TABLE A.

1 Properties of sections
NOTATION: A area length
2
; y distance to extreme ber (length); I moment of inertia length
4
; r radius of gyration (length); Z plastic section modulus length
3
; SF shape factor. See
Sec. 8.15 for applications of Z and SF
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
1. Square
A a
2
y
c
x
c

a
2
y
0
c
0:707acos
p
4
a
_ _
I
x
I
y
I
0
x

1
12
a
4
r
x
r
y
r
0
x
0:2887a
Z
x
Z
y
0:25a
3
SF
x
SF
y
1:5
2. Rectangle
A bd
y
c

d
2
x
c

b
2
I
x

1
12
bd
3
I
y

1
12
db
3
I
x
> I
y
if d > b
r
x
0:2887d
r
y
0:2887b
Z
x
0:25bd
2
Z
y
0:25db
2
SF
x
SF
y
1:5
3. Hollow rectangle
A bd b
i
d
i
y
c

d
2
x
c

b
2
I
x

bd
3
b
i
d
3
i
12
I
y

db
3
d
i
b
3
i
12
r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
Z
x

bd
2
b
i
d
2
i
4
SF
x

Z
x
d
2I
x
Z
x

db
2
d
i
b
2
i
4
SF
y

Z
y
b
2I
y
8
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2
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.
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4. Tee section
A tb t
w
d
y
c

bt
2
t
w
d2t d
2tb t
w
d
x
c

b
2
I
x

b
3
d t
3

d
3
3
b t
w
Ad t y
c

2
I
y

tb
3
12

dt
3
w
12
r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
If t
w
d5bt, then
Z
x

d
2
t
w
4

b
2
t
2
4t
w

btd t
2
Neutral axis x is located a distance bt=t
w
d=2
from the bottom.
If t
w
d4bt, then
Z
x

t
2
b
4

t
w
dt d t
w
d=2b
2
Neutral axis x is located a distance t
w
d=b t=2
from the top.
SF
x

Z
x
d t y
c

I
1
Z
y

b
2
t t
2
w
d
4
SF
y

Z
y
b
2I
y
5. Channel section
A tb 2t
w
d
y
c

bt
2
2t
w
d2t d
2tb 2t
w
d
x
c

b
2
I
x

b
3
d t
3

d
3
3
b 2t
w
Ad t y
c

2
I
y

d tb
3
12

db 2t
w

3
12
r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
If 2t
w
d5bt, then
Z
x

d
2
t
w
2

b
2
t
2
8t
w

btd t
2
Neutral axis x is located a distance
bt=2t
w
d=2 from the bottom.
If 2t
w
d4bt, then
Z
x

t
2
b
4
t
w
d t d
t
w
d
b
_ _
Neutral axis x is located a distance t
w
d=b t=2
from the top.
SF
x

Z
x
d t y
c

I
x
Z
y

b
2
t
4
t
w
db t
w

SF
y

Z
y
b
2I
y
A
P
P
.
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TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
6. Wide-ange beam with
equal anges
A 2bt t
w
d
y
c

d
2
t
x
c

b
2
I
x

bd 2t
3
12

b t
w
d
3
12
I
y

b
3
t
6

t
3
w
d
12
r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
Z
x

t
w
d
2
4
btd t
SF
x

Z
x
y
c
I
x
Z
y

b
2
t
2

t
2
w
d
4
SF
y

Z
y
x
c
I
y
7. Equal-legged angle
A t2a t
y
c1

0:7071a
2
at t
2

2a t
y
c2

0:7071a
2
2a t
x
c
0:7071a
I
x

a
4
b
4
12

0:5ta
2
b
2
a b
I
y

a
4
b
4
12
where b a t
r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
Let y
p
be the vertical distance from the top corner to
the plastic neutral axis. If t=a50:40, then
y
p
a
t
a

t=a
2
2
_ _
1=2
Z
x
Ay
c1
0:6667y
p

If t=a40:4, then
y
p
0:3536a 1:5t
Z
x
Ay
c1
2:8284y
2
p
t 1:8856t
3
8. Unequal-legged angle
A tb d t
x
c

b
2
dt t
2
2b d t
y
c

d
2
bt t
2
2b d t
I
x

1
3
bd
3
b td t
3
Ad y
c

2
I
y

1
3
db
3
d tb t
3
Ab x
c

2
I
xy

1
4
b
2
d
2
b t
2
d t
2
Ab x
c
d y
c

r
x

I
x
A
_ _
1=2
r
y

I
y
A
_ _
1=2
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.
A
9. Equilateral triangle A 0:4330a
2
y
c
0:5774a
x
c
0:5000a
y
0
c
0:5774acos a
I
x
I
y
I
x
0 0:01804a
4
r
x
r
y
r
x
0 0:2041a
Z
x
0:0732a
3
; Z
y
0:0722a
3
SF
x
2:343; SF
y
2:000
Neutral axis x is 0:2537a from the base.
10. Isosceles triangle
A
bd
2
y
c

2
3
d
x
c

b
2
I
x

1
36
bd
3
I
y

1
48
db
3
I
x
> I
y
if d > 0:866b
r
x
0:2357d
r
y
0:2041b
Z
x
0:097bd
2
; Z
y
0:0833db
2
SF
x
2:343; SF
y
2:000
Neutral axis x is 0:2929d from the base.
11. Triangle
A
bd
2
y
c

2
3
d
x
c

2
3
b
1
3
a
I
x

1
36
bd
3
I
y

1
36
bdb
2
ab a
2

I
xy

1
72
bd
2
b 2a
y
x

1
2
tan
1
db 2a
b
2
ab a
2
d
2
r
x
0:2357d
r
y
0:2357

b
2
ab a
2
_
12. Parallelogram
A bd
y
c

d
2
x
c

1
2
b a
I
x

1
12
bd
3
I
y

1
12
bdb
2
a
2

I
xy

1
12
abd
2
y
x

1
2
tan
1
2ad
b
2
a
2
d
2
r
x
0:2887d
r
y
0:2887

b
2
a
2
_
A
P
P
.
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TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
13. Diamond
A
bd
2
y
c

d
2
x
c

b
2
I
x

1
48
bd
3
I
y

1
48
db
3
r
x
0:2041d
r
y
0:2041b
Z
x
0:0833bd
2
; Z
y
0:0833db
2
SF
x
SF
y
2:000
14. Trapezoid
A
d
2
b c
y
c

d
3
2b c
b c
x
c

2b
2
2bc ab 2ac c
2
3b c
I
x

d
3
36
b
2
4bc c
2
b c
I
y

d
36b c
b
4
c
4
2bcb
2
c
2

ab
3
3b
2
c 3bc
2
c
3

a
2
b
2
4bc c
2

I
xy

d
2
72b c
c3b
2
3bc c
2

b
3
a2b
2
8bc 2c
2

15. Solid circle A pR

2
y
c
R
I
x
I
y

p
4
R
4
r
x
r
y

R
2
Z
x
Z
y
1:333R
3
SF
x
1:698
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A
16. Hollow circle A pR
2
R
2
i

y
c
R
I
x
I
y

p
4
R
4
R
4
i

r
x
r
y

1
2

R
2
R
2
i
_
Z
x
Z
y
1:333R
3
R
3
i

SF
x
1:698
R
4
R
3
i
R
R
4
R
4
i
17. Very thin annulus
A 2pRt
y
c
R
I
x
I
y
pR
3
t
r
x
r
y
0:707R
Z
x
Z
y
4R
2
t
SF
x
SF
y

4
p
18. Sector of solid circle A aR
2
y
c1
R 1
2 sina
3a
_ _
y
c2

2Rsina
3a
x
c
Rsina
I
x

R
4
4
a sina cos a
16 sin
2
a
9a
_ _
I
y

R
4
4
a sina cos a
Note: If a is small; a sina cos a
2
3
a
3

2
15
a
5

r
x

R
2

1
sina cos a
a

16 sin
2
a
9a
2
_
r
y

R
2

1
sina cos a
a
_
If a 454:3

, then
Z
x
0:6667R
3
sina
a
3
2 tana
_ _
1=2
_ _
Neutral axis x is located a distance
R0:5a= tana
1=2
from the vertex.
If a 554:3

, then
Z
x
0:6667R
3
2sin
3
a
1
sina where the
expression 2a
1
sin2a
1
a is solved for the value
of a
1
.
Neutral axis x is located a distance Rcos a
1
from
the vertex.
If a 473:09

, then SF
x

Z
x
y
c2
I
x
If 73:09

4a 490

, then SF
x

Z
x
y
c1
I
x
Z
y
0:6667R
3
1 cos a
If a 490

, then
SF
y
2:6667sina
1 cos a
a sina cos a
If a 590

, then
SF
y
2:6667
1 cos a
a sina cos a
A
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TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
19. Segment of solid circle
(Note: If a 4p=4, use
expressions from case 20)
A R
2
a sina cos a
y
c1
R 1
2 sin
3
a
3a sina cos a
_ _
y
c2
R
2sin
3
a
3a sina cos a
cos a
_ _
x
c
Rsina
I
x

R
4
4
a sina cos a 2 sin
3
a cos a
16 sin
6
a
9a sina cos a
_ _
I
y

R
4
12
3a 3sina cos a 2 sin
3
a cos a
r
x

R
2

1
2 sin
3
a cos a
a sina cos a

16 sin
6
a
9a sina cos a
2
_
r
y

R
2

1
2 sin
3
a cos a
3a sina cos a
_
20. Segment of solid circle
(Note: Do not use if
a > p=4
A
2
3
R
2
a
3
1 0:2a
2
0:019a
4

y
c1
0:3Ra
2
1 0:0976a
2
0:0028a
4

y
c2
0:2Ra
2
1 0:0619a
2
0:0027a
4

x
c
Ra1 0:1667a
2
0:0083a
4

I
x
0:01143R
4
a
7
1 0:3491a
2
0:0450a
4

I
y
0:1333R
4
a
5
1 0:4762a
2
0:1111a
4

r
x
0:1309Ra
2
1 0:0745a
2

r
y
0:4472Ra1 0:1381a
2
0:0184a
4

21. Sector of hollow circle

A at2Rt
y
c1
R 1
2 sina
3a
1
t
R

1
2 t=R
_ _ _ _
y
c2
R
2 sina
3a2 t=R
1
t
R
_ _
2sina 3a cos a
3a
_ _
x
c
Rsina
I
x
R
3
t 1
3t
2R

t
2
R
2

t
3
4R
3
_ _ _
a sina cos a
2 sin
2
a
a
_ _

t
2
sin
2
a
3R
2
a2 t=R
1
t
R

t
2
6R
2
_ _
_
I
y
R
3
t 1
3t
2R

t
2
R
2

t
3
4R
3
_ _
a sina cos a
r
x

I
x
A
_
; r
y

I
y
A
_
(Note: If t=R is small, a can
exceed p to form an
overlapped annulus)
8
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A
Note: If a is small:
sina
a
1
a
2
6

a
4
120
; a sina cos a
2
3
a
3
1
a
2
5

2a
4
105
_ _
;
sin
2
a
a
a 1
a
2
3

2a
4
45
_ _
cos 1
a
2
2

a
4
24
; a sina cos a
2 sin
2
a
a

2a
5
45
1
a
2
7

a
4
105
_ _
22. Solid semicircle
A
p
2
R
2
y
c1
0:5756R
y
c2
0:4244R
x
c
R
I
x
0:1098R
4
I
y

p
8
R
4
r
x
0:2643R
r
y

R
2
Z
x
0:3540R
3
; Z
y
0:6667R
3
SF
x
1:856; SF
y
1:698
Plastic neutral axis x is located a distance 0:4040R
from the base.
23. Hollow semicircle
Note: b
RR
i
2
t RR
i
A
p
2
R
2
R
2
i

y
c2

4
3p
R
3
R
2
i
R
2
R
2
i
or
y
c2

2b
p
1
t=b
2
12
_ _
y
c1
Ry
c2
x
c
R
I
x

p
8
R
4
R
4
i

8
9p
R
3
R
3
i

2
R
2
R
2
i
or
I
x
0:2976tb
3
0:1805bt
3

0:00884t
5
b
I
y

p
8
R
4
R
4
i

or
I
y
1:5708b
3
t 0:3927bt
3
Let y
p
be the vertical distance from the bottom to the
plastic neutral axis.
y
p
0:7071 0:2716C 0:4299C
2
0:3983C
3
R
Z
x
0:8284 0:9140C 0:7245C
2
0:2850C
3
R
2
t
where C t=R
Z
y
0:6667R
3
R
3
i

24. Solid ellipse
A pab
y
c
a
x
c
b
I
x

p
4
ba
3
I
y

p
4
ab
3
r
x

a
2
r
y

b
2
Z
x
1:333a
2
b; Z
y
1:333b
2
a
SF
x
SF
y
1:698
A
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TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
25. Hollow ellipse
A pab a
i
b
i

y
c
a
x
c
b
I
x

p
4
ba
3
b
i
a
3
i

I
y

p
4
ab
3
a
i
b
3
i

r
x

1
2

ba
3
b
i
a
3
i
ab a
i
b
i
_
r
y

1
2

ab
3
a
i
b
3
i
ab a
i
b
i
_
Z
x
1:333a
2
b a
2
i
b
i

Z
y
1:333b
2
a b
2
i
a
i

SF
x
1:698
a
3
b a
2
i
b
i
a
a
3
b a
3
i
b
i
SF
y
1:698
b
3
a b
2
i
a
i
b
b
3
a b
3
i
a
i
Note: For this case the inner and outer perimeters are both ellipses and the wall
thickness is not constant. For a cross section with a constant wall thickness see
case 26.
26. Hollow ellipse with
constant wall thickness t.
The midthickness
perimeter is an ellipse
(shown dashed).
0:2 < a=b < 5
A pta b 1 K
1
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _
where
K
1
0:2464 0:002222
a
b

b
a
_ _
y
c
a
t
2
x
c
b
t
2
I
x

p
4
ta
2
a 3b 1 K
2
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _

p
16
t
3
3a b 1 K
3
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _
where
K
2
0:1349 0:1279
a
b
0:01284
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:1349 0:1279
b
a
0:01284
b
a
_ _
2
For I
y
interchange a and b in the expressions
for I
x
; K
2
, and K
3
Z
x
1:3333taa 2b 1 K
4
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _

t
3
3
where
K
4
0:1835 0:895
a
b
0:00978
a
b
_ _
2
For Z
y
interchange a and b in the expression for Z
x
and K
4
.
See the note on maximum
wall thickness in case 27.
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27. Hollow semiellipse with
constant wall thickness t.
The midthickness
perimeter is an ellipse
(shown dashed).
0:2 < a=b < 5
Note: There is a limit on the
maximum wall thickness
allowed in this case. Cusps
will form in the perimeter at
the ends of the major axis
if this maximum is exceeded.
If
a
b
41; then t
max

2a
2
b
If
a
b
51; then t
max

2b
2
a
A
p
2
ta b 1 K
1
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _
where
K
1
0:2464 0:002222
a
b

b
a
_ _
y
c2

2a
p
K
2

t
2
6pa
K
3
where
K
2
1 0:3314C 0:0136C
2
0:1097C
3
K
3
1 0:9929C 0:2287C
2
0:2193C
3
Using C
a b
a b
y
c1
a
t
2
y
c2
x
c
b
t
2
I
X

p
8
ta
2
a 3b 1 K
4
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _

p
32
t
3
3a b 1 K
5
a b
a b
_ _
2
_ _
where
K
4
0:1349 0:1279
a
b
0:01284
a
b
_ _
2
K
5
0:1349 0:1279
b
a
0:01284
b
a
_ _
2
I
x
I
X
Ay
2
c2
For I
y
use one-half the value for I
y
in case 26.
Let y
p
be the vertical distance from the bottom to the
plastic neutral axis.
y
p
C
1

C
2
a=b

C
3
a=b
2

C
4
a=b
3
_ _
a
where if 0:25 < a=b 41, then
C
1
0:5067 0:5588D 1:3820D
2
C
2
0:3731 0:1938D 1:4078D
2
C
3
0:1400 0:0179D 0:4885D
2
C
4
0:0170 0:0079D 0:0565D
2
or if 1 4a=b < 4, then
C
1
0:4829 0:0725D 0:1815D
2
C
2
0:1957 0:6608D 1:4222D
2
C
3
0:0203 1:8999D 3:4356D
2
C
4
0:0578 1:6666D 2:6012D
2
where D t=t
max
and where 0:2 < D41
Z
x
C
5

C
6
a=b

C
7
a=b
2

C
8
a=b
3
_ _
4a
2
t
where if 0:25 < a=b 41, then
C
5
0:0292 0:3749D
1=2
0:0578D
C
6
0:3674 0:8531D
1=2
0:3882D
C
7
0:1218 0:3563D
1=2
0:1803D
C
8
0:0154 0:0448D
1=2
0:0233D
or if 1 4a=b < 4, then
C
5
0:2241 0:3922D
1=2
0:2960D
C
6
0:6637 2:7357D
1=2
2:0482D
C
7
1:5211 5:3864D
1=2
3:9286D
C
8
0:8498 2:8763D
1=2
1:8874D
For Z
y
use one-half the value for Z
y
in case 26.
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TABLE A.1 Properties of sections (Continued)
TABLE A.1 Properties of sections Continued)
Form of section
Area and distances from
centroid to extremities
Moments and products of inertia
and radii of gyration about central axes
Plastic section moduli,
shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
28. Regular polygon with n
sides
A
a
2
n
4 tana
r
1

a
2 sina
r
2

a
2 tana
If n is odd
y
1
y
2
r
1
cos a
n 1
2
_ _

p
2
_ _
If n=2 is odd
y
1
r
1
; y
2
r
2
If n=2 is even
y
1
r
2
; y
2
r
1
I
1
I
2

1
24
A6r
2
1
a
2

r
1
r
2

1
24
6r
2
1
a
2

_
For n 3, see case 9. For n 4, see cases 1 and 13.
For n 5, Z
1
Z
2
0:8825r
3
1
. For an axis perpen-
dicular to axis 1, Z 0:8838r
3
1
. The location of this
axis is 0.7007a from that side which is perpendicular
to axis 1. For n56, use the following expression for a
neutral axis of any inclination:
Z r
3
1
1:333 13:908
1
n
_ _
2
12:528
1
n
_ _
3
_ _
29. Hollow regular polygon
with n sides
A nat 1
t tana
a
_ _
r
1

a
2 sina
r
2

a
2 tana
If n is odd
y
1
y
2
r
1
cos a
n 1
2

p
2
_ _
If n=2 is odd
y
1
r
1
; y
2
r
2
If n=2 is even
y
1
r
2
; y
2
r
1
I
1
I
2

na
3
t
8
1
3

1
tan
2
a
_ _
1 3
t tana
a
4
t tana
a
_ _
2
2
t tana
a
_ _
3
_ _
r
1
r
2

a

8
p

1
3
_ _

1
tan
2
a
1 2
t tana
a
2
t tana
a
_ _
2
_ _

_
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