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8 SIMPLE
HARMONIC
MOTION
Objectives
After studying this chapter you should
8.0
Introduction
One of the most common uses of oscillations has been in timekeeping purposes. In many modern clocks quartz is used for this
purpose. However traditional clocks have made use of the
pendulum. In this next section you will investigate how the
motion of a pendulum depends on its physical characteristics.
The key feature of the motion is the time taken for one complete
oscillation or swing of the pendulum. i.e. when the pendulum is
again travelling in the same direction as the initial motion. The
time taken for one complete oscillation is called the period.
8.1
Pendulum experiments
Activity 1
Once you are familiar with the apparatus try to decide which of
the factors listed at the beginning of the next page affect the
period. Do this without using the apparatus, but giving the
answers that you intuitively expect.
191
(a)
(b)
(c)
Activity 2
Analysis of results
You will probably have observed already that as you shortened the
string the period decreased. Now you can begin to investigate
further the relationship between the length of the string and the
period.
period
length of string
Find the equation of the line you obtain and hence find the
relationship between the period and the length of the string.
log
(period)
log (length)
Log-log graph
8.2
Pendulum theory
You will have observed from Section 8.1 that the period of the
motion of a simple pendulum is approximately proportional to the
square root of the length of the string. In this section you are
presented with a theoretical approach to the problem
The path of the mass is clearly an arc of a circle and so the results
from Chapter 7, Circular Motion, will be of use here. It is
convenient to use the unit vectors, er and e , directed outwards
along the radius and along the tangent respectively. The
acceleration, a, of an object in circular motion is now given by
a = r 2 er + r e
where
192
d and = d .
=
dt
dt 2
er
Component form
Ter
mg
mg cos er mg sin e
Resultant
mg
F = m a,
giving
= m l 2 er + l e
T mg cos = ml 2
and
mg sin = ml .
(1)
(2)
g sin
=
.
l
=
l
(3)
193
Activity 3
Verify that
= A cos
t +
l
= A cos
t +
l
g
l
t = 2 or t = 2
l
g
When
P=
2
.
194
l
g
Exercise 8A
1. A D.I.Y magazine claims that a clock that is fast
(i.e. gaining time) can be slowed down by
sticking a small lump of Blu-tac to the back of
the pendulum. Comment on this procedure.
2. A clock manufacturer wishes to produce a clock,
operated by a pendulum. It has been decided
that a pendulum of length 15 cm will fit well into
an available clock casing. Find the period of this
pendulum.
3. The result obtained for the simple pendulum
used the fact that sin is approximately equal to
for small . For what range of values of is
this a good approximation? How does this affect
the pendulum physically?
8.3
Energy consideration
Activity 4
Energy
1
mv 2 .
2
As no energy is lost from the system, the sum of potential and
kinetic energies will always be constant, giving
The kinetic energy of the pendulum bob is given by
T = mgl (1 cos ) +
1
mv 2
2
2T
2gl (1 cos ) .
m
v=
Activity 5
Finding
d
.
dt
2T 2g
(1 cos ) .
ml 2
l
Activity 6
Small approximation
to show that
2
2
d
can be written in the form
dt
d
= a 2 2 , where a is a constant.
dt
196
1
a 2
2
d = dt .
The LHS is simply a standard integral that you can find in your
tables book and the RHS is the integral of a constant.
Activity 7
Integrating
Show that
= sin( t + c )
and explain why this could be written as
= cos( t + )
where and are defined as above and c is an unknown
constant given by = c + .
2
This result is identical to that obtained earlier.
Exercise 8B
1. A pendulum consists of a string of length
30 cm and a bob of mass 50 grams. It is released
from rest at an angle of 10 to the vertical. Draw
graphs to show how its potential and kinetic
energy varies with . Find the maximum speed
of the bob.
8.4
Modelling oscillations
197
Activity 8
Find other examples of motion that can be modelled using the
equation x = a cos( t + ).
Range
Day
Range
Day
Range
4.3
5.7
15
3.7
3.8
6.3
16
3.0
3.3
10
6.6
17
2.8
3.0
11
6.5
18
3.1
3.2
12
6.0
19
3.7
4.0
13
5.5
20
4.3
4.9
14
4.6
21
4.7
3.8
4
13
1
0
0
9 10
11
12
13 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Day
198
so that
2
.
P
In this case, =
2
, which is in radians.
13
2
1.9 cos
+ = 0. 4
13
2
0. 4
+ =
cos
13
1.9
2
+ = 1. 78
13
2
= 1. 78
13
1.30
which gives
2 t
R = 1.9 cos
+ 1.3 + 4. 7
13
Activity 9
Draw your own graph of the data on tidal ranges.
Superimpose on it the graph of the model developed above.
Compare and comment.
Exercise 8C
1. In the UK 240 volt alternating current with a
frequency of 50 Hz is utilised. Describe the
voltage at an instant of time mathematically.
2. The tip of the needle of a sewing machine moves
up and down 2 cm. The maximum speed that it
reaches is 4 ms 1 . Find an equation to describe
its motion.
3. Black and Decker BD538SE jigsaws operate at
between 800 and 3200 strokes per minute, the tip
of the blade moving 17 mm from the top to the
bottom of the stroke. Find the range of maximum
speeds for the blade.
4. A person's blood pressure varies between a
maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic)
pressures. For an average person these pressures
are 120 mb and 70 mb respectively. Given that
blood pressure can be modelled as an oscillation,
find a mathematical model to describe the
changes in blood pressure. It takes 1.05 seconds
for the blood pressure to complete one
oscillation.
8.5
h = H + asin ( kt )
for the motion of one of the hind wings.
T = ke
where T is the tension, k the spring stiffness constant and e the
extension of the spring. If the force is measured in Newtons and
the extension in metres, then k will have units Nm 1.
To begin your investigations of the oscillations of a mass/spring
system you will need to set up the apparatus as shown in the
diagram opposite.
200
(b)
(c)
Theoretical analysis
To begin your theoretical analysis you need to identify the
resultant force.
.
Explain why the resultant force is ( mg T )i
Activity 11
Use Hooke's Law to express T in terms of k, l and x, where k is
the stiffness of the spring, l the natural length of the spring and x
the length of the spring.
,
( mg k x + kl )i
d2x
and the acceleration of the mass will be given by 2 i
.
dt
x
T
mg
201
Activity 12
Use Newton's second law to obtain the equation
d2x k
kl
+ x = g+
2
dt
m
m
and show that
k
mg
x = a cos
t + +
+l
k
m
P = 2
m
?
k
Work done
lo
e
F
Work done = Fd x
0
= kx dx
0
e
1
= k x2
2
0
1
= ke 2 .
2
1 2
ke . When the
2
spring is released the energy is converted into either kinetic or
potential energy.
d2x
+ 2x = b
dt 2
Both the simple pendulum and the mass/spring system are
examples of SHM.
Exercise 8D
1. A clock manufacturer uses a spring of stiffness
1
45
5 cm
cm
10
cm
10
45
203
8.6
Miscellaneous Exercises
the motion is
seconds and that the maximum
4
speed of the particle is 16 ms 1 , find
(a) the speed of the particle at a point B, a
1
distance a from O;
2
(b) the time taken to travel directly from O to B.
(AEB)
6. A particle performs simple harmonic motion
about a point O on a straight line. The period of
motion is 8 s and the maximum distance of the
particle from O is 1.2 m. Find its maximum
speed and also its speed when it is 0.6 m from O.
Given that the particle is 0.6 m from O after one
second of its motion and moving away from O,
find how far it has travelled during this one
second.
(AEB)
204
x = a cos( t + ),
find a, and .
(AEB)
Find
acceleration of P is 9 2 ms 2 .
5 3
ms 1 . Also find the time taken for P to
2
travel directly from D to A.
(AEB)
205
206