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C) Canola
(2
C), Soy (0
C
(100% Tallow) to 12
C (80% Tallow) to 7
C (50% Tallow) to 4
C
(20% Tallow) respectively. Moreover, blending of Tallow biodiesel
with Canola biodiesel in three different percentages (20%, 50% and
80%) has resulted in a remarkable improvement of the cloud point
of tallow biodiesel from 14
C (100% Tallow) to 12
C (80% Tal-
low) to 7
C (50% Tallow) to 1
C mm
2
/s 29.84 43.46
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C mm
2
/s 7.28 9.02
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C 0.14 41.75
Viscosity index 224.20 195.20
Transmission %T 87.5 69.2
Absorbance Abs 0.06 0.16
Refractive index 1.47 1.46
Table 2
Properties of coconut, C. inophyllumand palmoil methyl esters.
Properties Unit COME CIME POME
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C mm
2
/s 4.06 5.74 4.62
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C mm
2
/s 1.57 2.03 1.77
Density at 40
C kg/m
3
866.4 877.4 858.9
Viscosity index 180.7 174.9 195.8
Cloud point (CP)
C 0 10 10
Pour point (PP)
C 4 11 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP)
C 4 9 11
Oxidation stability h 5.12 9.42 2.41
Caloric value MJ/kg 38.00 39.27 39.91
Flash point
C 120.5 93.5 182.5
COME=Coconut oil methyl ester.
CIME=C. inophyllummethyl ester.
POME=Palmoil methyl ester.
Table 3
Equipment list.
Property Equipment Manufacturer Test method
Kinematic viscosity SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) ASTMD445
Density SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) ASTMD1298
Oxidation stability 873 Rancimat (Metrohm, Switzerland) EN ISO 14112
Flash Point Pensky-martens ash point -automatic NPM440 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD93
Cloud and Pour point Cloud and Pour point tester automatic NTE 450 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD2500, ASTMD97
Cold lter plugging point Cold lter plugging point tester automatic NTL 450 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD6371
Caloric value C2000 basic calorimeter (IKA, UK) ASTMD240
Viscosity index SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) N/A
3.2. Equipment list
Table 3 displays the equipment used in this experiment to study
the important physical and chemical properties along with the test
methods used to perform the analysis according to ASTM D6751
standard.
3.3. Biodiesel production fromcrude C. megalocarpus and M.
oleifera oils
The production of biodiesel from crude C. megalocarpus and
M. oleifera was carried out using 1L glass reactor (Brand: Favorit)
equipped with a reux condenser, overhead stirrer (IKAEUROSTAR
Table 4
Summary of biodiesel production process fromcrude C. megalocarpus and M. oleifera oils.
Process parameter Process specication
Process type Acid base catalysed trans-esterication
Reaction temperature 60
C 2.69 2.89 2.92 3.00 3.05 3.13 3.20 3.28 3.34 3.44 3.52
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C 3.23 3.46 3.50 3.57 3.61 3.69 3.75 3.83 3.88 3.97 4.05
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C 1.24 1.34 1.37 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.52 1.55 1.58 1.62 1.66
Density at 40
C 827.2 831.2 835.6 840.3 844.1 848.1 852.7 855 861.6 866 867.2
Viscosity index 90 119.3 139.8 183.7 197.4 202 228.1 238.9 245.8 255.2 266.4
Cloud point (CP) 8 6 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 4 4
Pour point (PP) 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 3
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 7 6 6 5 4 0 4 6 4
Oxidation stability N/D 19.5 17.5 N/D 7.91 N/D 3.96 N/D 2.4 N/D 1.1
Caloric value 45.30 44.90 44.23 43.48 42.81 42.37 41.89 41.17 40.88 40.06 39.53
Flash point 68.5 83.5 86.5 N/D 92.5 N/D 100.5 N/D 118.5 N/D 178.5
N/D=not determined.
Table 5b
Physico-chemical properties of C. inophyllummethyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C 2.69 2.85 3.04 3.21 3.45 3.66 3.90 4.17 4.45 4.77 5.04
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C 3.23 3.40 3.61 3.79 4.05 4.28 4.54 4.82 5.12 5.46 5.74
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C 1.24 1.315 1.39 1.45 1.53 1.60 1.69 1.76 1.85 1.95 2.03
Density at 40
C 834.9 838.8 843.3 847.1 851.7 855.8 860 864.5 868.9 873.6 877.4
Viscosity index 90 122.5 130.8 139.2 149.7 156.4 159.6 161.6 163.5 168.9 174.9
Cloud point (CP) 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10
Pour point (PP) 0 1 1 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 6 5 4 4 2 2 4 7 9
Caloric value 45.30 44.57 44.06 43.278 42.47 41.78 41.21 40.90 40.33 39.56 39.27
Flash point 68.5 72.5 73.5 N/D 75.5 N/D 81.5 N/D 87.5 N/D 93.5
N/D=not determined.
digital), thermometer and sampling outlet. Table 4 shows the sum-
mary of biodiesel production process.
3.4. Biodieseldiesel blending
Blendingof C. megalocarpus, palmoil, Coconut, C. inophyllumand
M. oleifera methyl esters withdiesel was preparedat different ratios
(0100% by volume) using a magnetic stirrer (IKA
C-MAGHS 7) at
2000rpmfor 30min and shaker (IKA
C of 4.05mm
2
/s fol-
lowed by coconut methyl ester of 4.06mm
2
/s and palm methyl
ester of 4.62mm
2
/s. It was found that Croton methyl ester has the
best viscosity index of 266.4 followed by palmmethyl ester 195.8
and Moringa methyl ester of 184.6.
C. megalocarpus andcoconut methyl esters weretofoundtohave
good cold ow properties compared to palm, Moringa and Calo-
phyllummethyl esters. It can be seen that Croton methyl ester has
the lowest cloud point of 4
C. On
Table 5c
Physico-chemical properties of coconut oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C 2.69 2.75 2.81 2.89 2.96 3.03 3.12 3.22 3.31 3.41 3.51
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C 3.23 3.28 3.34 3.42 3.49 3.57 3.65 3.75 3.84 3.95 4.06
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C 1.24 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.41 1.43 1.47 1.50 1.54 1.57
Density at 40
C 834.9 838.1 841.3 844.3 847.5 850.6 853.7 856 859.9 863.2 866.4
Viscosity index 90 144.7 153.1 155.6 155.9 166.2 168.2 175 177.8 179.8 180.7
Cloud point (CP) 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 4 0 0 0
Pour point (PP) 0 0 15 12 9 9 6 6 6 4 4
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 7 7 6 5 2 1 1 4 4
Oxidation stability N/D N/D 113.06 85.88 N/D 66.44 56.55 41.05 32.08 23.23 5.12
Caloric value 45.30 44.53 43.74 43.08 42.20 41.46 40.82 40.04 39.39 38.62 38.00
Flash point 68.5 74.5 76.5 N/D 81.5 N/D 89.5 N/D 102.5 N/D 120.5
N/D=not determined.
134 A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137
Table 5d
Physico-chemical properties of M. oleifera methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C 2.69 2.94 3.06 3.19 3.35 3.49 3.66 3.80 3.99 4.19 4.34
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C 3.23 3.54 3.67 3.81 3.99 4.14 4.32 4.48 4.68 4.89 5.05
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C 1.24 1.35 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.55 1.64 1.66 1.74 1.81 1.84
Density at 40
C 827.2 830.6 833.6 836.4 840.1 843.4 846.7 849.8 853.5 857.1 859.6
Viscosity index 90 101.1 111.6 N/D N/D 140 N/D 157.6 174.7 181.4 184.6
Cloud point (CP) 8 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 17 18 19
Pour point (PP) 0 3 6 9 10 12 14 17 16 19 19
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 6 6 7 8 9 12 15 15 17 18
Oxidation stability N/D N/D N/D N/D 88.84 N/D 71.27 N/D 64.25 N/D 26.2
Caloric value 45.30 44.74 43.98 43.86 43.27 42.64 41.84 41.52 40.91 40.38 40.05
Flash point 68.5 79.5 82.5 N/D 94.5 N/D 105.5 N/D 114.5 N/D 150.5
N/D=not determined.
Table 5e
Physico-chemical properties of Palmoil methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40
C 2.69 2.83 2.91 3.03 3.15 3.26 3.38 3.53 3.67 3.84 3.97
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C 3.23 3.38 3.47 3.60 3.73 3.85 3.99 4.15 4.29 4.48 4.62
Kinematic viscosity at 100
C 1.24 1.33 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.60 1.65 1.71 1.77
Density at 40
C 834.9 837.9 840.1 840 844.5 848.1 849.2 851.8 854.4 856.8 858.9
Viscosity index 90 140.3 149.8 159.9 167.3 172.7 177.5 185.6 188.0 188.7 195.8
Cloud point (CP) 8 8 7 7 7 6 5 7 8 11 10
Pour point (PP) 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 8 8 8 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 6 4 4 3 3 3 6 9 11 11
Oxidation stability N/D 113.64 65.47 33.42 31.03 19.44 13.5 10.14 6.41 4.15 2.41
Caloric value 45.30 44.65 43.99 43.32 42.97 42.04 41.72 41.17 40.75 40.18 39.90
Flash point 68.5 77.5 78.5 N/D 85.5 N/D 93.5 N/D 112.5 N/D 182.5
N/D=not determined
Table 6
Mathematical relations between blends ration and physico-chemical properties.
Property Blends Mathematical equation R
2
Kinematic viscosity at 40
C(cloudpoint), 19
C(coldlter plugging
point).
The results of oxidation stability showed that Moringa methyl
ester has the best oxidation stability of 26.2h followed by Calo-
phyllum methyl ester of 9.42h while Croton methyl ester has the
lowest oxidation stability of 1.1h. Moreover, Moringa methyl ester
possesses the highest caloric value of 40,050kJ/kg compared to
38,000kJ/kg of coconut methyl ester.
The results of ash point show that palm methyl ester has
the highest ash point of 182.5
C.
4.2. Physico-chemical properties of biodieseldiesel blends
Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 5c, Table 5d, Tables 5a5e present
the physical and chemical properties of C. megalocarpus, C. ino-
phyllum, coconut, palm and M. oleifera methyl esters and their
blends withdiesel. Blending of diesel withbiodiesel cancause some
improvement in some properties such as kinematic viscosity, den-
sity, caloric value, oxidation stability. However, ash point and
viscosity index decrease as the percentage of diesel increases. The
next sectionwill present the mathematical correlationbetweenthe
blends ration and physical and chemical properties.
4.3. Mathematical relationship between blends ration and
physico-chemical properties
Based on the data in Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 5c, Table 5d,
Tables 5a5e, mathematical equations were developed for the
calculation of oxidation stability, kinematic viscosity, density, vis-
cosity index, caloric value and ash point of C. megalocarpus, C.
inophyllum, coconut, M. oleifera andpalmoil methyl esters andtheir
blends with diesel. Table 6 presents the developed equations.
4.4. Mathematical relationship between physico-chemical
properties
4.4.1. Flash point (FP) vs. kinematic viscosity (KV)
Fig. 1(ae) depicts the correlations between kinematic viscosi-
ties and ash points of C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum, coconut, M.
oleifera and palmoil methyl esters as follow:
For (Croton methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 183.95 (KV)
2
1221.6 (KV) +2099.5
R
2
= 0.9534
(2)
136 A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137
Fig. 2. Correlation between caloric value and kinematic viscosity. (a) C. megalocarpus methyl esterdiesel blends, (b) C. inophyllummethyl ester-diesel blends, (c) coconut
methyl esterdiesel blends, (d) palmoil methyl esterdiesel blends, (e) M. oleifera methyl esterdiesel blends.
For (Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 0.4884 (KV)
2
+5.1448 (KV) +47.913
R
2
= 0.9887
(3)
For (Coconut methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 33.934 (KV)
2
188.35 (KV) +325.3
R
2
= 0.9933
(4)
For (Palmmethyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 74.797 (KV)
2
517.44 (KV) +968.12
R
2
= 0.9569
(5)
For (Moringa methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 13.79 (KV)
2
73.438 (KV) +164.68
R
2
= 0.9724
(6)
Fromthis gure, it canbeunderstoodthat ashpoint of biodiesel
increases with increase in kinematic viscosity.
4.4.2. Caloric value (CV) vs. kinematic viscosity (KV)
Fig. 2(ae) depicts the correlations between kinematic viscosity
and caloric value of C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum, coconut, palm
and M. oleifera methyl esters as follow:
For (Croton methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 2410.4 (KV)
2
+10, 323 (KV) +37, 233
R
2
= 0.9891
(7)
For (Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 560.27 (KV)
2
7392.4 (KV) +63, 326
R
2
= 0.9975
(8)
For (Coconut methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 33.934 (KV)
2
188.35 (KV) +325.3
R
2
= 0.9933
(9)
For (Palmmethyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 1413.7 (KV)
2
+15, 028 (KV) +79, 180
R
2
= 0.996
(10)
A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137 137
For (Moringa methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 3063.7 (KV) +55, 367
R
2
= 0.9912
(11)
From this gure, it can be observed that caloric value of
biodiesel increases with decrease in kinematic viscosity.
4.5. Sample calculation
FromFig. 1andbasedonTable 6inSection4.3, it canbe seenthat
the viscosity of Croton methyl esterdiesel blends can be predicted
using the following equation:
Kinematic viscosityat 40
C = 0.7205x +3.33. . .x
(%Crotonmethyl esterdiesel blends)
Therefore, theviscosityof Crotonmethyl esterdiesel blends can
be predicted based on the above equation as follow:
Kinematic viscosity(B20) = 0.7205 (0.2) +3.33 = 3.4741mm
2
/s
5. Conclusion
This paper presents the physical and chemical properties of
biodiesel produced from C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum and M.
oleifera (non-edible), coconut and palmoil (edible) and their blends
with diesel (B0B100). These properties include kinematic viscos-
ity, density, viscosity index, cloud point, pour point, cold lter
plugging point, ash point, caloric value and oxidation stability.
The regression analysis method was also suggested in this paper
to predict the properties of biodiesel blends. It has been found that
blending of diesel with biodiesel showed a remarkable improve-
ment in kinematic viscosity, density, caloric value and oxidation
stability. Nevertheless, ash point and viscosity index decrease
as the percentage of diesel increases. Moreover, the developed
mathematical models showed high coefcient of regression val-
ues between biodiesel properties and biodieseldiesel blends. As
a conclusion, the obtained results in the current study can help
to predict the properties of biodieseldiesel blends at any blends
ratio and therefore offer substantial assistance in the design of fuel
systemfor biodiesel engine.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher
Education of Malaysia and The Faculty of Engineering of University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the nancial support under
UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/06 (D000006-16001).
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