International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 686

Available Online at www.ijecse.org ISSN: 2277-1956

Design and Analysis of Effect of Parasitic Patch on
Fractal Antenna
Akhilesh Kumar
1
, Aadesh Kumar Arya
2
and Reshu Gupta
3
1
PG Student,
2
Department of Electronics Engineering, Shobhit University, Meerut, India
3
Department of ECE, Rajkumar Goel Institute of Technology for Women, Ghaziabad, UP, India
Email Id: akhilesh48@gmail.com

Abstract- With the rapid development of wireless communication systems, the multiple separated frequency bands antenna has
become one of the most important circuit elements and attracted much interest. In order to satisfy the IEEE 802.11 WLAN
standards and the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) bands, various antennas for wide band operation
have been studied for communication and radar systems. The design achieves a good input impedance match and linear phase of
S11 throughout the pass band (1.57 GHz and-10 dB criterion for impedance bandwidth).). The use of fractal pattern in this
paper provides a simple and efficient method for obtaining the compactness. The gain of antenna is enhanced by using parasitic
patch. Various bands are 1.66GHz, 3.606 GHz, 7.515 GHz, 9.738 GHz, 11.133 GHz, 12.10GHz and 12.88 GHz. The maximum
directivity of the antenna is 11.02 dBi and the VSWR is between 1 and 2. This antenna is suitable for applications in ICMS,
DECT, UMTS, Bluetooth and WLAN systems. Because of linear phase and good impedance match, with some further
optimization and manufacturing aspect, this antenna can serve in UWB and wireless USB applications.

Keywords:- multiband antenna, fractal, Minkowski, high gain antenna, WLAN antenna, parasitic patch

1. Introduction

The current upsurge in wireless communication systems has forced antenna engineering to face new challenges, which
include the need for small-size, high-performance, low-cost antennas. Miniature antennas are of prime importance due to the
available space limitation on the devices and the oncoming deployment of diversity and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems. The basic antenna miniaturization techniques can be summarized into lumped-element loading, material loading, the
use of ground planes, short circuits, the antenna environment, and, nally, geometry optimization [1]. Among these techniques,
geometry optimization and the use of ground planes can achieve miniaturization while maintaining good antenna performance,
especially in terms of bandwidth and efficiency [2].

The main objective of this paper is to design a square shaped fractal antenna which will be small in size and for multiband
operation with high gain and enhanced bandwidth. For gain and bandwidth enhancement a parasitic patch is used (Figure.1). For
reducing the size of antenna, fractal geometries have been introduced.


Figure.1.A square microstrip patch with parasitic patch

Euclidean geometries are limited to points, lines, sheets & volumes, Fractal include geometries that fall in between
these distinctions .Therefore, a fractal can be line that approaches a sheet. These space filling properties lead to curve that are
electrically very long, but fit into a compact physical space. This property leads to miniaturization of antenna elements.
Fractals could be used to define the spacing in arrays for thinning or to define radiation pattern. With successive iteration the
length of Minkowski curve increases by 1/3 of the original length. Length of Minkowski after nth iterations:

L
N
= (4/3)
n
x Lo .. .. (1)

L
N
and Lo are the length after nth iteration and original length (without any iteration) respectively. For Minkowski
IJECSE,Volume1,Number 2
Akhilesh Kumar et al.


ISSN 2277-1956/V1N2-686-691
fractal with each iteration the area of the holes and circumference of solid pieces changes. In Section II, the fractal
Minkowski antenna is described and its input parameters are shown. Both numerical and experimental results show that as the
number of iterations in the monopole increase, the of the antenna approaches the fundamental limit for small antennas.

2. Proposed Antenna Design

The proposed antenna is designed by using concept of Minkowski fractal structure, which originates from the plane
square patch and subsequent fractal antenna. Minkowski iterations produce a cross-like fractal patch with even more fine
details at the edges.
The antenna is designed by using the square patch and iterating first iteration at the center of each side. Iterated
polygons (indentation) in the shape of rectangle are created. The square patch fractal antenna is based on Minkowski square
shaped. For designing this fractal antenna IE3D software is used which is based on method of moment (MoM). The FR
4 material is used as substrate. The thickness of the substrate is 1.575 mm (d
1
). The dielectric constant (
r
) of the antenna is
4.3. The Minkowski fractal shape is used in this paper with two iterations. In decomposition algorithm for rectangular shape is
cut down from each side of the square patch antenna which shows the 1st iteration and generates two resonance frequencies.
To design the fractal antenna a square shape structure is designed on the simulator.
Rectangular indentation is cut down from the each side of the square. Figure 1 shows the square patch antenna withou
iteration and Figure. 2 shows the fractal with 1st iteration of the square patch antenna. The side length of square patch fractal
antenna is 30 mm (without iteration) and after iteration indentation size is 2 8 mm and square size is 14 mm. For 2nd
iteration the indentation size 1 4 mm is cut down from every square. Figure 3 shows the square patch fractal antenna with
second iteration and generate multiple resonant frequencies.
According to Falconer since the generator used to develop the proposed structure involves similarity transformations of more
than one ratios a1 and a2. The dimension, d, is a solution to the following equation:

Where d represents the dimensions, a1 is the ratio W
1
/L
0
and a2 is the ratio of W
2
/L
0
. Then according to equation (2) ,
when a1 , a2 or both are varied, then fractal structures with different dimensions may result in. The length of the antenna is
L (initially) and the geometrical object obtained at the first iteration. For determining the dimension of self-similar
deterministic structure, like the geometries in this article, the self-similar dimension provides an intuitive approach.
After 1st iteration the fractal antenna has four squares of same size. Each square has side length 14 mm. After 2
nd
iteration the fractal antenna has twelve squares of same size each has side length 6.5 mm.



Figure.2 Proposed driven patch with Zero, 1
st
and 2
nd
Iterations

It is observed that as the resonant frequencies and gain of loop is decreased as the generating iterations is increased. The
next step is to improve the bandwidths of the dual-band narrowband antenna. A technique based on a dual stacked parasitic
element is used. By choosing carefully the resonant frequency of the parasitic element and the coupling with the driven patch,
the bandwidth can be optimized [8]. To adjust the size, distance between the driven and the parasitic elements, and the position
of the feeding point, an iterative process is followed [8].According to [8], to place the impedance loops at the centre of the
Smith chart, a high impedance feeding point is required, as well as having a parasitic patch that resonates at the same
frequency as the driven element. The reason of feeding the driven at a high-input impedance point is that parasitic patch moves
impedance to lower impedances.
Design and Analysis of Effect of Parasitic Patch on Fractal Antenna
ISSN 2277-1956/V1N2-686-691

Here in this paper a square parasitic patch [8] of 62 mm (L2) at a height of 2.425 mm (d2) with a dielectric constant of 1.



Figure.3 Antenna geometry variations



Figure 4. Minkowski (2
nd
Iteration) patch antenna with
parasitic patch

3. Result and Discussion

The simulated results of input return loss for 1st iteration are shown in Figure.5. The return losses are -12.4 dB, -21.36
dB, -14.56 dB , -24.78 dB , -25.32 dB , -19.13 dB and 22 dB for the resonance frequencies 1.66GHz, 3.606 GHz, 7.515 GHz,
9.738 GHz, 11.133 GHz, 12.10GHz and 12.88 GHz. The bandwidth of the antenna is is 50 MHz, 891 MHz, 1065 MHz , 1813
MHz, 184 MHz and 355 MHz respectively for 2nd iteration along with parasitic patch. The gain of the antenna is generally
greater than 4 dBi with a peak gain of 5.8 dBi. The gain of antenna at different frequencies is shown in Figure.7. The directivity
of proposed MFA(Minkowski Fractal Antenna ) is generally greater than 10dBi with a peak directivity of 11.02 dBi. The
directivity of antenna at different frequencies is shown in Figure.8. The azimuth radiation pattern of MFA is presented in
Figure.9.


Table.1.Comparative analysis of different operating bands after parasitic patch

Operating
Microwave
Bands
Resonant
Frequency
Return
Loss
10 dB Bandwidth With Parasitic Patch
Without
Parasitic
Patch
IEEE
Standards
fo (GHz) dB fL (GHz) fH(GHz) (fH-fL) MHz Efficiency(%) Gain(dBi)
Gain(dBi)
L 1.66 -12.35 1.64 1.69 50 7.17 0
<0
S 3.606 -20.37 3.53 4.31 780 64.35 3.4
<0
C 7.515 -14.57 7.44 8.49 1050 41.72 5.9
<0
X
9.738 -24.76 8.76 10.57 1810 34.8 4.38
0
11.133 -25.26 10.99 11.4 410 35.87 5.81
5
Ku
12.1 -19.06 12.05 12.23 180 25.3 3.86
5
12.88 -23.23 12.75 13.1 350 41.27 4.45
5





689

ISSN 2277-1956/V1N2-686-691


Figure .5. Simulated reflection coefficient (S
11
in dB)
characteristics of planar Minkowski Fractal antenna ( 2
nd

Iteration)








Figure .6. Simulated reflection coefficient (S
11
in dB)
characteristics of planar Minkowski Fractal antenna (1
st

Iteration)

Figure.7. Gain characteristic of FMA antenna with parasitic
patch(2
nd
Iteration)

Figure.8. Gain characteristic of FMA antenna without
parasitic patch(2
nd
Iteration)
ISSN 2277-1956/V1N2-686-691



Figure:9. Directivity characteristic of FMA antenna (2
nd

Iteration)

Figure:10. Efficiency characteristic of FMA antenna (2
nd

Iteration)



Figure:11.Current distribution of proposed antenna at
different resonant frequencies

4. Conclusion

The resonance behavior and space filling capabilities of the Minkowski based square patch fractal antenna have
been investigated. It is found that as the resonant frequencies and gain of loop is decreased as the generating iterations is
increased. By introducing a parasitic patch at a specific height and specific dimension improves the antenna gain as well as its
bandwidth. The frequency band of antenna is lies between 2GHz to 4 GHz (WiMax, WiFi, ISM , DECT) and 6 GHz to 12 GHz
( UWB, Wireless USB , X-Band). The parasitic patch is needed to improve gain and bandwidth.

The gain, return loss and bandwidth of proposed FMA is similar to the antenna explained in Novel Wideband Planar
Fractal Monopole Antenna [4].
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ISSN 2277-1956/V1N2-686-691

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