 33 years of service.
Sub-Atlantic Ltd. has appointed John Fer-
guson as production manager to coordinate
the manufacturing of the companys full
product range.
Weatherford International Ltd. has ap-
pointed E. Lee Colley as COO. In the newly
created post, Colley will be responsible for the
companys global operations.
PSL Energy Services
Ltd. has appointed
Charlie Topp as
regional manager for
the Middle East. Topp
will lead the companys
strategic growth in
the Middle East and
oversee a number of
business opportunities
that PSL is pursuing in
the region.
David Singleton, managing director and
CEO of Clough Ltd., has resigned effective
immediately and John Cooper has been ap-
pointed the new CEO.
Braemar Seascope Group Plc. has ap-
pointed Quentin Soanes and Denis Petro-
poulos as executive directors. Petropoulos is
responsible for Braemars tanker chartering
activities, encompassing deep-sea crude and
clean product, gas, chemicals, and specialized
tanker chartering. He also becomes joint man-
aging director of Braemar Seascope Ltd., the
companys principal shipbroking subsidiary.
Soanes is responsible for business develop-
ment. He also is chairman of the wholly-owned
subsidiaries, Cory Brothers Shipping Agency
Ltd. and DV Howells Ltd. He is joint managing
director of Braemar Seascope Ltd. Braemar
also has made appointments in its shipbroking
division with Sebastian Davenport-Thomas
becoming head of sale and purchase, and
Chris Batt the head of chemical chartering.
Advantica has appointed Paul Shrieve
executive director, UK and Europe. Shrieves
role will include business development, sales,
and project delivery. He will be based at both
Advanticas Aberdeen ofce and Loughbor-
ough headquarters.
Philippe Boisseau was appointed presi-
dent of Totals gas and power business. He
succeeds Yves-Louis Darricarrre, who has
been appointed president of exploration and
production. Ladislas Paszkiewicz will suc-
ceed Boisseau as president, Middle East. Both
appointments are effective in February, when
Christophe de Margerie takes over as CEO.
Pride International Inc. has appointed Jef-
frey Chastain to the position of VP, investor
relations.
Tony Hayward, currently BPs head of
exploration and production, will succeed Lord
John Browne following his retirement as
group chief executive.
Companies
3i has agreed on the buyout of Dockwise
Transport N.V., the Dutch heavy transporta-
tion company based in Breda, the Nether-
lands, from Heerema Group and Norwegian
maritime Wilhelmsen Group. The deal is
valued at over $700 million.
AGR EmiTeam AS, part of the Norway-
based AGR oil technology and services group,
has acquired Safe Control NDT AB of Swe-
den in a deal worth $785,000. Safe Control was
100% owned by Lars Carlsson, chief executive.
Carlsson will remain with the enlarged group,
responsible for managing the Swedish opera-
tion, which will be renamed AGR EmiTeam
AB.
Weatherford International Ltd. is merg-
ing its evaluation, drilling, and intervention
division with its completion and production
systems division to form one operating group.
The merger will facilitate the companys
growth plans over the next several years,
Weatherford says, improving the companys
ability to meet clients objectives. The move
also aims to improve the organizations trans-
parency with clients in geographic markets,
the company says.
A private equity syndicate comprising
Candover, 3i, and JPMorgan Partners have
sold Vetco Gray to GEs Oil & Gas division
for $1.9 billion on a debt-free, cash-free basis.
Completion of the deal is expected in Febru-
ary 2007. The sale of Vetco Gray, and the spin
out of Vetco Aibel, marks a partial exit from
Vetco International for the syndicate, which
acquired the business in July 2004 from ABB
Oil & Gas.
Atkins has acquired Boreas Consultants
Ltd. for $7.4 million. Boreas specializes in sub-
sea engineering of oil and gas facilities from
ofces in Aberdeen, Craneld, Newcastle,
and Weybridge. Boreas has an outstanding
reputation in subsea engineering and we are
delighted to welcome the team on board, says

BUSI NESS BRI EFS
Pappas
Claborn
Ferguson
Topp
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OTC .07 TRANSFORMING THE INDUSTRY
REGISTER NOW!
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Martin Grant, managing director of Atkins.
They will play a vital part in broadening our
technology footprint and in aiding our interna-
tional expansion plans.
Fairwinds International has assumed
all responsibility for the current US-based
projects for Pheco. Fairwinds hired the key
project staff effective Oct. 4, 2006.
AGR Group has agreed to acquire Up-
stream Petroleum Pty Ltd., the Australian-
based provider of development and production
services to the upstream oil and gas industry,
for $66.4 million. Upstream will continue to
operate under its own name, although on
completion of the transaction it will be called
AGR Upstream Petroleum.
Aker Kvaerner has signed a letter of intent
with Aker Floating Production to deliver
a complete subsea production system for a
customer in India. Aker Kvaerner also will
deliver the marine installation equipment for
the FPSO to be leased out by Aker Float-
ing Production ASA. The total value of Aker
Kvaerners contracts is approximately $250
million. Aker Kvaerner is scheduled to install
the FPSO and mooring system and to deliver
the subsea production system by February
2008. The subsea production system will be
installed at 1,100-1,400 m (3,609-4,593 ft) water
depth and includes trees, manifolds, controls,
and umbilicals. Aker Kvaerner Subsea will
supply the subsea equipment and Aker Marine
Contractors will be responsible for install-
ing the FPSO and subsea equipment. Aker
Kvaerner Pusnes will deliver equipment for
the mooring and ofoading system.
Atlantia Offshore Ltd. has awarded Aker
Kvaerner a contract to install a semisubmers-
ible oating production unit for the Thunder
Hawk development in the Gulf of Mexico.
Atlantia will be the client and owner of the
FPU, and Murphy Exploration and Production
Co. will operate the platform. The contract
value for Aker Kvaerner is $23 million. Aker
Kvaerner subsidiary Aker Marine Contrac-
tors will install the spread mooring system,
and provide FPU transportation and hook-up.
The marine installation is planned for 2Q 2008
using the offshore construction vessel, BOA
Sub C. The Thunder Hawk facility, which will
be based on Atlantias deep draft semi, will
moor in 1,800 m (5,905 ft) water depth and will
be equipped to produce up to 60,000 b/d of oil
and 70 MMcf/d of gas.
Norways Roxar AS and Nigerias Sonar
Ltd. have formed a joint venture to meet the
increasing demands in Nigeria and West Afri-
ca for reservoir management and optimization
solutions. The JV will be called Roxar-SONAR.
Under the terms of the joint venture, a service
center has been set up in Lagos, Nigeria, to
provide sales and local customer support.
The center also will serve as a training center
for Roxars software portfolio. The Lagos
ofce will be a base for Roxars consultancy
services.
WellDynamics Inc. has acquired
Halliburtons reservoir performance monitor-
ing business. The RPM business consists of
ber optic systems, capillary tubing systems,
and electronic systems. The acquisition is
expected to expand WellDynamics intelligent
completion technology.
SeaBird Exploration Ltd. has agreed to
purchase GeoBird Management Middle
East FZ Llc. for $2 million. GeoBird has
conducted marine operations of the SeaBird
vessels since 2003. The acquisition is effective
immediately. Jan Eivind Fondal has been
appointed president for SeaBird Exploration
Dubai FZ Llc.
ExxonMobil has signed a long-term con-
tract with Seadrill Ltd. for the ultra deepwa-
ter drillship West Polaris to carry out interna-
tional exploration activities. The contract has a
rm duration of three years, with an estimated
value of $570 million. About one third of
the contract duration will be used by other
operators, primarily Ophir Energy. The West
Polaris is under construction at the Samsung
Shipyard in South Korea and is scheduled for
delivery at the end of the 2Q 2008.
A Chevron Corp. subsidiary has awarded
Transocean Inc. a three-year contract for the
semisubmersible Transocean Richardson to
carry out exploration and appraisal drilling
in Chevron areas that could include southern
Africa. The three-year contract is expected to
begin in July 2007, following the completion
of an existing contract commitment offshore
Angola. Revenues of $493 million are possible
over the contract, excluding a performance
bonus opportunity of up to 10% of the contrac-
tual operating day rate. The Transocean Rich-
ardson is one of the companys high-specica-
tion oaters. The semi, which entered service
in 1988, is capable of operating in water depths
to 1,524 m (5,000 ft).
InterMoor Inc. is building a new 22-acre
facility and expanding its services at Port
Fourchon, Louisiana. The new facility will in-
clude more than 111 m (1,200 ft) of bulkhead
waterfront dock space, three heavy-lift cranes,
a warehouse, ofce, training center, and living
quarters. Construction is under way and is
scheduled to be complete in November.
Petrleo Brasileiro S.A. has issued a
letter of intent to MODEC Inc. for the charter
and operation of an FPSO in Brazils Campos
basin. MODEC says this is the third FPSO
for the company to charter and operate for
Petrobras. The project includes developing
an FPSO capable of processing 100,000 b/d
of oil, with gas compression capacity of 124
MMcf/d, and with 1.6 MMbbl oil storage ca-
pacity. Total contract revenues for the charter
and FPSO operation, including option periods,
could reach $1.2 billion. MODEC will convert
a VLCC tanker to meet FPSO specications.
The vessel is expected to start production in
4Q 2008. The operational life of the FPSO is
nine years with six additional one-year options.
The company is responsible for engineering,
procuring, constructing, installing, commis-
ATPs Gomez semisubmersible foating production unit is installed in Mississippi Canyon block
711 in 914 m (3,000 ft) of water. First production from the feld was achieved on Mar. 9, 2006. Photo
courtesy Bob ONeil.

BUSI NESS BRI EFS
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The oil sands and heavy oil industries are dynamic markets for both the energy
and power business sectors. Quickly advancing development of oil sands and
heavy oil assets is creating a huge demand for technology and services.
Cogeneration of power is driving facilities and infrastructure growth.
PennWell Conferences and Exhibitions now provides a premium event for this
important industry the Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Technologies Conference &
Exhibition. This pivotal conference and exhibition provides a sophisticated
new venue where buyers and sellers meet, learn and build business
relationships.
A rich learning and marketing environment is ensured by a PennWell-designed
program focused on oil sands and heavy oil through:
Exhibitions
Topic-specifc technical papers
written for this event
High-visibility sponsorships
Expert-led, expert-attended
technical sessions
Mark your calendars and plan to be with us as PennWell continues to bring major
conferences and exhibitions to the worlds most pertinent energy markets.
PennWell conferences and exhibitions are thought provoking
events that cover your area of expertise, allowing you to stay
ahead in a constantly changing industry.
Owned & Produced by: Flagship Media Sponsors:
OIL SANDS & HEAVY OIL TECHNOLOGY
Conference & Exhibition
OIL SANDS AND HEAVY OIL
REACH THESE HIGH-GROWTH MARKETS
IN A NEW, HIGH-PROFILE VENUE!
July 18 - 20, 2007
Calgary TELUS Convention Centre, Calgary, Canada
www.oilsandstechnology.com
Conference Management Contacts:
Conference Manager:
GAIL KILLOUGH
P: +1 713 963 6251
F: +1 713 963 6201
oilsandsconference@pennwell.com
Exhibit & Sponsorship Sales:
SUE NEIGHBORS (PETROLEUM)
P: +1 713 963 6256
F: +1 713 963 6212
oilsandssales@pennwell.com
BOB LEWIS (POWER)
P: +1 918 832 9225
F: +1 918 831 9875
blewis@pennwell.com
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sioning, and operating the FPSO, including
topsides processing equipment, hull and ma-
rine systems, riser hang-offs, and the SOFEC
spread-mooring system.
BT has signed a three-year managed
services agreement with Methanex. As part of
the agreement, valued at $2.3 million, BT will
provide and manage an integrated portfolio
of the following services: BT Infonet IP VPN
Secure (IVS), IP VPN Internet (IVI), and BT
Infonet Global Connect Service. As a global
enterprise, Methanex has manufacturing,
marketing and supply chain capabilities in
North America, Latin America, Europe, the
Caribbean, and throughout the Asia-Pacic
region. The agreement includes BT providing
services for all Methanexs locations.
Superior Energy Services Inc. has ac-
quired Duffy & McGovern Accommodation
Services for $47 million.
As a result, Duffy & McGovern will be
investing $15 million to accelerate its eet
growth. The company will be building 100 new
offshore accommodation modules over the
next six months and is stepping up its pres-
ence in Southeast Asia.
Superior intends to retain the name and
independence of Duffy & McGovern, except
in the US where the company will now operate
under the name of HB Rentals.
Superior Energy has acquired Warrior
Energy Services Corp., a natural gas and oil
well services company, as well.
Under the agreement, Superior has acquired
Houston-based Warrior for $175 million in cash
and 5.3 million shares of common stock.
EnCore Oil Plc has completed the acquisi-
tion of four oil and gas companies: Virgo Oil
& Gas Plc, Virgo Energy Ltd., Nido Petro-
leum Ltd., and Grove Energy Ltd.
The acquisition of the four companies adds
a number of UK licensed blocks and part
blocks in the north, central, and southern
North Sea to EnCores existing offshore UK
portfolio.
Bluewater Energy Services BV is setting
up an ofce in Kuala Lumpur and joins a grow-
ing number of international technology provid-
ers and service companies for the deepwater
projects.
Bluewater has already provided a single
point mooring system for an FPSO being read-
ied for the Abu Cluster eld offshore Malaysia
and is bidding to supply a second single point
mooring system for another FPSO project.
The FPSO is to operate in the Bunga Orkid
eld. Both FPSOs are owned and operated by
MISC Bhd. of Malaysia.
J. Ray McDermott S.A. has landed two
offshore engineering and construction proj-
ects, one in Russia and one in India.
In India, McDermott will supply and install
in the KG-D6 eld a 12,000 metric ton (13,228
ton) control riser platform. From rst steel cut
to project completion is expected to take 18
months, with hook-up and pre-commissioning
by the end of 1Q 2008.
The companys Morgan City (Louisiana)
facility will handle the fabrication of the jacket
weighing approximately 7,500 metric tons
(8,267 tons), while the 4,700-metric ton (5,181-
ton) topside plus 4,500 metric tons (4,960
tons) of piles and appurtenances will be built
at Jebel Ali.
In the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea,
Lukoil-Nizhnevolzhskneft Llc has awarded
McDermott a subsea pipeline installation
contract.
McDermott will install a 58 km (36 mi), 305
mm (12 in.) oil pipeline which will connect the
ice-resistant xed platform No.1 (LSP-1) to a
single point mooring buoy south of the Yuri
Korchagin eld. The eld is 180 km (112 mi)
outside Astrakhan in the Caspian Sea.

BUSI NESS BRI EFS
Make a difference in your strategic
planning and development with reports
from Warlick International and
Oil & Gas Journal Online Research Center
North Americas Forgotten Oil Cache
A Marginal Wells Development Guide for E&P, Service Companies and Investors
North American Unconventional Gas
Market Report 2006
Edition 2 now available
Libya Upstream Oil & Gas
Market Report
An international favorite
Download samples of the reports
at www.warlick.net
Detailed report information
and secure ordering at
OGJ Online Research Center
www.ogjresearch.com
Oshore Surveys & Directories
Oshore oil and gas industry surveys
and directories are now available in Excel
spreadsheet format. Providing much greater
ease in locating the available data and
greater exibility working with the data.
US Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Discoveries and
Status (with fold-out map)
Worldwide Seismic Vessel Survey
World Survey of Marine Stimulation Vehicles
Worldwide MODU Construction/Upgrade Survey
MWD/LWD Services Directory
Environmental Drilling & Completion
Fluids Directory
Global Field Development Survey
Annual Rotary Steerable Tool Directory
Downloadable at
www.ogjresearch.com
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____
PennWell conferences and exhibitions are thought provoking
events that cover your area of expertise, allowing you to stay
Flagship Media Sponsors:
Venturing Into New Depths
Conference & Exhibition
20-22 Mar ch 2007 Abuj a, Ni ger i a
I nt er nat i onal Conf er ence Cent r e w w w . o f f s h o r e w e s t a f r i c a . c o m
Supported by: Sponsored by:
Offshore West Africa is forecasted to lead the world in annual spending for operations at $13
billion per year by 2010, according to energy analysts Douglas-Westwood. At the same time,
the offshore industry is experiencing growth constraints because of the increasing demand for
equipment and people. The experienced personnel needed to design, build, and operate drilling
and production equipment are difficult to find and command a growing premium. These offshore
market forces are directing the industry toward new cost-cutting technology and other commercial
innovations to overcome resource constraints.
The Offshore West Africa (OWA) Conference & Exhibition remains the leading source of
information on new technology and operating expertise for this growing deepwater and
subsea market. This year OWA will be held on 20 22 March 2007 and changes venue to the
spacious International Conference Centre in Abuja, Nigeria. Over 1,500 attendees and 100 exhib-
itors from the energy centers of Nigeria, Angola, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, United Kingdom,
UAE, United States, France, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, Niger, Russia, Australia, and Asia.
Plan today to exhibit, sponsor and attend the highest quality conference and exhibition in West
Africa today!
Conference Management Contacts:
Conference Manager:
Victoria Knowles
Phone: +44 (0) 1992 656 630
Fax: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
Email: owaconference@pennwell.com
Exhibit/Sponsorship Sales: Exhibit
Services Manager:
Sue Neighbors
Phone: +1 713 963 6256
Fax: +1 713 963 6212
Email: owasales@pennwell.com
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PennWell conferences and exhibitions are
thought provoking events that cover your
area of expertise, allowing you to stay
DEEP OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY
International Conference & Exhibition
CALL FOR ABSTRACTS
DEEPWATER & ARCTIC-
OCEANS OF NEW OPPORTUNITIES
October 10-12, 2007
Stavanger Forum, Stavanger, Norway
www.deepoffshoretechnology.com
Conference
Management Contacts:
Conferences Director:
ELDON BALL
P: +1 713 963 6252
F: +1 713 963 6296
eldonb@pennwell.com
Owned & Operated by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Hosted by:
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DEEP OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY International Conference & Exhibition

Deepwater & ArcticOceans of New Opportunities
The Deep Offshore Technology International Conference & Exhibition (DOT) will be held in Stavanger, Norway this year with
over 2500 people and 100 exhibitors expected from the energy centers of Norway, United States, Asia, Europe, Russia,
Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Australia.
As technology rapidly changes in our industry this years conference theme Deepwater & Arctic Oceans of New
Opportunities addresses all the capabilities of our industry and will attract a broad collection of papers on topical
subjects related to both deepwater exploration and the complexities of arctic exploration. At this years DOT, a special
session on arctic technology will refect the growing importance of arctic exploration frontiers.
Please submit your 150-200 word abstract around one or more of the technical focus areas by March 30, 2007. You may
submit your abstract in 3 ways:
Online: www.deepoffshoretechnolgy.com
E-mail: dotconference@pennwell.com
Fax: +1 713 963 6296

PennWell is committed to bringing DOT to the worlds most pertinent deepwater markets. Norway is central to Arctic worldwide
offshore E&P market and many prominent players in the oilfeld will gather for this most prestigious conference and exhibition.
A complete list of abstract rules can be found by visiting the DOT website at: www.deepoffshoretechnology.com
Your abstract should address relevant topics pertaining to one or more of the following technical areas:
Projects/Lessons Learned

Arctic Technology
Subsea/Risers

Drilling/Construction
Technical Focus Areas:
Arctic Drilling & Production
Arctic Transportation
Arctic HSE Issues
Arctic Special Operating Requirements
Lessons Learned Field Development
Lessons Learned in Deepwater

Operations
Frontier Areas
Marginal Field Developments
Workforce and Demographics
Aging Deepwater Structures
Redeployment of DW Assets
Changing Market Dynamics
Metocean (Hurricanes, Geotechnical)
Riser Technology/Riser Fatigue
Well Construction/Petroleum
Technology
Field Architecture and Economics
Flowlines and Pipelines
Completion Design in Deepwater
Flow Assurance
Station Keeping
Project Execution and Management
Model Testing
Risk and Reliability
Subsea Technology
Advanced Materials
Integrated Operations (e-Field)
Seabed Boosting and Processing
Construction/Installation
Technology Qualifcation and

Implementation
Floating Facilities
Long Distance Tiebacks
Intervention
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Watch for more exciting and informative PennWell Webcasts
scheduled for the months ahead, including:
OGJ - Natural Gas Storage and US LNG Import Trade
Offshore - Subsea Tieback
OGJ - Mid-Year Update and Forecast
Offshore - FPSOs
And, Its Not Too Late To
Hear What Bob Said.
On January 25, 2007, Bob Tippee, Editor
of Oil & Gas Journal, presented OGJs
Annual Forecast and Review. His webcast
presentation included projections of oil and
gas demand worldwide and US for the
coming year; a comparison of the forecast
estimates with actual numbers from last year;
as well as a discussion of anticipated 2007
drilling activity for the US and Canada.
Log on to our website and you can review the
entire presentation at your leisure.
Find out what Bob said at:
www.ogjonline.com (webcast section).
SINCERE THANKS TO OUR SPONSORS:
Everybodys Talking
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CL AS S I F I E D ADVE RT I S I NG
BUSI NESS OPPORTUNI TI ES
For Sale
Gas & Oil Treating Facility
for more information
www.ventechequipment.com/gaviota.htm
Ventech Process Equipment, Inc.
Ph. (713) 477-0201
Fax (713) 477-2420
WEST AFRI CA O&G
CONCESSI ONS
EQUI PMENT FOR SALE

Hiring? Selling Equipment?
Need Equipment?
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ACQUISITION AVAILABLE
High Tech subsea products
manufacturer with deepwater oil and
defense customers.
Email investor information to:
subseaproducts@ix.netcom.com
Rugged Frames and Quality Components
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email@sioux.com www.sioux.com
Tel: 605-783-3333 Fax: 605-763-3334 Toll-Free: 888-763-8833
Custom Cleaning Equipment For Oil and Gas Applications!
Pressure Washers and Steam Cleaners
WEST AFRICA oi l & gas conces s i ons .
Seek participants in blocks, both offshore and
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Please respond to billkalil@juno.com,
T (432) 683-0990; F (432) 683-0992.
F (432) 683-0992.
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olar Taurus 60
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13 Units (Gen 1) & (Gen 2)
8 Natural Gas - 5 Dual Fuel
Low Nox 25 ppm
Complete Packages
Mobile PCR U.G. Switchgear
60 Hz 13.8 kV
50 Hz Conversion Available
Mid America Engine, Inc.
662-895-8444 Fax: 662-895-8228
Keith: keith@maegen.com
Art: art@maegen.com
5.2 MW Mobile Gen Sets
FOR SALE
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SINGAPORE
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Singapore 247909
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Michael Yee yfyee@singnet.com.sg
INDIA
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PHONE +91 11 628 3018 FAX +91 11 622 8928
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KOREA
KES Korea Co., Ltd. #406 Shinwon Bldg.,
1-1, Samsjeon-Dong, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-180, Korea
PHONE +82 (2) 420 1293 FAX +82 (2) 420 1294
Paek Kwon keskor@korenet.net
SALES OFFICES
A
Addax Petroleum ...................................................29
www.addaxpetroleum.com
Aggreko, Inc. . ........................................................18
www.aggreko.com
Air France ...............................................................13
www.airfrance.com
Aker Kvaerner ............................................51, 81, 95
API .........................................................................101
Athabasca University ............................................93
www.mba.athabascau.ca
B
Baker Hughes
Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids ............................87
www.bakerhughes.com
Baker Oil Tools ...................................................35
coiled.tubing@bakeroiltools.com
Balmoral Group .....................................................77
www.balmoraloffshore.com
Bennex ....................................................................16
www.bennex.no
BJ Services ............................................................69
www.bjservices.com
Bourbon ................................................................103
www.bourbon-online.com
C
Cameron ...............................................................109
www.camerondc.com
Caprock Communications ......................................9
www.CapRock.com
Carboline Company ...............................................91
CGGVeritas ..............................................................5
www.cggveritas.com
Chevron ....................................................................2
Clifford-Jacobs Forging, Co. ...............................80
www.clifford-jacobs.com
Cudd Energy Services ..........................................97
www.cudd.com
D
DRIL-QUIP ..............................................................75
www.dril-quip.com
E
Emerson Process Management .............................7
EmersonProcess.com/LNG
F
FMC Technologies .......................................... 57, C2
www.fmctechnologies.com
Fugro ....................................................................105
www.fugro.com
G
GE ...........................................................................41
www.getransportation.com
GE Optimization Services .....................................67
www.ge.com/oilandgas
Grant Prideco .....................................................5, 79
www.GrantPrideco.com / www.GrantPrideco.com/TurboTorque
H
Halliburton
Halliburton Drilling, Evaluation, and Digital
Solutions ...........................................11, 23
www.halliburton.com
Hydril Company ..................................................113
www.hydril.com
I
I/O ...........................................................................83
www.i-o.com
Intec Engineering Partnership, LTD. ..................85
www.intec.com
Intermoor ...............................................................71
www.intermoor.com
J
J Ray McDermott, Inc. . .........................................53
www.jraymcdermott.com
John M. Campbell & Co. . .....................................89
www.jmcampbell.com
K
Karmsund Maritime Offshore Supply ..................49
www.kamos.no
KBR .........................................................................17
www.kbr.com
L
LeTourneau Technologies, Inc. ...........................21
www.letourneautechnologies.com
Logan Oil Tools ....................................................15
www.loganoiltools.com
LTI Power Systems .............................................. C3
M
M-I SWACO .............................................................63
www.miswaco.com
M & D Industries .................................................111
www.ultrasealinc.com
Modec International, LLC .....................................79
www.modec.com
O
Offshore Technology Conference 07 ................115
www.otcnet.org/2007
Oil Air Hydraulics ..................................................16
www.oilairhydraulics.com and www.uidpower.com
OLEON NV ..............................................................61
www.oleon.com
OMC 2007 Offshore Mediterranean Conf. ........120
www.omc.it
P
Panduit Corp. .........................................................19
www.panduit.com
Pathfnder Energy Services, Inc. .........................71
www.pathnderlwd.com
Petrocom ................................................................99
www.petrocom.com
Pride International, Inc. .........................................43
www.prideinternational.com
PennWell
D.O.T. ....................................................... 122-123
www.multiphasepumping.com
Offshore West Africa ..................................121
www.offshorewestafrica.com
Oil Sands & Heavy Oil Technology ................117
www.oilsandstechnology.com
PennWell Megaprojects ..................................125
www.shawns@pennwell.com
Subsea Tieback .............................................. 93b
www.subseatiebackforum.com
S
SBM .........................................................................55
www.singlebuoy.com
Schlumberger ..........................................................6
www.slb.com/sentree
Sea Tel ....................................................................37
www.seatel.com
Sea Trucks Group ..................................................45
www.seatrucksgroup.com
Sercel ....................................................................107
www.sercel.com
Society of Petroleum Engineers ..........................42
www.spe.org
Sparrows Offshore Ltd ..........................................84
www.sparrowsoffshore.com
T
Tenaris ....................................................................59
www.tenaris.com
TGS Nopec .............................................................47
www.tgsnopec.com
Transocean ..............................................................1
www.deepwater.com
U
UNITED MARINE SHIPYARD ...............................39
www.unitedmarineshipyard.com
V
V-Tech ....................................................................40
www.v-tech.no
VAM Drilling ..........................................................65
www.vamservices.com
Versabar ................................................................28
www.vbar.com
W
Weatherford ...........................................................30
www.weatherford.com
WesternGeco ........................................................ C4
www.westerngeco.comt
Wood Group Pressure Control .............................25
www.woodgroup.com/pc
Wooster Hydrostatics ...........................................26
20TH WORLD ENERGY CONGRESS .................119
www.rome2007.it
The index of page numbers is provided as a service. The publisher
does not assume any liability for error or omission.
ADVERTISERS INDEX
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On the rst of December last year, the Norwegian government
presented its strategy for the High North. Meeting the challenges
and opportunities in this area is its main priority. One third of main-
land Norway lies north of the Arctic Circle, and Norway has the
responsibility for managing resources in waters six times the size of
its mainland territory.
The main issues are sustainable use of renewable and non-renew-
able resources, climate change, and environmental protection. It all
amounts to securing safe and healthy living conditions for people in
the region, based on sound economic activities.
Some estimates indicate that the Arctic might contain as much as
25% of undiscovered global petroleum reserves, although this can-
not be determined until we have harder facts.
Furthermore, our interest in the High North makes it important
to strengthen our long-standing cooperation with Russia. Russia and
Norway are both signicant producers of oil and gas. We are neigh-
bors in the North, and we share the responsibility of managing the
vast Barents Sea. Moreover, it is in both countries interest to de-
velop an ever closer cooperation to ensure sustainable management
of the natural resources in the Barents Sea.
In this respect, it is important to have a very long-term perspective.
We will continue to develop our cooperation with the Russians, not
least with regard to agreeing a delimitation line in the Barents Sea. And
together with our neighbor Russia, we share the ambition of developing
this region in accordance with the highest environmental standards.
Our ambition is to be in the lead in developing these possibilities.
Integrated Management Plan
The Norwegian government presented the Integrated Management
Plan for the area from Lofoten to the Barents Sea in March 2006. The
plan is a pioneering effort to achieve an ecosystem-based management
of the oceans surrounding Norway. It is the rst time we have completed
such a thorough process. All inuences on the ecosystem in the Lofoten
- Barents Sea area were evaluated within the larger context, and it con-
cluded that the Barents Sea environment is in a satisfactory state.
The government intends to maintain this satisfactory state also
in the future, and it has put restrictions on petroleum activity in the
management plan area:
Zero-discharge from the activity is a prerequisite for all petroleum
activity in the Norwegian Barents Sea
No petroleum activities will be initiated in coastal areas, and in areas
of particular sheries and environmental importance. As we move
further away from the coast-line, fewer restrictions are placed on
petroleum activity
No petroleum activities will be initiated outside Lofoten and Vesterlen
during the current parliamentary period. For the areas named Nor-
dland VII and Troms II the question of petroleum activities will be
considered when the management plan is revised in 2010.
Technology and the Arctic
Technology is a vital prerequisite in the development of Norwegian
petroleum resources. We now see discoveries made years and even
decades ago being developed. This is mostly due to cutting-edge tech-
nology enabling development of resources in deepwaters with high
pressure and geological complexity. New technology also enables in-
creased recovery from existing elds.
Looking into the future, many of the fundamental technological chal-
lenges facing the oil and gas industry will be the same in the Arctic as
in other areas where the industry is active or expanding into. The activi-
ties at the Snhvit and Ormen Lange developments represent valuable
experience which can be used in future Arctic developments.
Challenges that are more specic to the Arctic will be the ability
to handle geographically related conditions such as extreme tem-
perature and weather conditions, icing, and problems related to ice
infested installations.
Furthermore, the ability to develop remote resources located at
very long distances from existing infrastructure, and the ability to
operate in a secure and sustainable manner in highly environmen-
tally sensitive areas are of particular concern in the Arctic.
Increased research and development efforts are needed to meet
all of these challenges. These efforts have mainly to be met by in-
dustry, but the government also intends to contribute in accordance
with the goals set out in the strategy for the High North.
To sum; we now have a real opportunity to demonstrate how mod-
ern sustainable management methods can be applied to develop the
petroleum resource base in the North. Cooperation with our Rus-
sian neighbors is a very important part of this opportunity.
Exploitation of the petroleum resources will have to take place in
harmony with the environment. We must continuously develop our
knowledge of the ecosystem in the North to secure that our deci-
sions are taken on the basis of the best available information and
not to forget we must move ahead in harmony with the thousand-
year old tradition of harvesting renewable resources.
I believe that all of this is possible and that northern Norway has
just seen the beginning of its petroleum era. I am convinced that
northern Norway and the northern areas in a broader meaning will
experience many great achievements in the years to come. The po-
tential and possibilities are there.
Odd Roger Enoksen
Minister of Petroleum and Energy, Norway
Editors Note: This is an excerpt from his speech given at the Arctic Frontiers Confer-
ence, Troms, on Jan. 22, 2007.
Petroleum resources as the major
driving force in the Arctic
This page reects viewpoints on the political, economic, cultural, technological, and environmental issues that shape the future of the petroleum industry. Offshore
Magazine invites you to share your thoughts. Email your Beyond the Horizon manuscript to Eldon Ball at eldonb@pennwell.com.
BEYOND THE HORI ZON
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Many companies claim it. But few can deliver. At LTI,
doing it right means the world to us. From the most
advanced, highest performing products that help drive key
global industries to face-to-face support after the sale, LTI
is focused on what matters most: our customers. Thats why
LTI stands for much more than LeTourneau Technologies.
It represents a better way of doing business.
What in the world
does LTI stand for?
Customer Focus.
MINING PRODUCTS
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POWER SYSTEMS
FORESTRY PRODUCTS
STEEL PRODUCTS
www.letourneautechnologies.com POWER SYSTEMS
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www.westerngeco.com
Successfully meeting the parallel demands of replacing reserves, managing production
and improving recovery requires an altogether more connected approach.
Now fully part of the Schlumberger family, WesternGeco people and technology are enabling
the integration of the traditionally distinct areas of survey design, seismic acquisition,
data processing, inversion and reservoir characterization into a seamless workflow.
The result is advanced seismic that is globally consistent, calibrated and connected
with other geophysical and wellbore data in the seismic to simulation process.
Make reservoir decisions with a greater degree of confidence.
Take your seismic further.
2007 Schlumberger. 07_se_004
O
O
M S a
G
F
M S a
G
F

OS 20070201 Feb 2007

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