No.

Source Author(s) Title Design

1 BMJ Gary J Macfarlane
2
Quality
Score
Outcome of low back
pain in general
practice: a prospective
study
Prospective
study design
(ross!
sectional
survey"
Journal #$e %pine
Journal
Brian R. Wateran!
MD! "hili# J. Belont
Jr.! MD! An$re% J.
Schoenfel$! MD
&ow back pain in t$e
'nited %tates:
incidence and risk
factors for presentation
in t$e emergency
setting
ross!
sectional study
(
)
*
+
,
-
.
1/
11
12
1(
1)
1*
1+
1,
1-
1.
2/
21
0isk 1merican
Journal of
2pidemiology
Dr. ". Do&'in! Dr. J.
(anley! Dr. S. Woo$)
Dau#hinee! Dr. J.
*l+anna! an$ A.
(aa'er
3actors for t$e
4evelopment of &ow
Back Pain in
1dolescence
(o$ort study"
repeated!
measures
design
22
2(
2)
,ollo%)u# Sa#le Si-e Age Dro#)out
( mont$s 12 mont$s )./ 1-!,* 2,
Duration.,re/u
ency of
Treatent
Duration of Bac'
"ain
1ppro5imately )
years
1ppro5imatel
y t$e w$ole
population of
'%1
(Bimodal
distribution"
2*!2.6 .*!..
1 year -1/ 7o criteria (/- ( mont$s6 +
mont$s6 12
mont$s
0nter+ention 1ointer+ention 2utcoe Measures
ross!sectional study
1o#arison
Treatents (N)
Prospective study design (ross!sectional
study"
0epeated!measures design (co$ort study"
Result
4uring t$e 12 mont$ recruitment period )./ people (2/( men and 2-,
women" consulted at least once because of pain in t$e lower back8 #$is
represents an annual cumulative incidence in t$e adult practice populations
of +8)98 3igures for t$e two study practices were similar (+8(9 and +8)9"8
:omen were more likely t$an men to consult because of low back pain6 and
in bot$ se5es consultation rates were $ig$est in t$ose aged )*!*.8 Based
on medical records6 )+( (.)9" of t$e )./ consulters $ad not visited t$eir
general practitioner because of low back pain in t$e t$ree mont$s before
t$eir inde5 consultation and were t$erefore considered to $ave a new
consulting episode of low back pain8 #$e reasearc$ers e5cluded t$e
remaining 2, patients from all furt$er analyses8
1n estimated 28/+ million episodes of low back pain occurred among a
population at risk of over 18)- billion person!years for an incidence rate of
18(. per 16/// person!years in t$e 'nited %tates8 &ow back pain accounted
for (81*9 of all emergency visits8 ;n<uries sustained at $ome (+*9"
accounted for most patients presenting wit$ low back pain8 &ow back pain
demonstrates a bimodal distribution wit$ peaks between 2* and 2. years of
age (28*-=16/// person!years" and .* to .. years of age (18),=16///"
wit$out differentiation by underlying etiology8 :$en compared wit$ females6
males s$owed no significant differences in t$e rates of low back pain8
>owever6 w$en analy?ed by *!year age group6 males aged 1/ to ). years
and females aged +* to .) years $ad increased risk of low back pain t$an
t$eir opposite se5 counterparts8 :$en compared wit$ 1sian race6 patients
of black and w$ite race were found to $ave significantly $ig$er rates of low
back pain8 Older patients were found to be at a greater risk of $ospital
admission for low back pain8
1t inception (fall of 1..*"6 t$ere were .)- eligible sub<ects (all t$ose w$o
attended t$e sc$ools in t$ose grades t$at
were to be tested"8 Of t$ese6 -1/ (-* percent" agreed to participate and
were present on t$e first day of testing8 1 total
of */2 (+2 percent" of t$e -1/ completed all t$ree evaluations and were
used in t$e analysis8 #$ose w$o were lost to
follow!up after t$e first evaluation were slig$tly older6 $eavier6 and taller and
worked and smoked more8
%ub<ects grew more in t$e second interval (i8e86 over
t$e spring and summer mont$s" compared wit$ t$e first +
mont$s (fall and winter mont$s"8 3le5ibility measures
stayed stable for t$e most part over t$e t$ree measurement
times6 wit$ sit and reac$ being slig$tly $ig$er at t$e +!mont$
evaluation8 %i5ty!t$ree percent of t$e sub<ects claimed to
$ave worked at some point during t$e year of study6 w$ile
.1 percent stated t$at t$ey were active in at least one
e5tracurricular activity8
#$e incidence of substantial low back pain for t$e first +!
mont$ interval was )- new cases among (,, sub<ects w$o
did not $ave substantial low back pain at inception (128,
percent"8 Of t$e (-. sub<ects w$o did not $ave low back
pain at t$e +!mont$ evaluation6 (2 developed it by 12
mont$s6 for a cumulative +!mont$ incidence of -82 percent
for t$e second interval8 #$e 1!year cumulative incidence of
low back pain for t$e entire co$ort (i8e86 new cases of substantial low back
pain over t$e 12 mont$s of follow!up" was
+* of (,, (1,82 percent"8 #$e percentages for medication
use for low back pain in eac$ +!mont$ interval were (8( and
+826 respectively8 #$e percentage for disability due to low
back pain (assessed only at t$e final evaluation at 12
mont$s" was 1(8*8