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A cultured criminology: who are the zookeepers?

Nic Groombridge 8 September 200


!his paper takes "#$rien#s criti%ue o& cultural criticism as a starting point to argue &or a more
&ully cultured criminology' (t recognises the de&ects that "#$rien and others note in cultural
criminology but strongly argues &or the merit o& the cultural approach but a more &ully cultural) or
cultured) approach' (t takes issue with some aspects o& both the criti%ue and the practice o&
cultural criminology' *+amples are gi,en o& what might constitute a cultured criminology and
work more deser,ing o& "#$rien#s accusation o& zookeeping is highlighted'
(& only because o& the backlash -"#$rien) 200./ 0 i& not the credentials o& its protagonists 0 it is
clear that 12ultural 2riminology# has arri,ed) or possibly re0arri,ed' (t may be that the backlash
is premature and that cultural criminology has scant in&luence but it has) nonetheless) unsettled
some' (n this article ( seek to e,aluate some o& the claims made by both sides' (t should be
admitted here that some o& my own work might be placed within cultural criminology and that
there&ore ( am biased'
i
3et ( propose to take some o& "#$rien#s comments on board and argue not
&or an unmodi&ied cultural criminology but &or a cultured criminology) that is a &ully cultural
criminology'
ii
So what is cultural criminology? 4irst we shall look at some o& the e+planations o& those who sel&
identi&y as cultural criminologists' !hen we shall turn to some o& the criticisms that ha,e been
made and might be made' 5e will then e+amine work that might be seen to be cultured and
e+ploring ways in which it might be more &ully realised' Along the way some obser,ations will
be made about why propose cultural criminology now6 and why it should be attacked so
prominently within the British Journal of Criminology'
4or cultural criminology
4urther e,idence that cultural criminology has arri,ed can be &ound in the ,olume o& Theoretical
Criminology -7ol8 No8/ -!2/ gi,en o,er to it and its inclusion in the Sage Dictionary of
Criminology -9c:aughlin and 9uncie) 200./ and we will start here' (n his entry) ;e&& 4errell
-200.:<080<0=/ de&ines cultural criminology as:
An emergent theoretical orientation that in,estigates the con,ergence and contestation o&
cultural) criminal and crime control processes' 2ultural criminology emphasises the role
o& image) style) representation and meaning both within illicit subcultures) and in the
mediated construction o& crime and crime control'
>e goes on to describe its main theoretical ? and methodological 0 underpinnings as a cultural
studies0inspired ethnographic verstehen applied to subcultures and the critical analysis o& media
te+ts that construct de,iance) crime and those subcultures' !he in&luence o& the $irmingham
@ni,ersity#s 2entre &or 2ontemporary 2ultural Studies is acknowledged and Stan 2ohen#s Folk
Devils and Moral Panics -<AB2/ granted an almost &oundational iconic status' 9uch work has
&allen into one aspect o& this widely de&ined 1orientation# or the other with &ew attempting a
synthesis ? but 4errell claims that there are some de,elopments'
iii
<
4errell#s own work on gra&&iti and li,ing out o& dumpsters epitomises the &irst strand and might be
seen to be 1cultural criminology# by many' !he second strand) the critical analysis o& media te+ts)
is o&ten coterminous or congruent with 1newsmaking criminology#' 4errell#s work will largely be
addressed in discussion o& "#$rien#s criticism but his collected editions with Saunders and with
>ayward) 9orrison and Cresdee and the work o& some o& those indi,iduals are e+amined here
brie&ly to set out the lineaments o& cultural criminology in its own terms'
9y &irst e+posure to 2ultural 2riminology was in the edited collection o& that name -4errell and
Sanders) <AA./' (t contains many o& the themes adumbrated by 4errell in his dictionary de&inition
-200./ but also short accessible articles on a ,ariety o& subcultures and reactions to them' Apart
&rom opening and closing chapters by the editors we ha,e: work on media images generally6
media representations o& 1random drug ,iolence#6 serial killers6 crime in bluegrass ballads6
sur,eillance in popular culture
i,
and a postmodern 1constituti,e# approach to media' A second set
o& articles &ocuses on subcultural matters such as: style6 neo0nazi skinheads) gangs) bikers and
gra&&iti'
( ha,e &ound the articles on bluegrass music -!unnell) <AA./ help&ul in pointing out to students in
thrall to gangsta rap that an old white music contains many o& the same poor attitudes to women)
and ,iolence towards them6 and that there&ore some o& the arguments against their musical choice
is conditioned by race and class' !he work on bikers by :yng and $racey -<AA./ use&ully
connects the illegal use o& bikes with legal marketing o& them ? that is linking mainstream
consumer culture with outlawed sub0cultures'
Gi,en the generally sympathetic treatment o& these researchers to their subDects the work o&
>amm -<AA./ is particularly interesting' >e seeks to understand) the better to oppose) neo0nazi
skinheads and the music they &a,our' >e locates the de,elopment o& their politics and music in
wider socio0cultural terms' $roadly the economy and !hatcheriteEFeaganomic policies are
structurally to blame but both apolitical hea,y metal and anarchic punk are seen to &eed into the
music'
,
!en years a&ter Cultural Criminology -22/ we ha,e Cultural Criminology Unleashed -22@/
which e+pands on some o& these themes but also incorporated more international and @G based
material and theorizing' 5here the &irst ,olume might ha,e been seen as part o& the @nited States
1culture wars# with its mentions o& attacks on avant garde art as pornographic or unpatriotic the
second seems more urgent in the shadow o& the ideologically moti,ated terrorism o& both $in
:aden and $ush' Speci&ically ;ock 3oung#s sabbatical at ;ohn ;ay 2ollege) New 3ork seems to
ha,e gal,anised him anew against positi,ism' >is contribution is a meditation on a dispute
between a numerate biologist re,iewer) in the Ne !ork "evie of Books# and the less numerate
sociological authors o& a se+ sur,ey' 3oung sides with the biologist and argues) with
criminological e+amples) &or the importance o& some &igures -&or instance) police and prison
numbers) homicide rates/ but the bogusness o& positi,istic criminology#s use o& other &igures'
22@ also contains more speci&ically biographical elements than 22 but this must always ha,e
been a strand in which a re&le+i,e ethnography is in,ol,ed' ;e&&erson pro,ides a theoretical
biography and Cresdee draws on an unpublished autobiography' 9ost interestingly 5ender) a
ser,ing police o&&icer) illustrates phenomenologically how a domestic assault is rendered
2
bureaucratically into the numbers that 3oung criticises' >e also prays in aid Sophocles# $ntigone
to call &or a metacriminology' 9ore culturally 9orrison presents an anthropology o& the tribe o&
positi,ist criminologists6 mounting :ombroso#s head on the wall' 9ore tendentiously he presents
:ombroso as a per&ormance) and possibly a con) artist'
,i
!hese collections o& work in !2) 22 and 22@ all gi,e a ,ariety o& hints about what might
constitute 2ultural 2riminology but) perhaps) in a single authored book we might &ind a more
uni&ied ,ision' "#$rien mentions >ayward#s City %imits simply as an) 1e+position o& the
connections between crime and consumerism) 200.:0./ so a little more detail is called &or here'
>ayward asks i& cultural criminology:
could help bridge the current di,ides between theories o& crime that emphasise structural)
1situational# and en,ironmental &actors and those that instead prioritise the actions and
moti,ations o& the 1indi,idual# ? two areas pre,iously thought o& as mutually e+clusi,e)
irretrie,ably antithetical?
5hether this is pious hope or empty rhetoric is a moot point' >e mostly &ocuses on urban theory
? with a tendency to the post0modern) but applied to the %uestion o& consumer culture and crime'
>e speci&ically mentions modern art and architectures relationship to the city' >e &a,ours the
*uropean cities o& $audelaire and $enDamin and 9ike Ha,ies# :os Angeles but ( would argue
also &or New 3ork and its mo,ie simulacrum) o& which Sanders says -2002: 8/ 1both are called
INew 3orkJ#'
Against cultural criminology
Adam and Allan comment that the word 1culture#) 1seems to be appearing e,erywhere) its
meaning stretched to the point that attempts to speci&y the non0cultural run into se,ere di&&iculties#
-<AA.:+iii/' !he main burden o& "#$rien#s criticism appears to be on 2ultural 2riminology#s
muddled use o& the concept culture and we shall come to that but &irst a summary o& his other
obDections'
*arly on "#$rien makes this aside -be&ore mo,ing smartly on/:
"& course) whether cultural criminology really does represent a new intellectual endea,our
rather than a logical elaboration o& pre,ious work on de,iant subcultures is itsel& debateable
? worthy o& a separate paper and a proper historical re&lection' -200.:00/
Short circuiting this ( will largely assert that cultural criminology is not new e,en though ( am a
&riendly critic'
,ii
*,idence &or this assertion might be &ound in ;ock 3oung#s earliest published
work -3oung: <AA/' (n this he uses Gouldner) as does "#$rien) to criti%ue those with an
1underdog identi&ication# and the 1cool# 1stance# o& the 1liberal criminologist#' (ndeed)
anticipating his most recent &ull length treatment o& the topic claims that) 1our society is
characterised by e+clusion# -<AA:2<0/' 5hat is interesting is that it is so recently proposed and
opposed as new' (t is that %uestion that awaits criminological history but politics and academic
enterprise play their parts as we shall see'
8
9uch o& "#$rien#s criti%ue turns on his reading o& the anthropological and ethnographic
literature' As 4errell is a leading proponent o& cultural criminology who is well known &or his
ethnography) "#$rien properly starts with a reading o& 4errell#s work on hip hop gra&&iti'
,iii
Some
o& his criticism is &air' (ndeed one might go &urther and suggest that 4errell#s account o& the
nomenclature and apparatus o& spray0painting gra&&iti borders on the &etishistic -i& only in
anthropological terms/' (n conclusion "#$rien asks) 1why anyone should care whether 4errell#s
respondents smoke dope or cigars) drink ,odka or wine) use red paint or green#' "#$rien also
rightly notes that the culture o& gra&&iti cleaners and those who employ them are ignored' (n what
might be seen as a 1green realist# mode) he notes 1the carelessly discarded paint and beer cans K#
-200.:08/' Similar criticisms are made o& other work by 4errell and his co0authors'
"#$rien admits:
!o date) theoretical e+trapolations o& cultural criminology#s insights ? particularly
those that e+plicitly adopt the cultural mantle ? are &ew and &ar between' -200.:0./
3et he &elt mo,ed to challenge its cultural credentials and the British Journal of Criminology ga,e
his work lead article status' 5hilst the later discussion o& "#$rien is o& culture6 here politics must
be mentioned' 4errell#s anarchism is mentioned and Cresdee and @G adherents are seen as
cultural 9ar+ists' Speci&ically "#$rien obDects that) 1cultural criminology is a political) rather
than analytical) orientation#' >e cites as e,idence &or this cultural criminology#s reDection o&
control theory and routine acti,ities theory as too rational and conser,ati,e6 though he cites no
instance'
(n his attack on 1,oodoo# criminology 3oung -200=:<8/ says only) 1rational choiceEroutine
acti,ities theory does not &ully mirror the te+ture o& the time) but only one part o& it'# 9oreo,er
the editors o& 22@ -4errell et al) 200=:/ claim) 1it is not that cultural criminology e+cludes the
possibility o& numerical summaries'# And we ha,e already mentioned >ayward#s hopes &or
cultural criminology as a 1bridge#'
!urning to "#$rien#s speci&ically cultural criticisms we &ind an engagement with anthropology
and some distaste &or cultural studies' ( share the lack o& knowledge about the anthropological
literature that he imputes to the cultural criminologists and suspect my own notions o& culture
owe too much to cultural studies so cannot do his argument &ull Dustice here' $ut ( belie,e that) in
addition to the political disagreement) there is some disciplinary policing going on' !his is ironic
as he chides cultural criminology &or such policing in respect o& control and routine acti,ities
theory'
!he title o& "#$rien#s article is 15hat is Cultural about 2ultural 2riminology# but as we#,e seen
his criti%ue is both wider and narrower than that' :argely his criti%ue on the cultural nature o&
cultural criminology turns on his disagreement with >ayward and 3oung on the meaning o& a
%uote &rom Geertz
i+
and 4errell#s concentration on -sub/culture' 5ider issues are the matter o&
politics already touched on and the related one o& criminological theory' 4or in his conclusion he
&ocuses on politics and criminological theory not culture or anthropology'
=
(n a ,ery short conclusion he mention#s 9ark !hatcher twice and contrasts his &reedom with) 1so
many untried and uncon,icted inmates o& the world#s prisons# -200.:<0/' >e condemns the
plain silliness -my words/ o& cultural criminology in the &ace o& such a disDuncture'
+
(t is only
here that the &ull &orce o& his politico0theoretical blast is &elt' !he mentions o& control and routine
acti,ities theories might suggest a right wing criti%ue but in this conclusion and in the allegations
o& le&t idealism that pepper the te+t a call is heard &or both le&t realism and theoretical rigour'
(t may be a lack o& criminological rigour or open mindedness but "#$rien is right to note 4errell#s
inclination to the tropes o& postmodernism but the @G contingents pre&erence &or late modernism
though >ayward argues &or agnosticism on this as the 1world is in &act a composite o& &oth
modern and 1postmodern# &eatures# -200=: =8/' !his is not tied to politics but clearly might be'
Anarchists &eel less threatened by postmodernism than modernist 9ar+ists) or indeed modernist
administrators and positi,ists'
A cultured criminology
>a,ing seen some o& the arguments &or and against cultural criminology we turn to consider the
possibilities o& a criminology that takes culture seriously6 a cultured criminology' Necessarily this
discussion &a,ours my own work but &irst let#s e+amine some o& the work o& 7incenzo Fuggiero
-2008/ on crime in literature) as he epitomises what might be brought to mind by such a phrase'
5ithin cultural studies there is always an inclination to mo,e beyond what might be dubbed high
culture and sometimes a censure o& elite cultures6 so Fuggiero#s taste &or high brow *uropean
literature is not &or all' $ut ( would argue that) whilst no e+press adherent o& cultural criminology)
he is an e+ample o& a cultured criminology' A short summary and discussion o& Fuggiero#s work
&ollow'
Hostoe,sky and 2amus are used to discuss :ombroso) a bit o& Hurkheim and con&lict theory'
2er,antes) Gay and $recht are used to discuss organised crime ? particularly to make a point
about the distinction between it and pro&essional crime' $audelaire#s opinion on ,arious drugs)
,ia He Luincey) Fimbaud and Humas and Sherlock >olmes) is set out: wine ? good6 hashish ?
antisocial and opium ? 1no crime K but weakness# -p=/ and John Barleycorn re,eals ;ack
:ondon#s wrestle with the $ottle and his e,entual prohibitionist conclusions' Mola#s Nana is used
to discuss women and crime but doesn#t go much beyond the Dusti&ied complaint o& many women
that in li&e) as in art) they meet a sticky end i& they transgress' ;ames $aldwin and Fichard 5right
illustrate the chapter on *thnic 9inorities) >ate and 2rime'
>e engages so e+tensi,ely with the te+t o& 9el,ille#s Mo&y'Dick that he breaks his promise not to
attempt literary criticism' Hi&&erential association and propensity e,ent theory are discussed to
understand Ahab#s beha,iour but) &ollowing Slapper and !ombs) much o& the criminality is seen
in the workings o& business' Ahab is also seen to inno,ate 0 in a 9ertonian sense 0 in using
whaling to pursue his own personal business with the whale'
(n discussing !homas 9ann#s Confessions of Feli( )rull* a Confidence Man 5eber gets an
outing but in a discussion o& techni%ues o& neutralisation the sociology o& de,iance comes to the
.
&ore' 9ark !wain#s The Man +ho Corru,ted -adley&urg is an interesting treatise on hypocrisy
and re,enge as an embittered stranger lea,es a sack o& money &or the town#s elite to wrangle o,er'
Hostoe,sky ? a one time prisoner ? is seen) in -ouse of the Dead# to aid Fusche and Girkheimer'
>ugo) author o& %es Mis.ra&les# apparently %uotes $eccaria in se,eral no,els and sides with him
against Dudicial murder' 9irbeau#s cult classic) Torture /arden# &eatures the tantalising o&
prisoners by taking them &ood they cannot eat and inspires abolitionist and Hurkheimian
re&lections on prison as damaging to prisoners but as rein&orcement o& the conscience collective'
( might ha,e wanted to broaden out the debate at se,eral points) to add &urther disciplinary
transgressions' 4or instance) how can you mention $eetho,en#s Fidelio in a discussion o& %es
Mis.ra&les without mentioning the stage ,ersion ? the means by which the maDority might come
to know the work? 9oreo,er) popular &iction might o&&er greater opportunities to connect with a
wider public or students so ( would want to discuss ;ake Arnott#s the long firm on the sociology
o& de,iance and $en *lton#s -igh Society on drugs and the >arry Cotter series on miscarriages o&
Dustice'
A&ter that intellectual e+cursus we are brought to an abrupt halt by the >ome "&&ice#s Standing
2on&erence on 2rime Cre,ention -<A88:<A/ contention that ) Ithere is no Doy in 1Doy0riding#' (t is
the&t o& a car in e+actly the same way as Nshopli&tingN is the&t &rom a shop''''O' !his is where my
own work intrudes6 my research -Groombridge: <AA8b/ into car crime sought to rebut both the
e+plicit and implicit assumptions o& this statement: speci&ically to address the material and
ideological signi&icance o& the car which means that its the&t had &ar greater meaning &or ,ictim)
o&&ender) state and society -yes) that old s%uare o& crime/ than shopli&ting'
2ar ownership) car use) the desire &or a car and the pollution) disruption and loss o& public
transport are not e%ually shared' !hey are skewed by class) 1race# and age' 2ars continue to be
owned and used disproportionately by white men o,er <B) and are only readily a&&ordable by
those older' As an industrial good the car is pro&oundly modern as are many o& its problems'
(ndeed pollution) disruption and loss o& public transport may be seen as threatening a return to the
pre0modern' 5hilst the car is modernist much o& its use today is iterated within interlinked post0
modern discourses o& ad,ertising and masculinity'
As a modernist discourse criminology has had di&&iculty in theorising the postmodern elements o&
the discourses around both cars and men' $oth cars and criminology remain stalled within the
modern but it is not enough to simply abandon modernism by the roadside and hitch a li&t with
postmodernism as cultural studies might suggest because as e+perience) and much criminology
insists) the 1reality# o& crime and cars persists' Carado+ically there&ore both modernist and
postmodern concerns) theory and method ha,e to be used to bring a critical gaze to bear on cars
and crime'
!he material) modern aspects o& car culture combined with the de,eloping postmodern discourses
around it combined with both the modern reality o& men#s li,es and the discourses o& gender constitute
a number o& potential -o&ten temporary and o,erlapping/ car0related gendered positions such as: the
Doyrider6 road rage assailant6 anti0roads protestor and e,en the 1care&ul lady owner# belo,ed o& car
salesmen'

;oyriding is seen in my work as related to aspects o& both cars and masculinities which are both
obscured in criminology and car culture' 9y study there&ore initially concentrated on a speci&ic
crime committed against and with the car 0 1Doyriding# 0 but argued &or a relationship to a wider
car culture' Such theorising as there had been about car the&t ignored both the speci&icity o&
Doyriding and the wider issues o& class) 1race#) gender) en,ironment and culture' 9any theories
and &indings about why Doyriders 1Doyride# are possible6 my purpose became less to set out an
alternati,e proposition but to more &ully understand Doyriding as a practice which is deeply
embedded in society with a history and meaning which cannot easily be separated &rom other
crimes nor &rom legitimated acti,ities'
;oyriding is an e+ample o& ways in which subordinate masculinities -whether by reason o& age)
class and access to legitimate motoring opportunities/ share dominant masculine assumptions'
;oyriding also o&&ers the dominant masculinity opportunities to dominate that subordinate
masculinity 0 through both punishment and rehabilitation' Seen in this way Doyriding and
Doyriders were the narrowest &ocus o& the research
(n short the thesis was not about 1crime# as studied by positi,ist) administrati,e and correctionalist
criminology' (t was about the cultural practice o& car use 0 legitimate and illegitimate 0 and the
relations o& masculinities which in&luence responses to illegal use' (t is in part an 1outlaw# or
1border# te+t -3oung) <AA=:2./' ;oyriding too is a te+t' (t is a te+t that can be read but it is written
on the palimpsest o& the streets6 its interpretation competing and combining with other te+ts
written on the same streets) each seeking to erase each other 0 the Doyrider) the drunk dri,er) the
motorway madman) the Sunday dri,er) the tra,elling sales0rep' And) as anti0motorway protestors
remind us) the ,ery roads themsel,es are written on the land'
( would argue that Fuggiero#s resolutely high tone and attention to theory protect him &rom the
&air points o& "#$rien#s criti%ue' ( would also argue that my attention to the sub culture o&
Doyriding and the wider culture o& car use should de&end me &rom the criticisms he makes o&
4errell' 9any o& the contributors to !2) 22 and 22@ recognise) but don#t always a,oid) sliding
into the simple zoo0keeping "#$rien criticises them &or'
+i
5ho are the zookeepers?
!he cultural criminology o& 4errell et al may be too concerned with sub0cultures# and mine with
popular culture but e,en i& it is only to illustrate a point or catch our student#s attention we need to
pay more attention to these issues' (t may be that 1cultured# is too hea,y a tag but criminology
must understand the totality o& human e+perience in a holistic &ashion' !his would necessitate
consideration ? though not the uncritical adoption 0 o& all standpoints -race) class) gender) age etc/
including those ( ha,e speci&ically re&erred to pre,iously as missing -green and %ueer/' Cerhaps
this is what 5ender has in mind as 1metacriminology#' ( would argue that ( ha,e already argued
&or culture to be added in those contributions but conclude by speci&ically stating it here: 2rime is
cultural6 culture is criminal6 though both culture and crime should be understood polysemically'
$e&ore commencing his criti%ue) "#$rien -200.:.AA/ mentions this %uote &rom >ayward and
3oung -200=:2.A/ on the need to place) 1crime and its control in the conte+t o& culture6 that is)
,iewing both crime and the agencies o& control as cultural products ? as creati,e constructs#' >e
B
then) rightly) notes that they themsel,es pass too %uickly on to emphasise: 1working at the
margins#) contra 1mainstream# criminology and its 1administrati,e rationalization and statistical
comple+ity# to in,estigate the 1sensual and symbolic characteristics o& transgressi,e beha,iour#
-200=:2B</' >owe,er) it is the earlier &ormulation that ( wish to rescue &rom both parties: "#$rien
&or his criti%ue and >ayward and 3oung to their radical gesture' ( am supported here by
>allsworth who concludes his re,iew o& 22@ thus:
2ultural criminologists need to study the culture and edgework o& the state and its workers
with same diligence and ,er,e they e+tend towards studying the edgework o& those who
engage in e+treme sports' -200: <=A/
Art is transgressi,e' A &ully cultured approach to 4errell#s gra&&iti writers would take on the
%uality o& their work and the status o& such artists within the wider culture' (#d rather ha,e many
1pieces# than the urban blight they co,er but not the monotonous tags that de&ace much public
transport' (#d rather ha,e many pieces than ad,ertising hoardings but these themsel,es may host
sub,ersi,e additions'
+ii
9oreo,er) $anksy has a mani&esto o& his own which re%uires no
interpretation by 4errell'
+iii
4inally let#s e+amine the work o& ;ohnson et al -200/ to &urther in,estigate the -sub/cultural and
the cultured' ;ohnson et al &ind that some people in New 3ork smoke mariDuana and use their
own argotP !he abstract suggests that such argot is 1commonly used to maintain the subculture
secrecy# yet in the introduction note) 1the secrecy &unction appears to be considerably less
important to participants than the &unctions o& e+pressi,eness) in0group communication and
subculture integration# -20.:=/' 3et despite this they make no mention o& the classic sub0cultural
literature or the emerging cultural criminology'
Some use&ul in&ormation about the particular drug sub0culture o& New 3ork in 200= comes
through but it is precisely this sort o& work which most clearly merits "#$rien#s allegation)
deri,ed &rom Gouldner) that such researchers were 1zoo0keepers o& de,iance#' (ndeed one might
ask why the British Journal of Criminology continues to publish such 1zoological# work' ",er a
hundred words are pro,ided to enable us to pass as users or dealers in the &ield' 5hat is most
interesting is the e+tent to which some o& the words are &amiliar &rom both the late 0s and
current pop culture' !hey note this but ne,er open up the discussion to this wider phenomenon6
the e+tent to which drug language has become normalised within contemporary consumer culture
-see Groombridge) 200./' A &ully cultured criminology would also note the literary antecedents
Fuggiero -2008/ cites and historic sources such as supplied by Srebnick and :Q,y -200./'
8
Fe&erences
Adam $ and Allan S -<AA./ 1!heorising culture: an introduction# Theori0ing Culture* $n
interdisci,linary criti1ue after ,ostmodernism $ Adam and S Allen -eds/ :ondon: @2: Cress
2ohen) Stan -<AB2/ Folk Devils and Moral Panics :ondon: 9acGibbon and Gee
4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
4errell) ;e&&) >ayward) Geith ;') 9orrison) 5ayne and Cresdee 9ike -200=/ -*ds/ Cultural
Criminology Unleashed Glasshouse Cress
4errell) ;e&& -200./ 12ultural 2riminology# in 9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage
Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition) :ondon: Sage pps <080<0
Geertz) 2li&&ord -<AB8/ The 2nter,retation of Cultures New 3ork: $asic $ooks
Gibson) 9ary -200./ 1Science and narrati,e in (talian 2riminology) <8800<A20# in Srebnick) Amy
Gilman and :Q,y) FenQ -eds/ -200./ Crime and Culture* an -istorical Pers,ective Aldershot: Ashgate
Cublishing
Groombridge) Nic -<AA8a/ 19asculinities and 2rimes Against the *n,ironment#' Theoretical
Criminology) 9ay <AA8 2-2/) 2=A02B
Groombridge) Nic -<AA8b/ !he 2ar and 2rime: 2ritical perspecti,es @npublished ChH 9iddlese+
@ni,ersity a,ailable at http:EEwww'criminology'speedy'uk'netEintroR20toR20phd'htm
Groombridge) Nic -<AAA/ 1Cer,erse 2riminologies# Social 3 %egal Studies) Hec <AAA <8-=/ .8<0.=8
Groombridge) Nic -2002/ 12rime 2ontrol or 2rime 2ulture !7?# Surveillance and Society <-</:800=
http:EEwww'sur,eillance0and0society'orgEarticles<Ecct,culture'pd&
-accessed <. No,ember 200./
Groombridge) Nic -200./ 1normalization# in 9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage
Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition) :ondon: Sage pps 2B0 0 2B<
>alsey) 9ark -200=/ 1Against Green 2riminology# No,ember 200= British Journal of Criminology
==:-88808.8/
>allsworth) Simon -200/ re,iew o& Cultural Criminology Unleashed in Criminology and Criminal
Justice :<-<=B/
>amm) 9ark S -<AA./ 1>ammer o& the Gods Fe,isited: Neo0Nazi Skinheads) Homestic !errorism and
the New Crotest 9usic# in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology
Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
>ayward) Geith -200=/ City %imits* Crime Consumer Culture and the Ur&an 4(,erience Glasshouse:
:ondon
>ayward) Geith and 3oung ;ock -200=/ 12ultural 2riminology: Some Notes on the Script# Theoretical
Criminology 8-8/ 2.A0B8
>illyard) Caddy6 Cantazis) 2hristina6 !ombs Ste,e and Gordon Ha,e -200=/ -eds/ Beyond Criminology*
Taking -arm Seriously Cluto Cress: :ondon
>ome "&&ice Standing 2on&erence on 2rime Cre,ention -<A88/ "e,ort of the +orking /rou, on Car
Crime >ome "&&ice :ondon
;ewkes) 3,onne -200=/ Media and Crime) :ondon: Sage
;ohnson) $ruce H) $ardhi) 4lutura) Si&aneck) Stephen ; and Hunlap) *loise -200/ 19ariDuana Argot as
Subculture !hreads: Social 2onstructions by @sers in New 3ork 2ity# British Journal of Criminology
=-</ = 0 BB
:yng) Stephen and $racey) 9itchell : -<AA./ in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./
Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
A
9ar+) ! Gary -<AA./ 1*lectric *ye in the Sky: Some Fe&lections on the New Sur,eillance and Copular
2ulture# in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern
@ni,ersity Cress
9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition)
:ondon: Sage
"#$rien) 9artin -200./ 15hat is Cultural about 2ultural 2riminology?# British Journal of Criminology
September 200. 7ol =.:. -.AA0<2/
Cresdee) 9ike -2000/ Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime :ondon: Foutledge
Fuggiero) 7incenzo -2008/ Crime in %iterature* Sociology of Deviance and Fiction :ondon: 7erso
Sanders) ;ames -2002/ Celluloid Skyline* Ne !ork and the Movies :ondon: $loomsbury
Srebnick) Amy Gilman and :Q,y) FenQ -eds/ -200./ Crime and Culture* an -istorical Pers,ective
Aldershot: Ashgate Cublishing
!unnell) Genneth H -<AA./ 1A 2ultural Approach to 2rime and Cunishment# in 4errell) ;e&& and
Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
3oung) Alison -<AA/ imagining crime* te(tual outlas and criminal conversations :ondon: Sage
3oung) ;ock -<AA/ 1!he Mookeepers o& He,iance# in 2olin 5ard -*d/ $ Decade of $narchy*
Selections from 5$narchy5# 6786'B0 4reedom Cress 2entenary Series
3oung) ;ock -200=/ 17oodoo 2riminology and the Numbers Game# in 4errell) ;e&&) >ayward) Geith ;')
9orrison) 5ayne and Cresdee 9ike -200=/ -*ds/ Cultural Criminology Unleashed Glasshouse Cress
<0
i
*ndnotes
Cresdee -2000/ %uotes my work on Doyriding kindly'
ii
(n arguing &or a cultured criminology ( risk being seen simply to argue &or cultural criminology' (n arguing to %ueer
criminology or at least take issues o& se+uality seriously within it -Groombridge) <AAA/ ( ha,e been represented as calling
&or a 1gay# criminology -;ewkes) 200=:80/' ( ha,e been associated with 1green criminology# -Groombridge) <AA8a/ but
>alsey -200=/ e+cludes me &rom his speci&ic criticisms o& the genre' ( belie,e ( argued &or a greened criminology not a
1green criminology#'
iii
(t is to be seen whether this might be considered a work o& synthesis'
i,
9ar+ -<AA./ notes sur,eillance as a theme in popular culture' (#,e a growing list o& pop songs with speci&ically 22!7
re&erences'
,
"ne might take issue with his list o& 1le&t wing) Inew romanticsJ o& the era such as the 2lash) *l,is 2ostello) the Colice)
the Cretenders) bob 9arley and the 5ailers and the $oomtown FatsJ -<AA.: <AA0200/'
,i
Gibson notes) 1criminal anthropologists were inde&atigable in gi,ing lectures and writing articles &or popular audiences#
-200.: =0/ in which stories played as important a role as 1&acts#'
,ii
>allsworth -200: <=B/ is &riendly but opens his re,iew) 12ultural criminology is) o& course) by no means new'#
,iii
4errell is su&&iciently well known as an ethnographer to warrant the Times gi,ing him 28.8 words on <8 No,ember 200=
-1>ow ( skipped work and &ound a secret world#/ to publicize his work on li,ing &rom skips'
i+
!he %uote is: 1!he concept o& culture ( espouse K is essentially a semiotic one' $elie,ing with 9a+ 5eber) that man is an
animal suspended in webs o& signi&icance he himsel& has spun' ( take culture to be those webs) and the analysis o& it to be
there&ore not an e+perimental science in search o& law but an interpreti,e one in search o& meaning' -Geertz <AB8:.) %uoted
in >ayward and 3oung 200=:20/
+
(n ,iew o& such strictures ( sublimate my desire to mention 2arol !hatcher#s appearance on (!7#s 1(#m a 2elebrity Get 9e
"ut o& >ere# to this &ootnote'
+i
9any o& those who seek to go beyond criminology 0 such as >illyard et al -200=/ 0 use and re&er to culture' !hey look at
the harms done by capitalism) the State) its Dustice system) heterose+uality) men and to the en,ironment and animals' !hey
see criminology as a 1suspect discipline#' So) Dust as 3oung redisco,ers his radicalism) some seek to out&lank him on the
le&t'
+ii
See http:EEadbusters'orgEspoo&adsEinde+'php -accessed .E<E/
+iii
http:EEwww'banksy'co'ukE -accessed .E<E/

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