ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

PDH & SDH PDH & SDH
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
t
t
f
voice
< 3500 Hz
f
sample
= 8000 Hz
t
sample
= 125 us
10001001 00010100
8 bits at 8000 Hz 8 x 8000 = 64 kbits/s
125 us
Pulse Code Modulation, PCM Pulse Code Modulation, PCM
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
TS 0 1 31
-> 32 x 64 kbit/s = 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s
8 bits 8 bits
8 bits
125 us
32 x 8 bits
125 us
= 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s
32 Time Slots: 30 voice, 1 synch, 1 signalling
Primary Multiplexing Primary Multiplexing
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
8
4x2
8
4x8
34
4x34
140
4x140
565
2048 kbit/s
8448 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s
139 264 kbit/s
Primary
multiplexing
Higher order
multiplexing
1
30
PDH Multiplexing Structure PDH Multiplexing Structure
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
Rate
adaptation
Rate
adaptation
Rate
adaptation
Rate
adaptation
Bit interleaving
multiplexer
F
A
S
,

R
A
I

a
n
d

S
p
a
r
e

B
i
t

i
n
s
e
r
t
i
o
n
Control & synchronisation
Trib. 1
Trib. 2
Trib. 3
Trib. 4
Higher
order
frame
Principle of Higher Order PDH
Multiplexing
Principle of Higher Order PDH
Multiplexing
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
PCM
~
AXE
~
2048,001 kbit/s
2047,999 kbit/s
MUX
~
8 Mbit/s
Framing
Overhead
Rate adaptation (justification bits)
Traffic
PDH Rate Adaptation PDH Rate Adaptation
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
G Inflexible and expensive because of
asynchronous multiplexing
G Limited network management and
maintenance support capabilities
G High capacity growth
G Sensitive to network failure
G Difficulty in verifying network status
G Increased cost for O&M
PDH Problem Areas PDH Problem Areas
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
G STM-1 155 Mbit/s
G STM-4 620 Mbit/s
G STM-16 2500 Mbit/s
G STM-64 10 Gbit/s
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
SDH Bit Rates SDH Bit Rates
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
155 Mbit/s STM-1
620 Mbit/s STM-4
2500 Mbit/s STM-16
2 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
x 63
x 3
x 1
x 4
x 16
Mapping of PDH Signals Mapping of PDH Signals
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
G Cost efficient and flexible networking
G Built in capacity for advanced network management
and maintenance capabilities
G Simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing
G Low rate tributaries visible within the high speed
signal. Enables direct access to these signals.
G Ability to transport existing digital hierarchies and
future signals, e.g. ATM
G Cost efficient allocation of bandwidth
G Fault isolation and management
G Byte interleaved multiplexing and demultiplexing
SDH Advantages SDH Advantages
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
C: Container
VC: Virtual Container
TU: Tributary Unit
TUG: Tributary Unit Group
AU: Administrative Unit
AUG: Administrative Unit Group
VC-4
AU-4 AUG STM-N
C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3
C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2
C-3
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
x 3 x 7
x 1 x 3
x 1 x N
= OH Processing
= Pointer Processing
= Multiplexing
= Aligning
= Mapping
SDH Multiplexing Structure SDH Multiplexing Structure
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
9 columns
270 columns
9 rows
Payload
OH
OH
125 us
Rate =
9 x 270 x 8
125 x 10
-6
bit/s = 155.52 Mbit/s
STM-1 Frame STM-1 Frame
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
STM-4: 9 rows x 1 080 columns
Rate = 622.08 Mbit/s
STM-16: 9 rows x 4 320 columns
Rate = 2 488.32 Mbit/s
STM-64: 9 rows x 17 280 columns
Rate = 9 953.28 Mbit/s
STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 Frames STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 Frames
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
PDH
Stream
Container
Justification bits
=
Containers, C Containers, C
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
Container
Virtual
Container
Path Overhead
=
Virtual Containers, VC Virtual Containers, VC
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
VC may float inside
TU or AU using the
justification bytes
(to handle asynchronism
inside the SDH network)
Virtual
Container
Pointer
Aligning
Tributary/Administrative Units, TU/AU Tributary/Administrative Units, TU/AU
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
~
NE
NE NE
NE
NE
Primary
Reference
Clock
Synchronization Network Synchronization Network
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
Switch to
internal
clock
~
NE
NE NE
NE
NE
PRC
Timing Marker (TM) indicates
the quality of synchronisation
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd.
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
~
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
PRC
Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd.
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
~
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
f
PRC
f
f = f
PRC
?
Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd.
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
TM
STM-N
ADM
STM-N STM-N
IR
STM-N STM-N
STM-N
DXC
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Terminal Multiplexer
Intermediate Regenerator
Add / Drop Multiplexer
Digital Cross Connect
Network Elements Network Elements
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
Logical Layer
- High Order Path (HOP)
- Low Order Path (LOP)
Physical Layer
- Multiplex Section (MS)
- Regenerator Section (RS)
Logical and Physical Network Logical and Physical Network
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
ADM IR TM
DXC
ADM
ADM TM
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
RS RS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
HOP (VC-4)
HOP (VC-4)
LOP (VC-12)
Logical and Physical Network, contd. Logical and Physical Network, contd.
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
MSP (Multiplex Section Protection)
Physical protection
* 1+1 Hot Standby
* 1:N Cold Standby
SNCP (Sub Network Connection Protection)
Logical protection
* 1+1 Hot Standby
* 1:N Cold Standby
Protection Methods Protection Methods
ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
MSP Switched SHR (Self Healing Ring)
Physical protection
* MS USHR (Unidirectional SHR)
* MS BSHR (Bidirectional SHR)
= MS SPRing (Shared Protection Ring)
Protection Methods Protection Methods