Torts - UST Golden Notes

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,5 8#,&+,8.*$

%5 %21$* "9 #,)4!: *.*(*&!$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA GH =IJ@A GH C?K<>@L

%0 Lvery person musL, ln Lhe exerclse of hls rlghLs
and ln Lhe performance of hls duLles, acL wlLh
[usLlce, glve everyone hls due, and observe
honesLy and good falLh. (Att. 19, Ncc)

&"!*0 1hls prlnclple ls based upon Lhe famous
maxlm soom jos sommo lojotlo (tbe obose of o tlqbt
ls tbe qteotest posslble wtooq). (Atleqol v. cA C.k.
No. 1264J7, Mot. 6, 2002)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH ><A BC?DE?BFA GH
=IJ@A GH C?K<>@L

%0
1. Legal rlghL or duLy
2. 1he rlghL or duLy ls exerclsed ln bad
falLh, and
3. lor Lhe sole lnLenL of pre[udlclng or
ln[urlng anoLher

25 1&31$! *&#,+4(*&!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA IA<?DN ><A BCG<?I?>?GD
=K=?D@> JDOJ@> ADC?E<MAD>L

%0 Nemo com oltetls Jettlmeoto locopletotl
potest" or no one shall un[usLly enrlch hlmself aL
Lhe expense of anoLher.

Coverage: Lhe arLlcle applles only lf:
l. Someone acqulres or comes lnLo
possesslon of someLhlng" whlch means
dellvery or acqulslLlon of Lhlngs", and
ll. AcqulslLlon ls undue and aL Lhe expense
of anoLher whlch means wlLhouL any
[usL or legal ground.

&"!*0 1he governmenL ls noL exempLed from Lhe
prlnclple of un[usL enrlchmenL.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CAMANP HGC JDOJ@> ADC?E<MAD>L

%0 Accloo lo kem vetso. lL ls an acLlon for recovery
of whaL has been pald wlLhouL [usL cause.

&"!*0 1hls ls only a subsldlary acLlon.

&"!*0 MlsLake ls noL an essenLlal elemenL, as
opposed Lo soluLlo lndeblLl where mlsLake ls an
essenLlal elemenL.
ltotectloo of nomoo ulqolty - Lvery person shall
respecL Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and
peace of mlnd of hls nelghbors and oLher persons.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAQJ?@?>A@ HGC !""#$% #% &'(
)'&*$L

%0
1. 1haL Lhe defendanL has been enrlched,
2. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has suffered a loss,
3. 1haL Lhe enrlchmenL of Lhe defendanL ls
wlLhouL [usL or legal ground
4. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has no oLher acLlon
based on conLracL, pooslconLracL,
crlme or pooslJellct.

;0 /<AD M=P !""#$% #% &'( )'&*$ IA =R=?FAN GHL

%0 lL can only be avalled of lf Lhere ls no oLher
remedy Lo enforce lL based on conLracL, poosl
conLracL, crlme or pooslJellct.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< !""#$% #% &'( )'&*$ HCGM *$+,-#$
#%.'/#-#0

%0
%++,"& ,& #*( -*#$" $".1!," ,&'*2,!,
lL ls noL necessary LhaL
paymenL be made by
mlsLake
aymenL by mlsLake ls
an essenLlal elemenL

;0 ,@ CADN?>?GD GH @ACR?EA@ ?DEFJNAN JDNAC %C>5
SSL

%0 no. lf servlces were rendered by someone
beneflLlng anoLher, lL does noL mean LhaL Lhe
laLLer ls exempLed from lndemnlfylng Lhe former.
1he llablllLy wlll lle on pooslconLracL under ArLlcle
2146.

+5 .,%2,.,!T /,!4"1! 9%1.!

;0 ,@ .?=I?F?>P /?><GJ> 9=JF> N?HHACAD> U?><
1!(%,( 2/*3,' 4%5,&#!L

%0 ?es. LlablllLy wlLhouL laulL lncludes:
a. SLrlcL LlablllLy - Lhere ls sLrlcL llablllLy lf
one ls made lndependenL of faulL,
negllgence or lnLenL afLer esLabllshlng
cerLaln facLs speclfled by law. lL lncludes
llablllLy for converslon and for ln[urles
caused by anlmals, ulLrahazardous
acLlvlLles and nulsance.
b. roducL LlablllLy - ls Lhe law whlch
governs Lhe llablllLy of manufacLurers
and sellers for damages resulLlng from
defecLlve producLs. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts
ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J.)

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A EGDEAB> GH 1!(%,( 2/*3,'
4%5,&#!L

%0 A person who only exerclses hls legal rlghLs
does no ln[ury. lf damages resulL from such
exerclse of legal rlghLs, Lhe consequences musL be
borne by Lhe ln[ured person alone. 1he law
affords no remedy for damages resulLlng from an
acL whlch does noL amounL Lo a legal ln[ury or
wrong.
Su1
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%+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll
-,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA
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-,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ

;0 ,@ ><A GUDAC GH = BCGBAC>P GIF?KAN >G >=VA
CA=@GD=IFA E=CA >GU=CN@ = >CA@B=@@AC HGC <?@
BCG>AE>?GD GC HCGM EGDEA=FAN N=DKACL

%0
)#0 no.

W8&0
1. vlsltots - Cwners of bulldlngs or
premlses owe a duLy of care Lo vlslLors.

2. 1oletoteJ losessloo - 1he owner ls sLlll
llable lf Lhe plalnLlff ls lnslde hls
properLy by Lolerance or by lmplled
permlsslon.

Common carrlers may be held llable for
negllgence Lo persons who sLay ln Lhelr
premlses even lf Lhey are noL
passengers.

3. uocttloe of Atttoctlve Nolsooce

4. 5tote of Necesslty (Att. 4J2) - A
slLuaLlon of presenL danger Lo legally
proLecLed lnLeresLs, ln whlch Lhere ls no
oLher remedy Lhan Lhe ln[urlng of
anoLher's also legally proLecLed
lnLeresL.

'5 %+!$ +"&!#%#T !" .%/

*RACP BAC@GD U<GX EGD>C=CP >G F=UX U?FFHJFFP GC
DAKF?KAD>FP E=J@A@ N=M=KA >G =DG><ACX @<=FF
?DNAMD?HP ><A F=>>AC HGC ><A @=MA5 Y2&-0 678 9::Z

;0 'GA@ ><A =IGRA @>=>AN CJFA =BBFP >G =FF E=@A@
R?GF=>?GD GH F=UL

%0 no. Cenerally, laws provlde for Lhelr own
sancLlons and meLhods of enforcemenL Lhereof.
ArLlcle 20 applles only ln cases where Lhe law
does noL provlde for lLs own sancLlon. Sald arLlcle
provldes for a general sancLlon -lndemnlflcaLlon
for damages. (lloeJo, 2004)

;0 ,D R?AU GH ><A KADAC=F @=DE>?GD BCGR?NAN HGC
JDNAC %C>5 S[X M=P = BAC@GD <=RA =D =I@GFJ>A
C?K<> >G IA ?DNAMD?H?ANL

%0 no. lL ls essenLlal LhaL some rlghL of hls be
lmpalred. WlLhouL such, he ls noL enLlLled Lo
lndemnlflcaLlon. (lloeJo, 2004)

*5 %+!$ +"&!#%#T !" ("#%.$

;0 '?HHACAD>?=>A %C>?EFA S[ HCGM %C>?EFA S\ GH ><A
+?R?F +GNA5

%0 Attlcle 20 speaks of Lhe general sancLlon for all
oLher provlslons of law whlch do noL especlally
provlde for Lhelr own sancLlon. Attlcle 21 on Lhe
oLher hand, speaks of acL whlch ls legal buL ls
conLrary Lo morals, good cusLom, publlc order or
publlc pollcy and ls done wlLh lnLenL Lo ln[ure.

&"!*0 Any person who wlllfully causes loss or ln[ury
Lo anoLher ln a manner LhaL ls conLrary Lo morals,
good cusLoms or publlc pollcy shall compensaLe Lhe
laLLer for Lhe damage. (Att. 21, Ncc)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH =E>@ "$%-&! /$%,*
($&'* JDNAC %C>5 S\X &++;

%0
1. 1here ls an acL whlch ls legal,
2. buL whlch ls conLrary Lo morals, good
cusLom, publlc order, or publlc pollcy,
and
3. lL ls done wlLh lnLenL Lo ln[ure.

;0 /<AD ?@ ICA=E< GH BCGM?@A >G M=CCP =D
=E>?GD=IFA UCGDKL

%0 lL becomes acLlonable lf Lhere are addlLlonal
clrcumsLances such as:
1. Lhere was flnanclal damage,
2. soclal humlllaLlon was caused by Lo one
of Lhe parLles, and,
3. where Lhere was moral seducLlon.
(Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 5ecooJ
J., pJ51)

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;0 /<=> =CA ><A EF=@@A@ GH >GC>@ =EEGCN?DK >G
M=DDAC GH EGMM?@@?GDL

%0
1. Neqllqeot totts - lL lnvolves volunLary
acLs or omlsslons whlch resulLs ln ln[ury
Lo oLhers, wlLhouL lnLendlng Lo cause Lhe
same.

2. loteotloool totts - 1he acLor deslres Lo
cause Lhe consequences of hls acL or
belleves Lhe consequences are
subsLanLlally cerLaln Lo resulL Lherefrom.

3. 5ttlct lloblllty - 1he person ls made llable
lndependenL of faulL or negllgence upon
submlsslon of proof of cerLaln facLs.

4. coostltotloool totts - 1he vlolaLlon of a
person's rlghLs under ArLlcle lll (8lll of
8lghLs) of Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon as
conLemplaLed ln ArLlcle 32 consLlLuLes
consLlLuLlonal LorL.
]5
25 %++"#',&) !" $+"8*0 )*&*#%. "#
$8*+,9,+
^5
1. Ceoetol - Lhe caLchall provlslons on
LorLs provlded for ln Lhe clvll code l.e.
ArLlcles 19, 20 and 21. 1he effecL ls LhaL
Lhere ls a general duLy owed Lo every
person noL Lo cause harm elLher
wlllfully or negllgenLly. ArLlcles 19, 20,
and 21 are provlslons on human
relaLlons LhaL were lnLended Lo expand
Lhe concepL of LorLs ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon
by granLlng adequaLe legal remedy for
Lhe unLold number of moral wrongs
whlch ls lmposslble for human foreslghL
Lo speclflcally provlde for ln Lhe
sLaLuLes." (Apoloo, 2005, cltloq lN8 v.
cA, et ol. 8J 5ckA 2J7)

2. Speclflc LorLs lL lncludes Lrespass,
assaulL and baLLery, negllgence,
producLs llablllLy, and lnLenLlonal
lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress. As
deflned, LorLs fall lnLo Lhree dlfferenL
caLegorles: lnLenLlonal, negllgenL and
llablllLy (manufacLurlng and selllng
defecLlve producLs), producL llablllLy
LorL.

a. arL 19, 20, 21 (caLchall provlslons)
b. un[usL enrlchmenL (arLs. 22, 23,
2142 & 2143)
c. vlolaLlon of rlghL of prlvacy and
famlly relaLlons
d. derellcLlon of offlclal duLy of publlc
offlcers
e. unfalr compeLlLlon
f. mallclous prosecuLlon
g. vlolaLlon of rlghLs and llberLles of
anoLher person
<5 nulsance

,,,5 !4* !"#!9*%$"#

%5 !4* ',#*+! !"#!9*%$"#

;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ F?=IFA HGC = QJ=@?NAF?E>L

%0 uefendanLs ln LorL cases can elLher be naLural
or arLlflclal belngs.

;0 +=D = EGCBGC=>?GD IA <AFN F?=IFA HGC >GC>@L

%0 ?es. A corporaLlon ls clvllly llable ln Lhe same
manner as naLural persons. (lN8 v. cA, 8J 5ckA
2J7)

&"!*0 WlLh respecL Lo close corporaLlons, Lhe
sLockholders who are personally lnvolved ln Lhe
operaLlon of Lhe corporaLlon may be personally
llable for corporaLe LorLs under SecLlon 100 of Lhe
CorporaLlon Code.

8L: CorporaLlon by LsLoppel: all persons who
assume Lo acL as a corporaLlon knowlng lL Lo be
wlLhouL auLhorlLy Lo do so shall be llable as
general parLners for all debLs, llablllLles and
damages lncurred or arlslng as a resulL Lhereof.

WlLh respecL Lo parLnershlps, Lhe parLnershlp ls
solldarlly llable wlLh Lhe parLner lf Lhe laLLer
commlL LorLuous acLs whlle acLlng ln Lhe pursulL
of parLnershlp buslness. 1hls prlnclple ls
conslsLenL wlLh Lhe muLual agency rule ln
parLnershlp.

Sub[ecL Lo rules regardlng walver of lmmunlLy
from sulLs, defendanLs may lnclude Lhe SLaLe, lLs
pollLlcal subdlvlslons, and governmenLowned
and conLrolled corporaLlons.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
25 8*#$"&$ (%'* #*$8"&$,2.* 9"# "!4*#$

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!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
\5 ,& )*&*#%.

;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ M=NA CA@BGD@?IFA HGC
G><AC@L

%0
1. laLher/ moLher for Lhelr mlnor chlldren.
2. Cuardlans are llable for Lhe mlnors and
lncapaclLaLed persons under Lhelr
auLhorlLy.
3. Cwners/managers of esLabllshmenL or
enLerprlse for Lhelr employees
4. Lmployers for Lhelr employees and
household helpers.
3. SLaLe for Lhelr speclal agenLs
6. 1eachers/Peads of esLabllshmenL of
arLs and Lrades for Lhelr
puplls/sLudenLs/apprenLlces (Att. 2180,
Ncc).

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A N?HHACADEA IA>UAAD = M?DGC E<?FN
=DN =D ?DE=B=E?>=>AN BAC@GD ?D ><A BCAEAN?DK
DJMIACL

%0 Mlnors here refer Lo Lhose who are below
LwenLyone years (21) and noL Lo Lhose below 18
years. Whlle lncapaclLaLed persons refer Lo
persons beyond LwenLyone (21) years of age buL
are lncapaclLaLed such as Lhose who are lnsane or
lmbeclle. (lloeJo, 1otsts ooJ uomoqes, 2009,
p.81)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAQJ?@?>A@ GH R?E=C?GJ@ F?=I?F?>P GH
B=CAD>@L

%0
1. 1he chlld ls below LwenLyone (21)
years of age
2. 1he chlld commlLLed a LorLuous acL Lo
Lhe damage and pre[udlce of anoLher
person
3. 1he chlld llves ln Lhe company of Lhe
parenL concerned wheLher slngle or
marrled.

;0 /<G ?@ CA@BGD@?IFA HGC =D ?FFAK?>?M=>A E<?FNL

%0 lf Lhe chlld ls llleglLlmaLe and acknowledged by
Lhe faLher and llves wlLh Lhe laLLer, Lhe faLher ls
responslble. Powever, an llleglLlmaLe chlld who ls
noL recognlzed by Lhe puLaLlve faLher buL ls under
Lhe cusLody and supervlslon of Lhe moLher, lL ls
Lhe laLLer who ls Lhe one vlcarlously llable.

;0 ,@ ><A MG><AC F?=IFA @?MJF>=DAGJ@FP U?>< ><A
H=><ACL

%0 no. 1he law does noL make Lhe faLher and
moLher slmulLaneously llable. lL ls only ln Lhe case
of deaLh or lncapaclLy of Lhe faLher, LhaL Lhe
moLher may be held llable.

&"!*0 ConsequenLly, Lhe wlfe as a codefendanL
wlLh Lhe husband or lf lmpleaded alone whlle Lhe
husband ls allve and well, may move Lo dlsmlss Lhe
case flled agalnsL her for belng premaLure. (komooo
v. lotloos, 101 lbll. 141)

;0 %CA .' <!"-$ KJ=CN?=D@ R?E=C?GJ@FP F?=IFAL

%0 ?es. lL ls buL [usL LhaL lf Lhe chlldren commlL
LorLuous acLs whlle llvlng wlLh Lhem and are
below 21 years of age, Lhe law should be applled
by analogy.

&G>A0 ue focto guardlans are relaLlves and nelghbors
who Lake unLo Lhemselves Lhe duLy Lo care and
supporL orphaned chlldren wlLhouL passlng Lhrough
[udlclal proceedlngs.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA ?D R?E=C?GJ@ F?=I?F?>P GH
GUDAC@ =DN M=D=KAC@L

%0
)#0 A mere manager, who does noL own Lhe
buslness, ls noL Lo be consldered an
employer because as a manager, he ls [usL a
hlgh class employee.

W8&0 A manager who ls noL an owner buL
who ossomes Lhe responslblllLy of
supervlslon over Lhe employees of Lhe
owner may be held llable for Lhe acLs of Lhe
employees.

&"!*0 1o be llable, Lhe manager musL be acLlng as
an employer of wlLh Lhe same auLhorlLy as Lhe
owner.

;0 /<AD ?@ ><A AMBFGPAC F?=IFA HGC ><A >GC>JGJ@
=E> GH ><A AMBFGPAAL

%0 1o make Lhe employer llable under ArL 2180(3
and 6), lL musL be esLabllshed LhaL Lhe ln[urlous or
LorLuous acL was commlLLed aL Lhe Llme Lhe
employee was performlng hls funcLlons.

&G>A0 lf Lhere ls devlaLlon from Lhe scope of
employmenL, Lhe employer ls noL llable, no
maLLer how shorL ln Llme ls Lhe devlaLlon.
(lloeJo, 1otsts ooJ uomoqes, 2009, p.97)

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA GD ?DNABADNAD> EGD>C=E>GC@L

%0
)#0 An lndependenL conLracLor ls noL an
employee of Lhe person who engaged hls
servlces. 1he lndependenL conLracLor ls free
Lo execuLe Lhe work wlLhouL belng sub[ecL Lo
Lhe orders of Lhe employer on Lhe deLalls of
work.

W8&0 lf Lhe employer reLalns Lhe conLrol and
supervlslon over Lhe person engaged wlLh
respecL Lo Lhe work Lo be done, Lhere ls
beLween Lhem an employeremployee
relaLlonshlp.

Su4
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

%5 ;1%$,'*.,+!$ 1&'*# %#!,+.* S\_[X
4"/ ,&!*#8#*!*'

;0 4GU ?@ QJ=@?NAF?E> JDNAC 2&-0 6=>7
?D>ACBCA>ANL

%0 A person or [urldlcal enLlLy ls made llable
solldarlly wlLh a LorLfeasor slmply by reason of hls
relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhe laLLer. 1he relaLlonshlp may
elLher be a parenL and chlld, guardlan and ward,
employer and employee, school and sLudenL.

&"!*0 Att. 2176, Ncc Whoever by acL or omlsslon
causes damage Lo anoLher, Lhere belng no faulL or
negllgence ls obllged Lo pay for Lhe damage done.
Such faulL or negllgence, lf Lhere ls no preexlsLlng
conLracLual relaLlon beLween Lhe parLles, ls called a
quasldellcL and ls governed by Lhe provlslons of Lhls
ChapLer.

;0 /<AD ?@ ><A =E>J=F >GC>HA=@GC DG> AÀMB>AN
HCGM F?=I?F?>PL

%0 1he mlnor, ward, employee, speclal agenL,
pupll, sLudenLs and apprenLlces who acLually
commlLLed Lhe dellcLual acLs are noL exempLed by
Lhe law from personal responslblllLy. 1hey may be
sued and made llable alone as when Lhe person
responslble for Lhem or vlcarlous obllgor proves
LhaL he exerclsed Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of
a famlly or when Lhe mlnor or lnsane person has
no parenLs or guardlans. ln Lhe laLLer lnsLance,
Lhey are answerable wlLh Lhelr own properLy.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAMAN?A@ GH =D ?DOJCAN B=C>P HGC
><A >GC>JGJ@ =E> GH =D AMBFGPAAL

%0
1. llllng a clvll acLlon for damages based
on quasldellcL under ArL. 2180 -
llablllLy of Lhe employer ls prlmary,
dlrecL and solldary
2. llllng a crlmlnal case: (offender found
gullLy) Lhe clvll llablllLy of Lhe employer
ls subsldlary.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NAHAD@A HGC ><A BAC@GD@ F?=IFA
JDNAC %C>5 S\_[L

%0 1he persons llable shall be exempLed from
llablllLy lf Lhey can prove LhaL Lhey have exerclsed
all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly Lo
prevenL damage.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A I=@?@ GH QJ=@?NAF?E>@ JDNAC %C>5
S\_[L

%0 lotet lomlllos. 1he reason for Lhe masLer's
llablllLy ls Lhe negllgence ln Lhe supervlslon of hls
subordlnaLes.

&G>A0 1he masLer", however, ln potet fomlllos
under ArL. 2180 wlll be freed from llablllLy lf he can
prove LhaL he had observed all Lhe dlllgence of a
good faLher of a famlly.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A D=>JCA GH CA@BGD@?I?F?>P ?H ><A
R?E=C?GJ@ GIF?KGCL

%0 1he llablllLy of Lhe vlcarlous obllgor ls prlmary
and dlrecL and noL subsldlary. Pe ls solldarlly
llable wlLh Lhe LorLfeasor. Pls responslblllLy ls noL
condlLloned upon Lhe lnsolvency of or prlor
recourse agalnsL Lhe negllgenL LorLfeasor.

9%(,.T +"'*

;0 /<G ?@ = M?DGC JDNAC %C> SS\ GH ><A 9=M?FP
+GNAL

%0 1he Lerm unemanclpaLed mlnor" found ln ArL
221(lC) means chlldren below 18 years of age.
1hls ls ln conLrasL wlLh Lhe mlnor chlldren" found
ln ArL 2180(2)(nCC) whlch refers Lo chlldren
below 21 years. 1o avold Lhe overlapplng ln ages,
Lhe beLLer opLlon Lo seLLle Lhe confllcL ls Lo
conslder ArL 221 as LoLally sopetseJeJ by ArL
236(lC) as omeoJeJ by 8.A. 6809. 1hus:

)#0 18 years of age - parenLal auLhorlLy
ceases (emanclpaLlon)

W8&$0 21 years of age ln Lhe followlng cases
1. marrlage
2. ArL. 2180(2) nCC

&G>A0 ArL 221. lamlly Code provldes LhaL parenLs
and oLher persons exerclslng parenLal auLhorlLy shall
be clvllly llable for Lhe ln[urles and damages caused
by Lhe acL or omlsslon or Lhelr unemanclpaLed

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
chlldren llvlng ln Lhelr company and under parenLal
auLhorlLy sub[ecL Lo Lhe approprlaLe defenses
provlded by law.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< IA>UAAD %C>?EFA@ S\_ GH ><A
9=M?FP +GNA =DN S\_[ GH ><A &AU +?R?F +GNA5

%0
SuS
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
%#!,+.* S\_ %#!,+.* S\_[
School, lLs
admlnlsLraLors,
Leachers engaged ln
chlld care are made
expressly llable
1eachers, head of
esLabllshmenL ln arLs
and Lrades are made
expressly llable
LlablllLy of school, lLs
admlnlsLraLors,
Leachers ls solldary
and parenLs are made
subsldlary llable
no such express
solldary nor subsldlary
llablllLy ls sLaLed
SLudenLs lnvolved
musL be a mlnor
SLudenLs lnvolved are
noL necessarlly mlnors

;0 ,@ ><A =BBF?E=>?GD GH %C>?EFA S\_[ F?M?>AN >G
@E<GGF GH =C>@ =DN >C=NA@L

%0 no. lL applles Lo all, lncludlng academlc
lnsLlLuLlons.

;0 +=D ><A F?=I?F?>P IA ?MBJ>AN >G ><A >A=E<AC?D
E<=CKA ARAD ?H ><A @>JNAD> <=@ =FCA=NP CA=E<AN
><A =KA GH M=OGC?>PL

%0 ?es. under ArLlcle 2180, age does noL maLLer.

;0 ,@ ?> CAQJ?CAN ><=> ><A @>JNAD> IA GDFP U?><?D
><A @E<GGF BCAM?@A@ ?D GCNAC HGC ><A F?=I?F?>P >G
=C?@A JDNAC ><?@ =C>?EFAL

%0 no. AuLhorlLy and responslblllLy shall apply Lo
all auLhorlzed acLlvlLles wheLher lnslde or ouLslde
Lhe premlses of Lhe school, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A D=>JCA GH ><A F?=I?F?>P GH ><A
BAC@GD@ ADJMAC=>AN JDNAC %C>5 S\_L

%0 1hose glven auLhorlLy and responslblllLy under
Lhe precedlng ArLlcle (ArL. 218) shall be prlnclpally
and solldarlly llable for damages caused by Lhe
acLs or omlsslons of Lhe unemanclpaLed mlnor.
1he parenLs, [udlclal guardlans or Lhe persons
exerclslng subsLlLuLe parenLal auLhorlLy over sald
mlnor shall be subsldlarlly llable.

1he respecLlve llablllLles shall noL apply lf lL ls
proved LhaL Lhey exerclsed proper dlllgence
requlred under Lhe parLlcular clrcumsLances (Att
219).

;0 % \]PA=CGFN <?K< @E<GGF @>JNAD> @>=I@ <?@
EF=@@M=>A U<G ?@ <?@ C?R=F HGC = K?CFX U<?FA ><AP
UACA KG?DK GJ> GH ><A EF=@@CGGM =H>AC ><A?C F=@>
EF=@@5 /<G M=P IA <AFN F?=IFAL

%0 under SecLlon 218 of Lhe lamlly Code, Lhe
school, lLs admlnlsLraLors and Leachers, or Lhe
lndlvldual, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon engaged ln chlld
care shall have speclal parenLal auLhorlLy and
responslblllLy over Lhe mlnor chlld whlle under
Lhelr supervlslon, lnsLrucLlon or cusLody.
AuLhorlLy and responslblllLy shall apply Lo all
auLhorlzed acLlvlLles wheLher lnslde or ouLslde
Lhe premlses of Lhe school, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon.

;0 /<=> NAHAD@AX ?H =DPX ?@ =R=?F=IFA >G ><AML

%0 1hese persons ldenLlfled by law Lo be llable
may ralse Lhe defense LhaL Lhey exerclsed proper
dlllgence requlred under Lhe clrcumsLances. 1helr
responslblllLy wlll cease when Lhey prove LhaL
Lhey observed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of
a famlly Lo prevenL damage. As regards Lhe
employer, lf he shows Lo Lhe saLlsfacLlon of Lhe
courL LhaL ln Lhe selecLlon and ln Lhe supervlslon
of hls employees he has exerclsed Lhe care and
dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly, Lhe
presumpLlon ls overcome and he ls relleved from
llablllLy. (loyoqoo v. lAc, C.k. No. l49542, 5ept.
12, 1980). YS[[] 2=C ;JA@>?GDZ

Y\Z *.*(*&!$: '*9,&,!,"&

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH = QJ=@?NAF?E>L

%0
1. negllgenL or wrongful acL or omlsslon,
2. uamage or ln[ury caused Lo anoLher,
3. Causal relaLlon beLween such
negllgence or faulL and damage,
4. no preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlonshlp
beLween Lhe parLles (some auLhorlLles
belleve Lhls elemenL noL essenLlal). (Att.
2176)

&G>A0 LlablllLy for LorL may arlse even under a
conLracL where LorL ls LhaL whlch breaches Lhe
conLracL. (llqbt koll 1tooslt Aotbotlty et ol. v.
NovlJoJ, et ol., Ck No. 145804, leb. 6, 200J)

lf Lhere ls preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon beLween
Lhe parLles and Lhe same ls vlolaLed, Lhe proper
cause of acLlon ls noL anchored on quasldellcL buL
breach of conLracL or culpa conLracLual.

Powever, Lhere may be cases of conLracLual
relaLlons where quasldellcL may arlse when Lhe
conLracL was qtossly vloloteJ. 1he LorL llablllLy ls noL

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

Su6
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

based on Lhe conLracL of carrlage buL on some oLher
bases llke Jellbetote ooJ mollcloos vlolotloo of tbe
coottoct (Alt ltooce v. cottoscoso, C.k. No. l214J8,
5ept. 28, 1966).

;0 /<AD ?@ = BAC@GD F?=IFA HGC = QJ=@?NAF?E>L

%0 Pe ls llable for such when, by hls acL or
omlsslon, he causes damage Lo anoLher, Lhere
belng faulL or negllgence, and Lhere ls no pre
exlsLlng conLracLual relaLlonshlp beLween Lhem.
(Att. 2176, Ncc)

&"!*0 A slngle acL or omlsslon may glve rlse Lo Lwo
or more causes of acLlon. 1hus, an acL or omlsslon
may glve rlse Lo an acLlon based on dellcL, quasl
dellcL or conLracL.

ln negllgence cases, prlor conducL should be
examlned, LhaL ls, conducL prlor Lo Lhe ln[ury LhaL
resulLed, or ln proper case, Lhe aggravaLlon Lhereof.

;0 /<AD ?@ %C>5 S\a^ YGD QJ=@?NAF?E>Z
?D=BBF?E=IFAL

%0
1. When Lhere was a preexlsLlng
conLracLual relaLlon. CLherwlse, whaL
resulLs ls a breach of conLracL.

&G>A0 Powever, lf Lhe acL LhaL breaches
Lhe conLracL ls LorLuous, Lhe preexlsLlng
conLracLual relaLlon wlll noL bar Lhe
recovery of damages (5loqsoo v. 8ll, C.k.
No. l248J7, Iooe 27, 1968)

2. When Lhe faulL or negllgence ls
punlshed by law as a crlme. ArL. 100 of
8C shall be appllcable

J. lf Lhe acLlon for quasldellcL ls lnsLlLuLed
afLer four (4) years, lL ls deemed
prescrlbed.

4. When Lhe ln[ury suffered by a person ls
Lhe resulL of a forLulLous evenL wlLhouL
human lnLervenLlon.

3. lf Lhere ls no damage or ln[ury caused Lo
anoLher.

YSZ ',$!,&)1,$4*' 9#"( +1.8% +"&!#%+!1%. %&' +1.8% +#,(,&%.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< QJ=@? NAF?E> HCGM EJFB= EGD>C=E>J=F =DN EJFB= EC?M?D=F5

%0
+1.8% +"&!#%+!1%. +1.8% %;1,.,%&% +1.8% +#,(,&%.
ConLracLual negllgence
Clvll negllgence, CuasluellcL,
1orL, or Culpa LxLraConLracLual
Crlmlnal negllgence
?&$$< 9''.'.
reponderance of evldence reponderance of evldence
roof of gullL beyond
reasonable doubL
@%,* ?&$/!%.#
ConLracLlng parLy musL prove:
1. 1he exlsLence of Lhe
conLracL,
2. 1he breach Lhereof.
vlcLlm musL prove:
1. 1he damage suffered,
2. 1he negllgence of Lhe defendanL,
3. 1he causal connecLlon beLween Lhe
damage and Lhe negllgence.
rosecuLlon musL prove Lhe
gullL of Lhe accused beyond
reasonable doubL.
1'<'%*' 2)!#+!/+'
Lxerclse of exLraordlnary
dlllgence (ln conLracLs of
carrlage), lotce mojeote
Lxerclse of dlllgence of a good faLher of
a famlly ln Lhe selecLlon and
supervlslon of employees
uefenses provlded for under
Lhe 8evlsed enal Code.
AB#*-'%"' $< :$%-&!"- /'-C''% -D' ?!&-#'*
1here ls preexlsLlng conLracL no preexlsLlng conLracL no preexlsLlng conLracL

&G>A0 1he resulL ln Lhe crlmlnal case, wheLher acqulLLal, or convlcLlon ls lrrelevanL ln Lhe lndependenL clvll acLlon
under Lhe Clvll Code (uloolslo vs AlyeoJlo, 102 lbll 44J, 57, clteJ lo Mckee vs lAc, 211 5ckA 5J6) unless acqulLLal ls
based on Lhe courL's declaraLlon LhaL Lhe facL from whlch Lhe clvll acLlon arose dld noL exlsL, hence Lhe dlsmlssal of
crlmlnal acLlon carrles wlLh Lhe exLlncLlon of Lhe clvll llablllLy. (AoJomo vs lAc, 191 5ckA 204, 90 I. letooo)

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
25 ,&',#*+! .,%2,.,!T 9"# ,&!*&!,"&%. %+!$

See vlcarlous LlablllLy.

Su7
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
+5 8#*$1(8!,"& "9 &*).,)*&+* "& 8*#$"&$
,&',#*+!.T #*$8"&$,2.*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BCA@JMB>?GD GH DAKF?KADEA GD
BAC@GD@ ?DN?CAE>FP CA@BGD@?IFAL

%0 1he presumpLlon of law ls LhaL Lhere was
negllgence on Lhe parL of Lhe masLer or employer
elLher ln Lhe selecLlon of Lhe servanL or employee
(colpo lo ellqleoJo) or ln Lhe supervlslon over hlm
afLer Lhe selecLlon (colpo vlqllooJo), or boLh.

&G>A0 1he presumpLlon ls jotls tootom and noL jotls
et Je jote, subsequenLly, lL may be rebuLLed.
Accordlngly, lf Lhe employer shows Lo Lhe
saLlsfacLlon of Lhe courL LhaL ln Lhe selecLlon and
supervlslon of hls employee he has exerclsed Lhe
care and dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly, Lhe
presumpLlon ls overcome and he ls relleved of Lhe
llablllLy.

'5 &%!1#* "9 .,%2,.,!T: 3",&! "# $".,'%#T

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA GH R?E=C?GJ@ F?=I?F?>P GC
F=U GD ?MBJ>AN DAKF?KADEAL

%0 under ArL. 2180, a person ls noL only llable for
LorLs commlLLed by hlm, buL also for LorLs
commlLLed by oLhers wlLh whom he has a cerLaln
relaLlon or for whom he ls responslble.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A D=>JCA GH ><A CA@BGD@?I?F?>P GH =
R?E=C?GJ@ GIF?KGCL

%0 Pls llablllLy ls ptlmoty ooJ Jltect, noL
subsldlary. Pe ls solldarlly llable wlLh Lhe
LorLfeasor. Pls responslblllLy ls noL condlLloned
upon Lhe lnsolvency of or prlor recourse agalnsL
Lhe negllgenL LorLfeasor (ue leoo 8toketoqe v. cA,
C.k. 15247, leb. 28, 1962)

;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ R?E=C?GJ@FP F?=IFAL

%0 9)"*$!
1. 9aLher, or ln case of deaLh or lncapaclLy,
moLher:
a. damage caused by mlnor chlldren
b. llvlng ln Lhelr company
2. )uardlans:
a. for mlnors or lncapaclLaLed
persons
b. under Lhelr auLhorlLy
c. llvlng ln Lhelr company
3. "wners and managers of
esLabllshmenLs:
a. for Lhelr employees
b. ln Lhe servlce of Lhe branches ln
whlch Lhey are employed, or,
c. on Lhe occaslon of Lhelr funcLlons
4. *mployers:
a. damages caused by employees
and household helpers
b. acLlng wlLhln Lhe scope of Lhelr
asslgned Lasks
c. even lf Lhe employer ls noL
engaged ln any buslness or
lndusLry
3. $LaLe - octloq tbtooqb o speclol oqeot
and noL when Lhe damage has been
caused by Lhe offlclal Lo whom Lhe Lask
done properly perLalns.
6. !eachers or heads of esLabllshmenLs:
a. of arLs and Lrades
b. for damages caused by Lhelr puplls
and sLudenLs or apprenLlces
c. so long as Lhey remaln ln Lhelr
cusLody (Att. 2180, Ncc)

;0 )?RA ><A N?@>?DE>?GD@ GD ><A AMBFGPACb@
F?=I?F?>P JDNAC %C> S\_[ &++ =DN #AR?@AN 8AD=F
+GNA.

%0
a. uoJet tbe clvll coJe. Lhe llablllLy ls
dlrecL and prlmary (solldary),Lhe
employer may be sued even wlLhouL
sulng Lhe employee

&"!*0 ulllgence of a good faLher ls a
defense.
Lmployer ls llable even lf noL engaged ln
buslness. roof of negllgence ls by mere
preponderance of evldence

b. uoJet tbe kevlseJ leool coJe. Lhe
llablllLy ls subsldlary

&"!*0 ulllgence of a good faLher ls oot a
defense.
MusL prove employer ls engaged ln
buslness.
roof beyond reasonable doubL ls
requlred.

S5 ,& 8%#!,+1.%#

%5 8%#*&!$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A I=@?@ GH ><A B=CAD>@b R?E=C?GJ@
F?=I?F?>PL

%0 1hls llablllLy ls made naLural as loglcal
consequences of Lhe duLles and responslblllLles of
parenLs exerclslng parenLal auLhorlLy whlch

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

lncludes conLrolllng, dlsclpllnlng and lnsLrucLlng
Lhelr chlldren. ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon Lhe parenL's
llablllLy ls vesLed by law (nCC and lC) whlch
assumes LhaL when a mlnor or unemanclpaLed
chlld llvlng wlLh Lhelr parenL, commlLs a LorLuous
acL, Lhe parenLs are presumed negllgenL ln Lhe
performance of Lhelr duLy Lo supervlse Lhe
chlldren under Lhelr cusLody. A presumpLlon
whlch jotls tootom, noL jotls es Je jote,
rebuLLableovercome by proof havlng exerclsed
and observed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of
a famlly (dlllgenLlsslml paLrls famlllas). (E!(!F&$
)* :28 67G H:I2 J=GZ

;0 ,D ><A ARAD> GH NA=>< GC ?DE=B=E?>P GH ><A
B=CAD>@X U<G =CA F?=IFA HGC =E>@ GC GM?@@?GD@ GH
M?DGC@L

%0 ln defaulL of Lhe parenLs or a [udlclally
appolnLed guardlan, parenLal auLhorlLy shall be
exerclsed by Lhe followlng persons ln Lhe order
lndlcaLed:
Su8
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

1. Survlvlng grandparenLs,
2. CldesL slbllng, over 21 years old unless
unflL or unquallfled,
3. Chlld's acLual cusLodlan, over 21 years
old unless unflL or dlsquallfled.

&G>A0 !udlclally oJopteJ cbllJteo are consldered
leglLlmaLe chlldren of Lhelr adopLlng parenLs. 1hus,
adopLers are clvllly llable for Lhelr LorLuous/crlmlnal
acLs lf Lhe chlldren llve wlLh Lhem and are mlnors.

As for an llleqltlmote cbllJ, lf he ls acknowledged by
Lhe faLher and llve wlLh Lhe laLLer, Lhe faLher shall be
responslble. Powever, lf he ls noL recognlzed by Lhe
puLaLlve faLher buL ls under Lhe cusLody and
supervlslon of Lhe moLher, lL ls Lhe laLLer who ls Lhe
one vlcarlously llable (lloeJo, p.87, 2009 eJ).

25 )1%#',%&

;0 /<G ?@ = M?DGC JDNAC ><?@ =C>?EFAL

%0 Mlnors here refer Lo Lhose who are below
LwenLyone (21) years and oot Lo Lhose below 18
years. 1he law reduclng Lhe ma[orlLy age from 21
Lo 18 years dld noL amend Lhese paragraphs. (Att.
2J6 lomlly coJe os omeoJeJ by kA No. 6809)
(lloeJo, pp. 8182, 2009 eJ.)

;0 %CA NA H=E>G KJ=CN?=D@ EGRACAN IP %C>5 S\_[L

%0 ?es, Lhe law should be applled by analogy. ue
facLo guardlans are relaLlves and nelghbors who
Lake upon Lhemselves Lhe duLy Lo care and
supporL orphaned chlldren wlLhouL passlng
Lhrough [udlclal proceedlngs. (lloeJo, p.88, 2009
eJ.)
+5 "/&*#$ %&' (%&%)*#$ "9
*$!%2.,$4(*&!$ %&' *&!*#8#,$*$

;0 ,D U<=> @AD@A NG ><A >ACM@ cGUDAC@ =DN
M=D=KAC@d J@ANL

%0 1hey are used ln Lhe sense of employer" and
do noL lnclude Lhe manager of a corporaLlon who
hlmself ls [usL an employee (lbll. kobblt 8os lloes
v. lbll. Ametlcoo lotwotJets, loc., C.k. No. l
25142, Mot. 25, 1975).

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A A`>AD> GH F?=I?F?>P HGC N=M=KA GH
GUDAC@ =DN M=D=KAC@ GH A@>=IF?@<MAD>@L

%0 1hey are llable for damage caused by Lhelr
employees ln Lhe servlce of Lhe branches ln whlch
Lhey are employed, or on Lhe occaslon of Lhelr
funcLlons.

'5 *(8."T*#$

Y\Z (*%&,&) "9 *(8."T*#$

;0 /<G ?@ =D AMBFGPACL

%0 Lmployer lncludes any person acLlng dlrecLly or
lndlrecLly ln Lhe lnLeresL of an employer ln
relaLlon Lo an employee and shall lnclude Lhe
governmenL and all lLs branches, subdlvlslons and
lnsLrumenLallLles, all governmenLowned or
conLrolled corporaLlons and lnsLlLuLlons, as well
as nonproflL prlvaLe lnsLlLuLlons, or
organlzaLlons. (Att. 97, l.u. 442)

YSZ #*;1,$,!*$

;0 /<AD ?@ =D AMBFGPAC F?=IFAL

%0 1he employer ls llable only lf Lhe employee was
performlng hls asslgned Lask aL Lhe Llme Lhe
ln[ury was caused. 1hls lncludes any acL done by
Lhe employee ln Lhe furLherance of Lhe lnLeresL of
Lhe employer aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lnfllcLlon of Lhe
ln[ury or damage. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes,
2005, 5ecooJ J., p 697)

Y%Z *(8."T** +4"$*& 2T *(8."T*# "#
!4#"1)4 %&"!4*#

;0 /<=> ?@ CAQJ?CAN IAHGCA =D AMBFGPAC M=P IA
<AFN F?=IFA HGC ><A =E> GH ?>@ AMBFGPAA@L

%0
1. 1he employee was chosen by Lhe
employer personally or Lhrough
anoLher,

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
2. 1he servlce ls Lo be rendered ln
accordance wlLh orders whlch Lhe
employer has Lhe auLhorlLy Lo glve all
Llmes,
Su9
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
3. 1haL Lhe ellclL acL of Lhe employee was
on Lhe occaslon or by reason of Lhe
funcLlons enLrusLed Lo hlm.

&G>A0 8efore Lhe employer's subsldlary llablllLy ls
exacLed, Lhere musL be proof LhaL:
1. Lhey are lndeed Lhe employer's of
Lhe convlcLed employee
2. Lhe former are engaged ln some klnd
of lndusLry
3. Lhe crlme was commlLLed by Lhe
employees ln Lhe dlscharge of Lhelr
duLles
4. LhaL Lhe execuLlon agalnsL Lhe laLLer
has noL been saLlsfled due Lo
lnsolvency.

Y2Z $*#-,+*$ #*&'*#*' ,& %++"#'%&+* /,!4
"#'*#$ /4,+4 *(8."T*# 4%$ %1!4"#,!T !"
),-*

See dlscusslon below.

Y+Z ,..,+,! %+! "9 *(8."T** /%$ "& !4*
"++%$,"& "# 2T #*%$"& "9 !4* 91&+!,"&$
*&!#1$!*' !" 4,(

;0 ,@ ?> CAQJ?CAN ><=> ><A AMBFGPAA MJ@> IA
BACHGCM?DK <?@ =@@?KDAN >=@V => ><A >?MA ><=> ><A
?DOJCP ?@ E=J@ANL

%0 ?es. 1he vlcarlous llablllLy of employers
aLLaches only when Lhe LorLuous conducL of Lhe
employee relaLes Lo, or ls ln Lhe course of hls
employmenL. (voleozoelo v. cA)

lL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhe Lask performed by Lhe
employee ls hls regular [ob or LhaL whlch was
expressly glven Lo hlm by Lhe employer. lL ls
enough LhaL Lhe Lask ls lndlspensable Lo Lhe
buslness or beneflclal Lo Lhe employer. (lllomet
cbtlstloo lostltote v. lAc, 212 5ckA 6J7)

Y'Z 8#*$1(8!,"& "9 &*).,)*&+*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BCA@JMB>?GD GD ><A DAKF?KADEA GH
><A AMBFGPACL

%0 1he employer ls presumed Lo be negllgenL and
Lhe presumpLlon flows from Lhe negllgence of Lhe
employee. Cnce Lhe employee's faulL ls
esLabllshed, Lhe employer can Lhen be made
llable on Lhe basls of Lhe presumpLlon LhaL Lhe
employer falled Lo exerclse Jlllqeotlsslml pottls
fomllles ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of lLs
employees. (lk1A v. NovlJoJ, C.k. 145804, leb. 6,
200J)

YeZ *(8."T*# &**' &"! 2* *&)%)*' ,&
21$,&*$$ "# ,&'1$!#T

;0 ,@ ?> CAQJ?CAN ><=> ><A AMBFGPAC ?@ ADK=KAN ?D
@GMA V?DN GH ?DNJ@>CP GC UGCVL

%0 no. negllgenL acLs of employees, wheLher or
noL Lhe employer ls engaged ln a buslness or
lndusLry, are covered so long as Lhey were acLlng
wlLhln Lhe scope of Lhelr asslgned Lask. lor,
admlLLedly, employees ofLenLlmes wear dlfferenL
haLs. 1hey perform funcLlons beyond Lhelr offlce,
LlLle or deslgnaLlon buL whlch, neverLheless, are
sLlll wlLhln Lhe call of duLy. ( costllex loJosttlol
cotpototloo v. vospoez., et ol.)

YfZ '*9*&$* "9 ',.,)*&+* ,& $*.*+!,"& %&'
$18*#-,$,"&

;0 /<=> =CA ><A NAHAD@A@ =R=?F=IFA >G =D
AMBFGPACL

%0
1. Lxerclse of due dlllgence ln Lhe
selecLlon and supervlslon of lLs
employees (excepL ln crlmlnal acLlon),
2. 1he acL or omlsslon was made ouLslde
worklng hours and ln vlolaLlon of
company's rules and regulaLlons.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAMAN?A@ GH ><A ?DOJCAN B=C>P ?D
BJC@J?DK ><A E?R?F F?=I?F?>P GH ><A AMBFGPAC HGC ><A
=E>@ GH <?@ AMBFGPAA@L

%0
1. lf he chooses Lo flle a clvll octloo for
damages based on quasldellcL under
ArLlcle 2180 and succeeds ln provlng
Lhe negllgence of Lhe employee, Lhe
llablllLy of Lhe employer ls ptlmoty,
Jltect ooJ sollJoty. lL ls oot condlLloned
on Lhe lnsolvency of Lhe employee
(Metto Moollo 1tooslt cotp. v. cA, C.k.
No. 118069, Nov. 16, 1998).

2. lf he chooses Lo flle a ctlmlool cose
agalnsL Lhe offender and was found
gullLy beyond reasonable doubL, Lhe
clvll llablllLy of Lhe employer ls
sobslJloty. 1he employer cannoL use as
a defense Lhe exerclse of Lhe dlllgence
of a good faLher of a famlly.

Cnce Lhere ls a convlcLlon for a felony,
flnal ln characLer, Lhe employer under

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

ArLlcle 103 of Lhe 8C, ls subsldlary
llable, lf lL be shown LhaL Lhe
commlsslon Lhereof was ln Lhe
dlscharge of Lhe duLles of Lhe
employee. A prevlous dlsmlssal of an
acLlon based on culpa aqulllana could
noL be a bar Lo Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe
subsldlary llablllLy requlred by ArL. 103
8C. (Iocsoo, et ol. v. Clotloso, C.k. l
22686, Ioo. J0, 1968) (lloeJo, pp. 101
102, 2009 eJ.)

;0 /GJFN ><A NAHAD@A GH NJA N?F?KADEA ?D ><A
@AFAE>?GD =DN @JBACR?@?GD GH ><A AMBFGPAA
=R=?F=IFA >G ><A AMBFGPAC ?D IG>< ?D@>=DEA@L

%0 1he defense of dlllgence ln Lhe selecLlon and
supervlslon of Lhe employee under ArLlcle 2180 of
Lhe Clvll Code ls avallable only Lo Lhose prlmarlly
llable Lhereunder, buL noL Lo Lhose subsldlary
llable under ArLlcle 103 of Lhe 8evlsed enal
Code. (omol v. Iollooo, C.k. No. 47690, Apt., 28,
1941) Y\gga 2=C ;JA@>?GDZ
S1u
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

Y]Z &%!1#* "9 *(8."T*#b$ .,%2,.,!T

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A D=>JCA GH ><A AMBFGPACb@
R?E=C?GJ@ F?=I?F?>PL

%0 lf based on culpa aqulllana under ArL. 2176 and
2180 of Lhe Clvll Code, Lhe llablllLy ls prlmary,
whlle LhaL under ArL. 103 of Lhe 8evlsed enal
Code ls subsldlary.

*5 $!%!*

;0 /<AD ?@ ><A $>=>A F?=IFA HGC ><A =E>@ GH
G><AC@L

%0 1he SLaLe ls only llable for Lhe negllgenL acLs of
lLs offlcers, agenLs and employees when Lhey are
acLlng as speclol oqeots. 1he SLaLe has volunLarlly
assumed llablllLy for acLs done Lhrough speclal
agenLs.

&"!*0 1he SLaLe assumes Lhe role of an ordlnary
employer and wlll be held llable for Lhe speclal
agenL's LorLs (lootoolllo vs Molloooo)

;0 /<G ?@ = @BAE?=F =KAD>L

%0 A speclol oqeot ls one who recelves a deflnlLe
and flxed order or commlsslon, forelgn Lo Lhe
exerclse of Lhe duLles of hls offlce.

An employee who on hls own responslblllLy
performs funcLlons lnherenL ln hls offlce and
naLurally perLalnlng LhereLo ls oot a speclal agenL

;0 /<=> =CA ><A =@BAE>@ GH F?=I?F?>P GH ><A $>=>AL

%0
1. lobllc/Covetomeotol - where Lhe SLaLe
ls llable only for Lhe LorLuous acLs pf lLs
speclal agenLs.
2. ltlvote/Nooqovetomeotol - when Lhe
SLaLe ls engaged ln prlvaLe buslness or
enLerprlse, lL becomes llable as an
ordlnary employer.

&G>A0 lf Lhe speclal agenL ls noL a publlc offlclal and
ls commlssloned Lo perform nongovernmenLal
funcLlons, Lhen Lhe SLaLe assumes Lhe role of an
ordlnary employer and wlll be held llable as such for
Lhe LorLuous acLs of sald agenL. lf Lhe SLaLe
commlssloned a prlvaLe lndlvldual Lo perform a
speclal governmenLal Lask, lL ls acLlng Lhrough a
speclal agenL wlLhln Lhe meanlng of Lhe provlslon.

95 !*%+4*#$ %&' 4*%'$ "9 *$!%2.,$4(*&!$
"9 %#!$ %&' !#%'*$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A I=@?@ GH ><A >A=E<ACb@ R?E=C?GJ@
F?=I?F?>PL

%0 1he basls of Lhe Leacher's vlcarlous llablllLy ls,
as such, Lhey acLlng ln loco loteotls (ln place of
parenLs). Powever Leachers are noL expecLed Lo
have Lhe same measure of responslblllLy as LhaL
lmposed on parenL for Lhelr lnfluence over Lhe
chlld ls noL equal ln degree. 1he parenL can lnsLlll
more lasLlng dlsclpllne more lasLlng dlsclple on
Lhe chlld Lhan Lhe Leacher and so should be held
Lo a greaLer accounLablllLy Lhan Lhe Leacher or
Lhe head for Lhe LorL commlLLed by Lhe chlld.

;0 /<AD =CA >A=E<AC@ =DN <A=N@ GH @E<GGF@
F?=IFAL

%0
)#0 1he Leacherlncharge ls llable for
Lhe acLs of hls sLudenLs.

W8&0 ln Lhe case of esLabllshmenLs of
arLs and Lrades, lL ls Lhe head Lhereof,
and only he, who shall be llable.
(AmoJoto v cA, 160 5ckA J15)

&G>A0 1here ls really no subsLanLlal dlfference
dlsLlncLlon beLween Lhe academlc and nonacademlc
schools ln so far as LorLs commlLLed by Lhelr sLudenLs
are concerned. 1he same vlgllance ls expecLed from
Lhe Leacher over Lhe sLudenL under Lhelr conLrol and
supervlslon, whaLever Lhe naLure of Lhe school
where he ls Leachlng.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

S11
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
;0 /<AD ?@ = @>JNAD> EGD@?NACAN ?D ><A EJ@>GNP
GH ><A @E<GGF =J><GC?>?A@L

%0 1he sLudenL ls ln Lhe cusLody of Lhe school
auLhorlLles as long as he ls under Lhe conLrol and
lnfluence of Lhe school and wlLhln lLs premlses,
wheLher Lhe semesLer has noL ended, or has
ended or has noL yeL begun. 1he Lerm cusLody"
slgnlfles LhaL Lhe sLudenL ls wlLhln Lhe conLrol and
lnfluence of Lhe school auLhorlLles. 1he Leacher ln
charge ls Lhe one deslgnaLed by Lhe dean,
prlnclpal, or oLher admlnlsLraLlve superlor Lo
exerclse supervlslon over Lhe puplls or sLudenLs ln
Lhe speclflc classes or secLlons Lo whlch Lhey are
asslgned. lL ls noL necessary LhaL aL Lhe Llme of
Lhe ln[ury, Lhe Leacher ls physlcally presenL and ln
a poslLlon Lo prevenL lL.

+5 3",&! !"#!9*%$"#$

;0 /<G =CA OG?D> >GC>HA=@GC@L

%0 All Lhe persons who command, lnsLlgaLe,
promoLe, encourage, advlce, counLenance,
cooperaLe ln, ald, or abeL Lhe commlsslon of a
LorL, or who approve lL afLer lL ls done, lf done for
Lhelr beneflL, Lhey are each llable as a prlnclpal, Lo
Lhe same exLenL and ln same manner as lf Lhey
have performed Lhe wrongful acL Lhemselves.

,-5 %+! "# "(,$$,"& %&' ,!$ ("'%.,!,*$

%5 +"&+*8! "9 %+!

;0 /<=> ?@ =D =E>L

%0 Any bodlly movemenL Lendlng Lo produce
some effecL ln Lhe exLernal world, lL belng
unnecessary LhaL Lhe same be acLually produced,
as Lhe posslblllLy of lLs producLlon ls sufflclenL.
(leople v. Coozoles, 18J 5ckA J09, J24)

-5 8#"W,(%!* +%1$*

%5 +"&+*8!

\5 '*9,&,!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ BCG`?M=>A E=J@AL

%0 An acL from whlch an ln[ury resulLs as a
naLural, dlrecL, unlnLerrupLed consequence and
wlLhouL whlch Lhe ln[ury would noL have
occurred.

S5 !*$!

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >A@>@ >G NA>ACM?DA U<A><AC =
E=J@A ?@ BCG`?M=>AL

%0
1. cooseloloct 1est - lL ls necessary LhaL
Lhere ls proof LhaL defendanL's conducL
ls a facLor ln causlng plalnLlff's damage.
ueLermlnes wheLher Lhe defendanL's
acL or omlsslon ls a causally relevanL
facLor

a. 8ot lot 1est / 5loe Ooo Noo 1est
b. 5obstootlol loctot 1est
c. Necessoty ooJ 5offlcleot 1est
(N55) - 1he acL or omlsslon ls a
causelnfacL lf lL ls a necessary
elemenL of a sufflclenL seL.

2. lollcy test - 1he law llmlLs Lhe llablllLy
of Lhe defendanL Lo cerLaln
consequences of hls acLlon, lf Lhe
damage or ln[ury Lo Lhe plalnLlff ls
beyond Lhe llmlL of Lhe llablllLy flxed by
law, Lhe defendanL's conducL cannoL be
consldered Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe
damage.

&"!*0 Such llmlL of llablllLy ls deLermlned
by applylng Lhese subLesLs of Lhe pollcy
LesL:
a. loreseeablllLy 1esL,
b. naLural and robable Consequence
1esL,
c. naLural and Crdlnary or ulrecL
Consequences 1esL,
d. PlndslghL 1esL,
e. CrblL of 8lsk 1esL,
f. SubsLanLlal lacLor 1esL.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

e5 ',$!,&)1,$4*' 9#"( ,((*',%!* +%1$*X ,&!*#-*&,&) +%1$*X #*("!* %&' +"&+1##*&!
;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< BCG`?M=>AX ?MMAN?=>A ?D>ACRAD?DK CAMG>A =DN EGDEJCCAD> E=J@A@5

%0

S12
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

25 +%1$* ,& 9%+!

\5 21! 9"#

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A cIJ> HGCd >A@>L

%0 lL conslders wheLher Lhe ln[ury would noL have
occurred buL for Lhe defendanL's negllgenL acL.
uefendanL's conducL ls Lhe cause ln facL of Lhe
ln[ury lf Lhe damage would noL have resulLed had
Lhere been no negllgence on Lhe parL of Lhe
defendanL.

S5 $12$!%&!,%. 9%+!"# !*$!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A @JI@>=D>?=F H=E>GC >A@>L

%0 lL makes Lhe negllgenL conducL Lhe causeln
facL of Lhe damage lf lL was a subsLanLlal facLor ln
produclng Lhe ln[urles. lL ls lmporLanL ln cases
where Lhere are concurrenL causes

e5 +"&+1##*&! +%1$*$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA GH EGDEJCCAD> E=J@A@L

%0 Where Lhe concurrenL or successlve negllgenL
acLs or omlsslons of Lwo or more persons,
alLhough acLlng lndependenLly, are ln
comblnaLlon wlLh Lhe dlrecL and proxlmaLe cause
of a slngle ln[ury Lo a 3
rd
person, and lL ls
lmposslble Lo deLermlne whaL proporLlon each
conLrlbuLed Lo Lhe ln[ury, elLher of Lhem ls
responslble for Lhe whole ln[ury, even Lhough hls
acL alone mlghL noL have caused Lhe enLlre ln[ury.

+5 .*)%. +%1$*

\5 &%!1#%. %&' 8#"2%2.* +"&$*;1*&+*$

;0 *`BF=?D D=>JC=F =DN HGCA@AA=IFA >A@>5

%0 Where Lhe defendanL's llablllLy ls recognlzed
only lf Lhe harm or ln[ury suffered ls Lhe naLural
and probable consequence of hls acL or omlsslon
complalned of. (8oozoo v. cA, 175 5ckA 297)

S5 9"#*$**%2,.,!T

;0 *`BF=?D ><A HGCA@AA=I?F?>P >A@>5

%0 Where Lhe parLlcular harm was reasonably
foreseeable aL Lhe Llme of Lhe defendanL's
mlsconducL, hls acL or omlsslon ls Lhe legal cause
Lhereof. 1o be negllgenL, Lhe defendanL musL
have acLed or falled Lo acL ln such a way LhaL an
ordlnary reasonable man would have reallzed
LhaL cerLaln lnLeresLs of cerLaln persons were
unreasonably sub[ecLed Lo a general buL deflnlLe
class of rlsk whlch made Lhe acLor's conducL
negllgenL, lL ls obvlously Lhe consequence for Lhe
acLor musL be held legally responslble.

'5 *99,+,*&! ,&!*#-*&,&) +%1$*

;0 /<=> ?@ =D AHH?E?AD> ?D>ACRAD?DK E=J@AL

%0 lL ls one whlch desLroys Lhe causal connecLlon
beLween Lhe negllgenL acL and Lhe ln[ury and
Lhereby negaLlves llablllLy (oovos octos
lotetvleos).

;0 /<AD ?@ ><ACA DG AHH?E?AD> ?D>ACRAD?DK E=J@AL

%0 lf Lhe force creaLed by Lhe negllgenL acL or
omlsslon have elLher:
1. remalned acLlve lLself,
8#"W,(%!* +%1$* ,&!*#-*&,&) +%1$* #*("!* +%1$* +"&+1##*&! +%1$*
lL ls Lhe cause whlch, ln
naLural and conLlnuous
sequence, unbroken by
any efflclenL lnLervenlng
cause, produces Lhe
ln[ury, and wlLhouL whlch
Lhe resulL would noL have
occurred.
Cne LhaL desLroys Lhe
causal connecLlon beLween
Lhe negllgenL acL and ln[ury
and Lhereby negaLlves
llablllLy.

&G>A0 loreseeable lnLervenlng
causes cannoL be consldered
sufflclenL lnLervenlng causes
1haL cause whlch some
lndependenL force merely
Look advanLage of Lo
accompllsh someLhlng noL
Lhe naLural effecL Lhereof.
Causes broughL abouL by
Lhe acLs and omlsslons of
Lhlrd persons whlch makes
Lhe defendanL sLlll llable.
Pere, Lhe proxlmaLe cause
ls noL necessarlly Lhe sole
cause of Lhe accldenL

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
2. creaLed anoLher force whlch remalned
acLlve unLll lL dlrecLly caused Lhe resulL,
or
3. creaLed a new acLlve rlsk of belng acLed
upon by Lhe acLlve force LhaL caused
Lhe resulL

S1S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
*5 +%1$* -$5 +"&',!,"&

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< E=J@A =DN EGDN?>?GD5

%0 Cause ls Lhe acLlve force whlle condlLlon ls Lhe
passlve slLuaLlon. 1he former ls Lhe acLlve cause"
of Lhe harm and Lhe laLLer ls Lhe exlsLlng
condlLlons" upon whlch Lhe cause operaLed.

&G>A0 lf Lhe defendanL has creaLed only a passlve
sLaLlc condlLlon whlch made Lhe damage posslble,
Lhe defendanL ls sald noL Lo be llable.

95 .%$! +.*%# +4%&+*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NGE>C?DA GH F=@> EFA=C E<=DEAL

%0 1he conLrlbuLory negllgence of Lhe parLy
ln[ured wlll noL defeaL Lhe clalm for damages lf lL
ls shown LhaL Lhe defendanL could, by Lhe
exerclse of reasonable care and prudence, have
avolded Lhe consequences of Lhe negllgence of
Lhe ln[ured parLy.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAQJ?@?>A@ GH ><A NGE>C?DA GH F=@>
EFA=C E<=DEAL

%0
1. 8oLh plalnLlff and defendanL were
negllgenL. (1hls ls an excepLlon Lo
concurrenL negllgence rule),
2. lalnLlff was ln a poslLlon of danger by
hls own negllgence,
3. uefendanL knew of such poslLlon of Lhe
plalnLlff,
4. uefendanL had Lhe lasL clear chance Lo
avold Lhe accldenL by exerclse of
ordlnary care buL folleJ to exetclse socb
lost cleot cbooce,
3. AccldenL occurred as proxlmaLe cause
of such fallure.

;0 ,@ ><A NGE>C?DA GH F=@> EFA=C E<=DEA =BBF?E=IFA
?D E=@A GH EGFF?@?GDL

%0 ?es. ln case of colllslon, lL applles ln a sulL
beLween Lhe owners and drlvers of collldlng
vehlcles and oot where a passenger demands
responslblllLy from Lhe carrler Lo enforce lLs
conLracLual obllgaLlons.

&G>A0 1here ls a dlfferenL rule ln case of colllslon of
vessels.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A ?D@>=DEA@ U<AD ><A NGE>C?DA GH
F=@> EFA=C E<=DEA ?@ ?D=BBF?E=IFAL

%0
1. 1he parLy charged ls requlred Lo acL
lnsLanLaneously, and Lhe ln[ury cannoL
be avolded by Lhe appllcaLlon of all
means aL hand afLer Lhe perll ls or
should have been dlscovered,
(loottooco Nottb xptesswoy v. 8oeso,
C.k. Nos. 7905051, Nov. 14, 1989)

2. lf Lhe defendanL's negllgence ls a
concurrenL cause and whlch was sLlll ln
operaLlon up Lo Lhe Llme Lhe ln[ury was
lnfllcLed,

3. Where Lhe plalnLlff, a passenger, flled
an acLlon agalnsL a carrler based on
conLracL, (8ostomoote v. cA, C.k. No.
89880, leb. 6, 1991)

4. lf Lhe acLor, Lhough negllgenL, was noL
aware of Lhe danger or rlsk broughL
abouL by Lhe prlor fraud or negllgenL
acL,

3. ln case of a collapse of a bulldlng or
sLrucLure. (ue koy v. cA, C.k. No. l
41154, Ioo. 29, 1988) (lloeJo, p.60,
2009 eJ.)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A =F>ACD=>?RA R?AU@ CAK=CN?DK ><A
NGE>C?DA GH F=@> EFA=C E<=DEAL

%0
1. revalllng vlew: 1he law ls LhaL Lhe
person who has Lhe lasL falr chance Lo
avold Lhe lmpendlng harm and falls Lo
do so ls chargeable wlLh Lhe
consequences, wlLhouL reference Lo Lhe
prlor negllgence of Lhe oLher parLy.

2. MlnorlLy vlew: 1he lasL clear chance
docLrlne ls lnappllcable ln hlllpplne
[urlsdlcLlon ln deLermlnlng Lhe
proxlmaLe cause of Lhe accldenL.

3. 1hlrd vlew: 1haL Lhe docLrlne of
comparaLlve negllgence and Lhe lasL
clear chance docLrlne are noL
lnconslsLenL wlLh each oLher.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

-,5 .*)%. ,&31#T

S14
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ ?DOJCP =@ N?@>?DKJ?@<AN HCGM N=M=KAL

%0 ln[ury ls Lhe lllegal lnvaslon of a legal rlghL
whlle damage ls Lhe loss, hurL or harm. ln[ury
refers Lo any lndeLermlnaLe rlghL or properLy, buL
also Lo honor and credlL.

25 *.*(*&!$ "9 #,)4!

;0 /<=> ?@ = C?K<>L

%0 lL ls a legally enforceable clalm of one person
agalnsL anoLher, LhaL Lhe oLher shall do a glven
acL, or shall noL do a glven acL (lloeJo, letsoos, p.
2J)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH C?K<>@L '?@>?DKJ?@<5

%0
1. Nototol klqbts - 1hose whlch grow ouL
of Lhe naLure of man and depend upon
personallLy.

.q. rlghL Lo llfe, llberLy, prlvacy, and
good repuLaLlon.

2. lolltlcol klqbts - ConslsL ln Lhe power Lo
parLlclpaLe, dlrecLly or lndlrecLly, ln Lhe
esLabllshmenL or admlnlsLraLlon of
governmenL.

.q. rlghL of suffrage, rlghL Lo hold
publlc offlce, rlghL of peLlLlon.

3. clvll klqbts - 1hose LhaL perLaln Lo a
person by vlrLue of hls clLlzenshlp ln a
sLaLe or communlLy.

.q.
1. properLy rlghLs,
2. marrlage,
3. equal proLecLlon of laws,
4. freedom of conLracL, Lrlal by
[ury. (lloeJo, letsoos, p. 24)
3. 8lghLs of personalLy or human
rlghLs,
6. lamlly rlghLs, and
7. aLrlmonlal rlghLs:
l. 8eal rlghLs
ll. ersonal rlghLs. (koboyo
letsoos, p. 19)

+5 -,".%!,"& "9 #,)4! "# .*)%. ,&31#T

;0 /<=> =CA ><A =R=?F=IFA CAMAN?A@ HGC = BAC@GD
U<G@A C?K<>@ <=RA IAAD R?GF=>ANL

%0 Legal remedles are elLher prevenLlve or
compensaLory. Lvery remedy ln a cerLaln sense ls
prevenLlve because lL LhreaLens cerLaln
undeslrable consequences Lo Lhose who vlolaLe
Lhe rlghLs of oLhers.

1he prlmary purpose of a LorL acLlon ls Lo provlde
compensaLlon Lo a person who was ln[ured by Lhe
LorLuous conducL of Lhe defendanL. 1he remedy
of Lhe ln[ured person ls Lherefore prlmarlly an
acLlon for damages agalnsL Lhe defendanL.
(Apoloo, p.20, 2005 eJ.)

'5 +.%$$*$ "9 ,&31#T

\5 ,&31#T !" 8*#$"&$

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >GC>@ EGMM?>>AN =K=?D@>
BAC@GD@L

%0
1. assaulL,
2. baLLery,
3. false lmprlsonmenL,
4. lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal
dlsLress, and
3. fraud

S5 ,&31#T !" 8#"8*#!T

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >GC>@ EGMM?>>AN =K=?D@>
BCGBAC>PL

%0
1. Lrespass Lo land,
2. Lrespass Lo chaLLels, and
3. converslon.

e5 ,&31#T !" #*.%!,"&$

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >GC>@ ><=> E=J@A ?DOJCP >G
CAF=>?GD@L

%0
1. lamlly relaLlons
a. AllenaLlon of affecLlon
b. Loss of consorLlum
c. Crlmlnal conversaLlon (adulLery)
2. Soclal relaLlons
a. Meddllng wlLh or dlsLurblng famlly
relaLlons

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
b. lnLrlgulng Lo cause anoLher Lo be
allenaLed from hls frlends
3. Lconomlc relaLlons
a. lnLerference wlLh conLracLual
relaLlons
b. unfalr compeLlLlon
4. ollLlcal relaLlons
a. vlolaLlon of rlghL Lo suffrage
b. vlolaLlon of oLher pollLlcal rlghLs
(freedom of speech, press,
assembly and peLlLlon, eLc.)
S1S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL

-,,5 ,&!*&!,"&%. !"#!$

%5 )*&*#%.

\5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>AD>?GD=F >GC>L

%0 1orL or wrong perpeLraLed by one who lnLends
Lo do LhaL whlch Lhe law has declared wrong as
conLrasLed wlLh negllgence ln whlch Lhe Lorfeasor
falls Lo exerclse LhaL degree of care ln dolng whaL
ls oLherwlse permlsslble (8locks low ulctloooty,
6
tb
eJltloo, p. 1489).

&G>A0 lnLenLlonal LorLs are Lhose whlch lnvolve
mallce or bad falLh.

S5 +.%$$*$

%5 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 8*#$"&$ %&'
8#"8*#!T

Y\Z 84T$,+%. 4%#($

;0 /<=> ><A V?DN@ GH B<P@?E=F <=CM@L

%0
1. vlolaLlon of persons securlLy, physlcal
ln[urles
a. baLLery (physlcal ln[ury)
b. assaulL (grave LhreaL)
2. lalse lmprlsonmenL (lllegal deLenLlon)
3. 1respass Lo land
4. lnLerference wlLh personal properLy
a. Lrespass Lo chaLLels
b. converslon

YSZ &"&84T$,+%. 4%#($

;0 /<=> ><A V?DN@ GH DGDB<P@?E=F <=CM@L

%0
1. vlolaLlon of personal dlgnlLy
2. lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress
3. vlolaLlon of prlvacy
a. ApproprlaLlon
b. lnLruslon
c. publlc dlsclosure of prlvaLe facLs
d. false llghL ln Lhe publlc eye
4. ulsLurbance of peace of mlnd
3. Mallclous prosecuLlon
6. uefamaLlon

25 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 #*.%!,"&$

See ln[ury Lo 8elaLlons.

25 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 #,)4!$ !" 8*#$"&$
%&' 8#"8*#!T

\5 ,&!*&!,"&%. 84T$,+%. 4%#($

%5 )*&*#%.

Y\Z +"&+*8!

YSZ 6,&'$

25 -,".%!,"& "9 8*#$"&$ $*+1#,!TX 84T$,+%.
,&31#,*$

Y\Z 2%!!*#T Y84T$,+%. ,&31#TZ

;0 /<=> ?@ I=>>ACP =@ = I=@?@ HGC >GC> F?=I?F?>PL

%0 lL ls Lhe lnLenLlonal, unprlvlleged, and elLher
harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of
anoLher.

&"!*0 AL common law, I=>>ACP ls Lhe LorL of
lnLenLlonally and volunLarlly brlnglng abouL an
unconsenLed harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh a
person or Lo someLhlng closely assoclaLed wlLh
Lhem.

;0 /<AD ?@ = BAC@GD F?=IFA HGC >GC> I=@AN GD
I=>>ACPL

%0 An acLor ls sub[ecL Lo llablllLy Lo anoLher for
baLLery lf:
1. he acLs lnLendlng Lo cause a harmful or
offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of Lhe
oLher or a Lhlrd person, or an lmmlnenL
apprehenslon of such a conLacL, and
2. a harmful/offenslve conLracL wlLh Lhe
person of Lhe oLher dlrecLly or lndlrecLly
resulLs

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH I=>>ACPL

%0
1. lnLenL
2. Parmful or offenslve conducL
3. Absence of prlvllege

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

;0 ,@ =E>J=F EGD>=E> DAEA@@=CP ?D I=>>ACPL

%0 no. unllke assaulL, baLLery lnvolves an acLual
conLacL. 1he conLacL can be by one person
(Lhe LorLfeasor) of anoLher (Lhe vlcLlm), or Lhe
conLacL may be by an ob[ecL broughL abouL by Lhe
LorLfeasor. lor example, Lhe lnLenLlonal conLacL
by a car ls a baLLery.

&"!*0 unllke crlmlnal law, whlch recognlzes degrees
of varlous crlmes lnvolvlng physlcal conLacL, Lhere ls
buL a slngle LorL of baLLery. LlghLly fllcklng a person's
ear ls baLLery, as ls severely beaLlng someone wlLh a
Llre lron. nelLher ls Lhere a separaLe LorL for a
baLLery of a sexual naLure.

;0 /<=> =CA @GMA CJFA@ ?D NA>ACM?D?DK F?=I?F?>P
HGC >GC> I=@AN GD I=>>ACPL

%0
1. 1he vlcLlm of a baLLery need noL be
aware of Lhe acL aL Lhe Llme for Lhe LorL
Lo have occurred.
2. 8aLLery ls a form of Lrespass Lo Lhe
person and as such no acLual damage
(e.g. ln[ury) needs Lo be proved. Cnly
proof of conLacL (wlLh Lhe approprlaLe
level of lnLenLlon or negllgence) needs
Lo be made.
3. lf Lhere ls an aLLempLed baLLery, buL no
acLual conLacL, LhaL may consLlLuLe a
LorL of assaulL.
4. 8aLLery need noL requlre bodyLobody
conLacL. 1ouchlng an ob[ecL "lnLlmaLely
connecLed" Lo a person (such as an
ob[ecL he or she ls holdlng) can also be
baLLery.
3. A conLacL may consLlLuLe a baLLery even
lf Lhere ls a delay beLween Lhe
defendanL's acL and Lhe conLacL Lo Lhe
plalnLlff's ln[ury.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A NAHAD@A@ ?D >CA@B=@@ >G ><A
BAC@GD U<?E< =CA =BBF?E=IFA >G I=>>ACPL

%0 1he sLandard defenses Lo Lrespass Lo Lhe
person are:
1. necesslLy,
2. consenL,
3. self defense, and
4. defense of oLhers.

S16
&G>A0 Self defense as Lo baLLery can conslsL only of
engaglng ln physlcal conLacL wlLh anoLher person ln
order Lo prevenL Lhe oLher person from Lhemselves
engaglng ln a physlcal aLLack.

rlvllege ls a defense for baLLery. uefendanL has
burden Lo prove.
YSZ %$$%1.! Y)#%-* !4#*%!Z

;0 /<=> ?@ =@@=JF> ?D ><A EGD>A`> GH >GC>@L

%0 lL ls Lhe LorL of acLlng lnLenLlonally and
volunLarlly causlng Lhe reasonable apprehenslon
of an lmmedlaLe harmful or offenslve conLacL.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH =@@=JF> =@ = I=@?@
HGC >GC> F?=I?F?>PL

%0
1. An acL by defendanL creaLlng a
reasonable apprehenslon ln plalnLlff
2. of lmmedlaLe harmful or offenslve
conLacL Lo plalnLlff's person
3. lnLenL
4. CausaLlon

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E>GC F?=IFA HGC >GC> I=@AN GD
=@@=JF>L

%0 An acLor ls llable for assaulL lf:
1. Pe acLs lnLendlng Lo cause a harmful or
offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of Lhe
oLher, or an lmmlnenL apprehenslon of
such a conLacL, and
2. 1he oLher ls Lhereby puL ln such
lmmlnenL apprehenslon.

&G>A0 AssaulL requlres lnLenL.

AcLual ablllLy Lo carry ouL Lhe apprehended conLacL
ls noL necessary.

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E> DG> EGD@?NACAN =D =@@=JF>L

%0 An acL lnLended as a sLep Loward Lhe lnfllcLlon
of a fuLure conLacL, whlch ls so recognlzed by Lhe
oLher, does noL make Lhe acLor llable for an
assaulL under Lhe rule.

;0 ,@ =E>J=F EGD>=E> DAEA@@=CP ?D =@@=JF>L

%0 no. As dlsLlngulshed from baLLery, assaulL need
noL Lo lnvolve acLual conLacL-lL only needs lnLenL
and Lhe resulLlng apprehenslon. Powever, assaulL
requlres more Lhan words alone. lor example,
wleldlng a knlfe whlle shouLlng LhreaLs could be
consLrued as assaulL lf an apprehenslon was
creaLed.

&G>A0 A baLLery can occur wlLhouL a precedlng
assaulL, such as lf a person ls sLruck ln Lhe back of
Lhe head. lear ls noL requlred, only anLlclpaLlon of
subsequenL baLLery.

+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
;0 /<AD ?@ EGD>=E> @=?N >G IA c<=CMHJFdL

%0 Whlle Lhe law varles by [urlsdlcLlon, conLacL ls
ofLen deflned as "harmful" lf lL ob[ecLlvely lnLends
Lo ln[ure, dlsflgure, lmpalr, or cause paln.
S17
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E> NAAMAN >G IA cGHHAD@?RAdL

%0 1he acL ls deemed "offenslve" lf lL would
offend a reasonable person's sense of personal
dlgnlLy.

;0 ,D U<=> EGD>A`> ?@ c?MM?DADEAd JDNAC@>GGN ?D
NA>ACM?D?DK >GC> F?=I?F?>P HGC =@@=JF>L

%0 "lmmlnence" ls [udged ob[ecLlvely and varles
wldely on Lhe facLs, lL generally suggesLs Lhere ls
llLLle Lo no opporLunlLy for lnLervenlng acLs.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< =BBCA<AD@?GD HCGM HA=C5

%0 1he sLaLe of "apprehenslon" should be
dlfferenLlaLed from Lhe general sLaLe of fear, as
apprehenslon requlres only LhaL Lhe person be
aware of Lhe lmmlnence of Lhe harmful or
offenslve acL.

;0 /<=> =CA @GMA NAHAD@A@ ?D =@@=JF>L

%0 AssaulL can be [usLlfled ln slLuaLlons of self
defense or defense of a Lhlrd parLy where Lhe acL
was deemed reasonable. lL can also be [usLlfled ln
slLuaLlons where consenL can ofLen be lmplled
(l.e. sporLs compeLlLlons).

+5 9%.$* ,(8#,$"&(*&! Y,..*)%. '*!*&!,"&Z

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH H=F@A ?MBC?@GDMAD>
=@ = I=@?@ HGC >GC> F?=I?F?>PL

%0
1. An acL or omlsslon on Lhe parL of
defendanL LhaL conflnes or resLralns
plalnLlff
2. 1haL plalnLlff ls conflned or resLralned
Lo a bounded area,
3. lnLenL, and
4. CausaLlon

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E>GC F?=IFA HGC H=F@A
?MBC?@GDMAD>L

%0 under Lhe law on LorLs, an acLor ls llable for
false lmprlsonmenL lf:
1. he acLs lnLendlng Lo conflne Lhe oLher
wlLhln boundarles flxed by Lhe acLor,
2. hls acL dlrecLly or lndlrecLly resulLs ln
such a conflnemenL, and
3. Lhe oLher ls consclous of Lhe
conflnemenL or ls harmed by lL.

'5 !#*$8%$$ !" .%&'

Y\Z +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ >CA@B=@@ >G CA=F BCGBAC>PL

%0 lL ls a LorL LhaL ls commlLLed when a person
unlawfully lnvades Lhe real properLy of anoLher.

;0 /<AD M=P N=M=KA@ IA =U=CNAN ?D
NABC?R=>?GD GH CA=F BCGBAC>PL

%0 uamages may be awarded lf Lhe real owner
was deprlved of possesslon of hls properLy by a
possessor ln bad falLh or by a person who does
noL have any rlghL whaLsoever over Lhe properLy.

&G>A0 uamages may be awarded Lo Lhe real owner lf
he suffered such damages because he was deprlved
of possesslon of hls properLy by a possessor ln bad
falLh or by a person who does noL have any rlghL
whaLsoever over Lhe properLy.

Anybody who bullds, planLs or sows on Lhe land of
anoLher knowlng full well LhaL Lhere ls a defecL ln hls
LlLle ls llable for damages. 1he llablllLy ls ln addlLlon
Lo Lhe rlghL of Lhe landowner ln good falLh Lo
approprlaLe whaL was bullL, planLed or sown or Lo
remove Lhe same.

LlablllLy for damages under Lhe aboveclLed
provlslons of Lhe 8C and Lhe nCC requlres lnLenL or
bad falLh.

YSZ *.*(*&!$

;0 ,@ ?D>AD> GC I=N H=?>< DAEA@@=CP HGC F?=I?F?>P >G
=>>=E<L

%0 ?es, Lhe 8evlsed enal Code and Lhe new Clvll
Code requlres lnLenL or bad falLh.

&G>A0 Chlef !usLlce Concepclon observed however
LhaL Lrespass may even be commlLLed ln good falLh.
(kepobllc v. Je los Aoqeles, C.k. l26112, Oct. 4,
1971)

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A A`>AD> GH >CA@B=@@ >G BAC@GD=F
BCGBAC>PL

%0 ln Lhe fleld of LorL, Lrespass exLends Lo all cases
where a person ls deprlved of hls personal
properLy even ln Lhe absence of crlmlnal llablllLy.
(Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J.
l.J68)

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

S18
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

*5 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 8*#$"&%. 8#"8*#!T

Y\Z !#*$8%$$ !" +4%!!*.$

;0 /<=> ?@ >CA@B=@@ >G E<=>>AF@L

%0 lL ls where a person Look possesslon of Lhe
properLy of anoLher ln bad falLh.

YSZ +"&-*#$,"&

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH EGDRAC@?GDL

%0
1. An acL by defendanL LhaL lnLerferes wlLh
plalnLlff's rlghL of possesslon ln a
chaLLel.

2. 1he lnLerference ls so serlous LhaL lL
warranLs requlrlng defendanL Lo pay Lhe
chaLLel's full value.

;0 /<=> M=P IA ?DEFJNAN ?D EGDRAC@?GDL

%0 Converslon may lnclude:
1. Cases where Lhe defendanL deprlved
Lhe plalnLlff of personal properLy for Lhe
purpose of obLalnlng possesslon of a
real properLy, as when a landlord
deprlved hls LenanLs of waLer ln order
for Lhem Lo vacaLe Lhe loL Lhey were
culLlvaLlng.
2. un[usLlfled deprlvaLlon of access Lo
properLy such as un[usLlfled
dlsconnecLlon of elecLrlclLy servlce

S5 ,&!*&!,"&%. &"&84T$,+%. 4%#($

%5 )*&*#%.

Y\Z +"&+*8!

YSZ 6,&'$

25 -,".%!,"& "9 8*#$"&%. ',)&,!T

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA U?>< CAK=CN >G ><A C?K<> GH =
BAC@GD >G <?@ N?KD?>PX BAC@GD=F?>PX BC?R=EP =DN
BA=EA GH M?DNL

%0 Lvery person shall respecL Lhe dlgnlLy,
personallLy, prlvacy and peace of mlnd of hls
nelghbors and oLher persons. 1he followlng and
slmllar acLs, Lhough Lhey may noL consLlLuLe a
crlmlnal offense, shall produce a cause of acLlon
for damages, prevenLlon and oLher rellef:

1. rylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy of anoLher's
resldence,
2. Meddllng wlLh or dlsLurblng Lhe prlvaLe
llfe or famlly relaLlons of anoLher,
3. lnLrlgulng Lo cause anoLher Lo be
allenaLed from hls frlends,
4. vexlng or humlllaLlng anoLher on
accounL of hls rellglous bellefs, lowly
sLaLlon ln llfe, place of blrLh, physlcal
defecL, or oLher personal condlLlon.
(Att. 26, Ncc)

+5 ,&9.,+!,"& "9 *("!,"&%. ',$!#*$$

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAQJ?@?>A@ HGC GDA >G IA =IFA >G
CAEGRAC HGC ><A ?D>AD>?GD=F ?DHF?E>?GD GH
AMG>?GD=F N?@>CA@@L

%0 1he plalnLlff musL show LhaL:

1. 1he conducL of Lhe defendanL was
lnLenLlonal or ln reckless dlsregard of
Lhe plalnLlff,
2. 1he conducL was exLreme and
ouLrageous,
3. 1here was a causal connecLlon
beLween Lhe defendanL's conducL and
Lhe plalnLlff's menLal dlsLress, and
4. 1he plalnLlff's menLal dlsLress was
exLreme and severe.

&G>A0 Lven lf Lhere was no lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of
emoLlonal dlsLress ln one case, Lhe SC recognlzed Lhe
posslblllLy LhaL one may be made llable for Lhe LorL
of lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress.

;0 /<=> NGA@ cA`>CAMA =DN GJ>C=KAGJ@
EGDNJE>d MA=DL

%0 lL ls conducL LhaL ls so ouLrageous ln characLer,
and so exLreme ln degree, as Lo go beyond all
posslble bounds of decency, and Lo be regarded
as aLroclous, and uLLerly lnLolerable ln clvlllzed
socleLy.

;0 /<=> NGA@ cAMG>?GD=F N?@>CA@@d MA=DL

%0 lL ls any hlghly unpleasanL menLal reacLlon such
as exLreme grlef, shame, humlllaLlon,
embarrassmenL, anger, dlsappolnLmenL, worry,
nausea, menLal sufferlng and angulsh, shock,
frlghL, horror, and chagrln.

&G>A0 Severe emoLlonal dlsLress" ln some
[urlsdlcLlons, refer Lo any Lype of severe and
dlsabllng emoLlonal or menLal condlLlon whlch may
be generally recognlzed and dlagnosed by
professlonals Lralned Lo do so, lncludlng

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
posLLraumaLlc sLress dlsorder, neurosls, psychosls,
chronlc depresslon, or phobla.

1he plalnLlff ls requlred Lo show, among oLher
Lhlngs, LhaL he or she suffered emoLlonal dlsLress so
severe LhaL no reasonable person could be expecLed
Lo endure lL, severlLy of Lhe dlsLress ls an elemenL of
Lhe cause of acLlon, noL slmply a maLLer of damages.

1he plalnLlff cannoL recover merely because of hurL
feellngs. LlablllLy cannoL be exLended Lo every Lrlvlal
lndlgnlLy. 1he plalnLlff musL necessarlly be expecLed
and requlred Lo be hardened Lo a cerLaln amounL of
rough language, and Lo acLs LhaL are deflnlLely
lnconslderaLe and unklnd.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< AMG>?GD=F N?@>CA@@ HCGM
NAH=M=>?GD5

%0 An emoLlonal dlsLress LorL acLlon ls personal ln
naLure. lL ls a clvll acLlon flled by an lndlvldual Lo
assuage Lhe ln[urles Lo hls emoLlonal LranqulllLy
due Lo personal aLLacks on hls characLer.

LmoLlonal dlsLress properly belongs Lo Lhe
reacLlve harm prlnclple whlle defamaLlon calls for
Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe relaLlonal harm prlnclple.

&"!*0 1he prlnclple of relaLlonal harm lncludes harm
Lo soclal relaLlonshlps ln Lhe communlLy ln Lhe form
of defamaLlon as dlsLlngulshed from Lhe prlnclple of
reacLlve harm whlch lncludes ln[urles Lo lndlvldual
emoLlonal LranqulllLy.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A @G E=FFAN cB=C=@?>?Ed N=M=KA HGC
AMG>?GD=F N?@>CA@@L

%0 1hese are damages whlch depend on Lhe
exlsLence of anoLher LorL.

S19
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
'5 -,".%!,"& "9 8#,-%+T

;0 /<=> =CA ><A hGDA@ GH BC?R=EP JDNAC ><A &++X
#8+X #JFA@ GH +GJC>X =DN @BAE?=F F=U@L

%0
1. 1haL every person shall respecL Lhe
dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and peace
of mlnd of hls nelghbors and oLher
persons and any acL of a person of
meddllng and prylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy
of anoLher ls punlshable as an
acLlonable wrong,

2. 1haL a publlc offlcer or employee or
any prlvaLe lndlvldual shall be llable for
damages for any vlolaLlon of Lhe rlghLs
and llberLles of anoLher person, and
recognlzes Lhe prlvacy of leLLers and
oLher prlvaLe communlcaLlons,
3. 1he 8C makes a crlme Lhe:
l. vlolaLlon of secreLs by an
offlcer,
ll. revelaLlon of Lrade and
lndusLrlal secreLs, and
lll. Lrespass Lo dwelllng.

4. lnvaslon of prlvacy ls llkewlse an
offense ln speclal laws such as Lhe:
l. anLlwlreLapplng law, and
ll. secrecy of bank deposlLs
acL, and

3. 1he 8ules of CourL provlslons on
prlvlleged communlcaLlon.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A @>=DN=CN >G IA =BBF?AN ?D
NA>ACM?D?DK ><A A`?@>ADEA GH = R?GF=>?GD GH ><A
C?K<> >G BC?R=EPL

%0 1he rlghL Lo prlvacy ls noL a guaranLy Lo
hermlLlc secluslon. 1he sLandard Lo be applled ls
LhaL of a person of ordlnary senslblllLles. lL ls
relaLlve Lo Lhe cusLoms of Lhe Llme and place, and
ls deLermlned by Lhe norm of an ordlnary person.

&"!*0 1he essence of prlvacy ls Lhe rlghL Lo be leL
alone.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A >UGB=C> >A@> ?D NA>ACM?D?DK ><A
CA=@GD=IFADA@@ GH = BAC@GDb@ A`BAE>=>?GD GH
BC?R=EPL

%0
1. WheLher by hls conducL, Lhe lndlvldual
has exhlblLed an expecLaLlon of prlvacy,
and
2. WheLher Lhls expecLaLlon ls one LhaL
socleLy recognlzes as reasonable.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A HGJC KADAC=F EF=@@A@ GH >GC>
=E>?GD@ HGC ?DR=@?GD GH BC?R=EPL

%0
1. approprlaLlon,
2. lnLruslon,
3. publlc dlsclosure of prlvaLe facLs, and
4. false llghL ln Lhe publlc eye

Y\Z %88#"8#,%!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ =BBCGBC?=>?GDL

%0 lL conslsLs of approprlaLlon, for Lhe defendanL's
beneflL or advanLage, of Lhe plalnLlff's name or
llkeness.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

;0 /<=> NGA@ ><?@ >GC> BCG>AE>L

%0 1he LorL of commerclal approprlaLlon of
llkeness has been held Lo proLecL varlous aspecLs
of an lndlvldual's ldenLlLy from commerclal
explolLaLlon:

1. name
2. llkeness
3. achlevemenLs
4. ldenLlfylng characLerlsLlcs
3. acLual performances
6. flcLlLlous characLers creaLed by a
performer
S2u
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

7. phrases and oLher Lhlngs assoclaLed
wlLh an lndlvldual.

YSZ ,&!#1$,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>CJ@?GDL

%0 ConslsLs ln Lhe lnLruslon upon Lhe plalnLlff's
sollLude or secluslon.
lL lncludes:
1. prylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy of one's home,
2. lnvadlng hls home,
3. lnvadlng one's prlvacy by looklng from
ouLslde,
4. eavesdropplng, or
3. perslsLenL and unwanLed Lelephone
calls.

&"!*0 1he LorL of lnLruslon upon a person's sollLude
proLecLs a person's sense of locaLlonal and
psychologlcal prlvacy.

,D>CJ@?GD ?D BJIF?E BF=EA@0

Cenerally, Lhere ls no lnvaslon of Lhe rlghL Lo
prlvacy when a [ournallsL records, phoLographs,
or wrlLes abouL someLhlng LhaL occurs ln publlc
places.

Powever, whlle merely waLchlng a person ln
publlc places ls noL a vlolaLlon, one does noL
auLomaLlcally make publlc everyLhlng LhaL he
does ln publlc. lL should noL be LanLamounL Lo
harassmenL or overzealous shadowlng.

1hls proLecLlon ls noL llmlLed Lo publlc flgures.
Lveryone ls proLecLed.

,D>CJ@?GD =DN =NM?D?@>C=>?RA ?DRA@>?K=>?GD0

1here ls no lnLruslon when an employer
lnvesLlgaLes lLs employee or when a school
lnvesLlgaLes lLs sLudenL. ln Lhe laLLer case, Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlon may cover an alleged offense
commlLLed ouLslde Lhe school premlses.
,D>CJ@?GD =DN BJIF?E CAEGCN@0

Cenerally , Lhere ls no lnLruslon lnLo Lhe rlghL of
prlvacy of anoLher lf Lhe lnformaLlon soughL are
maLLers of publlc record. 1hls ls especlally Lrue ln
case Lhe persons who are lnvoklng Lhe rlghL Lo
prlvacy are publlc offlcers and Lhe maLLer
lnvolved ls of publlc concern.

Powever, lf Lhe maLLer soughL Lo be revealed
does noL lnvolve anyLhlng of publlc concern, Lhere
can be a vlolaLlon or Lhe rlghL Lo prlvacy.

YeZ 812.,+ ',$+."$1#* "9 8#,-%!* 9%+!$

;0 /<=> ?@ BJIF?E N?@EFG@JCA GH BC?R=>A H=E>@L

%0 ConslsLs of a cause of acLlon ln publlclLy, of a
hlghly ob[ecLlonable klnd, glven Lo prlvaLe
lnformaLlon abouL Lhe plalnLlff, even Lhough lL ls
Lrue and no acLlon would lle for defamaLlon.

;0 /<=> ?@ R?GF=>AN ?D BJIF?E N?@EFG@JCA GH BC?R=>A
H=E>@L

%0 1he lnLeresL soughL Lo be proLecLed ls Lhe rlghL
Lo be free from unwarranLed publlclLy, from Lhe
wrongful publlclzlng of Lhe prlvaLe affalrs and
acLlvlLles of an lndlvldual whlch are ouLslde Lhe
realm of leglLlmaLe concern.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH BJIF?E N?@EFG@JCA GH
BC?R=>A H=E>@L

%0
1. Lhere musL be a publlc dlsclosure,
2. Lhe facLs dlsclosed musL be a prlvaLe
facL,
3. Lhe maLLer be one whlch would be
offenslve and ob[ecLlonable Lo a
reasonable person of ordlnary
senslblllLles.

;0 /<G ?@ = cBJIF?E H?KJCAdL

%0 a person who, by hls accompllshmenLs, fame
or mode of llvlng, or by adopLlng a professlon or
calllng whlch glves Lhe publlc a leglLlmaLe lnLeresL
ln hls dolngs, hls affalrs, and hls characLer, has
become a 'publlc personage'

;0 ,@ ?> = >GC>JGJ@ EGDNJE> HGC GDA >G BJIF?@<
H=E>@ NAC?RAN HCGM GHH?E?=F BCGEAAN?DK@L

%0 lf Lhe facLs publlshed are noL declared by law
Lo be confldenLlal, lL ls noL LorLuous.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
;0 ,@ = KGRACDMAD>=F =KADEP GC GHH?EAC >=@VAN
U?><X =DN =E>?DK ?DX ><A N?@E<=CKA GH BJIF?E NJ>?A@
RA@>AN U?>< = C?K<> >G BC?R=EPL

%0 no, sald rlghL belongs only Lo lndlvlduals acLlng
ln a prlvaLe capaclLy.

S21
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
YfZ 9%.$* .,)4! ,& !4* 812.,+ *T*

;0 /<=> ?@ H=F@A F?K<> ?D ><A BJIF?E APAL

%: lL ls a LorL commlLLed by puLLlng a person ln a
false llghL before Lhe publlc. lL ls a non
defamaLory falsehood ln LhaL a false lmpresslon ls
conveyed.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A ?D>ACA@> >G IA BCG>AE>AN ?D ><?@
>GC>L

%0 1he lnLeresL Lo be proLecLed ln Lhls LorL ls Lhe
lnLeresL of Lhe lndlvldual ln noL belng made Lo
appear before Lhe publlc ln an ob[ecLlonable false
llghL or false poslLlon.

;0 4GU ?@ H=F@A F?K<> ?D ><A BJIF?E APA N?HHACAD>
HCGM NAH=M=>?GDL

%0 ln false llghL, Lhe gravamen of Lhe clalm ls noL
repuLaLlonal harm buL raLher Lhe embarrassmenL
of a person ln belng made lnLo someLhlng he ls
noL.

ubllcaLlon ln defamaLlon ls saLlsfled lf a leLLer ls
senL Lo a Lhlrd person, whlle ln false llghL cases,
Lhe sLaLemenL should be acLually made publlc.

ln defamaLlon, whaL ls publlshed lowers Lhe
esLeem ln whlch Lhe plalnLlff ls held. ln false llghL
cases, Lhe defendanL may sLlll be held llable even
lf Lhe sLaLemenLs Lell someLhlng good abouL Lhe
plalnLlff.

*5 ',$!1#2%&+* "9 8*%+* "9 (,&'

See LmoLlonal ulsLress.

95 (%.,+,"1$ 8#"$*+1!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ = >GC> =E>?GD HGC M=F?E?GJ@
BCG@AEJ>?GDL

%0 lL ls an acLlon for damages broughL by one
agalnsL anoLher whom a a crlmlnal prosecuLlon,
clvll sulL, or oLher legal proceedlngs has been
lnsLlLuLed mallclously and wlLhouL probable
cause, afLer Lhe LermlnaLlon of such prosecuLlon,
sulL or proceedlng ln favor of defendanL Lhereln.

&G>A0 Mallce and probable cause musL concur.
k. Mollce. 1he presence of probable cause slgnlfles,
as a legal consequence, Lhe absence of mallce.1he
absence of mallce, Lherefore, lnvolves good falLh on
Lhe parL of Lhe defendanL. 1hls good falLh may even
be based on mlsLake of law.

ke. Acpolttol. AcqulLLal presupposes LhaL a crlmlnal
lnformaLlon ls flled on courL and flnal [udgmenL ls
rendered dlsmlsslng Lhe case agalnsL Lhe accused. lL
ls noL enough LhaL Lhe plalnLlff ls dlscharged on a
wrlL of bobeos cotpos and granLed ball. Such
dlscharge ls noL consldered Lhe LermlnaLlon of Lhe
acLlon conLemplaLed Lo warranL Lhe lnsLlLuLlon of a
mallclous prosecuLlon sulL agalnsL Lhose responslble
for Lhe flllng of Lhe lnformaLlon agalnsL hlm.

neverLheless, lL ls belleved LhaL prlor acqulLLal" may
lnclude dlsmlssal by Lhe prosecuLor afLer prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH M=F?E?GJ@
BCG@AEJ>?GDL

%0 ,D EC?M?D=F E=@A@0

1. Lhe facL of Lhe prosecuLlon and Lhe
furLher facL LhaL Lhe defendanL was
hlmself Lhe prosecuLor, and LhaL Lhe
acLlon was LermlnaLed wlLh an
acqulLLal,
2. LhaL ln brlnglng Lhe acLlon, Lhe
prosecuLor acLed wlLhouL probable
cause,
3. Lhe prosecuLor was acLuaLed or
lmpelled by legal mallce. (osooo v.
komos, C.k. 156JJ9, Oct. 6, 2004)

&G>A0 Lhe Lerm prosecuLor" lncludes Lhe
complalnanL who lnlLlaLed Lhe case, Lhe prosecuLor
hlmself, any oLher publlc offlcer auLhorlzed Lo flle
and prosecuLe Lhe crlmlnal case.

Mere wlLnesses are noL lncluded, buL are llable for
false LesLlmony or per[ury for Lhelr falsehoods.

,D E?R?F E=@A@0
1. Lhe defendanL flled a clvll acLlon agalnsL
Lhe plalnLlff prevlously,
2. Lhe acLlon was dlsmlssed for clear lack of
merlL or for belng baseless, unfounded,
and mallclous,
3. Lhe defendanL who flled Lhe prevlous
complalnL as plalnLlff was moLlvaLed by lll
wlll or slnlsLer deslgn,
4. Lhe presenL plalnLlff suffered ln[ury or
damage by reason of Lhe prevlous
complalnL flled agalnsL hlm.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E>?GD HGC M=F?E?GJ@ BCG@AEJ>?GD
BCAM=>JCAL

%0 lf Lhe acLlon flled by a parLy ls sLlll pendlng Lrlal,
Lhe flllng by Lhe defendanL of an acLlon based on
mallclous prosecuLlon anchored on Lhe flrsL case
ls premaLure. lLs dlsmlssal ls ln order. (lloeJo,
2004 cltloq cobocooqoo v. cottoles, 95 lnll 919)

;0 ,@ ><ACA F?=I?F?>P HGC M=F?E?GJ@ BCG@AEJ>?GD ?D
E=@A = @J?> ?@ JD@JEEA@@HJFL

%0 none. 1he mere flllng of a sulL does noL render
Lhe plalnLlff llable for mallclous prosecLlon should
he be unsuccessful. ersons should have free
resorL Lo Lhe courLs. 1he law does noL lmpose a
penalLy on Lhe rlghL Lo llLlgaLe. (lloeJo, 2004)

&G>A0 Powever, Lhe repeaLed flllng of a complalnL all
of whlch were dlsmlssed, shows mallclous
prosecuLlon enLlLllng Lhe ln[ured parLy Lo an award
of moral damages. (lloeJo, 2004 cltloq nowplo v.
cA, 20 5ckA 5J6)
S22
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

)5 '*9%(%!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ NAH=M=>?GD =DN U<=> NGA@ ?> EGRACL

%0 uefamaLlon ls Larnlshlng Lhe repuLaLlon of
someone, lL ls a publlc and mallclous lmpuLaLlon
of a crlme, or of a vlce or defecL, real or
lmaglnary, or any acL, omlsslon, condlLlon, sLaLus,
or clrcumsLance Lendlng Lo cause Lhe dlshonor,
dlscredlL, or conLempL of a naLural or [urldlcal
person, or Lo blacken Lhe memory of one who ls
dead. (ArL. 333, 8C). lL has Lwo
varleLles, slooJet and llbel.

&G>A0 AcLual damages need noL be proved, aL leasL
where Lhe publlcaLlon ls llbelous pet se, or where Lhe
amounL of damages ls more or less nomlnal.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH NAH=M=>?GD =@ =
I=@?@ HGC >GC> F?=I?F?>PL

%0
1. uefamaLory language,
2. of or concernlng Lhe plalnLlff,
3. ubllcaLlon Lhereof by defendanL Lo a
Lhlrd person, and
4. uamage Lo plalnLlff's repuLaLlon.

&G>A0 ubllcaLlon" ls Lhe communlcaLlon of Lhe
defamaLory maLLer Lo some Lhlrd person or persons.

;0 /<=> ?@ F?IAFL

%0 lL ls a defamaLlon commlLLed by means of
wrlLlng, prlnLlng, llLhography, engravlng, radlo,
phonograph, palnLlng or LheaLrlcal or
clnemaLographlc exhlblLlon, or any slmllar means.

;0 /<=> ?@ @F=DNACL

%0 An oral defamaLlon.

;0 /<=> ?@ @F=DNAC IP NAANL

%0 lL ls a crlme commlLLed by any person who
performs an acL LhaL cosLs dlshonor, dlscredlL or
conLempL upon Lhe offended parLy ln Lhe
presence of oLher person or persons.

;0 ,@ ><A ?MBJ>=>?GD GH EC?M?D=F ?D>AD>?GD
F?IAFGJ@L

%0 no, because lnLenL Lo commlL a crlme ls noL a
vlolaLlon of law.

Y\Z '*9*&$*$

Y%Z %2$*&+* "9 *.*(*&!$

;0 ,@ ><A =FFAK=>?GD ><=> ><A GHHADNAC MACAFP
A`BCA@@A@ <?@ GB?D?GD GC IAF?AH = NAHAD@A ?D
NAH=M=>?GD E=@A@L

ln order Lo escape crlmlnal responslblllLy, lL ls noL
enough for Lhe offender Lo say LhaL he expresses
Lhereln no more Lhan hls oplnlon or bellef. 1he
communlcaLlon musL be made ln Lhe
performance of a legal, moral, or soclal duLy."

;0 /<=> ?@ CA>C=E>?GD =DN U<=> ?@ ?>@ AHHAE> =@
CAK=CN@ F?=I?F?>P HGC NAH=M=>?GDL

%0 When a perlodlcal glves currency, wheLher
lnnocenLly or oLherwlse, Lo a false and
defamaLory sLaLemenL concernlng any person, lL
ls under boLh a legal and moral duLy Lo check Lhe
propagaLlon of such sLaLemenL as soon as
pracLlcable by publlshlng a tettoctloo.

8eLracLlon may mlLlgaLe Lhe damages provlded
LhaL lL conLalns an admlsslon of Lhe falslLy of Lhe
llbelous publlcaLlon and evlnce a deslre Lo repalr
Lhe wrong occasloned Lhereby.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A AHHAE> ?H ><A BJIF?E=>?GD U=@ IP
CA=@GD GH =D <GDA@> M?@>=VAL

%0 lL only serves Lo mlLlgaLe llablllLy where Lhe
arLlcle ls llbelous pet se.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
Y2Z 8#,-,.*)*

;0 ,H ><A NAH=M=>GCP ?MBJ>=>?GD@ UACA M=NA ?D =
BC?R?FAKAN EGMMJD?E=>?GDX ?@ ><ACA F?=I?F?>P
><ACAHGCL

%0 none. An absoluLely prlvlleged communlcaLlon
ls one for whlch, by reason of Lhe occaslon on
whlch lL ls made, no remedy ls provlded for Lhe
damages ln a clvll acLlon for slander or llbel.

S2S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
45 9#%1' "# (,$#*8#*$*&!%!,"& Y9"#(*#.T
'*+*,!Z

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH M?@CABCA@AD>=>?GD
?D >GC>@ E=@A@L

%0
1. AfflrmaLlve mlsrepresenLaLlon of a
maLerlal facL,
2. uefendanL knew LhaL sLaLemenL belng
made was false,
3. lnLenL,
4. CausaLlon,
3. !usLlflable rellance, and
6. uamages

,5 $*'1+!,"&

;0 /<AD ?@ = NAHADN=D> F?=IFA HGC N=M=KA@ ?D
E=@A GH @ANJE>?GDL

%0 SeducLlon, by lLself, ls an acL whlch ls conLrary
Lo morals, good cusLoms and publlc pollcy. 1he
defendanL ls llable lf he employed decelL,
enLlcemenL, superlor power or abuse of
confldence ln successfully havlng sexual
lnLercourse wlLh anoLher.

&G>A0 1here ls llablllLy even lf Lhere ls no breach of
promlse Lo marry.

;0 /<=> ?@ ?DEFJNAN ?D c@A`J=F =@@=JF>dL

%0 1he defendanL would be llable for all forms of
sexual assaulL. 1hese lnclude rape, acLs of
lasclvlousness and seducLlon.

&"!*0 Cender ls lmmaLerlal ln seducLlon and
sexual assaulL.

35 1&31$! ',$(,$$%.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA GD N?@M?@@=F GH AMBFGPAA@L

%0 lL ls a baslc rule LhaL an employer has a rlghL Lo
dlsmlss an employee ln Lhe manner and on Lhe
grounds provlded for under Lhe nCC. lf Lhe
dlsmlssal ls for a valld cause, hls dlsmlssal ls
conslsLenL wlLh Lhe employer's rlghL Lo proLecL hls
lnLeresL ln seelng Lo lL LhaL hls employees are
performlng Lhelr [obs wlLh honesLy, lnLegrlLy and
good falLh.

Powever, such exerclse of Lhe rlghL Lo LermlnaLe
musL be conslsLenL wlLh Lhe general prlnclples
provlded for under arLlcles 19 and 21, nCC. lf
Lhere ls noncompllance wlLh sald provlslons, Lhe
employer may be held llable for damages. 1he
rlghL Lo dlsmlss an employee should noL be
confused wlLh Lhe manner ln whlch Lhe rlghL ls
exerclsed and Lhe effecLs flowlng Lherefrom. lf
Lhe dlsmlssal ls done anLlsoclally or oppresslvely
Lhen Lhe employer should be deemed Lo have
vlolaLed arLlcle 1701, nCC (whlch prohlblLs acLs of
oppresslon by elLher caplLal or labor agalnsL Lhe
oLher) and arLlcle 21.

An employer may be held llable for damages lf
Lhe manner of dlsmlsslng Lhe employee ls
conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms and publlc
pollcy. 1hls may be done by false lmpuLaLlon of
mlsdeed Lo [usLlfy dlsmlssal or any slmllar manner
of dlsmlssal whlch ls done abuslvely.

+5 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 #*.%!,"&$

\5 )*&*#%.

%5 +"&+*8!

25 6,&'$

;0 /<=> =CA ><A HGJC V?DN@ GH ?D>ACHACADEAL

%0 lnLerference wlLh:

1. lamlly relaLlons,
2. Soclal relaLlons,
3. Lconomlc relaLlons, and
4. ollLlcal relaLlons.

S5 9%(,.T #*.%!,"&$

%5 %.,*&%!,"& "9 %99*+!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ =F?AD=>?GD GH =HHAE>?GDL

%0 1hls conslsLs of deprlvlng one spouse of Lhe
affecLlon, socleLy, companlonshlp and comforL of
Lhe oLher. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005,
5ecooJ J., p.480)

&G>A0 1he lamlly Code lmposes on Lhe spouses
Lhe obllgaLlon Lo llve LogeLher, observe muLual
love, respecL and fldellLy, and render muLual help
and supporL. (ArLlcle 68) lnLerference wlLh such

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

may resulL ln Lhe LorL llablllLy of allenaLlon of
affecLlon.

1he glsL of Lhe LorL ls an lnLerference wlLh one
spouse's menLal aLLlLude Loward Lhe oLher and
Lhe con[ugal klndness of marlLal relaLlons
resulLlng ln some acLual conducL whlch maLerlally
affecLs lL.
S24
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

;0 ,D KADAC=FX U<=> ?@ ><A @EGBA GH ><A >GC>
i=F?AD=>?GD GH =HHAE>?GD@bL

%0 lL exLends Lo all cases of wrongful lnLerference
ln Lhe famlly affalrs of oLhers whereby one spouse
ls lnduced Lo leave Lhe oLher spouse or Lo conducL
hlmself or herself ln a manner LhaL Lhe comforL of
marrled llfe ls desLroyed.

;0 /<G M=P IA F?=IFA HGC =F?AD=>?GD GH
=HHAE>?GD@L

%0 1he defendanL who purposely enLlces Lhe
spouse of anoLher, Lo allenaLe hls or her
affecLlons wlLh hls or her spouse, even lf Lhere are
no sexual lnLlmacles ls llable for damages under
Lhls arLlcle. Llkewlse, a person who prevenLed Lhe
reconclllaLlon of spouses afLer Lhelr separaLlon ls
llable for allenaLlon of affecLlons.

&G>A0 lL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhere ls adulLery or Lhe
spouse ls deprlved of household servlces.

;0 /<=> =CA @GMA E=@A@ U<ACA ><ACA ?@ DG >GC>
F?=I?F?>P HGC =F?AD=>?GD GH =HHAE>?GD@L

%0
1. A woman cannoL be made llable for
allenaLlon of Lhe affecLlons of Lhe
husband (of anoLher woman) for belng
merely Lhe ob[ecL of Lhe affecLlons of
sald husband. 1o be llable, she musL
have done some acLlve acLs calculaLed
Lo allenaLe Lhe affecLlons of Lhe
husband. She musL, ln a sense, be Lhe
pursuer, noL merely Lhe pursued",
2. A prosLlLuLe ls noL llable for allenaLlon
of affecLlons of Lhe husband for havlng
sexual lnLlmacles wlLh hlm on a chance
occaslon.
3. When Lhere ls no more affecLlon Lo
allenaLe.

;0 (=P B=CAD>@ IA F?=IFA HGC =F?AD=>?GD GH
=HHAE>?GD@L

%0 ?es. Powever, parenLs are presumed Lo acL for
Lhe besL lnLeresL of Lhelr chlld. 1he law recognlzes
Lhe rlghL of a parenL Lo advlse hls/her chlld and
when such advlse ls glven ln good falLh, Lhe acL,
even lf lL resulLs ln separaLlon, does noL glve Lhe
ln[ured parLy a rlghL of acLlon.

ln such case, mallce musL be esLabllshed and lL
musL appear LhaL Lhe defendanL's acLs were Lhe
conLrolllng cause of Lhe loss of affecLlon.

25 ."$$ "9 +"&$"#!,1(

;0 /<=> ?@ FG@@ GH EGD@GC>?JML

%0 A spouse has a legal obllgaLlon Lo llve wlLh hls
or her spouse. lf a spouse does noL perform hls or
her duLy Lo Lhe oLher, he may be held llable for
damages for such omlsslon because Lhe same ls
conLrary Lo law, morals and good cusLoms.

Moral damages were awarded because of Lhe
wlfe's refusal Lo perform her wlfely duLles, her
denlal of consorLlum and deserLlon of her
husband. Per acLs consLlLuLe a wlllful lnfllcLlon of
ln[ury upon her husband's feellngs ln a manner
conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms or publlc pollcy.
(1eocboves v. scoo, C.k. No. l19671, Ioly 26,
1966)

+5 +#,(,&%. +"&-*#$%!,"& Y%'1.!*#TZ

;0 /<AD ?@ =NJF>ACP EGMM?>>ANL

%0 AdulLery ls commlLLed by any marrled woman
who shall have sexual lnLercourse wlLh a man noL
her husband and by Lhe man who has carnal
knowledge of her knowlng her Lo be marrled,
even lf Lhe marrlage was subsequenLly declared
vold. (Att. JJJ, klc)

&G>A0 Concublnage ls commlLLed by a husband who
shall:
1. keep a mlsLress ln Lhe con[ugal dwelllng,
2. have sexual lnLercourse wlLh her, under
scandalous clrcumsLances, wlLh a woman
noL hls wlfe, or
3. cohablL wlLh her ln any oLher place. (ArL.
334, 8C)

.?=I?F?>P HGC =NJF>ACP GC EGDEJI?D=KA I=@AN GD ><A
F=U GD >GC>@0 noL only moral damages buL also for
oLher approprlaLe damages.

no moral damages ls due ln case of blgamy.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
e5 $"+,%. #*.%!,"&$

S2S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
%5 (*''.,&) /,!4 "# ',$!1#2,&) 9%(,.T
#*.%!,"&$

See lnLerference wlLh famlly relaLlons.

25 ,&!#,)1,&) !" +%1$* %&"!4*# !" 2*
%.,*&%!*' 9#"( 4,$ 9#,*&'$

;0 /<G M=P IA <AFN F?=IFA HGC ><A >GC> ?D>C?KJ?DK
>G E=J@A =DG><AC >G IA =F?AD=>AN HCGM <?@
HC?ADN@L

%0 A person who commlLLed afflrmaLlve acLs
lnLended Lo allenaLe Lhe exlsLlng frlendshlp of one
wlLh hls frlends ls llable for damages. (lloeJo,
2004)

f5 *+"&"(,+ #*.%!,"&$

%5 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 +"&!#%+!1%.
#*.%!,"&$

;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>ACHACADEA U?>< EGD>C=E>L

%0 Any Lhlrd person who lnduces anoLher Lo
vlolaLe hls conLracL shall be llable for damages Lo
Lhe oLher conLracLlng parLles. (Att.1J14, Ncc)

;0 /<P ?@ ?D>ACHACADEA U?>< EGD>C=E> >GC>JGJ@L

%0 Such lnLerference ls LorLlous because lL vlolaLes
Lhe rlghL of Lhe conLracLlng parLles Lo fulflll Lhe
conLracL and Lo have lL fulfllled, Lo reap Lhe proflLs
resulLlng Lherefrom, and Lo compel Lhe
performance by Lhe oLher parLy.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH ?D>ACHACADEA >G
EGD>C=E>J=F CA=F=>?GDL

%0
1. exlsLence of a valld conLracL,
2. knowledge on Lhe parL of Lhe Lhlrd
person of Lhe exlsLence of Lhe conLracL,
3. lnLerference of Lhe Lhlrd person wlLhouL
legal [usLlflcaLlon or excuse.

;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>ACHACADEA U?>< BCG@BAE>?RA
=NR=D>=KAL

%0 lf Lhere ls no conLracL yeL and Lhe defendanL ls
only belng sued for lnduclng anoLher noL Lo enLer
lnLo a conLracL wlLh Lhe plalnLlff, Lhe LorL
commlLLed ls approprlaLely called lnLerference
wlLh prospecLlve advanLage.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A A`>AD> =DN D=>JCA GH ><A F?=I?F?>P
GH ><A ?D>ACMANNFACL

%0 Pls llablllLy ls solldary and cannoL be more Lhan
Lhe llablllLy LhaL wlll be lncurred by Lhe parLy ln
whose behalf he lnLermeddled. CLherwlse, LhaL
wlll resulL ln ln[usLlce and unfalrness.

;0 ,@ M=F?EA A@@AD>?=F >G M=VA ><A ?D>ACMANNFAC
F?=IFAL

%0
)#0 ?es.
W8&0 lf Lhe lnLenLlon of Lhe lnLermeddler ls
honesL and laudable such as when Lhe
lnLerference ls lnLended Lo proLecL Lhe
conLracLlng parLy he ls lnLermeddllng for,
from danger Lo hls llfe or properLy, he should
noL be made llable for damages for Lhe
breach of Lhe conLracL.

25 1&9%,# +"(8*!,!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ ?DEFJNAN ?D JDH=?C EGMBA>?>?GDL

%0 ArL. 28, nCC provldes for unfalr compeLlLlon
whlch lncludes:
1. asslng off or dlsparagemenL of
producLs
2. lnLerference wlLh conLracLual relaLlons
3. lnLerference wlLh prospecLlve
advanLage
4. lraudulenL mlsapproprlaLlon agalnsL a
compeLlLlon
3. Monopolles and predaLory prlclng

;0 /<=> ?@ BCAN=>GCP BC?E?DKL

%0 lL ls a pracLlce of selllng below cosLs ln Lhe
shorL run ln Lhe hope of obLalnlng monopoly
galns laLer, afLer drlvlng Lhe compeLlLlon from Lhe
markeL.

]5 8".,!,+%. #*.%!,"&$

%5 -,".%!,"& "9 #,)4! !" $199#%)* Y&++X
%#!5 eSZ

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA ?D E=@A GH R?GF=>?GD GH ><A
C?K<> >G @JHHC=KAL

%0 under ArLlcle 32 nCC, any publlc offlcer or
employee, or any prlvaLe lndlvldual, who dlrecLly
or lndlrecLly obsLrucLs, defeaLs, vlolaLes or ln any
manner lmpedes or lmpalrs any of Lhe followlng
rlghLs and llberLles of anoLher person shall be
llable Lo Lhe laLLer for damages:
xxx (3) lreedom of suffrage, (Att. J2, Ncc)

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

S26
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

25 -,".%!,"& "9 "!4*# 8".,!,+%. #,)4!$
Y9#**'"( "9 $8**+4X 8#*$$X %$$*(2.T %&'
8*!,!,"&X *!+5Z

See vlolaLlon of ConsLlLuLlonal 8lghLs

^5 '*9*&$*$

%5 %2$*&+* "9 *.*(*&!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NAHAD@A GD ?D>ACHACADEAL

%0 1he defendanLs are free from llablllLy lf Lhey
can prove LhaL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe commlsslon, Lhe
plalnLlff knew of Lhe acL of lnLerference or
omlsslon.

25 8#,-,.*)*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NAHAD@A GH BC?R?FAKA ?D >GC>@
E=@A@L

%0 1o say LhaL an acL ls prlvlleged" connoLes LhaL
Lhe acLor owes no legal duLy Lo refraln from such
conLacL.

;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< EGD@AD@J=F =DN DGDEGD@AD@J=F
BC?R?FAKA5

%0 Consensual prlvlleges depend on Lhe plalnLlff
agreelng Lo Lhe defendanL's oLherwlse LorLlous
acL. Cn Lhe oLher hand, nonconsensual prlvlleges
shleld Lhe defendanL from llablllLy for oLherwlse
LorLlous conducL even lf Lhe plalnLlff ob[ecLs Lo
Lhe defendanL's conducL.

\5 +"&$*&!

;0 /<AD ?@ EGD@AD> = NAHAD@A ?D >GC>@ E=@A@ =DN
U<=> ?@ ?>@ I=@?@L

%0 1yplcally, one cannoL hold anoLher llable ln LorL
for acLlons Lo whlch one has consenLed. 1hls ls
frequenLly summarlzed by Lhe phrase "voleotl ooo
flt lojotlo" (LaLln: "Lo a wllllng person, no ln[ury ls
done" or "no ln[ury ls done Lo a person who
consenLs"). lL operaLes when Lhe clalmanL elLher
expressly or lmpllclLly consenLs Lo Lhe rlsk of loss
or damage.

&G>A0 ConsenL ls wllllngness ln facL for Lhe conducL
Lo occur.

;0 /<=> =CA @GMA CJFA@ ?D NA>ACM?D?DK U<A><AC
EGD@AD> ?@ BCA@AD> =@ = NAHAD@AL

%0
1. lL need noL be communlcaLed Lo Lhe
defendanL.
2. ln deLermlnlng wheLher plalnLlff
consenLed, defendanL musL reasonably
lnLerpreL her overL acL and
manlfesLaLlons of her feellngs.

&G>A0 1he defendanL's sub[ecLlve sLaLe ls
based on Lhe plalnLlff's ob[ecLlve acLlons.

3. lalnLlff has burden of proof Lo show
lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe acL, lack of
consenL, and harm.

;0 ,@ EGD@AD> = NAHAD@A ?H ><A BF=?D>?HH GC
GHHADNAN B=C>P ?@ = M?DGCL

%0 no. lor one Lo surrender Lhe rlghL Lo be free
from lnLenLlonal lnLerference by oLhers, one musL
have Lhe menLal capaclLy Lo consenL. uefendanL
can be llable desplLe Lhe facL LhaL Lhe plalnLlff was
sub[ecLlvely wllllng and communlcaLed LhaL
wllllngness Lo Lhe defendanL.

&"!*0 ln common law counLrles, mosL courLs have
applled sLaLuLory rape sLaLuLes ln clvll cases
regardless of proof LhaL Lhe plalnLlff was able Lo
undersLand Lhe consequences of her acL and
consenL.

;0 /<AD ?@ EGD@AD> DG> DAEA@@=CP ?D GCNAC >G
=I@GFRA GDA HCGM ><A ?DOJC?A@ <A E=J@AN >G
=DG><ACL

%0 ConducL LhaL ln[ures anoLher does noL make
Lhe acLor llable Lo Lhe oLher, even Lhough Lhe
oLher has noL consenLed Lo lL lf:
1. an emergency makes lL necessary or
apparenLly necessary Lo acL before
Lhere ls opporLunlLy Lo obLaln consenL
or one empowered Lo consenL for hlm,
and
2. Lhe acLor has no reason Lo belleve LhaL
Lhe oLher would decllne.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA ?H EGD@AD> ?@ BCGEJCAN IP
HC=JN GC NJCA@@L

%0 ConsenL wlll noL shleld Lhe defendanL from
llablllLy lf lL ls procured by means of fraud or
duress.

&G>A0 CourLs lnvalldaLe consenL procured by duress
when defendanLs LhreaLen Lhe plalnLlff or plalnLlff's
loved ones wlLh physlcal harm.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
S5 $*.9'*9*&$* %&' '*9*&$* "9 "!4*#$

$*.9 '*9*&$*

;0 /<P ?@ @AFH NAHAD@A = NAHAD@A ?D >GC> E=@A@L

%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo use reasonable force,
noL lnLended or llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous
bodlly harm, Lo defend hlmself agalnsL
unprlvlleged harmful conLracL whlch he
reasonably belleves LhaL anoLher ls abouL Lo
lnfllcL.

;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E>GC BC?R?FAKAN >G NAHADN
<?M@AFHL

%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo defend hlmself agalnsL
anoLher by force llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous
bodlly harm when he reasonably belleves LhaL:

1. Lhe oLher ls abouL Lo lnfllcL upon hlm an
lnLenLlonal conLacL and
2. he ls Lhereby puL ln perll of deaLh or
serlous bodlly harm whlch can safely be
prevenLed only by lmmedlaLe use of
such force.

&"!*0 CourL requlres ob[ecLlve and sub[ecLlve bellef
(reasonable person could have seen Lhe slLuaLlon as
dangerous and sub[ecL belleved LhaL he was ln
danger).
S27
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL

;0 /<AD NGA@ ><A BC?R?FAKA GH @AFH NAHAD@A A`?@>
=DN U<AD NGA@ ?> DG> A`?@>L

%0 1he prlvllege exlsLs even lf Lhe acLor belleves
he can avold defendlng hlmself by:
1. reLreaLlng wlLhln hls dwelllng place, or
2. permlLLlng Lhe oLher Lo lnLrude upon hls
dwelllng place, or
3. abandonlng an aLLempL Lo effecL a
lawful arresL.

1he prlvllege does noL exlsL lf Lhe acLor belleves
LhaL he can avold defendlng hlmself by:
1. reLreaLlng ln any place oLher Lhan hls
dwelllng place or
2. rellnqulshlng Lhe exerclse of any rlghL
oLher Lhan hls prlvllege Lo prevenL
lnLruslon onLo hls dwelllng place.

;0 (=P ><A =E>GC J@A =DP MA=D@ ?D GCNAC >G
NAHADN <?M@AFHL

%0 1he acLor ls noL prlvlleged Lo use any means of
self defense whlch ls lnLended or llkely Lo cause a
bodlly harm ln excess of LhaL whlch Lhe acLor
correcLly or reasonably belleves Lo be necessary
for hls proLecLlon.
&G>A0 A parLy clalmlng selfdefense musL prove noL
only LhaL he acLed honesLly ln uslng force, buL LhaL
hls fears were reasonable under Lhe clrcumsLances,
and Lhe means of selfdefense were reasonable.

'*9*&$* "9 "!4*#$

;0 ,@ = BAC@GD BCG>AE>?DK = >G>=F @>C=DKAC F?=IFAL

%0 1he selfdefense prlvllege exLends Lo
proLecLlng LoLal sLrangers as well.

;0 (=P ><A ?D>ACRADAC J@A =DP MA=D@ GC =MGJD>
GH HGCEA ?D NAHADN?DK ><A G><ACL

%0 no. 1he force LhaL may be used by an
lnLervener Lo repel an aLLack on anoLher ls
measured by Lhe force LhaL Lhe oLher could
lawfully use.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A EGD@AQJADEA GH = M?@>=VA GD ><A
B=C> GH ><A ?D>ACRADACL

%0 lf Lhe lnLervener ls mlsLaken, even reasonably
mlsLaken, Lhe prlvllege ls unavallable lf lL would
noL be avallable Lo Lhe person Lo be proLecLed.

&"!*0 1he lnLervener's mlsLake need only be
reasonable, Lhere ls no need Lo show LhaL Lhe vlcLlm
also had Lhe prlvllege Lo defend hlmself.

e5 '*9*&$* "9 8#"8*#!T

;0 1B >G U<=> A`>AD> ?@ =D =E>GC BC?R?FAKAN >G
NAHADN <?@ BCGBAC>P HCGM ?D>CJ@?GD@L

%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo use reasonable force,
noL lnLended or llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous
bodlly harm, Lo prevenL or LermlnaLe anoLher's
lnLruslon upon Lhe acLor's land lf:
1. Lhe lnLruslon ls noL prlvlleged,
2. Lhe acLor reasonably belleves LhaL Lhe
lnLruslon can be prevenLed only by Lhe
force used, and
3. Lhe acLor has flrsL requesLed Lhe oLher
Lo deslsL or Lhe acLor belleves such
requesL wlll be useless or subsLanLlal
harm wlll be done before lL can be
made.

&G>A0 1he lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon whlch ls lnLended or
llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm, for Lhe
purpose of prevenLlng or LermlnaLlng Lhe oLher's
lnLruslon upon Lhe acLor's possesslon of land, ls
prlvlleged only lf Lhe acLor reasonably belleves LhaL
Lhe lnLruder ls llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly
harm.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

f5 &*+*$$,!T

S28
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

!<A GUDAC GC F=UHJF BG@@A@@GC GH = ><?DK <=@ ><A
C?K<> >G AÈFJNA =DP BAC@GD HCGM ><A ADOGPMAD>
=DN N?@BG@=F ><ACAGH5 9GC ><?@ BJCBG@AX <A M=P
J@A @JE< HGCEA =@ M=P IA CA=@GD=IFP DAEA@@=CP
>G CABAF GC BCARAD> =D =E>J=F GC ><CA=>ADAN
JDF=UHJF B<P@?E=F ?DR=@?GD GC J@JCB=>?GD GH <?@
BCGBAC>P5 Y2&-0 K6G8 9::Z

;0 ,@ ><A GUDACb@ C?K<> BCGR?NAN HGC ?D ><A @=?N
=C>?EFA =D =I@GFJ>A C?K<>L

%0 no. ln Lhe followlng lnsLances, Lhls rlghL may
noL be lnvoked by Lhe owner:

1. Cne may sacrlflce Lhe personal properLy
of anoLher Lo save hls llfe or Lhe llves of
hls fellows,
2. Cne ls prlvlleged by necesslLy Lo
Lrespass when Lhere ls a serlous LhreaL
Lo llfe and no oLher llfesavlng opLlon ls
avallable, and
3. 1he owner of properLy may noL e[ecL a
Lrespasser lf Lhe Lrespasser requlres
enLry Lo proLesL hlmself and hls
properLy from harm.

&G>A0 ln Lhese lnsLances, lnLruslon ls sald Lo be
prlvlleged.

1he necesslLy prlvllege Lo enLer Lhe land of anoLher
ln order Lo avold serlous harm ls coupled wlLh an
obllgaLlon on Lhe parL of Lhe enLranL Lo pay for
whaLever harm he caused.

(,$+*..%&*"1$ 8#,-,.*)*$

;0 /<=> =CA ><A M?@EAFF=DAGJ@ GC G><AC
BC?R?FAKA@ ?D EGDDAE>?GD U?>< DAEA@@?>P =@ =
NAHAD@AL

%0
1. 1o aL leasL some exLenL, Leachers and
parenLs are exempL from baLLery clalms
broughL on behalf of chlldren Lhey have
physlcally dlsclpllned,
2. CLher prlvlleges lnclude Lhose relaLlng
Lo Lhe arresL of lawbreakers and Lhe
prevenLlon of crlme, Lhe enforcemenL
of mlllLary orders, and Lhe recapLure of
land and possesslons.

&G>A0 1he reasonableness of Lhe acLor's percepLlon
of Lhe need Lo use force, as well as Lhe
reasonableness of Lhe harm acLually lnfllcLed, are
Lyplcally Lhe LouchsLones upon whlch Lhe avallablllLy
of Lhe prlvllege Lurns.

]5 %1!4"#,!T "9 .%/

+5 8#*$+#,8!,"&

See uefenses, rescrlpLlon

'5 /%,-*#

See ersons: Walver of 8lghLs

*5 9"#+* (%3*1#*

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >UG KADAC=F E=J@A@ GH HGC>J?>GJ@
ARAD>@L

%0
1. 8y naLure, such as earLhquakes, sLorms,
floods, epldemlcs, flres, eLc., and
2. 8y Lhe acL of man, such as an armed
lnvaslon, aLLack by bandlLs,
governmenLal prohlblLlons, robbery,
eLc.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A A@@AD>?=F E<=C=E>AC?@>?E@ GH
HGC>J?>GJ@ ARAD>L

%0
1. 1he cause of Lhe unforeseen and
unexpecLed occurrence, or of Lhe fallure
of Lhe debLor Lo comply wlLh hls
obllgaLlon, musL be lndependenL of Lhe
human wlll,
2. lL musL be lmposslble Lo foresee Lhe
evenL whlch consLlLuLes Lhe coso
fottolto, or lf lL can be foreseen, lL musL
be lmposslble Lo avold,
3. 1he occurrence musL be such as Lo
render lL lmposslble for Lhe debLor Lo
fulflll hls obllgaLlon ln a normal manner,
and
4. 1he obllgor musL be free from any
parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe aggravaLlon of Lhe
ln[ury resulLlng Lo Lhe credlLor.

;0 /<AD ?@ ><ACA F?=I?F?>P HGC N=M=KA@ E=J@AN IP
HGC>J?>GJ@ ARAD>@L

%0 As an excepLlon Lo Lhe general rule LhaL a
person ls noL llable lf Lhe cause of Lhe damage
was an evenL whlch could noL be foreseen or
whlch Lhough foreseen was lnevlLable
(forLulLous), lf Lhe negllgence of Lhe defendanL
concurred wlLh Lhe forLulLous evenL or resulLed ln
Lhe aggravaLlon of Lhe ln[ury Lo Lhe plalnLlff, he
wlll be llable even lf Lhere was a forLulLous evenL.

lf upon Lhe happenlng of a forLulLous evenL of an
acL of Cod, Lhere concurs a correspondlng fraud,

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
negllgence, delay or vlolaLlon or conLravenLlon of
Lhe Lenor of Lhe obllgaLlon as provlded for ln
ArLlcle 1170, nCC, whlch resulLs ln loss or
damage, Lhe obllgor cannoL escape llablllLy.

S29
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
-,,,5 &*).,)*&+*

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ DAKF?KADEAL

%0 1he omlsslon of LhaL degree of dlllgence whlch
ls requlred by Lhe naLure of Lhe obllgaLlon and
correspondlng Lo Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe
persons, of Lhe Llme and place. (Att. 117J, Ncc)

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A >A@> GH DAKF?KADEAL

%0 1he LesL ls: Would a prudenL man, ln Lhe
poslLlon of Lhe LorLfeasor, foresee harm Lo Lhe
person ln[ured as a reasonable consequence of
Lhe course abouL Lo be pursued? lf so, Lhe law
lmposes a duLy on Lhe acLor Lo Lake precauLlon
agalnsL lLs mlschlevous resulLs, and fallure Lo do
so consLlLuLes negllgence. (lcarL v. SmlLh, C.8.
no. L12219, Mar. 13, 1918.)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A NAKCAA@ GH DAKF?KADEAL
'?@>?DKJ?@<5

%0
1. 5lmple oeqllqeoce - wanL of sllghL care
and dlllgence only

2. Ctoss oeqllqeoce - Lhere ls a glarlngly
obvlous wanL of dlllgence and lmplles
consclous lndlfference Lo
consequences, pursulng a course of
conducL whlch would probably and
naLurally resulL Lo ln[ury, uLLer dlsregard
of Lhe consequences

;0 /<=> =CA ><A E?CEJM@>=DEA@ >G IA EGD@?NACAN
?D NA>ACM?D?DK U<A><AC =D =E> ?@ DAKF?KAD>L

%0
1. letsoo xposeJ to tbe klsk - A hlgher
degree of dlllgence ls requlred lf Lhe
person lnvolved ls a chlld.

2. metqeocy - 1he acLor confronLed wlLh
an emergency ls noL Lo be held up Lo
Lhe sLandard of conducL normally
applled Lo an lndlvldual who ls ln no
such slLuaLlon.

3. 5oclol voloe ot utlllty of Actloo - Any
acL sub[ecLlng an lnnocenL person Lo
unnecessary rlsk ls a negllgenL acL lf Lhe
rlsk ouLwelghs Lhe advanLage accrulng
Lo Lhe acLor and even Lo Lhe lnnocenL
person hlmself.

4. 1lme of tbe Joy - May affecL Lhe
dlllgence requlred of Lhe acLor (Att.
117J), e.q. a drlver ls requlred Lo
exerclse more prudence when drlvlng aL
nlghL

3. Ctovlty of tbe notm to be AvolJeJ -
Lven lf Lhe odds LhaL an ln[ury wlll resulL
are noL hlgh, harm may sLlll be
consldered foreseeable lf Lhe gravlLy of
harm Lo be avolded ls greaL.
6. Altetootlve coose of Actloo - lf Lhe
alLernaLlve presenLed Lo Lhe acLor ls Loo
cosLly, Lhe harm LhaL may resulL may
sLlll be consldered unforeseeable Lo a
reasonable man. More so lf Lhere ls no
alLernaLlve LhereLo.

7. lloce - A man who should occaslon Lo
dlscharge a gun on an open and
exLenslve marsh, or ln a foresL would be
requlred Lo use less clrcumspecLlon and
care, Lhen lf he were Lo do Lhe same
Lhlng ln an lnhablLed Lown, vlllage or
clLy.

8. vlolotloo of koles ooJ 5tototes
a. SLaLuLes
b. AdmlnlsLraLlve 8ules
c. rlvaLe 8ules of ConducL

9. ltoctlce ooJ costom - A pracLlce whlch
ls dangerous Lo human llfe cannoL rlpen
lnLo a cusLom whlch wlll proLecL anyone
who follows lL (omoJo v. Moollo
kolltooJ, C.k. No.1007J, uec. 24, 1915).

;0 /?FF ?D>G`?E=>?GD @?KD?HP DAKF?KADEAL

%0
)#0 Mere lnLoxlcaLlon ls noL negllgence per se
nor esLabllshes wanL of ordlnary care. 8uL lL
may be one of Lhe clrcumsLances Lo be
consldered Lo prove negllgence. (wtlqbt v.
Moollo lecttlc kolltooJ & llqbt co., Ck No. l
7760, Oct. 1, 1914)

W8&0 lL ls presumed LhaL a person drlvlng a
moLor vehlcle ls negllgenL lf aL Lhe Llme of Lhe
mlshap, he was vlolaLlng Lrafflc regulaLlons.
(Att. 2185)

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

SSu
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

;0 /<=> ?@ EGD>C?IJ>GCP DAKF?KADEAL

%0 lL ls conducL on Lhe parL of Lhe ln[ured parLy,
conLrlbuLlng as a legal cause Lo Lhe harm he has
suffered, whlch falls below Lhe sLandard Lo whlch
he ls requlred Lo conform for hls own proLecLlon
(voleozoelo v. cA, C.k. No. 115024, leb. 7, 1996).

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NGE>C?DA GH EGMB=C=>?RA
DAKF?KADEAL

%0 1he negllgence of boLh Lhe plalnLlff and Lhe
defendanL are compared for Lhe purpose of
reachlng an equlLable apporLlonmenL of Lhelr
respecLlve llablllLles for Lhe damages caused and
suffered by Lhe plalnLlff. (lloeJo, p. 50, 2009 eJ.)
&G>A0 1he relaLlve degree of negllgence of Lhe
parLles ls consldered ln deLermlnlng wheLher, and
Lo whaL degree, elLher should be responslble for
hls negllgence (apporLlonmenL of damages).

25 )""' 9%!4*# "9 % 9%(,.T "# #*%$"&%2.T
8#1'*&! (%&

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A EGDEAB> GH = KGGN H=><AC GH ><A
H=M?FP YL!-'& <!(#+#!*ML

%0 1he Supreme CourL descrlbed a good faLher of
a famlly by flrsL sLaLlng who ls noL. Pe ls noL and ls
noL supposed Lo be omnlsclenL of Lhe fuLure,
raLher, he ls one who Lakes precauLlons agalnsL
any harm when Lhere ls someLhlng before hlm Lo
suggesL or warn hlm of Lhe danger or Lo foresee lL
(llcott v. 5mltb, C.k. No. l12406, Mot. 15, 1918).

&G>A0 A good faLher of a famlly ls llkewlse referred
Lo as Lhe reasonable man, man of ordlnary
lnLelllgence and prudence, or ordlnary reasonable
prudenL man. ln Lngllsh law, he ls someLlmes
referred Lo as Lhe man on Lop of a Clapham
omnlbus. (Apoloo, 2005)

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A >A@> GH DAKF?KADEAL

%0 1he LesL ls: Would a prudenL man, ln Lhe
poslLlon of Lhe LorLfeasor, foresee harm Lo Lhe
person ln[ured as a reasonable consequence of
Lhe course abouL Lo be pursued? lf so, Lhe law
lmposes a duLy on Lhe acLor Lo Lake precauLlon
agalnsL lLs mlschlevous resulLs, and fallure Lo do
so consLlLuLes negllgence. (llcott v. 5mltb, C.k.
No. l12219, Mot. 15, 1918.)

;5 'GA@ ><A @>=DN=CN GH EGDNJE> =BBF?AN >G
=NJF>@ =BBFP AQJ=FFP >G E<?FNCADL

%5
)#0 1he acLlon of a chlld wlll noL necessarlly
be [udged accordlng Lo Lhe sLandard of an
adulL.
W8&0 lf Lhe mlnor ls maLure enough Lo
undersLand and appreclaLe Lhe naLure and
consequences of hls acLlons. ln such a case, he
shall be consldered Lo have been negllgenL.

&G>A0 8.A. 9344 (!uvenlle !usLlce and Welfare AcL of
2006): 13 years of age or younger - age of absoluLe
lrresponslblllLy.

neverLheless, absence of negllgence does noL
absoluLely excuse Lhe chlld from llablllLy, as hls
properLles, lf any, can be held subsldlarlly llable. nor
wlll such absence of negllgence excuse Lhe chlld's
parenL's vlcarlous llablllLy.

;0 /<=> ?@ cN?F?KADEA IAHGCA ><A H=E>dL

%0 1he conducL LhaL should be examlned ln
negllgence cases ls prlor conducL or conducL prlor
Lo Lhe ln[ury LhaL resulLed or, ln proper cases, Lhe
aggravaLlon Lhereof.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
+5 $!%&'%#' "9 +%#*

SS1
$!%&'%#' "9 +"&'1+! GC '*)#** "9 +%#* #*;1,#*'
4% N'%'&!+
lf Lhe law or conLracL does noL sLaLe Lhe dlllgence whlch ls Lo be observed ln Lhe performance, LhaL whlch ls
expecLed of a good faLher of a famlly shall be requlred (Attlcle 117J, 2
oJ
potoqtopb, Ncc).

&G>A0 ulllgence of a good faLher of a famlly booos potet fomlllos A reasonable man ls deemed Lo have knowledge of Lhe facLs LhaL
a man should be expecLed Lo know based on ordlnary human experlence. (lNk v. lAc, Ck No. 7054, Ioo. 22, 199J)
?'&*$%* CD$ D!)' ?DO*#"!+ 1#*!/#+#-O
)#0 A weak or accldenL prone person musL come up Lo Lhe sLandard of a reasonable man, oLherwlse, he wlll be
consldered as negllgenL.

W8&0 lf Lhe defecL amounLs Lo a real dlsablllLy, Lhe sLandard of conducL ls LhaL of a reasonable person under llke
dlsablllLy.
ABL'&-* !%. ?&$<'**#$%!+*
)#0 1hey should exhlblL Lhe case and sklll of one who ls ordlnarlly skllled ln Lhe parLlcular fleld LhaL he ls ln.

&G>A0 1hls rule does noL apply solely or excluslvely Lo professlonals who have undergone formal educaLlon.

W8&0 When Lhe acLlvlLy, by lLs very naLure, requlres Lhe exerclse of a blqbet Jeqtee of Jlllqeoce
e.q. 8anks, Common carrlers
4%*!%' ?'&*$%*
1he same rule applles under Lhe new Clvll Code. 1he lnsanlLy of a person does noL excuse hlm or hls guardlan form
llablllLy based on quasldellcL. (Atts. 2180 ooJ 2182, Ncc). 1hls means LhaL Lhe acL or omlsslon of Lhe person
sufferlng from menLal defecL wlll be [udged uslng Lhe sLandard LesL of a reasonable man.

1he bases for holdlng a permanenLly lnsane person llable for hls LorLs are as follows:
Where one of Lwo lnnocenL person musL suffer a loss lL should be borne by Lhe one who occasloned lL,
1o lnduce Lhose lnLeresLed ln Lhe esLaLe of Lhe lnsane person (lf he has one) Lo resLraln and conLrol hlm, and
1he fear LhaL an lnsanlLy defense would lead Lo false clalms of lnsanlLy Lo avold llablllLy. (8toeolq v. Ametlcoo
lomlly losotooce co., 17J N.w. 2J 619j1970]).

&G>A0 under Lhe 8C, an lnsane person ls exempL from crlmlnal llablllLy. Powever, by express provlslon of law, Lhere may be clvll
llablllLy even when Lhe acLor ls exempL from crlmlnal llablllLy. An lnsane person ls sLlll llable wlLh hls properLy for Lhe consequences
of hls acLs, Lhough Lhey performed unwlLLlngly. (u5 v. 8oqqoy, It. C.k. No. 6706, 5ept. 1, 1911)
A(L+$O'&*
1haL degree of care as mandaLed by Lhe Labor Code or oLher mandaLory provlslons for proper malnLenance of Lhe
work place or adequaLe faclllLles Lo ensure Lhe safeLy of Lhe employees.

&G>A0 lallure of Lhe employer Lo comply wlLh mandaLory provlslons may be consldered negllgence per se.
A(L+$O''*
Lmployees are bound Lo exerclse due care ln Lhe performance of Lhelr funcLlons for Lhe employers. LlablllLy may be
based on negllgence commlLLed whlle ln Lhe performance of Lhe duLles of Lhe employee (Atooeto v. ue Ioyo, C.k.
No. 8J491, Aoq. 27, 1990)
@C%'&*8 ?&$L&#'-$&* !%. ?$**'**$&* $< ?&$L'&-O
)#0 1he owner has no duLy Lo Lake reasonable care Lowards a Lrespasser for hls proLecLlon or even Lo proLecL hlm
from concealed danger.
W8&0
1. vlsltots
2. 1oletoteJ lossessloo
3. uocttloe of Atttoctlve Nolsooce
4. 5tote of Necesslty
1$"-$&*
lf o Ceoetol ltoctltlooet - Crdlnary care and dlllgence ln Lhe appllcaLlon of hls knowledge and sklll ln Lhe pracLlce of
hls professlon

lf o 5peclollst - 1he legal duLy Lo Lhe paLlenL ls generally consldered Lo be LhaL of an average physlclan.
P!CO'&*
An aLLorney ls bound Lo exerclse only a reasonable degree of care and sklll, havlng reference Lo Lhe buslness he
underLakes Lo do (AJotoe v. AlJobo, AJm. cose No. 80, Iooe 27, 1978).

1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

\5 &++X %#!5 \\ae

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A KADAC=F @>=DN=CN GH N?F?KADEA
BCGR?NAN HGC JDNAC ><A &++L

%0 8ooos lotet lomlllos or LhaL of a good faLher of
a famlly.

&G>A0 lf Lhe law or conLracL does noL sLaLe Lhe
dlllgence whlch ls Lo be observed ln Lhe
performance, LhaL whlch ls expecLed of a good
faLher of a famlly shall be requlred. (Att. 117J (2))

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA ?D E=@A GH H=JF> GC DAKF?KADEA
GH =D GIF?KGCL

%0 ArL. 1173. 1he faulL or negllgence of Lhe obllgor
conslsLs ln Lhe omlsslon of LhaL dlllgence whlch ls
requlred by Lhe naLure of Lhe obllgaLlon and
corresponds wlLh Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe
persons, of Lhe Llme and of Lhe place. When
negllgence shows bad falLh, Lhe provlslons of
ArLlcles 1171 and 2201, paragraph 2, shall apply.

&"!*0 ArL. 1171. 8esponslblllLy arlslng from fraud ls
demandable ln all obllgaLlons. Any walver of an
acLlon for fuLure fraud ls vold.

ArL. 2201. ln conLracLs and quaslconLracLs, Lhe
damages for whlch Lhe obllgor who acLed ln good
falLh ls llable shall be Lhose LhaL are Lhe naLural and
probable consequences of Lhe breach of Lhe
obllgaLlon, and whlch Lhe parLles have foreseen or
could have reasonably foreseen aL Lhe Llme Lhe
obllgaLlon was consLlLuLed.

ln case of fraud, bad falLh, mallce or wanLon
aLLlLude, Lhe obllgor shall be responslble for all
damages whlch may be reasonably aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe
nonperformance of Lhe obllgaLlon.

SS2
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

S5 *(*#)*&+T #1.*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A AMACKADEP CJFAL

%0 Cne who suddenly flnds hlmself ln a place of
danger, and ls requlred Lo acL wlLhouL Llme Lo
conslder Lhe besL means LhaL may be adopLed Lo
avold Lhe lmpendlng danger, ls noL gullLy of
negllgence, lf he falls Lo adopL whaL subsequenLly
and upon reflecLlon may have been a beLLer
meLhod, unless Lhe emergency ln whlch he flnds
hlmself ls broughL abouL by hls own negllgence.

&G>A0 Lmergency rule exempLs common carrlers.

'5 1&#*%$"&%2.* #,$6 "9 4%#(

;0 ,D NA>ACM?D?DK U<A><AC = BAC@GD <=@ A`BG@AN
<?M@AFH >G =D JDCA=@GD=IFA KCA=> C?@VX U<=> MJ@>
IA BCA@AD>L

%0 8easonableness, Lhe elemenLs of whlch are as
follows:
3. MagnlLude of Lhe rlsk
4. rlnclpal ob[ecL
3. CollaLeral ob[ecL
6. uLlllLy of Lhe rlsk
7. necesslLy of Lhe rlsk

lf Lhe magnlLude of Lhe rlsk ls very greaL and Lhe
prlnclpal ob[ecL, very valuable, yeL Lhe value of
Lhe collaLeral ob[ecL and Lhe greaL uLlllLy and
necesslLy of Lhe rlsk counLerbalanced Lhose
conslderaLlons, Lhe rlsk ls made reasonable.

&G>A0 ln Lhe hlllpplnes, Lhe courLs do noL use any
formula ln deLermlnlng lf Lhe defendanL commlLLed a
negllgenL acL or omlsslon. WhaL appears Lo be Lhe
norm ls Lo glve negllgence a common sense, lnLulLlve
lnLerpreLaLlon.

ln Lhe fleld of negllgence, lnLeresLs are Lo be
balanced only ln Lhe sense LhaL Lhe purposes of Lhe
acLor, Lhe naLure of hls acL and Lhe harm LhaL may
resulL from acLlon or lnacLlon are elemenLs Lo be
consldered. Some may noL be consldered dependlng
on Lhe clrcumsLances.

1he followlng are clrcumsLances Lo be consldered:

1. 1lme
2. lace
3. Lmergency
4. CravlLy of harm Lo be avolded
3. AlLernaLlve course of acLlon
6. Soclal value or uLlllLy of acLlvlLy
7. erson exposed Lo Lhe rlsk

*5 *-,'*&+*

95 8#*$1(8!,"& "9 &*).,)*&+*

\5 .*)%. 8#"-,$,"&$

;0 '?@EJ@@ ><A BCGR?@?GD@ CAF=>?RA >G
BCA@JMB>?GDGH DAKF?KADEA5

%0 ersons are generally presumed Lo have Laken
ordlnary care of hls concerns.1here are however
excepLlons when negllgence ls presumed.

1. ArLlcle 2184. xxx. lL ls dlspuLably
presumed LhaL a drlver was negllgenL, lf
he had been found gullLy of reckless
drlvlng or vlolaLlng Lrafflck regulaLlons

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
aL leasL Lwlce wlLhln Lhe nexL precedlng
Lwo monLhs. xxx

2. ArLlcle 2183. unless Lhere ls proof Lo
Lhe conLrary, lL ls presumed LhaL a
person drlvlng a moLor vehlcle has been
negllgenL lf aL Lhe Llme of Lhe mlshap,
he was vlolaLlng any Lrafflc regulaLlon.

&G>A0 roof of Lrafflc vlolaLlon requlred.

3. ArLlcle 2188. 1here ls ptlmo focle
presumpLlon of negllgence on Lhe parL
of Lhe defendanL lf Lhe deaLh or ln[ury
resulLs from hls possesslon of
dangerous weapons or subsLances, such
as flrearms and polson, excepL when
possesslon or use Lhereof ls
lndlspensable ln hls occupaLlon or
buslness.
SSS
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL

&G>A0 roof of possesslon of dangerous
weapons or subsLances requlred.

S5 #*$ ,8$% .";1,!1#

;0 /<=> NGA@ &'* #L*! +$3,#-,& MA=DL

%0 1he Lhlng speaks for lLself. 1he facL of Lhe
occurrence of an ln[ury, Laken wlLh surroundlng
clrcumsLances, may permlL an lnference or ralse a
presumpLlon of negllgence, or make ouL a
plalnLlff's ptlmo focle case, and presenL a
quesLlon of facL for defendanL Lo meeL wlLh an
explanaLlon.

&G>A0 Powever, tes lpso lopoltot ls noL a rule of
subsLanLlve law and, as such, does noL creaLe nor
consLlLuLe an lndependenL or separaLe ground of
llablllLy. lnsLead, lL ls consldered as merely
evldenLlary or ln Lhe naLure of a procedural rule.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAQJ?@?>A@ HGC ><A =BBF?E=>?GD GH
><A NGE>C?DA GH &'* #L*! +$3,#-,&L

%0
1. 1haL Lhe accldenL ls of a klnd whlch
ordlnarlly does noL occur ln Lhe absence
of someone's negllgence,
2. lL ls caused by an lnsLrumenLallLy wlLhln
Lhe excluslve conLrol of Lhe
defendanL/s, and
3. 1he posslblllLy of conLrlbuLlng conducL
whlch would make plalnLlff responslble
ls ellmlnaLed.

;0 /<=> =CA @GMA E=@A@ U<ACA ><A NGE>C?DA U=@
<AFN >G IA ?D=BBF?E=IFAL

%0
1. Where Lhere ls dlrecL proof of absence
or presence of negllgence,
2. Where oLher causes, lncludlng Lhe
conducL of Lhe plalnLlff and Lhlrd
persons, are noL sufflclenLly ellmlnaLed
by Lhe evldence,
3. When one or more requlslLe ls absenL.

)5 '*9*&$*$

\5 +"(8.*!*

;0 /<P =CA ><AP E=FFAN cEGMBFA>Ad NAHAD@A@L

%0 1hey are called compleLe" defenses because
Lhey compleLely bar recovery as opposed Lo
parLlal defenses whlch only serve Lo mlLlgaLe
llablllLy.

=5 %2$*&+* "9 *.*(*&!

Y\Z '1* ',.,)*&+*

See 8ules on uegree or SLandard of Care

YSZ %+!$ "9 812.,+ "99,+*#$

I5 %++,'*&! "# 9"#!1,!"1$ *-*&!

See lorce Ma[eure or lorLulLous LvenL

E5 '%(&1( %2$;1* ,&31#,%

;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP .!(%,( !/*3,' #%5,&#!L

%0 1here ls no llablllLy even lf Lhere ls damage
because Lhere was no ln[ury.

&G>A0 1here can be damage wlLhouL ln[ury ln Lhose
lnsLances ln whlch Lhe loss or harm was noL Lhe
resulL of a vlolaLlon of a legal duLy. ln such cases, Lhe
consequences musL be borne by Lhe ln[ured person
alone.

;0 /<=> ?@ ?DOJCPL

%0 lL ls Lhe legal lnvaslon of a legal rlghL.

;0 /<=> ?@ N=M=KAL

%0 lL ls Lhe loss, hurL or harm whlch resulLs from
Lhe ln[ury. 1hey are Lhe recompense or
compensaLlon awarded for Lhe damage suffered.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP ><A M=`?M 3,# 5,&' *,$
,-#-,& %,++,( .!(%,( <!"#-;

%0 Cne who exerclses a rlghL does no ln[ury.

SS4
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

N5 %1!4"#,!T "9 .%/

A5 %$$1(8!,"& "9 #,$6

;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP )$+'%-# %$% <#- #%5,&#!L

%0 1o a wllllng person, no ln[ury ls done.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH ><A NGE>C?DA GH
=@@JMB>?GD GH C?@VL

%0
1. 1he plalnLlff musL know LhaL Lhe rlsk ls
presenL,
2. Pe musL furLher undersLand lLs naLure,
and
3. Pls cholce Lo lncur lL ls free and
volunLary.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A >UG V?DN@ GH =@@JMB>?GD GH C?@VL

%0
1. Lxpress walver of Lhe rlghL Lo recover,
2. lmplled assumpLlon
a. uangerous CondlLlons
b. ConLracLual 8elaLlons
c. uangerous AcLlvlLles
d. uefendanL's negllgence

;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP0
\5 '=DKACGJ@ EGDN?>?GD@L
%0 A person who, knowlng LhaL he ls
exposed Lo a dangerous condlLlon,
volunLarlly assumes Lhe rlsk of such
dangerous condlLlon may noL recover
from Lhe defendanL who malnLalned
such dangerous condlLlon.

S5 +GD>C=E>J=F CAF=>?GD@L
%0 1here may be an lmplled assumpLlon
of rlsk lf Lhe plalnLlff enLered lnLo
conLracLual relaLlons wlLh Lhe
defendanL. 8y enLerlng lnLo a
relaLlonshlp freely and volunLarlly
where Lhe negllgence of Lhe defendanL
ls obvlous, Lhe plalnLlff may be found Lo
accepL and consenL Lo lL, and Lo
underLake Lo look ouL for hlmself and Lo
relleve Lhe defendanL of Lhe duLy.

e5 '=DKACGJ@ =E>?R?>?A@L
%0 A person who volunLarlly parLlclpaLes
ln dangerous acLlvlLles assumes Lhe
rlsks whlch are usually presenL ln such
acLlvlLles.

f5 'AHADN=D>b@ DAKF?KADEAL
%0 When Lhe plalnLlff ls aware of Lhe
rlsk creaLed by Lhe defendanL's
negllgence, yeL he volunLarlly proceed
Lo encounLer lL, Lhere ls lmplled
assumpLlon of rlsk on Lhe parL of Lhe
plalnLlff.

H5 .%$! +.*%# +4%&+*

See LasL Clear Chance

K5 8#*$+#,8!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BCA@EC?B>?RA BAC?GN HGC QJ=@?
NAF?E>L

%0 lour (4) years reckoned from Lhe daLe of Lhe
accldenL5

<5 /%,-*#

See ersons: Walver of 8lghLs.

?5 '"12.* #*+"-*#T

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA =K=?D@> NGJIFA CAEGRACPL

%0 1he plalnLlff cannoL recover damages Lwlce for
Lhe same acL or omlsslon of Lhe defendanL. (Att.
2177, Ncc)

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
,W5 $8*+,%. .,%2,.,!T ,& 8%#!,+1.%# %+!,-,!,*$

SSS
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
%5 )*&*#%.

\5 +"&+*8!

25 8#"'1+!$ .,%2,.,!T

;0 /<=> ?@ BCGNJE> =DN @ACR?EA F?=I?F?>PL

%0 roducL LlablllLy ls Lhe law whlch governs Lhe
llablllLy of manufacLurers and sellers for damages
resulLlng from defecLlve producLs. lL ls meanL Lo
proLecL Lhe consumers by provldlng safeguards
when Lhey purchase or use consumer producLs.
(Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J.)

\5 (%&19%+!1#*#$ "# 8#"+*$$"#$

=5 *.*(*&!$

I5 +"&$1(*# %+!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A EGD@JMAC =E> Y#% aegfZL

%0 Consumer AcL prohlblLs fraudulenL sales acLs or
pracLlces. ChapLer l of 1lLle lll expressly provldes
for proLecLlon agalnsL defecLlve, unfalr and
unconsclonable sales acLs and pracLlces. 1he AcL
llkewlse conLalns provlslons lmposlng warranLy
obllgaLlons on Lhe manufacLurers and sellers. 1hls
AcL also lmposes llablllLy for defecLlve servlce
lndependenLly of faulL".

;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ M=NA F?=IFA JDNAC ><A
EGD@JMAC =E>L

%0 1he sLrlcL llablllLy under Lhe AcL ls lmposed on
Lhe manufacLurer.

&"!*0 A manufacLurer ls any person who
manufacLures, assembles or processes consumer
producLs, excepL LhaL lf Lhe goods are manufacLured,
assembled or processed for anoLher person who
aLLaches hls own brand name Lo Lhe consumer
producLs, Lhe laLLer shall be deemed Lhe
manufacLurer. ln case of lmporLed producLs, Lhe
manufacLurer's represenLaLlves or, ln hls absence,
Lhe lmporLer, shall be deemed Lhe manufacLurer.
(Att. 4, kA 7J94)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH NAHAE>@ ?D BCGNJE>@L

%0
1. Mooofoctotloq Jefect - defecLs
resulLlng from manufacLure,
consLrucLlon, assembly and erecLlon.
2. ueslqo Jefect - defecLs resulLlng from
deslgn and formulas.
3. lteseototloo Jefect - defecLs resulLlng
from handllng, maklng up, presenLaLlon
or packlng of Lhe producLs.
4. Abseoce of Apptoptlote wotoloq -
defecL resulLlng from Lhe lnsufflclenL or
lnadequaLe lnformaLlon on Lhe use and
hazards of Lhe producLs.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A NAHAD@A@ GH = M=DJH=E>JCAC =DN
@JBBF?ACL

%0
1he manufacLurer shall noL be llable when lL
evldences:
1. LhaL lL dld noL place Lhe producL on Lhe
markeL,
2. LhaL alLhough lL dld place Lhe producL
on Lhe markeL such producL has no
defecL,
3. LhaL Lhe consumer or Lhe Lhlrd parLy ls
solely aL faulL.

1he suppller shall noL be llable when lL ls proven:
1. LhaL Lhere ls no defecL ln Lhe servlce
rendered,
2. LhaL Lhe consumer or Lhe Lhlrd parLy ls
solely aL faulL.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAMAN?A@ GH = EGD@JMAC ?D ><A
EGD@JMAC =E>L

%0 SecLlon 60 of Lhe law expressly provldes LhaL
Lhe courL may granL ln[uncLlon resLralnlng Lhe
conducL consLlLuLlng Lhe conLravenLlon of lllegal
sales acL and pracLlces and/or acLual damages
and such oLher orders as lL Lhlnks flL Lo redress
ln[ury Lo Lhe person affecLed by such conducL.

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

+5 &1,$%&+*

SS6
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

\5 &1,$%&+* 8*# $* %&' &1,$%&+* 8*#
%++,'*&+*

;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH DJ?@=DEAL

%0
1. As Lo Lhe number of persons affecLed:
a. ubllc (or common) - ls one whlch
affecLs a communlLy lr
nelghborhood or conslderable
number of persons.
b. rlvaLe - ls one whlch affecLs an
lndlvldual or few persons only.
2. CLher classlflcaLlon:
a. nulsance er Se - LhaL klnd of
nulsance whlch ls always a
nulsance. 8y lLs naLure, lL ls
always a nulsance all Lhe Llme
under any clrcumsLances
regardless of locaLlon or
surroundlngs.
b. nulsance er Accldens - LhaL
klnd of nulsance by reason of
locaLlon, surroundlng or ln a
manner lL ls conducLed or
managed.
c. 1emporary - LhaL klnd whlch
lf properly aLLended does noL
consLlLuLe a nulsance.
d. ermanenL - LhaL klnd whlch
by naLure of sLrucLure creaLes
a permanenL lnconvenlence.
e. ConLlnulng - LhaL klnd whlch
by lLs naLure wlll conLlnue Lo
exlsL lndeflnlLely unless
abaLed
f. lnLermlLLenL - LhaL klnd whlch
recurs off and on may be
dlsconLlnued anyLlme.
g. ALLracLlve nulsance - one
who malnLalns on hls
premlses dangerous
lnsLrumenLallLles or
appllances of a characLer
llkely Lo aLLracL chlldren ln
play, and who falls Lo exerclse
ordlnary care Lo prevenL
chlldren from playlng
LherewlLh or resorLlng
LhereLo, ls llable Lo a chlld of
Lender years who ls ln[ured
Lhereby, even lf Lhe chlld ls
Lechnlcally a Lrespasser ln Lhe
premlses.

S5 812.,+ &1,$%&+* %&' 8#,-%!* &1,$%&+*

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAMAN?A@ =K=?D@> BJIF?E
DJ?@=DEA@L

%0
1. rosecuLlon under Lhe 8C or any local
ordlnance
2. Clvll acLlon
3. AbaLemenL, wlLhouL [udlclal proceedlng

;0 /<G M=P =R=?F GH CAMAN?A@L

%0
1. ubllc offlcers

2. rlvaLe persons lf nulsance ls speclally
ln[urlous Lo hlmself, Lhe ff. sLeps
musL be made:

l. demand be flrsL made upon owner
or possessor of Lhe properLy Lo
abaLe Lhe nulsance
ll. LhaL such demand has been
re[ecLed
lll. LhaL Lhe abaLemenL be approved
by Lhe dlsLrlcL healLh offlcer and
execuLed wlLh Lhe asslsLance of
local pollce
lv. LhaL Lhe value of desLrucLlon does
noL exceed 3,000

;0 /<=> ?@ = BC?R=>A DJ?@=DEAL

%0 one LhaL affecLs an lndlvldual or a llmlLed
number of lndlvlduals only

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CAMAN?A@ =K=?D@> BC?R=>A
DJ?@=DEA@L

%0
1. Clvll acLlon
2. AbaLemenL, wlLhouL [udlclal
proceedlngs

;0 /<G M=P =R=?F GH CAMAN?A@L

%0
1. ubllc offlcers
2. rlvaLe persons lf nulsance ls speclally
ln[urlous Lo hlmself, Lhe ff.
sLeps musL be made:

l. demand be flrsL made upon owner
or possessor of Lhe properLy
Lo abaLe Lhe nulsance
ll. LhaL such demand has been
re[ecLed

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
lll. LhaL Lhe abaLemenL be approved
by Lhe dlsLrlcL healLh offlcer and
execuLed wlLh Lhe asslsLance of
local pollce
lv. LhaL Lhe value of desLrucLlon does
noL exceed 3,000

SS7
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
e5 %!!#%+!,-* &1,$%&+*

;0 /<=> ?@ =D =>>C=E>?RA DJ?@=DEAL

%0 A dangerous lnsLrumenLallLy or appllance
malnLalned ln one's premlses whlch ls llkely Lo
aLLracL chlldren aL play.

Cne who malnLalns an aLLracLlve nulsance on hls
esLaLe wlLhouL exerclslng due care ls llable Lo a
chlld of Lender years even lf a Lrespasser.

&G>A0 Lhe aLLracLlveness of Lhe premlses or of Lhe
dangerous lnsLrumenLallLy Lo chlldren of Lender
years ls Lo be consldered as an lmplled lnvlLaLlon,
whlch Lakes Lhe chlldren who accepLed lL ouL of Lhe
caLegory of a Lrespasser and puLs Lhem ln Lhe
caLegory of lnvlLees, Lowards whom Lhe owner of
Lhe premlses or lnsLrumenLallLy owes Lhe duLy of
ordlnary care

'5 -,".%!,"& "9 +"&$!,!1!,"&%. #,)4!$

Any publlc offlcer or employee, or any prlvaLe
lndlvldual, who dlrecLly or lndlrecLly obsLrucLs,
defeaLs, vlolaLes or ln any manner lmpedes or
lmpalrs any of Lhe followlng rlghLs and llberLles of
anoLher person shall be llable Lo Lhe laLLer for
damages:
1. lreedom of rellglon,
2. lreedom of speech,
3. lreedom Lo wrlLe for Lhe press or Lo
malnLaln a perlodlcal publlcaLlon,
4. lreedom from arblLrary or lllegal
deLenLlon,
3. lreedom of suffrage,
6. 1he rlghL agalnsL deprlvaLlon of
properLy wlLhouL due process of law,
7. 1he rlghL Lo a [usL compensaLlon when
prlvaLe properLy ls Laken for publlc use,
8. 1he rlghL Lo Lhe equal proLecLlon of Lhe
laws,
9. 1he rlghL Lo be secure ln one's person,
house, papers, and effecLs agalnsL
unreasonable searches and selzures,
10. 1he llberLy of abode and of changlng
Lhe same,
11. 1he prlvacy of communlcaLlon and
correspondence,
12. 1he rlghL Lo become a member of
assoclaLlons or socleLles for purposes
noL conLrary Lo law,
13. 1he rlghL Lo Lake parL ln a peaceable
assembly Lo peLlLlon Lhe governmenL
for redress of grlevances,
14. 1he rlghL Lo be free from lnvolunLary
servlLude ln any form,
13. 1he rlghL of Lhe accused agalnsL
excesslve ball,
16. 1he rlghL of Lhe accused Lo be heard by
hlmself and counsel, Lo be lnformed of
Lhe naLure and cause of Lhe accusaLlon
agalnsL hlm, Lo have a speedy and
publlc Lrlal, Lo meeL Lhe wlLnesses face
Lo face, and Lo have compulsory process
Lo secure Lhe aLLendance of wlLness ln
hls behalf,
17. lreedom from belng compelled Lo be a
wlLness agalnsL one's self, or from belng
forced Lo confess gullL, or from belng
lnduced by a promlse of lmmunlLy or
reward Lo make such confesslon, excepL
when Lhe person confesslng becomes a
SLaLe wlLness,
18. lreedom from excesslve flnes, or cruel
and unusual punlshmenL, unless Lhe
same ls lmposed or lnfllcLed ln
accordance wlLh a sLaLuLe whlch has noL
been [udlclally declared
unconsLlLuLlonal, and
19. lreedom of access Lo Lhe courLs. (ArL.
32, nCC)

\5 -,".%!,"& "9 +,-,. .,2*#!,*$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A C=>?GD=FA HGC ><A ?DEFJ@?GD GH %C>5
eS ?D ><A &AU +?R?F +GNAL

%0 1he creaLlon of an absoluLely separaLe and
lndependenL clvll acLlon for Lhe vlolaLlon of clvll
llberLles ls essenLlal Lo Lhe effecLlve malnLenance
of democracy.

*5 -,".%!,"& "9 #,)4!$ +"((,!!*' 2T 812.,+
"99,+*#$

;0 ,D U<=> ?D@>=DEA@ E=D = BJIF?E GHH?EAC IA F?=IFA
HGC N=M=KA@L

%0 When a member of a clLy or munlclpal pollce
force refuses or falls Lo render ald or proLecLlon
Lo any person ln case of danger Lo llfe or
properLy, such peace offlcer shall be prlmarlly
llable for damages. (Att. J4, Ncc)

An acLlon may be broughL by any person sufferlng
from maLerlal or moral loss because a publlc
servanL refuses or neglecLs, wlLhouL [usL cause Lo
perform hls offlclal duLy (Ak1, 27 Ncc).

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

kepolsltes.
l. defendanL ls a publlc offlcer charged
wlLh Lhe performance of a duLy ln favor
of Lhe plalnLlff
ll. he refused or neglecLed wlLhouL [usL
cause Lo perform such duLy (mlnlsLerlal)
lll. plalnLlff susLalned maLerlal or moral loss
as consequence of such non
performance
lv. Lhe amounL of such damages, lf
maLerlal

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A ?D>AD>?GD GH M=V?DK BJIF?E
GHH?EAC@ F?=IFA JDNAC %C> efX &++L

%0 ArL. 34 ls lnLended Lo afford a remedy agalnsL
pollce offlcers who connlve wlLh bad elemenLs,
are afrald of Lhem or slmply lndlfferenL Lo duLy.

SS8
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

95 8#"-,&+*$X +,!,*$ %&' (1&,+,8%.,!,*$

;0 /<=> ?D@>=DEA UGJFN M=VA E?>?A@ =DN
MJD?E?B=F?>?A@ F?=IFA HGC N=M=KA@L

%0 ClLles and munlclpallLles shall be subsldlarlly
llable for Lhe neglecL of duLy of a member of a clLy
or munlclpal pollce force. (Att. J4, Ncc)

)5 "/&*# "9 ("!"# -*4,+.*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A F?=I?F?>P GH ><A GUDAC GH = RA<?EFA
?D E=@A GH =D =EE?NAD>L

%0 ln moLor vehlcle mlshaps, Lhe owner ls
solldarlly llable wlLh hls drlver, lf Lhe former, who
was ln Lhe vehlcle, could have, by Lhe use of Lhe
due dlllgence, prevenLed Lhe mlsforLune. lL ls
dlspuLably presumed LhaL a drlver was negllgenL,
lf he had been found gullLy or reckless drlvlng or
vlolaLlng Lrafflc regulaLlons aL leasL Lwlce wlLhln
Lhe nexL precedlng Lwo monLhs. (Att. 2184, Ncc)

45 8#"8#,*!"# "9
21,.',&) "# $!#1+!1#* "# !4,&)

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA CAK=CN?DK ><A F?=I?F?>P GH
BCGBC?A>GC@ GH IJ?FN?DK@0

%0
a. 1he proprleLor of a bulldlng or sLrucLure
ls responslble for Lhe damages resulLlng
from lLs LoLal or parLlal collapse, lf lL
should be due Lo Lhe lack of necessary
repalrs. (Att. 2190, Ncc)

b. roprleLors shall also be responslble for
damages caused:

1) 8y Lhe exploslon of machlnery
whlch has noL been Laken care of
wlLh due dlllgence, and Lhe
lnflammaLlon of exploslve
subsLances whlch have noL been
kepL ln a safe and adequaLe place,
2) 8y excesslve smoke, whlch may be
harmful Lo persons or properLy,
3) 8y Lhe falllng of Lrees slLuaLed aL or
near hlghways or lanes, lf noL
caused by force ma[eure,
4) 8y emanaLlons from Lubes, canals,
sewers or deposlLs of lnfecLlous
maLLer, consLrucLed wlLhouL
precauLlons sulLable Lo Lhe place.
(Att. 2191, Ncc)

,5 4*%' "9 9%(,.T

See ersons Made 8esponslble lor CLhers,
arenLs

W5 $!#,+! .,%2,.,!T

;0 /<AD ?@ ><ACA @>C?E> F?=I?F?>PL

%0 1here ls sLrlcL llablllLy lf one ls made
lndependenL of faulL, negllgence or lnLenL afLer
esLabllshlng cerLaln facLs speclfled by law. lL
lncludes llablllLy for converslon and for ln[urles
caused by anlmals, ulLrahazardous acLlvlLles and
nulsance.

%5 %&,(%.$

\5 8"$$*$$"# %&' 1$*# "9 %& %&,(%.

;0 /<G ?@ F?=IFA HGC N=M=KA@ E=J@AN IP =D?M=F@L

%0 1he possessor or whoever makes use of Lhe
anlmal ls llable lndependenL of faulL.

&G>A0 1he only excepLlon ls when Lhe damage ls
caused by fotce mojeote or by Lhe person who
suffered Lhe damage.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A CJFA@ GD F?=I?F?>P GH GUDAC@ HGC
N=M=KA E=J@AN IP <?@ =D?M=F@L

%0
1. An owner ls sLrlcLly llable for reasonably
foreseeable damage done by a Lrespass
of hls anlmals.
2. An owner ls sLrlcLly llable Lo llcensees
and lnvlLees for ln[urles caused by wlld

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

SS9
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
anlmals as long as Lhe ln[ured person
dld noLhlng Lo brlng abouL Lhe ln[ury.
3. An owner ls noL sLrlcLly llable for
ln[urles caused by domesLlc anlmals
unless he has knowledge of LhaL
parLlcular anlmal's dangerous
propenslLles LhaL are noL common Lo
Lhe specles.
4. SLrlcL llablllLy wlll generally noL be
lmposed ln favor of Lrespassers ln Lhe
absence of Lhe owner's negllgence. An
excepLlon ls recognlzed for ln[urles
lnfllcLed by vlclous waLchdogs.

25 &1,$%&+*

See nulsance.

\5 +.%$$*$

See nulsance.
S5 *%$*(*&! %)%,&$! &1,$%&+*

;0 /<=> ?@ A=@AMAD> =K=?D@> DJ?@=DEAL

%0 LasemenL agalnsL nulsance ls esLabllshed by
Att. 682 - 68J. lL ls lnLended Lo prohlblL Lhe
proprleLor or possessor of a bulldlng or land from
commlLLlng nulsance Lhereln Lhrough nolse,
[arrlng, offenslve odor, smoke, heaL, dusL, waLer,
glare, and oLher causes. (Coozolezuecooo, Notes
oo 1otts & uomoqes uoJet tbe clvll coJe of tbe
lblllpploes, 2010, p166)

+5 8#"'1+!$ .,%2,.,!T

\5 +"&$1(*# %+!

See ManufacLurers or rocessors, Consumer AcL.

2""6 ,, 7 '%(%)*$

,5 )*&*#%. +"&$,'*#%!,"&$

%5 +.%$$,9,+%!,"&

;0 /<=> =CA N=M=KA@L

%0 1he pecunlary compensaLlon, recompense or
saLlsfacLlon for an ln[ury susLalned or as
oLherwlse expressed Lhe pecunlary consequences
whlch Lhe law lmposes for Lhe breach of some
duLy or vlolaLlon of some rlghLs.

&G>A0 A complalnL for damages ls personal ln
naLure (personal acLlon)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH N=M=KA@L

%0 (*&!%.
1. (oral
2. *xemplary
3. &omlnal
4. !emperaLe
3. %cLual
6. .lquldaLed
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

%+!1%.j
+"(8*&$%!"#T
("#%. &"(,&%.
2""$&.#%F -$ L,&L$*'
AcLual or compensaLory damages
slmply make good or replace Lhe
loss caused by Lhe wrong.
Awarded only Lo enable Lhe
ln[ured parLy Lo obLaln means,
dlverslon or amusemenL LhaL wlll
allevlaLe Lhe moral sufferlng he
has undergone, by reason of
defendanLs culpable acLlon.
(koblezo v. cA, 174 5ckA J54)
vlndlcaLlng or recognlzlng Lhe
ln[ured parLy's rlghL Lo a properLy
LhaL has been vlolaLed or lnvaded.
(1oo v. 8ooteqol, 47J 5ckA 66J)
2""$&.#%F -$ (!%%'& $< .'-'&(#%!-#$%
ClalmanL musL produce compeLenL
proof or Lhe besL evldence
obLalnable such as recelpLs Lo
[usLlfy an award Lherefore. AcLual
or compensaLory damages coooot
be ptesomeJ buL musL be proved
wlLh reasonable cerLalnLy. (leople
v. teoo, leb. 22, 2000)
no proof of pecunlary loss ls
necessary. 1he assessmenL ls lefL
Lo Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL
accordlng Lo Lhe clrcumsLances of
each case. Powever, Lhere musL
be proof LhaL Lhe defendanL
caused physlcal sufferlng eLc.
(compoolo Motltlmo v. AllleJ ltee
wotkets uoloo, C.k. No. lJ1J79,
Aoq. 29, 1988).

)#0 lacLual basls musL be alleged.
Aslde from Lhe need for Lhe
clalmanL Lo saLlsfacLorlly prove Lhe
exlsLence of Lhe facLual basls of
Lhe damages, lL ls also necessary Lo
prove lLs causal relaLlon Lo Lhe
defendanL's acL (kooqos v. 1tovo,
C.k. No. l20081, leb. 27,1968,
leople v. Mooeto, C.k. Nos.
8688J85, Ioo. 29, 199J).

W8&0 Crlmlnal cases. Moral
damages may be awarded Lo Lhe
vlcLlm ln crlmlnal proceedlngs ln
such amounL as Lhe courL deems
[usL wlLhouL need for pleadlng or
proof of Lhe basls Lhereof (leople
v. loteJes, Ioly J0, 1998).
necessary. roof LhaL a legal rlghL
has been vlolaLed ls whaL ls only
requlred. usually awarded ln Lhe
absence of proof of acLual
damages.
HL'"#!+Q@&.#%!&O
Crdlnary

&G>A0 Crdlnary uamages are Lhose
generally lnherenL ln a breach of a
Lyplcal conLracL
Speclal

&G>A0 Speclal uamages are Lhose
whlch exlsL because of speclal
clrcumsLances and for whlch a
debLor ln good falLh can be held
llable lf he had been prevlously
lnformed of such. clrcumsLances.
Speclal

S4u

+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

!*(8*#%!* .,;1,'%!*'
*W*(8.%#Tj
+"##*+!,-*
2""$&.#%F -$ L,&L$*'
When Lhe courL ls convlnced LhaL
Lhere has been such a loss, Lhe
[udge ls empowered Lo calculaLe
moderaLe damages raLher Lhan leL
Lhe complalnanL suffer wlLhouL
redress. (C5l5 v. lobooqueooq,
J65 5ckA J41)
LlquldaLed damages are frequenLly
agreed upon by Lhe parLles, elLher
by way of penalLy or ln order Lo
avold conLroversy on Lhe amounL
of damages.
Lxemplary or correcLlve damages
are lnLended Lo serve as a
deLerrenL Lo serlous wrongdolngs.
(leople v. Otlllo, 422 5ckA 620)
2""$&.#%F -$ (!%%'& $< .'-'&(#%!-#$%
May be recovered when Lhe courL
flnds LhaL some pecunlary loss has
been suffered buL lLs amounL
cannoL, from Lhe naLure of Lhe
case, be proved wlLh cerLalnLy. no
proof of pecunlary loss ls
necessary.
lf lnLended as a penalLy ln
obllgaLlons wlLh a penal cause,
proof of acLual damages suffered
by Lhe credlLor ls noL necessary ln
order LhaL Lhe penalLy may be
demanded (Att. 1228, Ncc).
No ptoof of pecooloty loss ls
necessary.
1. 1haL Lhe clalmanL ls enLlLled Lo
moral, LemperaLe or
compensaLory damages, and

2. 1haL Lhe crlme was commlLLed
wlLh 1 or more aggravaLlng
clrcumsLances, or Lhe quasldellcL
was commlLLed wlLh gross
negllgence, or ln conLracLs and
quaslconLracLs Lhe acL musL be
accompanled by bad falLh or done
ln wanLon, fraudulenL, oppresslve
or malevolenL manner.

necessary.
HL'"#!+Q@&.#%!&O
Speclal Speclal Speclal

,,5 %+!1%. %&' +"(8*&$%!"#T '%(%)*$

S41
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> =CA =E>J=F GC EGMBAD@=>GCP N=M=KA@L

%0 lL comprehends noL only Lhe value of Lhe loss
suffered buL also LhaL of Lhe proflLs whlch Lhe
obllgee falled Lo obLaln. 1he amounL should be
LhaL whlch would puL Lhe plalnLlff ln Lhe same
poslLlon as he would have been lf he had noL
susLalned Lhe wrong for whlch he ls now geLLlng
compensaLlon or reparaLlon. 1o recover damages,
Lhe amounL of loss musL noL only be capable of
proof buL musL acLually be proven.

;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH =E>J=F GC EGMBAD@=>GCP
N=M=KA@L

%0
1. Ceoetol Jomoqes - naLural, necessary
and loglcal consequences of a parLlcular
wrongful acL whlch resulL ln ln[ury, need
noL be speclflcally pleaded because Lhe
law lLself lmplles or presumes LhaL Lhey
resulLed from Lhe wrongful acL.

2. 5peclol Jomoqes - damages whlch are
Lhe naLural, buL noL Lhe necessary and
lnevlLable resulL of Lhe wrongful acL, an
example would be aLLorney's fees.

25 #*;1,$,!*$

\5 %..*)*' %&' 8#"-*' /,!4 +*#!%,&!T

;0 ,@ ?> DAEA@@=CP ><=> FG@@ IA BCGRANL

%0
)#0 Loss musL be proved before one can be
enLlLled Lo damages.

W8&0 Loss need noL be proved ln Lhe followlng
cases:

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

1. LlquldaLed damages prevlously agreed
upon,
&G>A0 LlquldaLed damages Lake Lhe
place of acLual damages excepL when
addlLlonal damages are lncurred.
2. lf damages oLher Lhan acLual are
soughL,
3. lorfelLure of bonds ln favor of Lhe
governmenL for Lhe purpose of
promoLlng publlc lnLeresL or pollcy,
4. Loss ls presumed.

S42
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

S5 &"! $8*+1.%!,-*

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CAQJ?CAN BCGGH HGC =E>J=F
N=M=KA@L

%0 lL ls necessary LhaL Lhe clalmanL produces
compeLenL proof or Lhe besL evldence obLalnable
such as recelpLs Lo [usLlfy an award Lherefore.
AcLual or compensaLory damages coooot be
ptesomeJ buL musL be proved wlLh reasonable
cerLalnLy (leople v. teoo, leb. 22, 2000)

Any person who seeks Lo be awarded acLual or
compensaLory damages due Lo acLs of anoLher
has Lhe burden of provlng sald damages as well as
Lhe amounL Lhereof. AcLual damages cannoL be
allowed unless supporLed by evldence on Lhe
record. 1he courL cannoL rely on speculaLlons,
con[ecLures or guesswork as Lo Lhe facL and
amounL of damages (8ooos, It. v. cA, leb. 10,
2000)

+5 +"(8"&*&! *.*(*&!$

\5 -%.1* "9 ."$$: 1&#*%.,k*' 8#"9,!

;0 /<=> NGA@ =E>J=F N=M=KA@ EGRACL

%0 lL comprehends noL only Lhe value of Lhe loss
suffered buL also LhaL of Lhe proflLs whlch Lhe
obllgee falled Lo obLaln.
1. uooo emetqeote - loss of whaL a person
already possesses

2. locto cessoote - fallure Lo recelve as a
beneflL LhaL would have perLalned Lo
hlm

&G>A0 Loss or lmpalrmenL of earnlng capaclLy ln
cases of Lemporary or permanenL personal ln[ury.

ln case of buslness esLabllshmenLs, lL covers ln[ury Lo
Lhe buslness sLandlng or commerclal credlL.

;0 /<=> MJ@> IA EGD@?NACAN ?D NA>ACM?D?DK ><A
=MGJD> GH N=M=KA@ CAEGRAC=IFAL

%0 Much ls lefL Lo Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL
conslderlng Lhe moral and maLerlal damages
lnvolved. 1here can be no exacL or unlform rule
for measurlng Lhe value of a human llfe. 1he
amounL recoverable depends on Lhe parLlcular
facLs and clrcumsLances of each case.

1he llfe expecLancy of Lhe deceased or of Lhe
beneflclary, whlchever ls shorLer, ls an lmporLanL
facLor. CLher facLors LhaL are usually consldered
are:
1. ecunlary loss Lo plalnLlff or beneflclary,
2. Loss of supporL,
3. Loss of servlce,
4. Loss of socleLy,
3. MenLal sufferlng of beneflclarles, and
6. Medlcal and funeral expenses.

1hus, llfe expecLancy ls, noL only relevanL, buL,
also, an lmpottoot elemenL ln flxlng Lhe amounL
recoverable, alLhough lL ls noL Lhe sole elemenL
deLermlnaLlve of sald amounL.

;0 ,@ ?> BCGBAC HGC ><A <A?C@ >G EF=?M =@ N=M=KA@
><A HJFF =MGJD> GH A=CD?DK@ GH ><A NAEA=@ANL

%0 no. Sald damages conslsL, oot of Lhe full
amounL of hls earnlngs, buL of Lhe soppott tbey
tecelveJ ot woolJ bove tecelveJ from hlm had he
noL dled ln consequence of Lhe negllgence of Lhe
bus' agenL. SLaLed oLherwlse, Lhe amounL
recoverable ls noL loss of Lhe enLlre earnlng, buL
raLher Lhe loss of LhaL pottloo of Lhe earnlngs
whlch Lhe beneflclary would have recelved. ln
oLher words, only oet eotoloqs, noL gross earnlng,
are Lo be consldered.

ln flxlng Lhe amounL of LhaL supporL, Lhe
"oecessoty expeoses of bls owo llvloq" sboolJ be
JeJocteJ ftom bls eotoloqs. Larnlng capaclLy, as
an elemenL of damages Lo one's esLaLe for hls
deaLh by wrongful acL, ls necessarlly hls neL
earnlng capaclLy or hls capaclLy Lo acqulre money,
less tbe oecessoty expeose fot bls owo llvloq. (vlllo
key 1tooslt, loc. v. cA, et ol., C.k. No. l25499 leb.
18, 1970)

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

S5 %!!"#&*Tb$ 9**$ %&' *W8*&$*$ "9
.,!,)%!,"&

S4S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
;0 /<=> =CA ><A >UG EGDEAB>@ GH =>>GCDAPb@
HAA@L '?@>?DKJ?@< GDA HCGM ><A G><AC5

%0
1. Crdlnary
2. LxLraordlnary

"#',&%#T *W!#%"#',&%#T
9!-,&'
1he reasonable
compensaLlon pald
Lo a lawyer for Lhe
legal servlces
rendered Lo a cllenL
who has engaged
hlm
An lndemnlLy for damages
ordered by Lhe courL Lo be
pald by Lhe loslng Lo Lhe
prevalllng parLy ln llLlgaLlon
R!*#*
1he facL of
employmenL of Lhe
lawyer by Lhe cllenL
Any cases auLhorlzed by law
E$ CD$( L!O!/+'
Lawyer CllenL

;0 !G U<=> NGA@ %C>?EFA SS[_ BAC>=?DL

%0 ArLlcle 2208 perLalns Lo exLraordlnary
aLLorney's fees. 1hey are acLual damages due Lo
Lhe plalnLlff. lalnLlff musL allege Lhe basls of hls
clalm for aLLorney's fees ln Lhe complalnL.

;0 %CA =>>GCDAPb@ HAA@ CAEGRAC=IFA =@ =E>J=F
N=M=KA@L

%0
)#0 Not recoverable.
W8&0 $/,$$ (1' *#+
1. $LlpulaLlon beLween parLles
2. 8ecovery of /ages of household
helpers, laborers and skllled workers
3. AcLlons for ,ndemnlLy under workmen's
compensaLlon and employer llablllLy
laws
4. Legal $upporL acLlons
3. $eparaLe clvll acLlon Lo recover clvll
llablllLy arlslng from crlme
6. (allclous prosecuLlon
7. Clearly 1nfounded clvll acLlon or
proceedlng agalnsL plalnLlff
8. When 'ouble [udlclal cosLs are awarded
9. When *xemplary damages are awarded
10. uefendanL acLed ln gross & evldenL bad
falLh ln #efuslng Lo saLlsfy plalnLlff's [usL
& demandable clalm
11. When defendanL's acL or omlsslon
+ompelled plalnLlff Lo llLlgaLe wlLh 3rd
persons or lncur expenses Lo proLecL hls
lnLeresL

e5 ,&!*#*$!

;0 /<AD E=D ?D>ACA@> IA B=C> GH N=M=KA@L

%0 ln crlmes and quasldellcLs, Lhe courL may
approprlaLely lmpose lnLeresL on Lhe amounL of
Lhe damages ad[udlcaLed by Lhe courL. 1he basls
of lnLeresL ls Lhe legal raLe whlch ls 6 per
annum.

'5 *W!*&! "# $+"8* "9 %+!1%. '%(%)*$

\5 ,& +"&!#%+!$ %&' ;1%$,+"&!#%+!$

;0 /<=> @<GJFN IA ><A =MGJD> GH =E>J=F
N=M=KA@L

%0 1he amounL should be LhaL whlch would puL
Lhe plalnLlff ln Lhe same poslLlon as he would
have been lf he had noL susLalned Lhe wrong for
whlch he ls now geLLlng compensaLlon or
reparaLlon.
1. ltopetty - value aL Lhe Llme of
desLrucLlon, or markeL value, plus, ln
proper cases, damages for Lhe loss of
use durlng Lhe perlod before
replacemenL, value of use of premlses,
ln case of mere deprlvaLlon of
possesslon.

60 ersonal ln[ury - Medlcal expenses,
73,000 by way of clvll lndemnlLy ln case
of rape commlLLed or effecLlvely
quallfled under whlch Lhe deaLh penalLy
ls lmposed by law, or 30,000 ln oLher
rape cases.

3. ueotb - Wake and burlal expenses,
30,000 by way of clvll lndemnlLy ex
Jellcto whlch requlres no proof oLher
Lhan Lhe facL of deaLh of Lhe vlcLlm and
Lhe assallanL's responslblllLy Lherefor.

;0 +=D =E>J=F N=M=KA@ IA M?>?K=>ANL

%0 ?es, ln Lhe followlng cases:
1. lot coottocts.
a. vlolaLlon of Lerms of Lhe conLracL
by Lhe plalnLlff hlmself,
b. CbLenLlon or en[oymenL of beneflL
under Lhe conLracL by Lhe plalnLlff
hlmself,
c. uefendanL acLed upon advlce of
counsel ln cases where Lhe
exemplary damages are Lo be

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

awarded such as under ArLlcles
2230, 2231 and 2232,
d. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo
lessen Lhe plalnLlff's ln[ury or loss.

2. lot Oooslcoottocts.
a. ln cases where exemplary damages
are Lo be awarded such as ln
ArLlcle 2232,
b. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo

3. lot OooslJellcts.
S44
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

a. 1haL Lhe loss would have resulLed
ln any evenL because of Lhe
negllgence or omlsslon of anoLher,
and where such negllgence or
omlsslon ls Lhe lmmedlaLe and
proxlmaLe cause of Lhe damage or
ln[ury,
b. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo

S5 ,& +#,(*$ %&' ;1%$,'*.,+!$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A =MGJD> GH N=M=KA@ ?D E=@A@
U<ACA NA=>< CA@JF>AN HCGM = EC?MA GC QJ=@?
NAF?E>L

%0 ArL. 2206 provldes LhaL Lhe amounL of
damages for deaLh caused by a crlme or quasl
dellcL shall be aL leasL 30 Lhousand pesos, even
Lhough Lhere may have been mlLlgaLlng
clrcumsLances.
ln addlLlon Lo Lhe amounL Lo be awarded, Lhe
defendanL shall also be llable for Lhe followlng:

1. Loss of Lhe earnlng capaclLy of Lhe
deceased, and Lhe lndemnlLy shall be
pald Lo Lhe helrs of Lhe laLLer, such
lndemnlLy shall ln every case be
assessed and awarded by Lhe courL,
unless Lhe deceased on accounL of
permanenL physlcal dlsablllLy noL
caused by Lhe defendanL, had no
earnlng capaclLy aL Lhe Llme of hls
deaLh,

2. lf Lhe deceased was obllged Lo glve
supporL accordlng Lo Lhe provlslons of
ArLlcle 291, Lhe reclplenL who ls noL an
helr called Lo Lhe decedenL's lnherlLance
by Lhe law of LesLaLe or lnLesLaLe
successlon, may demand supporL from
Lhe person causlng Lhe deaLh, for a
perlod noL exceedlng flve years, Lhe
exacL duraLlon Lo be flxed by Lhe courL,

&G>A0 1he arLlcle only menLloned helr.
ConsequenLly, lL cannoL speak of
devlsees and legaLees who are recelvlng
supporL from Lhe deceased.

3. 1he spouse, leglLlmaLe and llleglLlmaLe
descendanLs and ascendanLs of Lhe
deceased may demand moral damages
for menLal angulsh by reason of Lhe
deaLh of Lhe deceased.

,,,5 ("#%. '%(%)*$

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<P =CA MGC=F N=M=KA@ =U=CNANL

%0 1hey are awarded Lo enable Lhe ln[ured parLy
Lo obLaln means, dlverslons or amusemenL LhaL
wlll serve Lo allevlaLe Lhe moral sufferlng he has
undergone by reason of Lhe defendanL's culpable
acLlon.

;0 4GU E=D ><A BF=?D>?HH CAEGRAC MGC=F N=M=KA@L

%0
)#0 1he plalnLlff musL allege and prove:
1. 1he foctool bosls for moral damages
and
2. 1he coosol telotloo Lo Lhe defendanL's
acL

W8&0 Moral damages may be awarded Lo Lhe
vlcLlm ln crlmlnal proceedlngs wlLhouL Lhe
need for pleadlng of proof or Lhe basls
Lhereof.

25 /4*& #*+"-*#%2.*

;0 /<AD ?@ MGC=F N=M=KA@ CAEGRAC=IFAL

%0 Moral damages may be recovered ln Lhe
followlng and analogous cases:
1. A crlmlnal offense resulLlng ln physlcal
ln[urles,
2. CuasldellcLs causlng physlcal ln[urles,
3. SeducLlon, abducLlon, rape, or oLher
lasclvlous acLs,
4. AdulLery or concublnage,
3. lllegal or arblLrary deLenLlon or arresL,
6. lllegal search,
7. Llbel, slander or any oLher form of
defamaLlon,
8. Mallclous prosecuLlon,
9. AcLs menLloned ln ArLlcle 309, and

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

10. AcLlons referred Lo ln ArLlcles 21, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, and 33. (Att. 2219,
Ncc)

&]ef0 1o award moral damages, a courL musL be
saLlsfled wlLh proof of Lhe followlng:
1. an ln[ury - wheLher physlcal, menLal or
psychologlcal,
2. a culpable acL or omlsslon facLually
esLabllshed,
3. a wrongful acL or omlsslon of Lhe
defendanL as Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe
ln[ury susLalned by Lhe clalmanL,
4. Lhe award of damages predlcaLed on any
of Lhe cases sLaLed ln ArL. 2219.

ArL. 2219, nCC speaks provldes for crlmlnal offense
resulLlng from physlcal ln[urles and quasldellcLs
causlng physlcal ln[urles.

S4S
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
\5 ,& $*'1+!,"&X %2'1+!,"&X #%8* %&'
"!4*# .%$+,-,"1$ %+!$

;0 ,@ ><ACA =DP ?D@>=DEA U<ACA?D ><A BF=?D>?HH
M=P DG> BCGRA ><A H=E>J=F I=@?@ HGC MGC=F
N=M=KA@ =@ UAFF =@ ><A E=J@=F CAF=>?GD >G ><A
NAHADN=D>b@ =E>L

%0 ?es. ln crlmlnal proceedlngs for rape.

kepolsltes.
1. 1here musL be an ln[ury wheLher
physlcal, menLal or psychologlcal,
clearly susLalned by Lhe clalmanL
2. 1here musL be culpable acL or omlsslon
3. Such acL or omlsslon ls Lhe proxlmaLe
cause of Lhe ln[ury
4. 1he damage ls predlcaLed on Lhe cases
clLed ln ArL. 2219

;0 ,D C=BA E=@A@X ?@ E?R?F ?DNAMD?>P ><A @=MA U?><
MGC=F N=M=KA@L

%0 no, clvll lndemnlLy ls dlfferenL from moral
damages. lL ls dlsLlncL from and should noL be
denomlnaLed as moral damages whlch are based
on dlfferenL [ural foundaLlons and assessed by Lhe
courL ln Lhe exerclse of sound dlscreLlon (leople
v. colJooo, C.k. No. 126019, Mot. 1, 2001).

When Lhe facL of rape has been esLabllshed, clvll
lndemnlLy ls mandaLory. lf lL ls slmple rape, clvll
lndemnlLy ls 30,000.00. lf Lhere ls quallfylng
clrcumsLance as Lo [usLlfy Lhe lmposlLlon of deaLh
penalLy, lL should be no less Lhan 73,000.00
(leople v. 8oooqo , leople v. Moblooy, C.k. No.
10961J, Ioly 17, 1995) (lloeJo, p. 247, 2009 eJ.).

S5 ,& %+!$ #*9*##*' !" ,& %#!$5 S\X S^X SaX S_X
SgX eSX ef l e]X &++

;0 /<=> =CA ><G@A >GC>JGJ@ =E>@ CAHACCAN >G ?D
%C>?EFA@ S\X S^X SaX S_5 SgX eSX ef =DN e] GH ><A
+?R?F +GNAX U<ACA?D ><A BF=?D>?HH M=P CAEGRAC
MGC=F N=M=KA@L

%0
1. Wlllful acLs conLrary Lo morals, good
cusLoms or publlc pollcy
2. ulsrespecL Lo Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy,
prlvacy and peace of mlnd of nelghbors
and oLher persons
3. 8efusal or neglecL of a publlc servanL Lo
perform hls offlclal duLy wlLhouL [usL
cause
4. unfalr compeLlLlon ln enLerprlse or ln
labor
3. Clvll acLlon for damages agalnsL accused
acqulLLed on reasonable doubL
6. vlolaLlon of clvll rlghLs
7. Clvll acLlon for damages agalnsL clLy or
munlclpal pollce force
8. When Lhe Lrlal courL flnds no
reasonable ground Lo belleve LhaL a
crlme has been commlLLed afLer a
prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon or when Lhe
prosecuLor refuses or falls Lo lnsLlLuLe
crlmlnal proceedlngs.

e5 ,& +%$*$ "9 (%.,+,"1$ 8#"$*+1!,"&

;0 /<=> ?@ =D =E>?GD HGC M=F?E?GJ@ BCG@AEJ>?GDL

%0 lL has been deflned as an acLlon for damages
broughL by or agalnsL whom a crlmlnal
prosecuLlon, clvll sulL, or oLher legal proceedlng
has been lnsLlLuLed mallclously and wlLhouL
probable cause, afLer Lhe LermlnaLlon of such
prosecuLlon, sulL or oLher proceedlng ln favor of
Lhe defendanL Lhereln. (uloz v. uovoo llqbt ooJ
lowet co., 520 5ckA 510, 2007)

;0 (=P MGC=F =DN AÀMBF=CP N=M=KA@ IA
KC=D>AN ?H = M=CC?=KA U=@ N?@@GFRAN GD ><A
KCGJDN GH B@PE<GFGK?E=F ?DE=B=E?>PL

%0 8y declarlng peLlLloner as psychologlcally
lncapaclLaLed, Lhe posslblllLy of awardlng moral
damages was negaLed, whlch should have been
proved by speclflc evldence LhaL lL was Jooe
Jellbetotely. 1hus, as Lhe granL of moral damages
was noL proper, lL follows LhaL Lhe granL of
exemplary damages cannoL sLand slnce Lhe Clvll
Code provldes LhaL exemplary damages are
lmposed ln addlLlon Lo moral, LemperaLe,
llquldaLed or compensaLory damages. llnally,

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

slnce Lhe award of moral and exemplary damages
ls no longer [usLlfled, Lhe award of aLLorney's fees
and expenses of llLlgaLlon ls lefL wlLhouL basls.
(8oeooveototo v. cA, C.k. No. 127J58, Mot. J1,
2005)

S46
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

,-5 &"(,&%. '%(%)*$

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BJCBG@A GH DGM?D=F N=M=KA@L

%0 ln order LhaL a rlghL of Lhe plalnLlff whlch has
been vlolaLed or lnvaded by Lhe defendanL may
be vlndlcaLed or recognlzed, ooJ oot fot tbe
potpose of lndemnlfylng Lhe plalnLlff for any loss
suffered by hlm.

&G>A0 LlemenLs:
1. lalnLlff has a rlghL,
2. Such rlghL ls vlolaLed,
3. 1he purpose of awardlng damages ls Lo
vlndlcaLe or recognlze Lhe rlghL vlolaLed.

25 /4*& %/%#'*'

;0 ,D U<=> E=@A@ =CA DGM?D=F N=M=KA@
=U=CNANL

%0 nomlnal damages are small sums flxed by Lhe
courL wlLhouL regard Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhe harm
done Lo Lhe ln[ured parLy. 1hey are damages ln
name only and are allowed slmply ln recognlLlon
of a Lechnlcal ln[ury based on a vlolaLlon of a legal
rlghL.

&G>A0 nomlnal damages cannoL coexlsL wlLh acLual
or compensaLory damages becoose nomlnal
damages are recoverable when Lhe damages
suffered cannoL be proved wlLh reasonable
cerLalnLy. 1he law presumes damage alLhough acLual
or compensaLory damages are noL proven. Award of
acLual, moral, LemperaLe or moderaLe damages
preclude nomlnal damages. 8uL lL may be awarded
LogeLher wlLh aLLorney's fees. (lloeJo, pp. 284285,
2009 eJ)

-5 !*(8*#%!* "# ("'*#%!* '%(%)*$

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> =CA >AMBAC=>A N=M=KA@L

%0 1hose damages, whlch are more Lhan nomlnal
buL less Lhan compensaLory, and may be
recovered when Lhe courL flnds LhaL some
pecunlary loss has been suffered buL lLs amounL
cannoL be proved wlLh cerLalnLy.
ln cases where Lhe resulLlng ln[ury mlghL be
conLlnulng and posslble fuLure compllcaLlons
dlrecLly arlslng from Lhe ln[ury whlle cerLaln Lo
occur, are dlfflculL Lo predlcL, LemperaLe damages
can and should be awarded on Lop of acLual or
compensaLory damages. ln such cases Lhere ls no
lncompaLlblllLy beLween acLual and LemperaLe
damages

&G>A0 lemeots.
1. Some pecunlary loss,
2. Loss ls lncapable of pecunlary
esLlmaLlon,
3. 1he damages awarded are
reasonable.

-,5 .,;1,'%!*' '%(%)*$

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> =CA F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@L
%0 1hose agreed upon by Lhe parLles ln a conLracL,
Lo be pald ln case of breach Lhereof.

;0 /<AD M=P F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@ IA AQJ?>=IFP
CANJEANL

%0
1. lnlqulLous or unconsclonable
2. arLlal or lrregular performance

25 #1.*$ )"-*#&,&) ,& +%$* "9 2#*%+4 "9
+"&!#%+!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA KGRACD?DK ?D E=@A GH ICA=E<
GH EGD>C=E>L

%0 ArL. 2228, nCC, provldes LhaL when Lhe breach
of conLracL commlLLed by Lhe defendanL ls noL
Lhe one conLemplaLed by Lhe parLles ln agreelng
upon Lhe llquldaLed damages, Lhe law shall
deLermlne Lhe measure of damages, and noL Lhe
sLlpulaLlon.

-,,5 *W*(8.%#T "# +"##*+!,-* '%(%)*$

%5 +"&+*8!

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BJCBG@A GH AÀMBF=CP N=M=KA@L

%0 lmposed by way of example or correcLlon for
Lhe publlc good, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe moral,
LemperaLe, llquldaLed or compensaLory damages,
lnLended Lo serve as a deLerrenL Lo serlous
wrongdolngs and as a vlndlcaLlon of undue
sufferlngs and wanLon of lnvaslon of Lhe rlghLs of

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

an ln[ured or a punlshmenL for Lhose gullLy of
ouLrageous conducL.

S47
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
25 /4*& #*+"-*#*'

;0 ,D U<=> E=@A@ M=P AÀMBF=CP N=M=KA@ IA
?MBG@AN =@ =EEA@@GCP N=M=KA@L

%0
)#0 Lxemplary damages cannoL be recovered
as a maLLer of rlghL (Att. 22JJ, Ncc)
W8&0
1. ctlmlool offeose - when Lhe crlme was
commlLLed wlLh one or more
aggravaLlng clrcumsLances (Att. 22J0)
2. OooslJellcts - when Lhe defendanL
acLed wlLh gross negllgence (Att. 22J1)
3. coottocts ooJ Oooslcoottocts - when
defendanL acLed ln wanLon, fraudulenL,
reckless, oppresslve, or malevolenL
manner (Att. 22J2) (lloeJo, p. J01,
2009 eJ)

;0 /<=> =CA ><A N=M=KA@ ><=> E=D IA CAEGRACAN
?D E=@A GH NA=><L

%0 (*%,
e

1. (oral damages

2. *xemplary damages
3. %LLomey's fees and expenses for
llLlgaLlon
4. ,ndemnlLy for deaLh
3. ,ndemnlLy for loss of earnlng capaclLy
6. ,nLeresL ln proper cases

;0 /<=> =CA ><A N=M=KA@ ><=> E=D IA CAEGRACAN
?D E=@A GH NA=><L

%0 (*%,
e

1. (oral damages

2. *xemplary damages
3. %LLomey's fees and expenses for
llLlgaLlon
4. ,ndemnlLy for deaLh
3. ,ndemnlLy for loss of earnlng capaclLy
6. ,nLeresL ln proper cases

+5 #*;1,$,!*$

;0 /<AD ?@ >AMBAC=>A N=M=KA@ CAEGRAC=IFAL

%0
1. 1he clalmanL's rlghL Lo exemplary
damages has been esLabllshed
2. 1helr deLermlnaLlon depends upon Lhe
amounL of compensaLory damages LhaL
may be awarded Lo Lhe clalmanL
3. 1he acL musL be accompanled by bad
falLh or done ln wanLon, fraudulenL,
oppresslve or malevolenL manner

-,,,5 '%(%)*$ ,& +%$* "9 '*%!4

%5 ,& +#,(*$ %&' ;1%$,'*.,+!$ +%1$,&)
'*%!4

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA U?>< CAK=CN >G EC?MA@ =DN
QJ=@? NAF?E>@ E=J@?DK NA=><L

%0 ln case of deaLh, Lhe plalnLlff ls enLlLled Lo Lhe
amounL LhaL he spenL durlng Lhe wake and
funeral of Lhe deceased. Powever, lL has been
ruled LhaL expenses afLer Lhe burlal are noL
compensable.

&G>A0 1he amounL of damages for deaLh caused by a
crlme or quasldellcL shall be aL leasL Lhree Lhousand
pesos, even Lhough Lhere may have been mlLlgaLlng
clrcumsLances. ln addlLlon:
1. 1he defendanL shall be llable for Lhe loss
of Lhe earnlng capaclLy of Lhe deceased,
and Lhe lndemnlLy shall be pald Lo Lhe
helrs of Lhe laLLer, such lndemnlLy shall ln
every case be assessed and awarded by
Lhe courL, unless Lhe deceased on accounL
of permanenL physlcal dlsablllLy noL
caused by Lhe defendanL, had no earnlng
capaclLy aL Lhe Llme of hls deaLh,
2. lf Lhe deceased was obllged Lo glve
supporL accordlng Lo Lhe provlslons of
ArLlcle 291, Lhe reclplenL who ls noL an
helr called Lo Lhe decedenL's lnherlLance
by Lhe law of LesLaLe or lnLesLaLe
successlon, may demand supporL from Lhe
person causlng Lhe deaLh, for a perlod noL
exceedlng flve years, Lhe exacL duraLlon Lo
be flxed by Lhe courL,
3. 1he spouse, leglLlmaLe and llleglLlmaLe
descendanLs and ascendanLs of Lhe
deceased may demand moral damages for
menLal angulsh by reason of Lhe deaLh of
Lhe deceased. (Att. 2206, Ncc)

\5 ,& '*%!4 +%1$*' 2T 2#*%+4 "9 +"&'1+!
2T % +"(("& +#,(*

!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--

,W5 )#%'1%!,"& "9 '%(%)*$

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA ?D KC=NJ=>?GD GH N=M=KA@ ?D
>GC>@ E=@A@L

%0 Cenerally, Lhe degree of care requlred ls
graduaLed accordlng Lo Lhe danger a person or
properLy aLLendanL upon Lhe acLlvlLy whlch Lhe
acLor pursues or Lhe lnsLrumenLallLy he uses. 1he
greaLer Lhe danger Lhe greaLer Lhe degree of care
requlred.

Powever, foreseeablllLy ls noL Lhe same as
probablllLy. Lven lf Lhere ls lesser degree of
probablllLy LhaL damage wlll resulL, Lhe damage
may sLlll be consldered foreseeable.

&"!*0 1he LesL as respecLs foreseeablllLy ls noL Lhe
balance of probablllLles, buL Lhe exlsLence, ln Lhe
slLuaLlon ln hand, of some real llkellhood of some
damage and Lhe llkellhood ls of such appreclable
welghL and momenL Lo lnduce, or whlch reasonably
should lnduce, acLlon Lo avold lL on Lhe parL of a
person or a reasonably prudenL mlnd.
S48
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0

%5 '1!T "9 ,&31#*' 8%#!T

\5 %#!5 SS[e

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NJ>P GH ><A ?DOJCAN B=C>PL

%0 1he ln[ured parLy ls obllgaLed Lo underLake
measures LhaL wlll allevlaLe and noL aggravaLe hls
condlLlon afLer Lhe lnfllcLlon of Lhe ln[ury or
nulsance. 1he ln[ured parLy has Lhe burden of
explalnlng why he dld noL do so. (Att. 220J, Ncc)

25 #1.*$

\5 ,& +#,(*$
;0 4GU =CA N=M=KA@ =NOJN?E=>AN ?D E=@A GH
EC?MA@L
%0 ln crlmes, Lhe damages Lo be ad[udlcaLed may
be respecLlvely lncreased or lessened accordlng
Lo Lhe aggravaLlng or mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances.
(Att. 2204, Ncc)
S5 ,& ;1%$,'*.,+!

;0 /<AD E=D N=M=KA@ IA CANJEAN ?D QJ=@?
NAF?E>L

%0 1he conLrlbuLory negllgence of Lhe plalnLlff
shall reduce Lhe damages he may recover. (Att.
2214, Ncc)

e5 ,& +"&!#%+!$X ;1%$,+"&!#%+!$ %&'
;1%$,'*.,+!$: &++ %#!5 SS\]

;0 /<AD E=D ><A EGJC> AQJ?>=IFP M?>?K=>A ><A
N=M=KA@ ?D EGD>C=E>X QJ=@?EGD>C=E>@ =DN QJ=@?
NAF?E>@L

%0 1he courL can mlLlgaLe Lhe damages ln Lhe
followlng lnsLances oLher Lhan ln ArL. 2214:
1. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff hlmself has
conLravened Lhe Lerms of Lhe conLracL,
2. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has fderlved some
beneflL as a resulL of Lhe conLracL,
3. ln cases where exemplary damages are
Lo be awarded, LhaL Lhe defendanL
acLed upon Lhe advlce of counsel,
4. 1haL Lhe loss would have resulLed ln any
evenL,
3. 1haL slnce Lhe flllng of Lhe acLlon, Lhe
defendanL has done hls besL Lo lessen
Lhe plalnLlff's loss or ln[ury. (Att. 2215,
Ncc)

f5 .,;1,'%!*' '%(%)*$

;0 /<AD E=D F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@ IA AQJ?>=IFP
CANJEANL

%0 LlquldaLed damages, wheLher lnLended as an
lndemnlLy or a penalLy, shall be equlLably reduced
lf Lhey are lnlqulLous or unconsclonable. (Att.
2227, Ncc)

]5 +"(8#"(,$*

;0 /<=> ?@ = EGMBCGM?@AL

%0 A compromlse ls a conLracL whereby Lhe
parLles, by maklng reclprocal concesslons, avold a
llLlgaLlon or puL an end Lo one already
commenced. (Att. 2028, Ncc)

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A A@@ADEA GH = EGMBCGM?@AL

%0 1he elemenL of reclprocal concesslons.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA CAK=CN?DK EGMBCGM?@A ?D
E=@A F?=I?F?>P <=@ = E?R?F =DN EC?M?D=F =@BAE>L

%0 lf a crlme has been commlLLed, Lhere can be
compromlse on Lhe clvll llablllLy, buL noL, as a
general rule, on Lhe ctlmlool llablllLy.

&G>A0 ln a clvll case, compromlse musL be enLered
lnLo before or durlng llLlgaLlon, never afLer flnal
[udgmenL has been rendered.

#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"

S49
1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $
!"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / %
-,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL
Compromlse durlng llLlgaLlon may be ln Lhe form
of a confesslon of [udgmenL.

;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA CAK=CN?DK EGMBCGM?@A GH
EC?M?D=F F?=I?F?>PL

%0
)#0 noL allowed

W8&0 ln case of crlmes agalnsL chasLlLy and
vlolaLlons of Lhe naLlonal lnLernal 8evenue Code.

W5 (,$+*..%&*"1$ #1.*$

1!(!F'*
-D!- "!%%$-
"$'B#*-
1!(!F'*
-D!- (,*- "$
'B#*-
1!(!F'*
-D!- (,*-
*-!%. !+$%'
nomlnal
uamages
cannoL co
exlsL wlLh
Lxemplary
uamages
Lxemplary
uamages
musL coexlsL
wlLh Moral,
1emperaLe,
LlquldaLed or
CompensaLor
y uamages
nomlnal
uamages

Torts - UST Golden Notes

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