Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
;oyriding is seen in my work as related to aspects o& both cars and masculinities which are both
obscured in criminology and car culture' 9y study there&ore initially concentrated on a speci&ic
crime committed against and with the car 0 1Doyriding# 0 but argued &or a relationship to a wider
car culture' Such theorising as there had been about car the&t ignored both the speci&icity o&
Doyriding and the wider issues o& class) 1race#) gender) en,ironment and culture' 9any theories
and &indings about why Doyriders 1Doyride# are possible6 my purpose became less to set out an
alternati,e proposition but to more &ully understand Doyriding as a practice which is deeply
embedded in society with a history and meaning which cannot easily be separated &rom other
crimes nor &rom legitimated acti,ities'
;oyriding is an e+ample o& ways in which subordinate masculinities -whether by reason o& age)
class and access to legitimate motoring opportunities/ share dominant masculine assumptions'
;oyriding also o&&ers the dominant masculinity opportunities to dominate that subordinate
masculinity 0 through both punishment and rehabilitation' Seen in this way Doyriding and
Doyriders were the narrowest &ocus o& the research
(n short the thesis was not about 1crime# as studied by positi,ist) administrati,e and correctionalist
criminology' (t was about the cultural practice o& car use 0 legitimate and illegitimate 0 and the
relations o& masculinities which in&luence responses to illegal use' (t is in part an 1outlaw# or
1border# te+t -3oung) <AA=:2./' ;oyriding too is a te+t' (t is a te+t that can be read but it is written
on the palimpsest o& the streets6 its interpretation competing and combining with other te+ts
written on the same streets) each seeking to erase each other 0 the Doyrider) the drunk dri,er) the
motorway madman) the Sunday dri,er) the tra,elling sales0rep' And) as anti0motorway protestors
remind us) the ,ery roads themsel,es are written on the land'
( would argue that Fuggiero#s resolutely high tone and attention to theory protect him &rom the
&air points o& "#$rien#s criti%ue' ( would also argue that my attention to the sub culture o&
Doyriding and the wider culture o& car use should de&end me &rom the criticisms he makes o&
4errell' 9any o& the contributors to !2) 22 and 22@ recognise) but don#t always a,oid) sliding
into the simple zoo0keeping "#$rien criticises them &or'
+i
5ho are the zookeepers?
!he cultural criminology o& 4errell et al may be too concerned with sub0cultures# and mine with
popular culture but e,en i& it is only to illustrate a point or catch our student#s attention we need to
pay more attention to these issues' (t may be that 1cultured# is too hea,y a tag but criminology
must understand the totality o& human e+perience in a holistic &ashion' !his would necessitate
consideration ? though not the uncritical adoption 0 o& all standpoints -race) class) gender) age etc/
including those ( ha,e speci&ically re&erred to pre,iously as missing -green and %ueer/' Cerhaps
this is what 5ender has in mind as 1metacriminology#' ( would argue that ( ha,e already argued
&or culture to be added in those contributions but conclude by speci&ically stating it here: 2rime is
cultural6 culture is criminal6 though both culture and crime should be understood polysemically'
$e&ore commencing his criti%ue) "#$rien -200.:.AA/ mentions this %uote &rom >ayward and
3oung -200=:2.A/ on the need to place) 1crime and its control in the conte+t o& culture6 that is)
,iewing both crime and the agencies o& control as cultural products ? as creati,e constructs#' >e
B
then) rightly) notes that they themsel,es pass too %uickly on to emphasise: 1working at the
margins#) contra 1mainstream# criminology and its 1administrati,e rationalization and statistical
comple+ity# to in,estigate the 1sensual and symbolic characteristics o& transgressi,e beha,iour#
-200=:2B</' >owe,er) it is the earlier &ormulation that ( wish to rescue &rom both parties: "#$rien
&or his criti%ue and >ayward and 3oung to their radical gesture' ( am supported here by
>allsworth who concludes his re,iew o& 22@ thus:
2ultural criminologists need to study the culture and edgework o& the state and its workers
with same diligence and ,er,e they e+tend towards studying the edgework o& those who
engage in e+treme sports' -200: <=A/
Art is transgressi,e' A &ully cultured approach to 4errell#s gra&&iti writers would take on the
%uality o& their work and the status o& such artists within the wider culture' (#d rather ha,e many
1pieces# than the urban blight they co,er but not the monotonous tags that de&ace much public
transport' (#d rather ha,e many pieces than ad,ertising hoardings but these themsel,es may host
sub,ersi,e additions'
+ii
9oreo,er) $anksy has a mani&esto o& his own which re%uires no
interpretation by 4errell'
+iii
4inally let#s e+amine the work o& ;ohnson et al -200/ to &urther in,estigate the -sub/cultural and
the cultured' ;ohnson et al &ind that some people in New 3ork smoke mariDuana and use their
own argotP !he abstract suggests that such argot is 1commonly used to maintain the subculture
secrecy# yet in the introduction note) 1the secrecy &unction appears to be considerably less
important to participants than the &unctions o& e+pressi,eness) in0group communication and
subculture integration# -20.:=/' 3et despite this they make no mention o& the classic sub0cultural
literature or the emerging cultural criminology'
Some use&ul in&ormation about the particular drug sub0culture o& New 3ork in 200= comes
through but it is precisely this sort o& work which most clearly merits "#$rien#s allegation)
deri,ed &rom Gouldner) that such researchers were 1zoo0keepers o& de,iance#' (ndeed one might
ask why the British Journal of Criminology continues to publish such 1zoological# work' ",er a
hundred words are pro,ided to enable us to pass as users or dealers in the &ield' 5hat is most
interesting is the e+tent to which some o& the words are &amiliar &rom both the late 0s and
current pop culture' !hey note this but ne,er open up the discussion to this wider phenomenon6
the e+tent to which drug language has become normalised within contemporary consumer culture
-see Groombridge) 200./' A &ully cultured criminology would also note the literary antecedents
Fuggiero -2008/ cites and historic sources such as supplied by Srebnick and :Q,y -200./'
8
Fe&erences
Adam $ and Allan S -<AA./ 1!heorising culture: an introduction# Theori0ing Culture* $n
interdisci,linary criti1ue after ,ostmodernism $ Adam and S Allen -eds/ :ondon: @2: Cress
2ohen) Stan -<AB2/ Folk Devils and Moral Panics :ondon: 9acGibbon and Gee
4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
4errell) ;e&&) >ayward) Geith ;') 9orrison) 5ayne and Cresdee 9ike -200=/ -*ds/ Cultural
Criminology Unleashed Glasshouse Cress
4errell) ;e&& -200./ 12ultural 2riminology# in 9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage
Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition) :ondon: Sage pps <080<0
Geertz) 2li&&ord -<AB8/ The 2nter,retation of Cultures New 3ork: $asic $ooks
Gibson) 9ary -200./ 1Science and narrati,e in (talian 2riminology) <8800<A20# in Srebnick) Amy
Gilman and :Q,y) FenQ -eds/ -200./ Crime and Culture* an -istorical Pers,ective Aldershot: Ashgate
Cublishing
Groombridge) Nic -<AA8a/ 19asculinities and 2rimes Against the *n,ironment#' Theoretical
Criminology) 9ay <AA8 2-2/) 2=A02B
Groombridge) Nic -<AA8b/ !he 2ar and 2rime: 2ritical perspecti,es @npublished ChH 9iddlese+
@ni,ersity a,ailable at http:EEwww'criminology'speedy'uk'netEintroR20toR20phd'htm
Groombridge) Nic -<AAA/ 1Cer,erse 2riminologies# Social 3 %egal Studies) Hec <AAA <8-=/ .8<0.=8
Groombridge) Nic -2002/ 12rime 2ontrol or 2rime 2ulture !7?# Surveillance and Society <-</:800=
http:EEwww'sur,eillance0and0society'orgEarticles<Ecct,culture'pd&
-accessed <. No,ember 200./
Groombridge) Nic -200./ 1normalization# in 9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage
Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition) :ondon: Sage pps 2B0 0 2B<
>alsey) 9ark -200=/ 1Against Green 2riminology# No,ember 200= British Journal of Criminology
==:-88808.8/
>allsworth) Simon -200/ re,iew o& Cultural Criminology Unleashed in Criminology and Criminal
Justice :<-<=B/
>amm) 9ark S -<AA./ 1>ammer o& the Gods Fe,isited: Neo0Nazi Skinheads) Homestic !errorism and
the New Crotest 9usic# in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology
Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
>ayward) Geith -200=/ City %imits* Crime Consumer Culture and the Ur&an 4(,erience Glasshouse:
:ondon
>ayward) Geith and 3oung ;ock -200=/ 12ultural 2riminology: Some Notes on the Script# Theoretical
Criminology 8-8/ 2.A0B8
>illyard) Caddy6 Cantazis) 2hristina6 !ombs Ste,e and Gordon Ha,e -200=/ -eds/ Beyond Criminology*
Taking -arm Seriously Cluto Cress: :ondon
>ome "&&ice Standing 2on&erence on 2rime Cre,ention -<A88/ "e,ort of the +orking /rou, on Car
Crime >ome "&&ice :ondon
;ewkes) 3,onne -200=/ Media and Crime) :ondon: Sage
;ohnson) $ruce H) $ardhi) 4lutura) Si&aneck) Stephen ; and Hunlap) *loise -200/ 19ariDuana Argot as
Subculture !hreads: Social 2onstructions by @sers in New 3ork 2ity# British Journal of Criminology
=-</ = 0 BB
:yng) Stephen and $racey) 9itchell : -<AA./ in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./
Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
A
9ar+) ! Gary -<AA./ 1*lectric *ye in the Sky: Some Fe&lections on the New Sur,eillance and Copular
2ulture# in 4errell) ;e&& and Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern
@ni,ersity Cress
9c:aughlin *ugene and 9uncie ;ohn -eds/ -200./ Sage Dictionary of Criminology Second *dition)
:ondon: Sage
"#$rien) 9artin -200./ 15hat is Cultural about 2ultural 2riminology?# British Journal of Criminology
September 200. 7ol =.:. -.AA0<2/
Cresdee) 9ike -2000/ Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime :ondon: Foutledge
Fuggiero) 7incenzo -2008/ Crime in %iterature* Sociology of Deviance and Fiction :ondon: 7erso
Sanders) ;ames -2002/ Celluloid Skyline* Ne !ork and the Movies :ondon: $loomsbury
Srebnick) Amy Gilman and :Q,y) FenQ -eds/ -200./ Crime and Culture* an -istorical Pers,ective
Aldershot: Ashgate Cublishing
!unnell) Genneth H -<AA./ 1A 2ultural Approach to 2rime and Cunishment# in 4errell) ;e&& and
Sanders) 2linton F -eds/ -<AA./ Cultural Criminology Northeastern @ni,ersity Cress
3oung) Alison -<AA/ imagining crime* te(tual outlas and criminal conversations :ondon: Sage
3oung) ;ock -<AA/ 1!he Mookeepers o& He,iance# in 2olin 5ard -*d/ $ Decade of $narchy*
Selections from 5$narchy5# 6786'B0 4reedom Cress 2entenary Series
3oung) ;ock -200=/ 17oodoo 2riminology and the Numbers Game# in 4errell) ;e&&) >ayward) Geith ;')
9orrison) 5ayne and Cresdee 9ike -200=/ -*ds/ Cultural Criminology Unleashed Glasshouse Cress
<0
i
*ndnotes
Cresdee -2000/ %uotes my work on Doyriding kindly'
ii
(n arguing &or a cultured criminology ( risk being seen simply to argue &or cultural criminology' (n arguing to %ueer
criminology or at least take issues o& se+uality seriously within it -Groombridge) <AAA/ ( ha,e been represented as calling
&or a 1gay# criminology -;ewkes) 200=:80/' ( ha,e been associated with 1green criminology# -Groombridge) <AA8a/ but
>alsey -200=/ e+cludes me &rom his speci&ic criticisms o& the genre' ( belie,e ( argued &or a greened criminology not a
1green criminology#'
iii
(t is to be seen whether this might be considered a work o& synthesis'
i,
9ar+ -<AA./ notes sur,eillance as a theme in popular culture' (#,e a growing list o& pop songs with speci&ically 22!7
re&erences'
,
"ne might take issue with his list o& 1le&t wing) Inew romanticsJ o& the era such as the 2lash) *l,is 2ostello) the Colice)
the Cretenders) bob 9arley and the 5ailers and the $oomtown FatsJ -<AA.: <AA0200/'
,i
Gibson notes) 1criminal anthropologists were inde&atigable in gi,ing lectures and writing articles &or popular audiences#
-200.: =0/ in which stories played as important a role as 1&acts#'
,ii
>allsworth -200: <=B/ is &riendly but opens his re,iew) 12ultural criminology is) o& course) by no means new'#
,iii
4errell is su&&iciently well known as an ethnographer to warrant the Times gi,ing him 28.8 words on <8 No,ember 200=
-1>ow ( skipped work and &ound a secret world#/ to publicize his work on li,ing &rom skips'
i+
!he %uote is: 1!he concept o& culture ( espouse K is essentially a semiotic one' $elie,ing with 9a+ 5eber) that man is an
animal suspended in webs o& signi&icance he himsel& has spun' ( take culture to be those webs) and the analysis o& it to be
there&ore not an e+perimental science in search o& law but an interpreti,e one in search o& meaning' -Geertz <AB8:.) %uoted
in >ayward and 3oung 200=:20/
+
(n ,iew o& such strictures ( sublimate my desire to mention 2arol !hatcher#s appearance on (!7#s 1(#m a 2elebrity Get 9e
"ut o& >ere# to this &ootnote'
+i
9any o& those who seek to go beyond criminology 0 such as >illyard et al -200=/ 0 use and re&er to culture' !hey look at
the harms done by capitalism) the State) its Dustice system) heterose+uality) men and to the en,ironment and animals' !hey
see criminology as a 1suspect discipline#' So) Dust as 3oung redisco,ers his radicalism) some seek to out&lank him on the
le&t'
+ii
See http:EEadbusters'orgEspoo&adsEinde+'php -accessed .E<E/
+iii
http:EEwww'banksy'co'ukE -accessed .E<E/