157

ithin the context of recent changes

emerging on unconventional war
battlefield, setting up reliable
TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM
~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad
to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~
General Questor Anghel ANDREESCU, PhD
~ State Secretary The Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior ~
Lieutenant Colonel Nicolae RADU, PhD
~ Chief of the Centre for Psychological Expertise and Assistance,
Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP) ~
antiterrorist units represents a major growing concern
for international special forces such as: US Airborne Force
for Special Operations, Delta Force, SEAL or SWAT,
Airborne Brigade 44 from South Africa, Airborne
Forces or SPETNAZ Troops from the Russian
Federation, as well as for Romanian special combat units:
ACVILA or Vlad }epes Brigade, within The Romanian
Ministry of Administration and Interior and The
Department for Protection and Guarding.
The need to know as many as possible details
regarding terrorists psychological, physical and
specialized training that is generated by terrorist groups
intention of brain washing of the new recruits, religious
indoctrination and training based on models inspired by
The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad, The letter from an
al-Qaeda member, How to withstand and to confront
special services investigators requires now, more than
ever, a special focus on understanding terrorist groups
re-configuration and a new approach to antiterrorist
fighters training.
Al-Qaeda (Qaidat al-Jihad), after merging
in June 2001 with al-Jihad (the Egyptian Islamic Jihad),
W
The authors approach terrorism
from the angle of the necessity for some
reliable structures to counter terrorism.
After introducing us in the history
of terrorism, the authors present some
types of terrorist organisations. In this
context, contemporary terrorism is
considered to be a new type of war.
Four important terrorist attacks are
mentioned to support it, those in the
USA, Madrid, London and Beslan.
The ar t i cl e emphas i s es t he
importance of knowing the psychology
of bot h t he t errori st and of t he
anti-terrorist fighter. Having knowledge
in this field allows for the specialised
structures to take measures to combat
terrorism.
The authors analyse terrorism from
a psychological perspective, stressing
the important role mass-media plays
to keep people informed and to diminish
the psychological evil.
In conclusion, it is recommendable
that each counter-terrorist group should
conceive the strategy taking into account
the real capabilities of his collective
and of the component tactical groups.
Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007
158
holds training bases spread over the south, South-East Asia
and Middle East. Beside these bases, it is a well-known fact
that the terrorist group is very active through its European
cells called White al-Qaeda or the terrorists with white skin.
This group reunites around 800 Bosniac mujahedins and its
purpose is to expand al-Qaeda in Europe with the final aim
of accomplishing the Pan-Islamic Caliphate worldwide.
Terror genesis and conceptualisation
As a special social phenomenon, terrorism has gain,
at the beginning of this century and millennium, global
proportions and complex features through its expansion
and varied forms of manifestation. Humankind is increasingly
facing a multitude of terrorist attacks, some of which are incredibly violent, spreading
horror and deeply affecting the normal tempo of the society, endangering the core existence
and function of democracies, national security of states and even the world peace.
Without claiming an exhaustive documentary work, the content of this paper is part
of an in-depth research, structured on six chapters. The main topic is dedicated to: decoding
the terrorist phenomenon. The authors intention would not be realistic if it did not bring
to the general attention the need for the terrorist phenomenon conceptualisation,
based on the meanings derived from documents such as: The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad
or The letter from an al-Qaeda member. It is interesting to introduce the genesis of the
main historic, geographical and psychological features, which generally define terrorist
groups and criminal actions.
With this approach in mind, the authors aim to bring to the general attention, right
from the beginning, the existential philosophy of terrorism identified in the historic roots
of past criminal actions.
It is a well-known fact that terrorism does not represent a new problem (Seger, 1992).
Fanatics from Palestine used terrorist tactics to fight the Roman invasion in the first century
AD. The Battle from Uruk between Sargons (or Sharu-Kenu the rightful ruler) Semites
and Sumerian army of Lugal-Zage-Si represents forms of terrorist manifestation, documented
as early as 2380 BC. Considered a milestone in the world order (Frattasio, 2006), this battle
opened up the way for Sargon, formerly known as the Kish royal dates Gardner, then
as the Royal wine keeper and minister of Urzababa King, to new attacks and conquests
ranging from old Elam (nowadays Iran) to Tilmun (considered Edens garden), the oldest
and furthest commercial centre from the Persian Gulf.
In the 10th century Persia, another secret terrorist organization, The Society of Assassins
(hashish eaters), set up by Muslim religious fanatics (mullahi), used to spread Islamism
in the Middle East through enemy intimidation. In the whole humankind history there
is no situation, experience or ideology that compares to the moral force induced by Islam
to its fighters. The fear of death is defeated, guaranteeing the right to a privileged position
in Heaven, in the after life. The sense of forgiveness towards the enemy is repressed through
Questor General
Anghel ANDREESCU, PhD
159
Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security
cursing, the opponents greed is justified and amplified
and at the same time, the heathens are demoralized and made
aware of the only way to save their souls through converting
to Islamism (Frattasio, 2006).
Starting with the 14th century, the time of the greatest
geographical discoveries, organized terrorism and violence
increased and diversified directly connected to the colonial
expansion policy of the major empires of the time, used as
instruments of economic despoliation and nations repression.
Initially Portugal, Spain and The Netherlands, later
on France and England were amongst the first countries
to conquer territories on other continents and to lay the
foundation of a strong colonial system. The effects of colonies
plunder and despoliation were: a sturdy development of industry,
commerce and army in the major metropolises, and the continuous fight amongst empires
for control preservation and expansion over certain geographical regions.
The emergence of the industrial, commercial and tourist corporations (the precursor
of contemporary neo-colonialism) in the colonies has lead to the setting up and development
of an increasingly active resistance movement culminating with the national and social
revolutions. To handle conflict situations, major empires had frequently used violent
and terrorist practices aiming to repress freedom movements. It should be noticed that
until 1945 there were no systematic terrorist actions in Europe, apart from some states,
such as Russia, Croatia and Spain (Voicu, Andreescu [i Jerebie, 1996).
Terrorist organizations under the motto: death for death
Experimentation of contemporary terrorism was possible in some South American
countries where, at the same time with revolutionary factions, a series of terrorist organizations
such as The Freedom Army Forces from Venezuela, Cinconceros from Honduras, Tupamaros
from Uruguay, The Anticommunist Alliance from Argentina appeared.
The activity of these organizations has served as a model for Europe, offering a source
of inspiration and support for terrorist groups such as: Baader Meinhoff and 2
nd
of July
Movement from Germany, The Red Brigades from Italy, The Secret Army from France,
ETA from Spain or IRA from United Kingdom.
As time goes by, terrorism has developed to new stages of violence, the theory
of death for death was launched and the cooperation with terrorist organizations from
far away situated areas as, for instance, The Red Japanese Army appeared as a new
phenomenon. On May 30, 1972, a group of Japanese terrorists arrived at Tel Aviv, with
an Air France airliner and opened fire in Lod airport. 27 people died and 80 were injured.
In this context, besides the revitalisation of Muslim Brothers Organization, other
groups appeared such as: Hezbollah, Hamas, The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as
Osama Bin Ladens al-Qaeda (Andreescu, 2002).
Lieutenant Colonel
Nicolae RADU, PhD
Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007
160
HAMAS Covenant
Far from aiming to highlight the diversity of meanings focusing on defining terrorism,
still lacking consensus amongst them, one should not neglect the missions of terrorist
organizations as mentioned by the HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement).
Published on August 18, 1988, the HAMAS Covenant contains 36 articles, all of them
encouraging the freedom of Palestine and the termination of Israel through Jihad (Islamic
Holy War): Palestine is a blessed Islamic Waqf (a holly territory) belonging to future
Muslim generations until the Judgement Day. None can deny it or leave the whole
of it or any part of it (Article 11). The liberation of Palestine is an individual duty for each
Muslim wherever he might be (Article 13). The anti-Semitic spurs are also to be found
in this document: The Judgement Day will not come unless the Muslims fight the Jews
and kill them. Then, the Jews will hide behind the rocks and trees, and the rocks and the
trees will yell: Oh Muslim! A Jew hides behind me, come and kill him (Article 7).
Before we try to understand, at least at the intuitive level, the measures required
for fighting terrorism, an important feature in deciphering the hidden meanings of terrorism
is the non-ethnocentric perspective. This view represents a sum of perceptions of the terrorist
phenomenon reality besides the interpretation of the values and beliefs adopted by our own
cultural environment.
The above-mentioned approach is even more necessary, taking into account that
the one organising the antiterrorist fight must learn to think as a terrorist. This attitude
imposes overcoming ethno-centric limitations and requires a global unrestrictive vision,
at the same time insuring facts quantification from terrorist own experience. Moreover,
taking this approach and thinking like a terrorist, the antiterrorist fighter will be able
to identify his own vulnerabilities.
The HAMAS Covenant offers valuable hints, fulfilling the need for understanding the
terrorist specific. According to this document, HAMAS (the Movement for Islamic
Resistance) considers itself the avant-garde and the spear within the fighting circle against
World Zionists ! Islamic groups throughout the Arab world should do the same because
they are equipped even better for fighting against the Jews who stir things up looking
for war (Article 32).
The biome and the psychopathology of terror
Contemporary terrorism is already a type of war, marking numerous manifestations,
described above in brief. Using an analytical approach to terrorist behaviour, regardless of
the terrorist group to be investigated dynamite men from the Jewish organisation STERN,
Palestinian fedains, the Islamic fundamentalists, or the Chechens Black Widows one
major aspect to be considered is that in order to understand the terrorist one must study the
terrorist psychopathology (Frattasio, 2006) and identify the genesis of terror.
Taking into account the Biome perception, defined as the delicate and shifting balance
() of two systems, the vegetal and the animal, interacting with the human presence
(Frattasio, 2006), the justification for choosing terror as the ultimate self-imposing decision
161
Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security
cannot be made without analysing the economic, political and terrorist psychology
environments.
One of the key characteristics of terrorists, implicitly of terrorism, is represented
by their obsessive wish to impose to a certain public the target social group, their own
behavioural norms, their personal vision on justice and morals (Andreescu, 2002).
Once they enter the open conflict situation with society, terrorists accept to become
clandestine and marginalized, self-isolated full of anxiety and uncertainty. This represents
a turning point that releases false and unrealistic beliefs complemented by terrorist actions.
As a result of the research initiated by Laiden University in The Netherlands it was concluded
that the item violence could be found in 83,5% of the committed terrorists attacks,
65% were connected to political aims, and only 51% were placing a strong accent on inducing
the feelings of fear and terror.
Societys rebels
Strange or psychopathological behaviours (Delcea, 2006), noticeable in a series
of terrorists from groups such as AUM (The Supreme Truth), a Japanese group or ANO
(Abu Nidal Organisation), amplify violence, their actions lacking any form of compassion
for the victims. A survey performed on 250 terrorists from Germany revealed that 25%
of the enquired people had lost one parent before reaching 14 years, 79% had had arguments
with their parents and 33% had described their fathers in a hostile manner (Brad, 2004).
It results from the same research that 33% had been formerly convicted by a juvenile court.
Unacceptability of the established order, secretly considered a form of disguised
oppression, represents the most frequent type of profile for the psychopathic terrorist.
Rebel youngsters are the first to be oriented towards terrorist organizations (Gurr, 1970).
Placed at the periphery of community, being born into a disadvantaged environment,
haunted by an inferiority complex and feeling unfulfilled, psychopaths of terror try to take
revenge on a society in which they could not fit, on a way of life incompatible with their
deviant psychology.
The professionals of terrorist attacks
Completely opposite to the type of psychopaths known under the name of lonely
wolves and described above, normally, terrorists think and act in an institutionalised way,
being members of a group, political organization or religious extremist faction. Irrespective
of the unclear purposes for which terrorists are ready to sacrifice their lives, regardless
of the unlimited violence they use, as well as the total lack of scruples they prove, these
people, the real professionals of terror, do not share anything with the other kind of terrorists
who want to save the world, to make it a better place, through a crime. It is interesting
to remember that psychic disorder is incompatible with political or religious terrorist status
(Delcea, 2006). The people who act in groups similar to these are likely to have normal
psychical state but they have been, most probably, brought up to hate (Post, 1990).
Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007
162
Cold, calculated and well trained, these so called professionals of terrorist attacks
very often serve specific interests that are not related to theirs. They practice terrorism
as a job, without passion, but persistently. All the aspects presented above are needed
in order to understand the genesis of terror, taking into account that the structure of the
terrorist group as well as the terrorists profile has recorded substantial changes.
Terrorists psychology
In contrast to past times, following resizing the terrorist phenomenon, the terrorist
often passes as a highly educated person, a graduate of famous universities. But this reflects
a complex type of psychology. The forces behind terrorists include: male (or female)
assertiveness, the need for objectifying, escaping his own personality, isolation and the belief
in blood brotherhood (Antipa, 2004). Uncertainty, search for danger, associated with suicidal
behaviour are the key elements which define the profile of a possible candidate to terrorism.
Terrorist attacks planned by terrorist organizations are, most of the time, the answer
to frustrations built up during the struggle for power or for getting rid of unwanted situations
by violent criminal means. Turning their causes into a war is highly important for terrorists,
as they look to test faith through military confrontations (Powers, 1971).
By understanding terrorist psychology, specialized structures can take the most
appropriate measures to fight terrorism. Needless to point out that the interest for the antiterrorist
profile is equally demonstrated by terrorist groups such as ANO, ETA, ASG (the Group
Abu Sayyaf), al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya (The Egyptian Islamic Group IG), Asbat al-Ansar
(the League of the Followers ) or PFLP (The Popular Front for Palestines Freedom).
The antiterrorist fighter
In order to face challenges, fighters are trained in harsh conditions, unbearable most
of the time. They are trained to consider that physical limits are mainly based on their way
of thinking. Intimately connected to the physical fighters training are his dynamic abilities.
A clumsy and poor climber or an unfit fighter to handle the specific gear is a risk factor
for his group (Radu, 1999).
Through training and coaching, the antiterrorist fighter must be as close as possible
to the way in which a real terrorist behaves. Without understanding terrorist actions,
and without considering feelings that support the terrorist act, the antiterrorist fighter
may risk remaining uncovered when facing terrorist attacks. It is for this reason that tactical
exercises have a high degree of risk and danger (Profil, 2003).
Antiterrorists missions are complex, many of them being carried out outside
the conscious analytical control. This is possible due to long training that develops reflexes
and polishes skills (Radu, 2000).
Based on research regarding the typical antiterrorist fighters profile (Radu, 2005),
and with the help of Professional Monograph (MPA-1) the antiterrorist should compile
the subsequent qualities represented in the table on page 163.
163
Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security
The qualities considered to be
the most important for an antiterrorist
fighter are, according to the results
of the survey, the following: 92%
of the subjects appreciated courage,
89% physical qualities and only 84%
believed that professional training
is important.
Amongst the factors with negative
impact on accomplishing the scope
of the combat missions, 91% of the
subjects believed that lack of technical
support is a main cause. Amongst the
important character faults the next
were mentioned: self-centeredness
(81%) and lie (86%); from self-control
point of view: the lack of information
about the mission (78%), lack of decent
living standard (the lack of a home
85%).
Based on the above data, one
can anticipate in connection to the
specialized profile, typical for this
f i ghter, that hi s mai n f eatures
are: courage, physical skills, specialized training, team spirit. 93% of the sample group
consider that an antiterrorist group should act as one body and behave as a real family.
To carry out the assigned missions, it is imperative that solutions for handling
and sorting new, unpredicted and problem rising situations must be conceived. During
sorting these cases, 91% of the fighters appreciate that a major role is played by visual
and hearing high sensitivity, which ensures fast perception of the position in space,
and in connection with each other, the dynamics of various objects and targets movements.
Regarding attention, some aspects should be considered: focus capacity, balance and its
duration under stressful circumstances, as well as during repetitive, monotonous conditions.
Psychological balance and the trust in oneself are also some of the central features
of an antiterrorist fighter, as highlighted by 94% of the interviewees.
Without insisting over detailed elements, as a result of applying some psychological
research instruments such as Spectrum CPI-26 or 16 PF-5, under international copyright
law and administrated in Romania by D&D Research (Pitariu& Iliescu, 2004), from the
resulting data (+Cs, +Sy, +Sp, +Sa, +Wb) it can be concluded that the antiterrorist fighter
proves interpersonal efficiency, doubled by social maturity (+So, +To, +Gi). The medium
score registered around T-50 on the Sensitivity scale (Sn/M-F) underlines that typical
antiterrorist profile is defined through attributes as: oral fluency, involvement in sorting the
received tasks, carefulness and sensitivity, all on a background of personal torment.
Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007
164
From the perspective of the average scores, which are above the mean (T = 50), it can
be concluded that a typical profile has the following features: ambition and efficiency
on the social level, maturity, responsibility in carrying out tasks and combat missions
and team spirit.
The terrorist must be shot twice !
In this context, based on the operative and psychological knowledge, it can be appreciated
that the work experience relevant to majority of groups specialized in antiterrorist fight
relies on: prevention, discouragement, fast reaction and forecast, as key objectives
typical to groups such as: SEAL (Sea Air Land), SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especial
de Operaciones Group), Sayeret MAK TAL or Delta Force.
The type of action and its results recommend the latter from the above groups as the
best specialists in hostage rescuing missions and terrorists annihilation (Vi[an et al, 2004).
The fighter from Delta Force combat unit is the only one taught that a terrorist must be shot
twice, to make sure that he is not going to return to fight.
Despite all these, the professionalism of an antiterrorist unit regardless its name
SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especial de Opraciones Group), Spetsgruppa Alfa (special
group A), Special Unit for Antiterrorist Intervention ACVILA, The Special Brigade
for Intervention Vlad }epe[ and last but not least, the Antitero Brigade (BAT) or The Special
Unit for Antiterrorist Intervention from the Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP)
cannot reach their highest value limit. Within such structures, there is always room
for experimenting something new. Copying previous missions or poor knowledge regarding
real fighters capabilities could easily lead to disasters. The following event requires some
consideration in this respect: In February 1978, two Palestinians assassinated Yusuf Sebai,
a close friend of President Anwar el Sadat, in Nicosia. After taking hostages, the terrorists
asked the Cypriot authorities for an airplane with the aim to seek refuge in the Middle
East. Because no airport allowed the plane to land, after 21-hour flying time, the plane
finally landed in Larnaca. The Egyptians launched the operation hastily, without asking
for the Cypriots agreement. Using a plane C-130 Hercules, the Egyptian fighters decided
to take the terrorists plane by assault but they were attacked by the National Cypriot
Guard. The result of the mission was tragic. The Egyptian fighters did not succeed to get
into the terrorists plane and they lost 15 soldiers. Paradoxically, the disoriented terrorists
ended up by surrendering themselves to the Cypriot authorities (Ar`d`voiace et al, 1997).
The tasks of an antiterrorist counter-strike unit are not at all easy, considering
that some of the terrorist groups benefit from a large political support and from modern
and efficient weapons (Andreescu et al, 1996). All these aspects determine a thorough
selection process of the fighters, based on real value criteria quality versus quantity
(Radu, 2006).
Within this context, it can be concluded that the main three terrorist actions:
September 11, 2001 (USA), March 11, 2004 (Madrid), July 7, 2005 (London),
followed by Beslan, Moscow have demonstrated that modern terrorists can strike anything,
anywhere in the world, trying to change decisions using terror (Andreescu, 2006).
165
Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security
Psychological forecast
By researching the evolution of the terrorist phenomenon, it can be anticipated that
terrorism will persist most surely in future, growing quantitatively and qualitatively,
especially as there have already been some states which seek terrorists support to achieve
their aims.
All these are possible due to the fact that: modern air transport ensures an unprecedented
mobility at a global level; radio, the TV, digital communications via satellite, the Internet
allow almost instant access to vital information for terrorists, ensuring, at the same time,
a global audience; modern weapon systems, new generation of explosives, of global positioning
systems, remote control systems will become more and more accessible and easy to find
on the weapons black markets, modern society offering new vulnerabilities, new targets
to terrorists (www.sri.ro).
The complexity, diversity and ingenuity of terrorist acts, the high level of psychological
and combat training, their equipment and high mobility make the adaptation of antiterrorist
fighters, their selection, evaluation, psychological periodical testing more relevant than ever.
By analysing terrorism from the psychological perspective (Andreescu, 2000),
we can sum up that papers justification at cognitive and operative levels, with the purpose
to fight terrorism, must be targeted mainly towards:
defining the concept of terrorism, pinning the typical elements and the features
that make it different from other phenomena and forms of social violence, this way
achieving a clear aim and fighting this social scourge;
establishing the generating causes and the factors that support the appearance
and the spread of social violence, and the interdependence relationships between
causes and effects within the terrorist phenomenon;
the identification and the penetration in the intimacy of psychological dimensions
brought forward by the human factor involved, organisations and terrorist attacks;
the identification of terrorism various forms of manifestation, the methods and the
means through which violent actions take place.
Adding on to all factors mentioned above, it has to be said that a major role belongs
to mass-media, which plays an important role in informing and diminishing the psychological
harm targeted by terrorist organisations through their attacks (Rosenberg, 2005).
All these already represent the authors concern and we will go back to this topic
based on the direct relationship and shared experience with London Resilience, as a
result of the terrorist attack on July 7, 2005. Understood as a hidden, undeclared
warfare or as a low-intensity conflict that has a limited goal, terrorism scourge of the
contemporary world (Andreescu et al, 2003) has overcome the stage of improvisations,
simple murders or bomb attacks.
*
A special social phenomenon, terrorism has gained, at the beginning of this century,
through its wide and diverse forms of manifestation, a complex character that has expanded
at global level.
166
Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007
The planned actions of terrorist organisations are, most of the time, the outcome
of various frustrations generated by the struggle for power, with the aim to replace unwanted
situations; terrorist attacks represent the end of a series of carefully planned actions.
The material means and logistical support that terrorist groups have at this moment
are impressive. Professional terrorists have information networks and channels to disseminate
information, real arsenals covering weapons ranging from electronic sophisticated weapons,
electronic devices with remote control blast system, high power explosives.
In this context, the special troops, involved in terrorism counter strike, represent a last
resource to be pulled in, in an attempt to sort out terrorist attacks; its failure could have
incalculable effects.
Besides the high level of professionalism needed for planning such missions,
it is important for the leaders of such antiterrorist units to design a strategy based on the
knowledge of teams real capabilities. Copying former actions, without proper consideration
to aspects mentioned above, can lead to disasters.
Selective Bibliography
Andreescu, A. (2000), Terorismul, analiz` psihologic`, Bucure[ti, Editura Timpolis, pp. 38-52.
Andreescu, A. [i colectiv (2002), Siguran]a na]ional` [i ordinea public`, 1859-2000, Bucure[ti,
Editura Tipar ARTPRINT, p. 317.
Andreescu, A. [i colectiv (2003), Terorismul interna]ional flagel al lumii contemporane, Bucure[ti,
Editura Ministerului Administra]iei [i Internelor, pp. 9-23.
Andreescu, A., Radu, N. (2006), Modele [i strategii de selec]ie n evaluarea psihologic` a personalului
destinat misiunilor speciale, Manuscris.
Ar`d`voaice, Gh. (1993), Stresul psihic n lupta armat`, Bucure[ti, Editura AISON, pp. 21-35.
Ar`d`voaice, Gh., Iliescu, D., Ni]`, D. (1997), Terorism, Antiterorism, Contraterorism, Oradea, Editura
Antet, pp. 81-106.
Blair, T. (2002), Speech 10 septembrie 2002, in Analysis of terrorist in the world 2002,
US Department of State, DIACRIS International, USA, p. 37.
Colvard, K. (2002), The Psychology of Terrorists, H.F. Guggenheim Foundation, 627, Madison Avenue,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 87-91.
Crenshaw, M. (1990), The Logic of Terorism, n REICH, W., ed. The origins of terrorism, Cambridge;
Cambridge University Press, pp. 7-24.
xxx Culegere de studii. Terorismul. Istoric, Forme, Combatere, Bucure[ti, Editura Omega, 2001, p. 37.
Delcea, C. (2006), Terorismul interna]ional, n Terorismul Azi, vol. 1, an 1, iulie, p. 41.
Ferchedau, M. (2002), Terorismul, Bucure[ti, Editura Omega, pp. 45-68.
Frattasio, A. (2006), Epistemologia terorii, Bucure[ti, Editura ERA, p. 6.
Mattodo, G. (2006), Unele aspecte privind aplicarea teoriei modelelor [i model`rii n preg`tirea
lupt`torilor antiterori[ti, Manuscris.
Radu, N. (2005), Validarea unui sistem de evaluare psihologic`, n scop de selec]ie [i avizare periodic`
a personalului destinat misiunilor speciale, Tez` de doctorat, Facultatea de Psihologie [i {tiin]ele
Educa]iei, Universitatea Bucure[ti.
Radu, N. (2005), Recurs la Siguran]a Statului, Bucure[ti, Editura FED PRINT, p. 105.
Rosenberg, B. M., Rezolvarea pa[nic` a conflictelor, Bucure[ti, Editura Elena Francisc Publishing,
n Terorismul Azi, vol. 1, an 1, iulie 2006.
Voicu, C., Andreescu, A., Jerebie, R. (1996), Ac]iunile terorist-diversioniste [i implica]iile acestora
asupra securit`]ii na]ionale a Romniei, Bucure[ti, Editura Ministerului de Interne, p. 9.