(ME 209)

"Solved Problems"
Part 1
References
Heat Transfer "A Practical Aroac!" b" #$n$s %en&el
'$ndamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer b" (ncroera
Heat Transfer b" )*P* Holman
1 ( Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-
thick layers of glass (k =0.! "#m$C% separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air
space (k = 0.02& "#m $C%. 'etermine the steady rate of heat transfer through this
double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during
which the room is maintained at 2(C while the temperature of the outdoors is
-)C. *ake the con+ection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces
of the window to be 10 "#m2 $C and 2) "#m
2
$C respecti+ely .
2 ( , 2-m1.)-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning natural gas is not
insulated- and the temperature at the outer surface of this section is measured to be
!0$C. *he temperature of the furnace room is 30$C- and the combined con+ection
and radiation heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the outer furnace is 10
"#m2$C. .t is proposed to insulate this section of the furnace wall with glass wool
insulation (k = 0.03! "#m$C% in order to reduce the heat loss by /0 percent.
,ssuming the outer surface temperature of the metal section still remains at about
!0$C0 determine the thickness of the insulation that needs to be used .
3 ( "ater is boiling in a 2)-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k = 23 "#m $C% at /)$C.
1eat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan through its 0.)-cm-thick
flat bottom at a rate of !00 ". .f the inner surface temperature of the bottom of the
pan is 10!$C- determine (a% the boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface
of the pan- and (b% the outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan .
( ( *wo )-cm-diameter- 1)cm-long aluminum bars (k = 1& "#m$C% with ground
surfaces are pressed against each other with a pressure of 20 atm (h = 11-(00
"#m2C%. *he bars are enclosed in an insulation slee+e and- thus- heat transfer
from the lateral surfaces is negligible. .f the top
and bottom surfaces of the two-bar system are
maintained at temperatures of 1)0$C and 20$C-
respecti+ely- determine (a% the rate of heat transfer
along the cylinders under steady conditions and
(b% the temperature drop at the interface .
) ( ,n electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm long. *he
wire is submerged in li2uid water at atmospheric pressure- and the current is
increased until the water boils. 3or this situation h = )000 "#m2$C- and the water
temperature will be 100 $C. 1ow much electric power must be supplied to the wire
to maintain the wire surface at 11( $C 4
& ( 5team at 320$C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = !0 "#m 6 $C%
whose inner and outer diameters are ) cm and ).) cm-
respecti+ely. *he pipe is co+ered with 3-cm-thick glass
wool insulation with k = 0.0) "#m 6$C. 1eat is lost to the
surroundings at )$C by natural con+ection and radiation-
with a combined heat transfer coefficient of h2= 1! "#m 6
$C. *aking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to
be h
1
= &0 "#m
2
$C- determine the rate of heat loss from
the steam per unit length of the pipe. ,lso determine the temperature drops across
the pipe shell and the insulation .
( Consider a 2-m-high electric hot water heater that has a diameter of (0 cm and
maintains the hot water at ))$C. *he tank is located in a small room whose a+erage
temperature is 2$C- and the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the heater are )0 and 12 "#m2$C- respecti+ely. *he tank is placed in
another (&-cm-diameter sheet metal tank of negligible thickness- and the space
between the two tanks is filled with foam insulation (k = 0.03 "#m $C%. *he
thermal resistances of the water tank and the outer thin sheet metal shell are +ery
small and can be neglected. 'etermine the heat loss from the tank. .f 3 cm thick
fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank with 7 = 0.03)$C what will be
the heat loss
! ( Consider a large 3-cm-thick stainless steel plate (k = 1).1 "#m $C% in which heat is
generated uniformly at a rate of ) 10) "#m3. 8oth sides of the plate are e9posed
to an en+ironment at 30$C with a heat transfer coefficient of &0 "#m $C. :9plain
where in the plate the highest and the lowest temperatures will occur- and
determine their +alues .
/ ( .n a nuclear reactor- 1-cm-diameter cylindrical uranium rods cooled by water from
outside ser+e as the fuel. 1eat is generated uniformly in the rods (k= 2/.) "#m 6
$C% at a rate of 10 "#m3. .f the outer surface temperature of rods is 1)$C-
determine the temperature at their center .
10% Consider a long resistance wire of radius r1 = 0.2 cm and thermal conducti+ity
kwire = 1) "#m 6 $C in which heat is generated uniformly as a result of resistance
heating at a constant rate of 2+ = )0 "#m3. *he wire is embedded in a 0.)-cm-thick
layer of ceramic whose thermal conducti+ity is kceramic = 1.2 "#m 6 $C. *he outer
surface temperature of the ceramic layer is measured to be
()$C- .and is surrounded by air at 30 $C with heat transfer
coefficient is of 10 "#m2C. 'etermine the temperatures at
the center of the resistance wire and the interface of the wire
and the ceramic layer under steady conditions.
11% 5team in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer
diameter is 3 cm and whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 120$C. Circular
aluminum fins (k =1!0 "#m 6 $C% of outer diameter & cm and constant thickness of 2
mm are attached to the tube. *he space between the fins is 3 mm- and thus there are
200 fins per meter length of the tube. 1eat is transferred to the surrounding air at
2)$C- with a combined heat transfer coefficient of h = &0 "#m
2
6 $C. 'etermine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.
(3in efficiency = /);%.
12% , hot surface at 100$C is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long- 0.2)-cm-diameter
aluminum pin fins (k =23 "#m 6 $C% to it- with a center-to-center distance of 0.& cm.
*he temperature of the surrounding medium is 30$C- and the heat transfer coefficient
on the surfaces is 3) "#m
2
$C. 'etermine the rate of heat transfer from the surface for
a 1-m 1-m section of the plate. ,lso determine the o+erall effecti+eness of the fins. .
(3in efficiency = /)./;%.
13% Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a
long solid body whose cross section is gi+en in the
figure. *he temperatures at the selected nodes and the
thermal conditions at the boundaries are as shown.
*he thermal conducti+ity of the body is k = () "#m 6
$C- and heat is generated in the body uniformly at a
rate of q
v
= & < 10
&
"#m
3
. =sing the finite difference
method with a mesh si>e of ?9 = ?y= ).0 cm-
determine the temperatures at nodes@
1(% Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a
long solid body whose cross section is gi+en in the
figure. *he measured temperatures at selected points of
the outer surfaces are as shown. *he thermal conducti+ity of
the body is k = () "#m 6 $C- and there is no heat
generation. =sing the finite difference method with a
mesh si>e of ?9 = ?y= 2.0 cm- determine the
temperatures at the indicated points in the medium.
1)% Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a
long solid bar whose cross section is gi+en in the 'i&$re 1 (a% and (b%. *he measured
temperatures at selected points of the outer surfaces are as shown. *he thermal
conducti+ity of the body is k = 20 "#m 6 $C- and there is no heat generation. =sing the
finite difference method with a mesh si>e of ?9 = ?y= 1.0 cm. 'etermine the
temperatures at the indicated points in the medium
'(+,RE (1)
1&% Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a
long solid body whose cross section is gi+en in the
figure. *he temperatures at the selected nodes and the
thermal conditions on the boundaries are as shown.
*he thermal conducti+ity of the body is k = 1!0
"#m$C- and heat is generated in the body uniformly
at a rate of q
v
= 10 "#m
3
. =sing the finite difference method with a mesh si>e of ?9
= ?y= 10 cm- determine the temperatures at nodes 1- 2- 3- and (.
1% Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in an A-shaped solid body whose
cross section is gi+en in the figure. *he thermal conducti+ity of the body is k = ()
"#m 6 $C- and heat is generated in the body at a rate of q
v
= ) < 10
&
"#m
3
. *he right
surface of the body is insulated- and the bottom surface is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 120$C. *he entire top surface is
subBected to con+ection with ambient air at *
C
= 30$C
with a heat transfer coefficient of h = )) "#m
2
6 $C-
and the left surface is subBected to heat flu9 at a
uniform rate of !000 "#m
2
. *he nodal network of the
problem consists of 13 e2ually spaced nodes with ?9
= ?y= 1.) cm. 3i+e of the nodes are at the bottom
surface and thus their temperatures are known. Dbtain
the finite difference e2uations at the remaining eight
nodes.
Solutions
1) A double-pane window consists of two 3-mm thick layers of glass separated by a 12-mm wide stagnant air
space. For specified indoors and outdoors temperatures the rate of heat loss through the window and the
inner surface temperature of the window are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 !eat transfer through the window is steady since the indoor and outdoor temperatures
remain constant at the specified "alues. 2 !eat transfer is one-dimensional since any significant temperature
gradients will e#ist in the direction from the indoors to the outdoors. 3 $hermal conducti"ities of the glass and
air are constant. 4 !eat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity of the glass and air are gi"en to be kglass % &.'( )*m+, and kair % &.&2-
)*m+,.
Analysis $he area of the window and the indi"idual resistances are
A ( . ( . 12 2 2 ( m% m% m
2
C#" 2)3/ . 0
01& . 0 1/23 . 0 % 001& . 0 ( 2 0(1 . 0 2
C#" 01& . 0
% m ( . 2 ( C% . "#m 2) (
1 1
C#" 1/23 . 0
% m ( . 2 ( C% "#m. 02& . 0 (
m 012 . 0
C#" 001& . 0
% m ( . 2 ( C% "#m. ! . 0 (
m 003 . 0
C#" 0(1 . 0
% m ( . 2 ( C% . "#m 10 (
1 1
2 - 2 1 1 -
o
2 o 2
2
2 - o
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
glass 3 1
2 2
1
1 - i

+ + + + + +

conv conv total
conv
air
conv
R R R R R
A h
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R R
A h
R R
$he steady rate of heat transfer through window glass then becomes
- 11.

C#" 2)3/ . 0
C %E ) ( 2( F
2 1
total
R
T T
Q

$he inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from
% 19*2

= C#"% "%(0.0(1 11( ( C 2(

o
1 - 1 1
1 -
1 1
conv
conv
R Q T T
R
T T
Q

2) An e#posed hot surface of an industrial natural gas furnace is to be insulated to reduce the heat loss
through that section of the wall by .& percent. $he thickness of the insulation that needs to be used is to be
determined. Also the length of time it will take for the insulation to pay for itself from the energy it sa"es will be
determined.
Assumptions 1 !eat transfer through the wall is steady and one-dimensional. 2 $hermal conducti"ities are
constant. 3 $he furnace operates continuously. 4 $he gi"en heat transfer coefficient accounts for the radiation
effects.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity of the glass wool insulation is gi"en to be k % &.&3( )*m+,.
Analysis $he rate of heat transfer without insulation is
A (2 3 m%(1.) m% m
2

( % ( . ( %(!0 % Q hA T T
s

10 3 30 1)00 "# m C% m C "

2 2
/n order to reduce heat loss by .&0 the new heat transfer rate and thermal resistance must be
Air
R
1
R
2

R
3
R
o
R
i
T
1
T
2
/nsulation
R
o
T

R
insulation
T
s
L

( %
.
Q
Q
T
R
R
T
Q
total
total




010 1)00 1)0
!0 30
1)0
0 333
" "
C
"
C# "

and in order to ha"e this thermal resistance the thickness of insulation must be
cm /*.

+ +
m 03( . 0
C#" 333 . 0
% m C%(3 "#m. 03! . 0 ( % m C%(3 . "#m 10 (
1
1
2 2 2
con+
L
L
kA
L
hA
R R R
insulation total
3) !eat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in an aluminum pan. $he inner surface temperature of the
bottom of the pan is gi"en. $he boiling heat transfer coefficient and the outer surface temperature of the
bottom of the pan are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 1teady operating conditions e#ist. 2 !eat transfer is one-dimensional since the thickness of
the bottom of the pan is small relati"e to its diameter. 3 $he thermal conducti"ity of the pan is constant.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity of the aluminum pan is gi"en to be k % 23' )*m+,.
Analysis 2a) $he boiling heat transfer coefficient is

2
2 2
m 0(/1 . 0
(
m% 2) . 0 (
(

D
A
s

% * -0m 121.
2

C % /) 10! %( m 0(/1 . 0 (
" !00
% (
% (
2
T T A
Q
h
T T hA Q
s s
s s

2b) $he outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is

% 102*/

% m C%(0.0(/1 "#m. 23 (
m% 00) . 0 "%( !00 (
G C 10!
2
1 - -
- -
kA
L Q
T T
L
T T
kA Q
inner s outer s
inner s outer s

4) $wo cylindrical aluminum bars with ground surfaces are pressed against each other in an
insulation slee"e. For specified top and bottom surface temperatures the rate of heat transfer along
the cylinders and the temperature drop at the interface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 1teady operating conditions e#ist. 2 !eat
transfer is one-dimensional in the a#ial direction since the
lateral surfaces of both cylinders are well-insulated. 3 $hermal
conducti"ities are constant.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity of aluminum bars is gi"en
to be k % 1'- )*m+,. $he contact conductance at the interface
of aluminum-aluminum plates for the case of ground surfaces
and of 2& atm 2 34a pressure is hc % 115&& )*m
2
, 2$able
3-2).
Analysis 2a) $he thermal resistance network in this case
consists of two conduction resistance and the contact
resistance and are determined to be
.6,

1&(,
600
)
0.5
cm
R
i
R
glass
R
o
T
1
T
2
7ar 7ar
/nterface
C#" 0(( . 0
#(E m% (0.0) C%F . "#m (00 - 11 (
1 1
2 2
c
contact

c
A h
R
R
L
kA
plate
2
m
(1& "# m. C%F (0.0) m% # (E
C# "

01)
0(3(1
.
.

$hen the rate of heat transfer is determined to be

- 1.2*.
+

C#" % (3(1 . 0 2 0(( . 0 (

C % 20 1)0 (
2
bar contact total
R R
T
R
T
Q

$herefore the rate of heat transfer through the bars is 152.5 ).

2b) $he temperature drop at the interface is determined to be
% 3*. C#"% "%(0.0(( ( . 1(2 (
contact interface
R Q T

-)
7 ( An electric hot water tank is made of two concentric cylindrical metal sheets with foam insulation
in between. $he fraction of the hot water cost that is due to the heat loss from the tank and the
payback period of the do-it-yourself insulation kit are to be determined .
Assumptions 1 !eat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 !eat
transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no "ariation in
the a#ial direction. 3 $hermal conducti"ities are constant. 4 $he thermal resistances of the water
tank and the outer thin sheet metal shell are negligible. 5 !eat loss from the top and bottom
surfaces is negligible .
Properties $he thermal conducti"ities are gi"en to be k % &.&3 )*m+, for foam insulation and k %
&.&36 )*m+, for fiber glass insulation
Analysis )e consider only the side surfaces of the water heater for simplicity and disregard the
top and bottom surfaces 2it will make difference of about 1& percent). $he indi"idual thermal
resistances are
A D L
o o
( . ( . 0 (& 2 2 !/ m% m% m
2
C#" 02/ . 0
% m !/ . 2 ( C% . "#m 12 (
1 1
2 2

o o
o
A h
R
C#" (0 . 0 3 . 0 02/ . 0
C#" 3 . 0
% m 2 ( C% . "#m 03 . 0 ( 2
% 20 # 23 ln(
2
% # ln(
2
1 2
+ +

foam o total
foam
R R R
kL
r r
R

$he rate of heat loss from the hot water tank is

()) %
Q
T T
R
w
total

2
2
0
C
0.(0 C# "
"
$he amount and cost of heat loss per year are
Q Q t

( . . 0 0 &132 k"%(3&) 2( h # yr% k"h # yr

14*15

1)2 . 0
2!0 H
0)& . (/ H
0)& . (/ H k"h% # 0! . 0 (H k"h% 2 . &13 ( = cost% it energy%(=n of ,mount ( :nergy of Cost
f
/f 3 cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank the indi"idual resistances becomes

2
m 2& . 3 m% 2 ( m% )2 . 0 ( L D A
o o

C#" 02& . 0
% m 2& . 3 ( C% . "#m 12 (
1 1
o
2 o 2

o o
o
A h
R


C#" && . 0 2/ . 0 31 . 0 02& . 0
C#" 2/ . 0
% m 2 ( C% . "#m 03) . 0 ( 2
% 23 # 2& ln(
2
% # ln(
C#" 31 . 0
% m 2 ( C% . "#m 03 . 0 ( 2
% 20 # 23 ln(
2
% # ln(
2
2
2 3
2
1
1 2
+ + + +

fiberglass foam o total

fiberglass
foam
R R R R
L k
r r
R
L k
r r
R
$he rate of heat loss from the hot water heater in this case is
T
w
R
o
T
2
R
foam
T
w
R
fiberglas
s
R
o
T
2
R
foam
" (2 . (1
C#" 0.&&
C % 2 )) (
2

total
w
R
T T
Q

8) 7oth sides of a large stainless steel plate in which heat is generated uniformly are e#posed to con"ection
with the en"ironment. $he location and "alues of the highest and the lowest temperatures in the plate are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 !eat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 !eat transfer is
one-dimensional since the plate is large relati"e to its thickness and there is thermal symmetry about the
center plane 3 $hermal conducti"ity is constant. 4 !eat generation is uniform.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity is gi"en to be k %16.1 )*m+,.
Analysis $he lowest temperature
will occur at surfaces of plate while
the highest temperature will occur
at the midplane. $heir "alues are
determined directly from
C 155

+ +

C . "#m &0
m% 01) . 0 %( "#m 10 ) (
C 30
2
3 )
h
L g
T T
s

C 158.7

+ +
C% "#m. 1 . 1) ( 2
m% 01) . 0 %( "#m 10 ) (
C 1))
2
2 3 ) 2
k
L g
T T
s o

9) A nuclear fuel rod with a specified surface temperature is used as the fuel in a nuclear reactor. $he center
temperature of the rod is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 !eat transfer is steady since there is no indication of
any change with time. 2 !eat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the a#ial
direction. 3 $hermal conducti"ity is constant. 4 !eat generation in the rod
is uniform.
Properties $he thermal conducti"ity is gi"en to be k % 2..6 )*m+,.
Analysis $he center temperature of the rod is determined from
C 545.8

+ +
C% "#m. ) . 2/ ( (
m% 02) . 0 %( "#m 10 (
C 1)
(
2 3 2
k
r g
T T
o
s o

1&)
T

%3&+,
h=-&
)*m
2
.+,
2L=3 cm
k
g T

%3&+,
h=-&
)*m
2
.+,
g
1'6+,
8ranium rod
11)
12) $he number of fins finned and unfinned surface areas and heat transfer rates from those areas are
* n
1
0 00& 0 00&
2
m
m% m%
2
( . ( .


" 210 C % 30 100 %( m !& . 0 %( C "#m 3) ( % (
" 00 - 1)
C % 30 100 %( m &! . & %( C . "#m 3) ( /)/ . 0
% (
m !& . 0
(
% 002) . 0 (
2 1
(
2 1
m &! . &
(
% 002) . 0 (
% 03 . 0 %( 002) . 0 ( 2
(
2
2 o 2
unfinned unfinned
2 2
fin fin ma9 fin- fin finned
2
2 2
unfinned
2
2 2
fin

1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

T T hA Q
T T hA Q Q
D
A
D
DL A
b
b

$hen the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
- 14*2 + + " 10 ! . 1 210 00 - 1)
(
unfinned finned fin total-
Q Q Q

$he rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be
A
Q hA T T
b
no fin
2
no fin no fin
2 2
m m m
"# m C m C "

( %( %

( % ( . %( %( %
1 1 1
3) 1 100 30 2()0
$hen the fin effecti"eness becomes
4*24
2()0
1!00
fin no
fin
fin
Q
Q

13) T T T T T
g l
k
left top right bottom node
node
+ + + + ( 0
2

where
C ) . /3
C "#m 21(
% m 0) . 0 %( "#m 10 ! (
2 3 & 2
0
2
node

k
l g
k
l g
$he finite difference e9uations for boundary nodes are obtained by applying an energy balance on
the "olume elements and taking the direction of all heat transfers to be towards the node under
consideration:

0 ( - 200 2(0 2/0 2&0 @ (interior% 3 Iode
0 ( - 2/0 32) 2/0 3)0 @ (interior% 2 Iode
0
2
% (
32)
2
2/0 2(0
2
@ % con+ection ( 1 Iode
2
0
3
2
0
2
2
0
1
1 1 1
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +

k
l g
T
k
l g
T
k
l g
T T hl
l
T l
k
l
T
kl
l
T l
k

where C 20 - "#m 10 ! C- . "#m )0 C- "#m. ()

3 & 2


T g h k
1ubstituting T1 = 280.9C T2 = 397.1C T3 = 330.8C
2b) $he rate of heat loss from the bottom surface through a 1-m long section is
- 1202 + + +
+ + +



C 20%#2E - (32) 20% - (2!0./ 20% - (2(0 20%#2 - m%F(200 1 m C%(0.0) "#m )0 (
% 32) %( 2 # ( % ( % 2(0 ( % 200 %( 2 # (
% (
2
1
surface- element-
T l h T T hl T hl T l h
T T hA Q Q
m
m m
m
m

15) ( # % ( 0 (
bottom right top left node
2
node
node bottom right top left
T T T T T
k
l g
T T T T T + + + + + + +

$here is symmetry about the hori;ontal "ertical and diagonal
lines passing through the midpoint and thus we need to
consider only 1*(
th
of the region. $hen
! & ( 2
/ 3 1
T T T T
T T T T


$herefore there are there are only 3 unknown nodal
temperatures
) 3 1
and - - T T T
and thus we need only 3
e9uations to determine them uni9uely. Also we can replace the
symmetry lines by insulation and utili;e the mirror-image
concept when writing the finite difference e9uations for the
interior nodes.
2 2 )
1 ) 2
2 1
( # ( @ (interior% 3 Iode
( # % 2 200 ( @ (interior% 2 Iode
( # % 2 1!0 1!0 ( @ (interior% 1 Iode
T T T
T T T
T T

+ +
+ +
1ol"ing the e9uations abo"e simultaneously gi"es
% 190
% 121


! & ) ( 2
/ 3 1
T T T T T
T T T T
16) ( # % ( 0 (
bottom right top left node
2
node
node bottom right top left
T T T T T
k
l g
T T T T T + + + + + + +

2a) $here is symmetry about the insulated surfaces as well as about the diagonal line. $herefore
2 3
T T
and
( 2 1
and - - T T T are the only 3 unknown nodal temperatures. $hus we need only 3 e9uations to
determine them uni9uely. Also we can replace the symmetry lines by insulation and utili;e the mirror-image
concept when writing the finite difference e9uations for the interior nodes.

( # % 2 2 ( @ (interior% ( Iode
( # % 2 200 ( @ (interior% 2 Iode
( # % 1!0 1!0 ( @ (interior% 1 Iode
3 2 (
1 ( 2
3 2 1
T T T
T T T
T T T
+
+ +
+ + +
Also
2 3
T T
1ol"ing the e9uations abo"e simultaneously gi"es
% 121
% 190


1
( 3 2
T
T T T
2b) $here is symmetry about the insulated surface as well as the diagonal line. <eplacing the symmetry lines
by insulation and utili;ing the mirror-image concept the finite difference e9uations for the interior nodes can
be written as

18
0
20
0
18
0

150 180 200 180

150
150 180 200 180
150
18
0
20
0
18
0
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
/nsulate
d

18
0
20
0
150 180
200
3
1 2
4

/nsulate
d
( # % 2 1(0 2 ( @ (interior% ( Iode
( # % 1 2 1(0 ( @ (interior% 3 Iode
( # % 120 120 ( @ (interior% 2 Iode
( # % 120 120 ( @ (interior% 1 Iode
3 2 (
2 ( 3
1 ( 2
3 2 1
T T T
T T T T
T T T
T T T
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
1ol"ing the e9uations abo"e simultaneously gi"es
% 122*3
% 122*9


( 3
2 1
T T
T T
1-) 0 (
2
node
node bottom right top left
+ + + +
k
l g
T T T T T

$here is symmetry about a "ertical line passing through the middle of the region and thus we need to
consider only half of the region. $hen
( 3 2 1
and T T T T
$herefore there are there are only 2 unknown nodal temperatures T1 and T3 and thus we need only 2
e9uations to determine them uni9uely. Also we can replace the symmetry lines by insulation and utili;e the
mirror-image concept when writing the finite difference e9uations for the interior nodes.
0 ( 200 1)0 @ (interior% 3 Iode
0 ( 120 100 @ (interior% 1 Iode
2
3 ( 1
2
1 3 2
+ + + +
+ + + +
k
l g
T T T
k
l g
T T T

=oting that
( 3 2 1
and T T T T
and substituting
0
C "#m 1!0
m% %(0.1 "#m 10 (
3 3)0
0
C "#m 1!0
m% %(0.1 "#m 10 (
3 220
2 3
3 1
2 3
1 3

+ +

+ +
T T
T T
$he solution of the abo"e system is
% ./9*0
% .11*1


( 3
2 1
T T
T T
1') 0 (
2
0
node bottom right top left
+ + + +
k
l g
T T T T T

100
120
140
120 120
3
1 2
4

/nsulate
d
100
120
140

100 100 100

100
12
0
15
0
3
1 2
0.1
m
g
200 200 200
200
12
0
15
0
4
)e obser"e that all nodes are boundary nodes e#cept node 6 that is an interior node. $herefore we will ha"e
to rely on energy balances to obtain the finite difference e9uations. 8sing energy balances the finite
difference e9uations for each of the ( nodes are obtained as follows:
Iode 1@ 0
( 2 2
% (
2 2
2
0
1 ( 1 2
1
+

+ +

l
g
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T
l
h
l
q
L

Iode 2@ 0
2 2 2
% (
2
0
2 ) 2 3 2 1
2
+

l
g
l
T T
kl
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T hl
Iode 3@ 0
( 2 2
% (
2
0
3 & 3 2
3
+

l
g
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T hl
Iode (@ 0
2
120
2 2
2
0
( ) ( ( 1
+

+
l
g
l
T T
kl
l
T l
k
l
T T l
k l q
L

Iode )@ 0 ( 120
2
0
) & 2 (
+ + + +
k
l g
T T T T

Iode &@ 0
(
3
2
120
2
% (
2
0
& & & ) & 3
&
+

l
g
l
T T l
k
l
T
kl
l
T T
kl
l
T T l
k T T hl
Iode @ 0
2
120
2 2
% (
2
0
! &

l
g
l
T
kl
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T hl
Iode !@ 0
(
120
2 2
% (
2
2
0
! !
!
+

l
g
l
T l
k
l
T T l
k T T
l
h
where - "#m !000 - "#m 10 )
2 3 &
0

L
q g l % &.&16 m k % 56 )*m, h % 66 )*m
2
, and T

%3&,. $his system of ( e9uations with ( unknowns is the finite difference formulation of the problem.
2b) $he ( nodal temperatures under steady conditions are determined by sol"ing the ( e9uations abo"e
simultaneously with an e9uation sol"er to be
T1 =163.6C, T2 =160.5C, T3 =156.4C, T4 =154.0C, T5 =151.0C, T6 =144.4C,
T7 =134.5C, T8 =132.6C

100 100 100

100
12
0
15
0
3
1 2
0.1
m
g
200 200 200
200
12
0
15
0
4

100 100 100

100
12
0
15
0
3
1 2
0.1
m
g
200 200 200
200
12
0
15
0
4

100 100 100

100
12
0
15
0
3
1 2
0.1
m
g
200 200 200
200
12
0
15
0
4