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Calculation:
Volume of H
2
SO
4
solution (V1) = ml
Volume of NaOH solution (V2) = ml
Normality of H
2
SO
4
(T1) = N
Normality of NaOH (T2) = N
Mass of Soap (M) = g
RESULT
The total alkali content of the given soap sample was found to be___________.
9. ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN WATER
AIM
To estimate the amount of residual chlorine in water
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Pestle and mortar.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Potassium iodide, Sulphuric acid, Sodium thio sulphate, Bleaching powder, Starch
Indicator
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh about 0.5 gm of bleaching powder and transfer into mortar
2) Add small amount of water to the bleaching powder and grind them well with the help
of pestle
3) Allow the solution to settle in a few minutes, transfer the liquid portion into a 250 ml
standard flask.
4) Repeat the above procedure until all the contents of bleaching powder are completely
transferred into 250 ml flask.
5) Add additional water to make it exactly 250 ml.
6) Pipette out 10 ml of the Bleaching powder solution (made up solution) into a conical
flask
7) Add 10 ml of 15% KI and 10 ml of 1 N H
2
SO
4
to this solution and then shake well.
8) Titrate against 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solution until yellow color appeared
9) Add 1 or 2 drops of starch indicator that turns the solution blue.
10) Then titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution until the blue color disappears.
RELATED EQUATIONS
2 KI + Cl
2
2 KCl + I
2
KI + I
2
KI
3
I
2
+ 2 Na
2
S
2
O
3
2 NaI + Na
2
S
4
O
6
I
2
+ Starch Complex having deep blue complex
RESULT
The amount of Residual chlorine in the water sample was found to be _________%.
Titration I:
Standardization of Sodium thio sulphate solution
Burette solution : Sodium thio sulphate solution
Pipette solution : Standard K
2
Cr
2
O
7
solution
Additional solution : 10 ml of H
2
SO
4
+ 10 ml of 15% KI
Indicator : Starch
End point : Blue to green
BURETTE READING
(ml)
S.NO VOLUME OF K
2
Cr
2
O
7
SOLUTION
(V
1
) ml INITIAL FINAL
VOLUME OF SODIUM
THIO SULPHATE SOLUTION
(ml)
1
2
Volume of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(V
1
) =
Normality of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(N
1
) =
Volume of Na
2
S
2
O
3
(V
2
) =
Normality of Na
2
S
2
O
3
(N
2
) = (V
1
xN
1
) / V
2
Titration II:
Estimation of Available Chlorine:
Burette solution: Standard Sodium Thio sulphate solution
Pipette solution : 10 ml of Bleaching powder solution + 10 ml of H
2
SO
4
+ 10 ml of 15%KI
Indicator : Starch
End point : Blue to colorless
BURETTE READING (ml) S.NO VOLUME OF BLEACHING
POWDER SOLUTION
(V
3
) ml
INITIAL FINAL
VOLUME OF SODIUM
THIO SULPHATE
SOLUTION (V
4
)ml
1
2
CALCULATION
1 equivalent of Cl
2
= 1 Equivalent of I
2
1000 ml of 1 N Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O solution is equivalent to 35.46 g of Cl
2
1000 ml of 0.1 N Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O solution is equivalent to 3.546 g of Cl
2
1 ml of 0.1 N Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O is equivalent to 3.546 x 10
-3
g of Cl
2
Volume of Na
2
S
2
O
3
solution consumed V
4
= ________ ml
V
4
ml of N
2
normality solution of Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O
is equivalent to (X
1
) = (V
4
x N
2
x 3.546 x 10
-3
) / (1 x 0.1)
= _________ g.
10 ml of Bleaching powder solution contains X
1
g of Cl
2.
250 ml of Bleaching powder solution contains = (X
1
x 250) / 10 = X
2
g of Cl
2
.
Weight of bleaching powder taken = w g
% of chlorine = X
2
x 100 / w
= _________ %
10. ESTIMATION OF PURITY OF GLYCEROL
BY DICHROMATE METHOD
AIM
To estimate the percentage purity of the given sample of Glycerol by Dichromate method.
THEORY
Glycerol can be quantitatively oxidized by the known excess of acidified K2Cr2O7 into
Carbon dioxide and water:
K2Cr2 O7 + 4 H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 3 (O) + 4 H2O
C3 H8 O3 + 10 (O) 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
The amount of dichromate consumed by glycerol can be determined by refluxing glycerol
with a known excess of Potassium dichromate solution and then titrating the unreacted
dichromate against std. Sodium thio sulphate solution using starch indicator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Iodine flask and water bath.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Glycerol (standard and sample), 10% KI solution, starch, dil. H2SO4 , Sodium thiosulphate and
Potassium dichromate solutions.
PROCEDURE
I. Standardization of Sodium thiosulphate:
1) Titrate 20 ml of std. Potassium dichromate solution + 20 ml of dil. H2SO4 + 10 ml of
10% KI solution against Sodium thiosulphate solution.
2) When the solution turns pale yellow, add 1 ml of freshly prepared starch solution and
continue the titration. End point is change of colour from blue to green.
3) Repeat the above procedure for concordant values.
II. Estimation of Glycerol:
1) Pipette out 10 ml of the given sample of glycerol solution into a clean iodine flask. Add 60
ml of 0.1 N K2Cr2 O7 and 1 test tube of dil. H2SO4.
2) Heat the contents of iodine flask on a water bath for 60 min and cool.
3) Add 1 test tube of dil. H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10 % KI solution to the above solution.
4) Titrate the liberated iodine against std. Sodium thiosulphate solution using starch
indicator. End point is the colour change from blue to green.
5) Repeat this procedure with pure standard Glycerol.
RESULT
The percentage purity of the given sample of Glycerol was found to be _________%.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Titration I:
Standardization of Sodium thiosulphate solution
Burette solution : Sodium thio sulphate solution
Pipette solution : Standard K2Cr2O7 solution
Additional solution : 10 ml of H2SO4 + 10 ml of 10% KI
Indicator : Starch
End point : Blue to green
Burette Reading (ml) S.NO Volume Of
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Solution
(V1) ml
Initial Final
Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution
(ml)
Concordant
Value (ml)
1
2
Volume of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(V1) =
Normality of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(N1) =
Volume of Na
2
S
2
O
3
(V2) =
Normality of Na
2
S
2
O
3
(N2) = (V1xN1) / V2
Titration II:
Estimation of Glycerol:
Burette solution : Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution
Solution in Iodine flask : 10 ml of Glycerol sample + 60 ml of K2Cr2O7 + 1 test tube of
H2SO4 +10 ml of 10%KI
Indicator : Starch
End point : Blue to Green
A. Estimation of Sample Glycerol:
Burette Reading (ml) S.NO Volume Of
Glycerol
Solution
(V
3
) ml
Initial Final
Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution (V4)ml
Concordant
Value (ml)
1
2
B. Estimation of Standard Glycerol:
Burette Reading (ml) S.NO Volume Of
Glycerol
Solution
(V
3
) ml
Initial Final
Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution (V
5
)ml
Concordant
Value (ml)
1
2
sample
V
N
N V
Glycerol sample with O Cr K unreacted of Volume =
=
1
2 4
7 2 2
std
V
N
N V
Glycerol dared s with O Cr K unreacted of Volume =
=
1
2 5
7 2 2
tan
Volume of reacted
7 2 2
O Cr K =
7 2 2
O Cr K volume taken initially volume of unreacted
7 2 2
O Cr K
= 60 - volume of unreacted
7 2 2
O Cr K
Glycerol of mg 10 152 . 0 1
7 2 2
= O Cr K N of ml
( )
mg w solution sample the in Glycerol of Amount
N ml V
sample
sample
= = =
10
152 . 0
60
1
( )
mg w solution dard s the in Glycerol of Amount
N ml V
std
std
= = =
tan 10
152 . 0
60
1
100 =
std
sample
w
w
ml V dichromate unreacted to ing correspond te thiosulpha of Volume
4
=
100
tan
=
Glycerol dard s of weight
Glycerol sample of weight
Glycerol of purity Percentage
11. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL
Aim:
To assess the quality of coal by proximate analysis.
Apparatus and Equipment Required:
Hot air oven, Muffle Furnace, Crucible, Desiccator and sample of coal.
Procedure:
i) Moisture: About 1 gram of finely powdered air dried coal sample was weighed in a
crucible was placed inside an electric hot air oven maintained at 105 -110
0
C. The crucible was
allowed to remain in the oven for 1 hour and taken out with a pair of tones cooled in a
desiccator and weighed. Loss in weight was reported as moisture.
100
=
taken coal of Weight
Weight of Loss
Moisture %
ii) Volatile Matter: The dried sample of coal left in the crucible was covered with a lid
and placed in an electric furnace maintained at C
0
50 925 the crucible was taken
out of the oven after 7 minutes of heating. The crucible was cooled first in air and
then in a desiccator and weighed. Loss in weight was reported as volatile matter on
percentage basis.
100
=
taken coal of Weight
matter volatile of removal to due weight in Loss
Matter Volatile %
iii) Ash: The residual coal was then heated in a muffle furnace at 50
0
C for half an hour.
The crucible was taken out and cooled first in air and desiccator and then weighed.
Heating, cooling and weighing was repeated till constant weight was obtained. The
residue was reported as ash on percentage basis.
100
=
taken coal of Weight
taken ash of Weight
Ash %
( ) Matter Volatile Ash Mositure of Carbon Fixed % % % 100 + + =
Result:
S.No Proximate Analysis of Percentage
1. Moisture
2 Volatile Matter
3 Ash
4 Fixed Carbon
Calculation:
Weight of coal taken = g
Weight of crucible = g
Wt. of coal + crucible = g
After heating to 105
0
C (Oven) = g
100
=
taken coal of Weight
Weight of Loss
Moisture % ) i
After heating Muffle Furnace 925
0
C
100
=
taken coal of Weight
matter volatile of removal to due weight in Loss
Matter Volatile % ) ii
Heating half an hour in muffle furnace 50
0
C
100
=
taken coal of Weight
taken ash of Weight
Ash % ) iii
( ) Matter Volatile % Ash % Mositure of % Carbon Fixed of % + + =100
12. FLASH AND FIRE POINT
Aim:
To determine flash and fire point for the given sample.
Apparatus Required:
Pensky Martens closed flash tester, thermometer and sample.
Procedure:
i) All parts of the cup were cleaned and dried before starting the test.
ii) The cup was filled with sample to be tested to the level indicated by filling mark.
iii) The lid was placed on the cup and thermometer was inserted.
iv) The material to be tested and tester was brought to a temperature of C
0
5 15 , lower than
the estimated flash point.
v) The heat was supplied at such a rate that the temperature in thermometer increased.
vi) The stirrer was turned at low flow rates such that the stirrer was directed in the downward
direction.
vii) The observed flash point was recorded such that the temperature on thermometer at the
time of test flame application caused a distinct flash in the interior of the cup.
viii) The temperature was increased till fuel burned for 5 second. The fire point temperature
was noted.
Result:
The flash and fire point for the given sample was found to be ____
0
C and
________
0
C
respectively.
Tabular Column:
Sample Flash Point (
0
C) Fire Point (
0
C)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
CH 2257 - CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LAB
INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO REMARKS
1 Estimation of Acid value ( Analysis of Oil) 1
2 Estimation of Saponification value(Analysis of Oil) 3
3 Estimation of Iodine value (Analysis of Oil) 5
4 Estimation of Silica content (Analysis of Cement) 8
5 Estimation of Mixed oxide content(Analysis of Cement) 9
6 Estimation of Calcium oxide content(Analysis of Cement) 10
7 Estimation of Total fatty matter content 11
8 Estimation of Total alkali content 12
9 Estimation of Residual chlorine in water 13
10 Estimation of Purity of Glycerol 16
11 Estimate the Proximate analysis of the given sample of coal 19
12 Determine the Flash and Fire point for the given samples 21
Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by
CH2257 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LAB 0 0 3 2
OBJECTIVE
To learn basic principles involved in estimation and characterization of industrially important
materials.
I. Soap Analysis
a. Estimation of total fatty acid.
b. Estimation of percentage alkali content.
II. Oil Analysis
a. Estimation of free acid
b. Determination of Saponification value
c. Determination of iodine value
III. Cement Analysis
a. Estimation of Silica content
b. Estimation of mixed oxide content
c. Estimation calcium oxide content
d. Estimation of calcium oxide by rapid method
IV. Coal Analysis
a. Estimation of Sulphur present in coal
b. Ultimate analysis of coal
c. Proximate analysis of coal
V. Analysis of Bleaching Power
a. Estimation of Available Chlorine
VI. Analysis of Glycerol
a. Estimation of purity of glycerol
VII. Analysis of fuels
a. Flash point
b. Fire point
c. Cloud point
d. Pour point
e. Aniline point
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Technical Analysis Manual, Chemistry Division, Chemical Engineering Department, A.C.
Tech. Anna University (2007).
2. Hand book of Chemical Analysis by Griffin.
SSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SSN NAGAR, KALAVAKKAM 603 110.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
LAB MANUAL