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Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137

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Industrial Crops and Products
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ i ndcr op
Effect of Croton megalocarpus, Calophyllum inophyllum, Moringa
oleifera, palm and coconut biodieseldiesel blending on their
physico-chemical properties
A.E. Atabani
a,b,
, M. Mojur
a,
, H.H. Masjuki
a
, Irfan Anjum Badruddin
a
,
M.A. Kalam
a
, W.T. Chong
a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University/Erciyes Teknopark A.S , Yeni Mahalle As kveysel Bulvar Erciyes Teknopark Tekno 3 Binas 2.
Kat No: 28, 38039, Melikgazi/Kayseri, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 6 February 2014
Received in revised form5 June 2014
Accepted 9 June 2014
Keywords:
Croton megalocarpus methyl ester
Calophylluminophyllummethyl ester
Moringa oleifera methyl ester
Physico-chemical properties
Blending
Regression analysis
a b s t r a c t
By 2050, it is predicted that biofuels will provide 27% of total transport fuel and avoid around 2.1 Gt CO
2
emissions per year when produced sustainably. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced by
trans-esterication in any climate using already developed agricultural practices. This paper aims to study
various physical and chemical properties of biodiesel synthesized from edible and non-edible feedstocks.
These feedstocks include Croton megalocarpus, Calophyllum inophyllum, Moringa (Moringa oleifera), palm
(Elaeis guineensis) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). The physical and chemical properties of biodieseldiesel
blends were also presented. Furthermore, the regression analysis method was used to predict the prop-
erties of biodiesel blends. It has been found that blending of diesel with biodiesel has resulted in much
improvement in kinematic viscosity, density, caloric value and oxidation stability. However, ash point
and viscosity index decrease as the percentage of diesel increases. Moreover, the mathematical relation-
ships developed in this study show a high regression values (R
2
) between properties and biodieseldiesel
blends. As a conclusion, it is believed that the outcome of this study gives the readers valuable results that
help to predict the properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel which are substantial parameters in
the design of fuel system for biodiesel engine.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The global energy demand is increasing due to increasing
economy. This increasing demand has generated the interest for
alternative energy resources. In this perspective, renewable energy
from natural resources is getting momentum to be alternative
energy sources since that re-generable or replenish-able. It has
been anticipated that, by 2050 biofuels will provide 27% of total
transport fuel, and avoid around 2.1Gt CO
2
emissions per year
when produced sustainably (IEA, 2012). Biodiesel (technically
known as a mono alkyl ester) is a renewable fuel that can be pro-
ducedinany climate using already developedagricultural practices
(Amani et al., 2013; vila and Sodr, 2012; Mojur et al., 2014a).

Corresponding authors at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University


of Malaya, Malaysia. Tel.: +6 3 79674448.

Corresponding authors at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes Uni-


versity, Turkey. Tel.: +905366063795.
E-mail addresses: a atabani2@msn.com(A.E. Atabani), mojduetme@yahoo.com
(M. Mojur).
Biodiesel provides considerable reductions in carbon monoxide
(CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and particulate emissions
(PM) from diesel engines compared to fossil diesel. Biodiesel can
be obtained by applying trans-esterication processes to vegetable
oils, animal fats, usedcookingoil andwaste grease fromrestaurants
(Mojur et al., 2014b, 2013). Biodiesel can be available in both its
neat form (B100) and in blends with petroleum diesel (for exam-
ple: B2, B5, B20). The primary feedstock used to make biodiesel in
Europe is rapeseed while Soybean is the primary feedstock in USA
(Central Carolina Community College, 2013).
Therefore, there is need to nd alternate feedstocks. Non-edible
seed oils like Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Croton megalocarpus and
Calophyllum inophyllum are some examples of wild trees that can
grow on any type of soil (Silitonga et al., 2011; Atabani et al.,
2012, 2013a,c; Rahman et al. 2014). The physical and chemical
properties of any fuel are signicant factors in the design of fuel
systemfor biodiesel engines. Therefore, this study aims to study in
details about some of the main the physical and chemical proper-
ties of biodiesel synthesized from edible and non-edible biodiesel
feedstocks. The properties include kinematic viscosity, density,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.011
0926-6690/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137 131
Nomenclature
CV Caloric value
FP Flash point
KV Kinematic viscosity
LRA Linear regression analysis
PRA Polynomial regression analysis
viscosity index, cloud point, pour point, and cold lter plugging
point, ashpoint, caloric value andoxidationstability. These feed-
stocks include C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum, Moringa, palm and
coconut. The physical and chemical properties of biodieseldiesel
blends ratios of (B10B100) were fully covered and presented in
this study. Although accurate experimental data can be used to
predict various properties of biodieseldiesel blends.
However, it is difcult to provide all the data particularly over
a large blends range. Therefore, this study suggests the polynomial
curve tting method to predict the properties of the blends at any
blends ratio. This method was in fact not covered well in literature.
Therefore, it is believed that the current study gives the readers
valuable results that help them understand and predict the prop-
erties of biodiesel fromboth edible and non-edible feedstocks and
its blends with diesel.
2. Literature review
Prediction of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and
its blends is vital in the design of fuel spray, atomization, and com-
bustion and emission system for diesel engines. Several studies
have been done to investigate the physical and chemical properties
of biodiesel and its blends with diesel.
Oghenejoboh and Umukoro (2011) investigated the fuel char-
acteristics of biodiesel produced from palm oil, palm kernel oil,
Jatropha seed oil and rubber seed oil as compared to petroleum
diesel. The authors indicated that blending of biodiesel fromthese
feedstocks with diesel has resulted in an increase in the heat-
ing value, decrease in density, cloud point, pour point, kinematic
viscosity and ash point of biodiesel. Rao et al. (2010) assessed
the mathematical relationships betweendensity, viscosity, caloric
value and ash point among numerous biodiesel samples. The
developed mathematical relationships between these properties
followed the linear regression and showed high coefcient of
regression (R
2
). Demirbas (2008) has developed equations to cal-
culate higher heating values of various vegetable oils and their
biodiesels from their viscosity, density or ash point. The nd-
ings of this study showed that there is high regression between
higher heating value, viscosity, density and ash point for veg-
etable oil and biodiesel samples. Giakoumis (2013) reviewed and
investigatedthe physical andchemical properties andthe fatty acid
composition of 26 biodiesel feedstocks (comprising of 22 edible
and non-edible vegetable oils and four animal fats). The author
has correlated biodiesels physical and chemical properties with
the degree of unsaturation. An excellent correlation was found
between the degree of unsaturation and the iodine number. More-
over, good correlations were also established for cetane number,
density, pour point, carbon content, number of carbon atoms, stoi-
chiometric airfuel ratio, T90 distillate temperature, kinematic
viscosity, lower and higher heating values, cloud point and ash
point. Ramrez-Verduzco et al. (2012) derived four empirical corre-
lations to estimate the cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density,
and higher heating value of fatty acid methyl esters from two
structural features of molecules (molecular weight and degree of
unsaturation). The predicted values of the cetane number, kine-
matic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel have
beenfoundtobe ina goodagreement withthe experimental values.
Krishna et al. (2008) attempted to improve the cold ow proper-
ties of biodiesel derivedfromfour feedstocks; Tallow(14

C) Canola
(2

C), Soy (0

C) and Yellow grease (7

C). For instance, blending


Tallow biodiesel with Soy biodiesel at three different percent-
ages (20%, 50% and 80% respectively) has resulted in a remarkable
improvement in the cloud point of tallow biodiesel from 14

C
(100% Tallow) to 12

C (80% Tallow) to 7

C (50% Tallow) to 4

C
(20% Tallow) respectively. Moreover, blending of Tallow biodiesel
with Canola biodiesel in three different percentages (20%, 50% and
80%) has resulted in a remarkable improvement of the cloud point
of tallow biodiesel from 14

C (100% Tallow) to 12

C (80% Tal-
low) to 7

C (50% Tallow) to 1

C (20% Tallow) respectively. The


authors also studied the effect of blending biodiesel with #2 oil
having a very low cloud point and found a remarkable reduction
in the cloud point of Tallow, Soy and Yellow grease biodiesels.
As a conclusion, the authors concluded that the cloud points of
biodiesel blends correlated well with the saturated fraction. The
lower the fraction of saturates, the better the cold ow. How-
ever, stability might be affected. Atabani et al. (2013b) discussed
the concept of biodieselbiodiesel blending to improve some of
the properties such as viscosity, cloud, pour and cold lter plug-
ging point. For instance, blending of Sterculia foetida methyl ester
(SFME) and coconut methyl ester (COME) has resulted in a remark-
able improvement in the viscosity of SFME. It was also found that
blending has improved the cold owproperties of palmoil methyl
ester (PME), C. inophyllummethyl ester (CIME) and J. curcas methyl
ester (JCME) respectively. Moreover, the authors have estimated
the properties of other biodieselbiodiesel blends using the poly-
nomial curve tting method and the mathematical relationships
between these properties and the blends showed high coefcient
of regression (R
2
>0.96). Chen et al. (2011) studied the property
modication of Jatropha methyl ester by blending with palm and
soybean methyl esters. Jatropha methyl ester was blended with
palm oil and soybean methyl esters at various weight ratios and
evaluated for fuel properties as compared to the relevant specica-
tions. The cold lter plugging point and oxidation stability were
signicantly increased through the blending of Jatropha methyl
ester with the palm oil methyl ester, whereas the IV decreased.
The oxidation stability of the blend could be greater than 6h when
the PME comprised 60wt.% or higher in the blended biodiesel.
However, the cold lter plugging point value of the blend had
already increased to 3

C when the fraction of the PME was 40wt.%.


This was the result of an increased saturated FAME content in the
palm oil methyl ester. The authors concluded that the optimum
Jatrophapalm methyl ester blend may be comprised of the JME
and PME at a weight ratio of 80:20 and have the CFPP, IV, and oxi-
dation stability of 1

C, 98.84g I2/100g, and 4.52h, respectively.


The authors have also developeda multiple linear regressionmodel
with a high regression coefcients (R
2
) to predict the CFPP and IV
of the biodiesel blends based on methyl linoleate (ML) and methyl
oleate (MO) contents (in wt.%) using LINEST (the multiple linear
regression worksheet function) in Microsoft Excel 2003.
3. Materials and methods
3.1. Materials and chemicals
Crude C. megalocarpus and Moringa oleifera oils, coconut methyl
ester, palm oil methyl ester and C. inophyllum methyl ester were
supplied through a personal communication. Table 1 shows the
physico-chemical properties of crude C. megalocarpus and M.
oleifera oils, (Atabani et al., 2013a). Table 2 shows the Physico-
chemical properties of coconut, palmoil and C. inophyllummethyl
esters. All other chemicals, reagents and accessories were pur-
chased fromlocal market.
132 A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137
Table 1
Properties of crude C. megalocarpus oil and M. oleifera oils (Atabani et al., 2013a).
Properties Unit Crude Croton oil Crude Moringa oil
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C mm
2
/s 29.84 43.46
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C mm
2
/s 7.28 9.02
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C mPa.s 27.15 38.99


Flash point

C 235 263
Cold lter plugging point

C 10 18
Density kg/m
3
910.0 897.1
Acid value mg KOH/g oil 12.07 8.62
Caloric value MJ/kg 39.33 39.76
Oxidation stability h at 110

C 0.14 41.75
Viscosity index 224.20 195.20
Transmission %T 87.5 69.2
Absorbance Abs 0.06 0.16
Refractive index 1.47 1.46
Table 2
Properties of coconut, C. inophyllumand palmoil methyl esters.
Properties Unit COME CIME POME
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C mPa s 3.51 5.04 3.97


Kinematic viscosity at 40

C mm
2
/s 4.06 5.74 4.62
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C mm
2
/s 1.57 2.03 1.77
Density at 40

C kg/m
3
866.4 877.4 858.9
Viscosity index 180.7 174.9 195.8
Cloud point (CP)

C 0 10 10
Pour point (PP)

C 4 11 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP)

C 4 9 11
Oxidation stability h 5.12 9.42 2.41
Caloric value MJ/kg 38.00 39.27 39.91
Flash point

C 120.5 93.5 182.5
COME=Coconut oil methyl ester.
CIME=C. inophyllummethyl ester.
POME=Palmoil methyl ester.
Table 3
Equipment list.
Property Equipment Manufacturer Test method
Kinematic viscosity SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) ASTMD445
Density SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) ASTMD1298
Oxidation stability 873 Rancimat (Metrohm, Switzerland) EN ISO 14112
Flash Point Pensky-martens ash point -automatic NPM440 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD93
Cloud and Pour point Cloud and Pour point tester automatic NTE 450 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD2500, ASTMD97
Cold lter plugging point Cold lter plugging point tester automatic NTL 450 (Norma lab, France) ASTMD6371
Caloric value C2000 basic calorimeter (IKA, UK) ASTMD240
Viscosity index SVM3000 (Anton Paar, UK) N/A
3.2. Equipment list
Table 3 displays the equipment used in this experiment to study
the important physical and chemical properties along with the test
methods used to perform the analysis according to ASTM D6751
standard.
3.3. Biodiesel production fromcrude C. megalocarpus and M.
oleifera oils
The production of biodiesel from crude C. megalocarpus and
M. oleifera was carried out using 1L glass reactor (Brand: Favorit)
equipped with a reux condenser, overhead stirrer (IKAEUROSTAR
Table 4
Summary of biodiesel production process fromcrude C. megalocarpus and M. oleifera oils.
Process parameter Process specication
Process type Acid base catalysed trans-esterication
Reaction temperature 60

C for both processes


Catalyst used and concentration 98% pure sulphuric acid (1%v/v) for esterication reaction and 99% pure potassiumhydroxides (1%m/m) for
trans-esterication reaction
Alcohol used and molar ration (Methanol) 12:1 for esterication process and 6:1 for trans-esterication process
Reaction time 3h for esterication process and 2h for trans-esterication process
Setting time 24h
Stirring speed 600rpm
A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137 133
Table 5a
Physico-chemical properties of C. megalocarpus methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C 2.69 2.89 2.92 3.00 3.05 3.13 3.20 3.28 3.34 3.44 3.52
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C 3.23 3.46 3.50 3.57 3.61 3.69 3.75 3.83 3.88 3.97 4.05
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C 1.24 1.34 1.37 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.52 1.55 1.58 1.62 1.66
Density at 40

C 827.2 831.2 835.6 840.3 844.1 848.1 852.7 855 861.6 866 867.2
Viscosity index 90 119.3 139.8 183.7 197.4 202 228.1 238.9 245.8 255.2 266.4
Cloud point (CP) 8 6 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 4 4
Pour point (PP) 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 3
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 7 6 6 5 4 0 4 6 4
Oxidation stability N/D 19.5 17.5 N/D 7.91 N/D 3.96 N/D 2.4 N/D 1.1
Caloric value 45.30 44.90 44.23 43.48 42.81 42.37 41.89 41.17 40.88 40.06 39.53
Flash point 68.5 83.5 86.5 N/D 92.5 N/D 100.5 N/D 118.5 N/D 178.5
N/D=not determined.
Table 5b
Physico-chemical properties of C. inophyllummethyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C 2.69 2.85 3.04 3.21 3.45 3.66 3.90 4.17 4.45 4.77 5.04
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C 3.23 3.40 3.61 3.79 4.05 4.28 4.54 4.82 5.12 5.46 5.74
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C 1.24 1.315 1.39 1.45 1.53 1.60 1.69 1.76 1.85 1.95 2.03
Density at 40

C 834.9 838.8 843.3 847.1 851.7 855.8 860 864.5 868.9 873.6 877.4
Viscosity index 90 122.5 130.8 139.2 149.7 156.4 159.6 161.6 163.5 168.9 174.9
Cloud point (CP) 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10
Pour point (PP) 0 1 1 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 6 5 4 4 2 2 4 7 9
Caloric value 45.30 44.57 44.06 43.278 42.47 41.78 41.21 40.90 40.33 39.56 39.27
Flash point 68.5 72.5 73.5 N/D 75.5 N/D 81.5 N/D 87.5 N/D 93.5
N/D=not determined.
digital), thermometer and sampling outlet. Table 4 shows the sum-
mary of biodiesel production process.
3.4. Biodieseldiesel blending
Blendingof C. megalocarpus, palmoil, Coconut, C. inophyllumand
M. oleifera methyl esters withdiesel was preparedat different ratios
(0100% by volume) using a magnetic stirrer (IKA

C-MAGHS 7) at
2000rpmfor 30min and shaker (IKA

KS 130 basic) at 400rpmfor


30min.
In this study the effect of biodiesel and diesel blending at
different ratios (0100% by volume) on some physical and chem-
ical properties has been studied and presented. These properties
include kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, density, cloud point,
pour point, cold lter plugging point, oxidation stability, caloric
valueandashpoint. Inthis paper, polynomial curvettingmethod
was used to estimate the properties of other biodiesel blends. This
method is an attempt to describe the relationship between vari-
able X as a function of available data and a response Y, which seeks
to nd a smooth curve that best ts the data. Mathematically, a
polynomial of order k in X is expressed in the following form:
Y = C
o
+C
1
X +C
2
X
2
+. . ... +C
k
X
k
(1)
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Physico-chemical properties of biodiesel
The quality of biodiesel depends upon composition of feed-
stock, production process, storage and handling. Biodiesel quality
is assessed through the determination of physical and chemical
properties. The physical and chemical properties of C. megalo-
carpus, C. inophyllum, coconut, palm oil and M. oleifera methyl
esters are presented in Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 5c, Table 5d,
Table 5e.
The main ndings fromthis table showthat Croton methyl ester
possesses the lowest kinematic viscosity at 40

C of 4.05mm
2
/s fol-
lowed by coconut methyl ester of 4.06mm
2
/s and palm methyl
ester of 4.62mm
2
/s. It was found that Croton methyl ester has the
best viscosity index of 266.4 followed by palmmethyl ester 195.8
and Moringa methyl ester of 184.6.
C. megalocarpus andcoconut methyl esters weretofoundtohave
good cold ow properties compared to palm, Moringa and Calo-
phyllummethyl esters. It can be seen that Croton methyl ester has
the lowest cloud point of 4

C while coconut methyl ester has the


lowest pour point of 4

C while both Croton and coconut methyl


esters possess the lowest cold lter plugging point of 4

C. On
Table 5c
Physico-chemical properties of coconut oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C 2.69 2.75 2.81 2.89 2.96 3.03 3.12 3.22 3.31 3.41 3.51
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C 3.23 3.28 3.34 3.42 3.49 3.57 3.65 3.75 3.84 3.95 4.06
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C 1.24 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.41 1.43 1.47 1.50 1.54 1.57
Density at 40

C 834.9 838.1 841.3 844.3 847.5 850.6 853.7 856 859.9 863.2 866.4
Viscosity index 90 144.7 153.1 155.6 155.9 166.2 168.2 175 177.8 179.8 180.7
Cloud point (CP) 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 4 0 0 0
Pour point (PP) 0 0 15 12 9 9 6 6 6 4 4
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 7 7 7 6 5 2 1 1 4 4
Oxidation stability N/D N/D 113.06 85.88 N/D 66.44 56.55 41.05 32.08 23.23 5.12
Caloric value 45.30 44.53 43.74 43.08 42.20 41.46 40.82 40.04 39.39 38.62 38.00
Flash point 68.5 74.5 76.5 N/D 81.5 N/D 89.5 N/D 102.5 N/D 120.5
N/D=not determined.
134 A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137
Table 5d
Physico-chemical properties of M. oleifera methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C 2.69 2.94 3.06 3.19 3.35 3.49 3.66 3.80 3.99 4.19 4.34
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C 3.23 3.54 3.67 3.81 3.99 4.14 4.32 4.48 4.68 4.89 5.05
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C 1.24 1.35 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.55 1.64 1.66 1.74 1.81 1.84
Density at 40

C 827.2 830.6 833.6 836.4 840.1 843.4 846.7 849.8 853.5 857.1 859.6
Viscosity index 90 101.1 111.6 N/D N/D 140 N/D 157.6 174.7 181.4 184.6
Cloud point (CP) 8 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 17 18 19
Pour point (PP) 0 3 6 9 10 12 14 17 16 19 19
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 6 6 7 8 9 12 15 15 17 18
Oxidation stability N/D N/D N/D N/D 88.84 N/D 71.27 N/D 64.25 N/D 26.2
Caloric value 45.30 44.74 43.98 43.86 43.27 42.64 41.84 41.52 40.91 40.38 40.05
Flash point 68.5 79.5 82.5 N/D 94.5 N/D 105.5 N/D 114.5 N/D 150.5
N/D=not determined.
Table 5e
Physico-chemical properties of Palmoil methyl ester and its blends with diesel.
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100
Dynamic viscosity at 40

C 2.69 2.83 2.91 3.03 3.15 3.26 3.38 3.53 3.67 3.84 3.97
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C 3.23 3.38 3.47 3.60 3.73 3.85 3.99 4.15 4.29 4.48 4.62
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C 1.24 1.33 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.60 1.65 1.71 1.77
Density at 40

C 834.9 837.9 840.1 840 844.5 848.1 849.2 851.8 854.4 856.8 858.9
Viscosity index 90 140.3 149.8 159.9 167.3 172.7 177.5 185.6 188.0 188.7 195.8
Cloud point (CP) 8 8 7 7 7 6 5 7 8 11 10
Pour point (PP) 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 8 8 8 11
Cold lter plugging point (CFPP) 5 6 4 4 3 3 3 6 9 11 11
Oxidation stability N/D 113.64 65.47 33.42 31.03 19.44 13.5 10.14 6.41 4.15 2.41
Caloric value 45.30 44.65 43.99 43.32 42.97 42.04 41.72 41.17 40.75 40.18 39.90
Flash point 68.5 77.5 78.5 N/D 85.5 N/D 93.5 N/D 112.5 N/D 182.5
N/D=not determined
Table 6
Mathematical relations between blends ration and physico-chemical properties.
Property Blends Mathematical equation R
2
Kinematic viscosity at 40

C Croton methyl esterdiesel 0.7205x +3.33 0.9727


Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 2.5379x +3.1036 0.9911
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 0.8337x +3.186 0.9902
Palm methyl esterdiesel 1.3841x +3.2024 0.9948
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 1.7446x +3.2962 0.996
Kinematic viscosity at 100

C Croton methyl esterdiesel 0.3787x +1.2896 0.9796


Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 0.7883x +3.2287 0.9976
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 0.3082x +1.2602 0.9933
Palm methyl esterdiesel 0.4976x +1.2616 0.9941
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 0.581x +1.2795 0.9895
Density at 40

C Croton methyl esterdiesel 0.043x +0.8271 0.9997


Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 0.0429x +0.8346 0.9997
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 0.0312x +0.8349 0.9993
Palm methyl esterdiesel 0.0238x +0.8353 0.9979
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 0.0328x +0.827 0.9993
Viscosity index Croton methyl esterdiesel 134.32x
2
+304.89x +91.683 0.9835
Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 44.242x
2
+103.13x +113.02 0.9828
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 17.235x
2
+60.243x +139.2 0.9732
Palm methyl esterdiesel 43.106x
2
+106.33x +130.68 0.9936
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 11.088x
2
+108.82x +89.982 0.9925
Caloric value Croton methyl esterdiesel 5798.5x +45,323 0.9965
Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 5798.5x +45,323 0.9828
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 7328.9x +45,232 0.9992
Palm methyl esterdiesel 5465.1x +45100 0.9917
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 5363.9x +45,277 0.9942
Oxidation stability Croton methyl esterdiesel 28.003x
2
51.792x +25.173 0.9848
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 236.64x
3
+453.53x
2
382.69x +171.04 0.9928
Palm methyl esterdiesel 417.44x
3
+893.48x
2
641.88x +165.28 0.9828
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 593.44x
3
+1106.5x
2
724.66x +238.14 0.9984
Flash point Croton methyl esterdiesel 336.3x
3
384.77x
2
+156.15x +70.097 0.997
Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel 10.382x
2
+13.54x +69.655 0.9888
Coconut methyl esterdiesel 236.64x
3
+453.53x
2
382.69x +171.04 0.9928
Palm methyl esterdiesel 348.01x
3
366.52x
2
+132.24x +67.398 0.9947
Moringa methyl esterdiesel 169.01x
3
208.93x
2
+121.23x +68.147 0.9925
x =Percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137 135
Fig. 1. Correlation between ash point and kinematic viscosity. (a) C. megalocarpus methyl esterdiesel blends, (b) C. inophyllum methyl esterdiesel blends, (c) coconut
methyl esterdiesel blends, (d) palmoil methyl esterdiesel blends, (e) M. oleifera methyl esterdiesel blends.
the other hand it was found that Moringa methyl ester has the
worst cold ow properties prole among other methyl ester of
19

C(cloudpoint), 19

C(pour point) and18

C(coldlter plugging
point).
The results of oxidation stability showed that Moringa methyl
ester has the best oxidation stability of 26.2h followed by Calo-
phyllum methyl ester of 9.42h while Croton methyl ester has the
lowest oxidation stability of 1.1h. Moreover, Moringa methyl ester
possesses the highest caloric value of 40,050kJ/kg compared to
38,000kJ/kg of coconut methyl ester.
The results of ash point show that palm methyl ester has
the highest ash point of 182.5

C, followed by Croton methyl


ester of 187.5

C while Calophyllummethyl ester has ash point of


93.5

C.
4.2. Physico-chemical properties of biodieseldiesel blends
Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 5c, Table 5d, Tables 5a5e present
the physical and chemical properties of C. megalocarpus, C. ino-
phyllum, coconut, palm and M. oleifera methyl esters and their
blends withdiesel. Blending of diesel withbiodiesel cancause some
improvement in some properties such as kinematic viscosity, den-
sity, caloric value, oxidation stability. However, ash point and
viscosity index decrease as the percentage of diesel increases. The
next sectionwill present the mathematical correlationbetweenthe
blends ration and physical and chemical properties.
4.3. Mathematical relationship between blends ration and
physico-chemical properties
Based on the data in Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 5c, Table 5d,
Tables 5a5e, mathematical equations were developed for the
calculation of oxidation stability, kinematic viscosity, density, vis-
cosity index, caloric value and ash point of C. megalocarpus, C.
inophyllum, coconut, M. oleifera andpalmoil methyl esters andtheir
blends with diesel. Table 6 presents the developed equations.
4.4. Mathematical relationship between physico-chemical
properties
4.4.1. Flash point (FP) vs. kinematic viscosity (KV)
Fig. 1(ae) depicts the correlations between kinematic viscosi-
ties and ash points of C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum, coconut, M.
oleifera and palmoil methyl esters as follow:
For (Croton methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 183.95 (KV)
2
1221.6 (KV) +2099.5
R
2
= 0.9534
(2)
136 A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137
Fig. 2. Correlation between caloric value and kinematic viscosity. (a) C. megalocarpus methyl esterdiesel blends, (b) C. inophyllummethyl ester-diesel blends, (c) coconut
methyl esterdiesel blends, (d) palmoil methyl esterdiesel blends, (e) M. oleifera methyl esterdiesel blends.
For (Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 0.4884 (KV)
2
+5.1448 (KV) +47.913
R
2
= 0.9887
(3)
For (Coconut methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 33.934 (KV)
2
188.35 (KV) +325.3
R
2
= 0.9933
(4)
For (Palmmethyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 74.797 (KV)
2
517.44 (KV) +968.12
R
2
= 0.9569
(5)
For (Moringa methyl esterdiesel blends):
FP = 13.79 (KV)
2
73.438 (KV) +164.68
R
2
= 0.9724
(6)
Fromthis gure, it canbeunderstoodthat ashpoint of biodiesel
increases with increase in kinematic viscosity.
4.4.2. Caloric value (CV) vs. kinematic viscosity (KV)
Fig. 2(ae) depicts the correlations between kinematic viscosity
and caloric value of C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum, coconut, palm
and M. oleifera methyl esters as follow:
For (Croton methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 2410.4 (KV)
2
+10, 323 (KV) +37, 233
R
2
= 0.9891
(7)
For (Calophyllummethyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 560.27 (KV)
2
7392.4 (KV) +63, 326
R
2
= 0.9975
(8)
For (Coconut methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 33.934 (KV)
2
188.35 (KV) +325.3
R
2
= 0.9933
(9)
For (Palmmethyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 1413.7 (KV)
2
+15, 028 (KV) +79, 180
R
2
= 0.996
(10)
A.E. Atabani et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 60 (2014) 130137 137
For (Moringa methyl esterdiesel blends):
CV = 3063.7 (KV) +55, 367
R
2
= 0.9912
(11)
From this gure, it can be observed that caloric value of
biodiesel increases with decrease in kinematic viscosity.
4.5. Sample calculation
FromFig. 1andbasedonTable 6inSection4.3, it canbe seenthat
the viscosity of Croton methyl esterdiesel blends can be predicted
using the following equation:
Kinematic viscosityat 40

C = 0.7205x +3.33. . .x
(%Crotonmethyl esterdiesel blends)
Therefore, theviscosityof Crotonmethyl esterdiesel blends can
be predicted based on the above equation as follow:
Kinematic viscosity(B20) = 0.7205 (0.2) +3.33 = 3.4741mm
2
/s
5. Conclusion
This paper presents the physical and chemical properties of
biodiesel produced from C. megalocarpus, C. inophyllum and M.
oleifera (non-edible), coconut and palmoil (edible) and their blends
with diesel (B0B100). These properties include kinematic viscos-
ity, density, viscosity index, cloud point, pour point, cold lter
plugging point, ash point, caloric value and oxidation stability.
The regression analysis method was also suggested in this paper
to predict the properties of biodiesel blends. It has been found that
blending of diesel with biodiesel showed a remarkable improve-
ment in kinematic viscosity, density, caloric value and oxidation
stability. Nevertheless, ash point and viscosity index decrease
as the percentage of diesel increases. Moreover, the developed
mathematical models showed high coefcient of regression val-
ues between biodiesel properties and biodieseldiesel blends. As
a conclusion, the obtained results in the current study can help
to predict the properties of biodieseldiesel blends at any blends
ratio and therefore offer substantial assistance in the design of fuel
systemfor biodiesel engine.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher
Education of Malaysia and The Faculty of Engineering of University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the nancial support under
UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/06 (D000006-16001).
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