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This document provides a study guide for an exam on primate taxonomy and characteristics. It outlines the taxonomic groups that primates are divided into from order down to family level. It then describes the geographic ranges, diets, locomotion styles, and social structures of various primate species. Finally, it discusses characteristics of the major primate subgroups like strepsirhines, haplorhines, anthropoids, and hominoids.
This document provides a study guide for an exam on primate taxonomy and characteristics. It outlines the taxonomic groups that primates are divided into from order down to family level. It then describes the geographic ranges, diets, locomotion styles, and social structures of various primate species. Finally, it discusses characteristics of the major primate subgroups like strepsirhines, haplorhines, anthropoids, and hominoids.
This document provides a study guide for an exam on primate taxonomy and characteristics. It outlines the taxonomic groups that primates are divided into from order down to family level. It then describes the geographic ranges, diets, locomotion styles, and social structures of various primate species. Finally, it discusses characteristics of the major primate subgroups like strepsirhines, haplorhines, anthropoids, and hominoids.
Characteristics & members of the various taxonomic groups:
Order: primates Suborders: Strepsirhini: lemurs and lorises -most primitive living primates, reliance on olfaction, have rhinariums, eyes more on side of the face, dental comb, grooming claw on second toe Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans Infraorders: Anthropoidea: monkeys, apes, humans -larger average body size, relatively larger brain, reduced reliance on olfaction marked by absence of rhinarium, increased reliance on vision, color vision, back of eye socket protected by bony plate, , generalized dentition, longer gestation and maturation, increased parental care, more mutual grooming, other shit Tarsiiformes: tarsiers Parvorders: Platyrrhini: New World monkeys Catarrhini: Old World monkeys, apes, humans Superfamilies: Lemuroidea: lemurs Lorisoidea: lorises Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys Hominoidea: apes, humans Families: Pitheciidae: sakis, titis, uakaris Cebidae: squirrel monkeys, capuchins, owl monkey, marmosets Atelidae: howlers, spider monkeys, muriquis Hylobatidae: gibbons, siamangs Hominoidea: great apes, humans Subfamilies: Cercopithecinae: baboons, macaques, guenons Colobinae: African colobus monkeys and Asian langurs
Geographic range, diet, locomotion, social structure, & unique features emphasized in class: Ring-tailed lemur -Madagascar -Omnivorous -vertical clinging and leaping -groups of 10-25 lemurs compromising of males and females of all ages -tend to be more terrestrial Sifaka -Madagascar -herbivores -vertical clinging and leaping -same as ring-tailed lemur Aye aye -Madagascar -omnivore -vertical clinging and leaping -solitary, nocturnal, arboreal Slow loris -tropical forest and woodland habitats in India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Africa -some are entirely insectivorous, others also eat fruits -slow, cautious, climbing form of quadrupedalism -forage alone, but feeding ranges may overlap, females may feed and nest together, females leave infants alone when they forage for food Galago -forest and woodland areas of sub-Saharan Africa -omnivorous -highly agile vertical clingers and leapers -one male mates with all females in the area+same as lorises -bush baby Tarsiers -islands of Southeast Asia -insectivores -vertical clinging and leaping to surprise prey -stable pair bonds, basic social unit is a mated pair and their offspring -nocturnal -enormous immobile eyes Howler monkey -New World -quadrepedal -among largest of NW monkeys -prehensile tails used for locomotion and to hang from branches Spider monkey -New World -semibrachiators -use tails for locomotion and for hanging from branches -fission-fusion social structure -males stick together for whole lives, females grow and leave to other groups Capuchin -New World -diurnal and arboreal -group of 10-40 led by alpha male Owl Monkey -New World -only nocturnal monkey species Tamarin -Central and South America -insectivorous and eats fruits -quadrupedal -social groups composed of mated pair or female and two males and offspring -claws instead of nails -usually give birth to twins -males extensively involved in infant care Savanna baboon -omnivorous -terrestrial quadrupedalism -large social units compromising several adults of both sexes and offspring off al ages -monogamous Desert baboon -terrestrial quadrupedalism Gelada -Ethiopian highlands -reproductive units run by males Patas -Africa -fastest runner -one male in the group for most of the year Japanese macaque -arboreal quadrupedalism -females stay in troop for life, males leave Colobus monkey -Central Africa -herbivores -semibrachiation and acrobatic leaping Hanuman langur -India and Sri Lanka -herbivores -arboreal quadrupedalism -several types of groups/units Gibbon -Vietnam and China -mostly eat fruits with some leaves, flowers, and insects -brachiation -monogamous, very involved in raising offspring -highly territorial Orangutan -Borneo and Sumatra -mainly frugivorous but will eat leaves, insects, and rarely meat -slow, cautious climbing form of locomotion using four hands for grasping and support -pronounced sexual dimorphism almost completely arboreal -largely solitary lives, although females are accompanies by dependent offspring Chimpanzee -equatorial Africa -Omnivorous -quadrupedal knuckle walk -large fluid communities Gorilla -forested areas of western and eastern equatorial Africa -almost exclusively vegetarian -quadrupedal knuckle walk -one or two males, variable number of females, and subadult offspring -very terrestrial -pronounced dimorphism
1: Introduction to Primates Ancestral traits-generalized limb structure, 5 digits on hands and feet, lack of dietary specialization, generalized dentition Shared/Derived traits-erect posture in upper body, prehensile hands/feet, opposable thumb, nails instead of claws, tactile pads with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits, color vision, depth perception, decreased reliance on olfaction, expansion and increased complexity of the brain, longer gestation and fewer offspring, greater dependence on flexible learned behavior, social groups and permanent association of adult males with the group, tendency toward diurnal activity patterns Primate features- Arboreal Hypothesis-primates increasingly found food in trees rather than on the ground. Generalized dentition and increased reliance on vision helped them achieve this. Visual Predator Hypothesis-forward facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, and nails may have been the hallmark of an arboreal visual predator Angiosperm Hypothesis-flowering plants led to the need for forward facing eyes and grasping limbs, color vision helped for fine visual discrimination of such plants Dental formula o Old World Monkey-2.1.2.3. o New World Monkey-2.1.3.3. Binocular/stereoscopic vision-superimposing visual images to view the external environment in 3D, essential to depth perception Modes of locomotion o Quadrupedal-using all 4 limbs for support o Vertical clinging & leaping-lemurs and tarsiers do this by forcefully extending their long hind limbs o Brachiation-arm swinging, monkey bars o Semi-brachiation-spider monkeys and muriquis do this by combining arm swinging with leaping Diurnal/nocturnal-day activity vs night activity Arboreal/terrestrial-tree living is arboreal, terrestrial is land, all primates do some combination of both 2: Strepsirhines: Lemurs & Lorises Strepsirhine features o Tapetum lucidum-reflective layer in the eye to help see better at night o Rhinarium-moist, hairless pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammals, enhances an animals olfactory abilities o Grooming claw-claw on second tow of lemurs and lorises o Dental comb-forward-projecting lower incisors and canines, used for grooming and feeding Lemurs-only found on Madagascar and on adjacent islands off of east coast of Africa, 103 known species, larger lemurs tend to be diurnal and eat variety of foods, smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal and insectivores, Adaptive Radiation-happened on Madagascar with lemurs, diversified into many and varied ecological niches without competition from monkeys and apes Lorises-resemble lemurs, became nocturnal to avoid competition with diurnal monkeys, slow movement Galagos-agile vertical clingers and leapers 3: Haplorhini: Tarsiers Haplorhini Characteristics Tarsiers (unique features)-large, immobile eyes that allow for nocturnal behavior, similar to owls o Why theyre difficult to classify-closely related to anthropoids but also has characteristics like its eyes that dont fit in 4: Anthopoidea Anthropoidea Characteristics-already wrote somewhere above so go find it Platyrrhine Characteristics-New World monkeys, spread throughout the Americas, broad noses with outward-facing noses Prehensile tail-used for locomotion and for hanging from branches Character divergence-wut Territory-Central and South Americas Communal parenting-mixed-sex groups of all age categories 5: Old World Monkeys Catarrhine characteristics-downward-facing nose Cercopithecoidea-includes all Old World monkeys o Characteristics-quadrupedal and primarily arboreal, but some like baboons spend a great deal of time on the ground and return to the trees at night Ischial callosities-rough, nerveless spots on baboon butts that allow for comfortable sitting Sexual dimorphism-differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species, pronounced in baboons Subfamily cercopithecinae o Characteristics-more generalized that colobines, more omnivorous, majority are found in Africa but some are in India and southern Asia Subfamily Colobinae o Characteristics-narrower range of food preferences, mainly eat mature leaves, leaf-eating monkeys, found mainly in Asia but some are exclusively found in Africa 6: Apes & Humans Hominoidea characteristics-larger body except for gibbons and siamangs, no tail, shorter and more stable lower back, arms longer than legs only in apes, anatomically different shoulder joint, more complex behavior and brain, increased period of infant development and dependency Hylobatidae o Adaptations for brachiation-feed while brachiating, long arms, long curved fingers, powerful shoulders, short thumbs Hominidae o Suspensory locomotion-hanging in the trees 7: Primate Behavior Behavioral ecology-study of evolution of behavior, emphasizing role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection Social groups advantages/disadvantages Advantages-predator defense Disadvantage-competition for resources Types of primate social groups Factors influencing social structure-BMR, diet, distribution of resources, predation, dispersal, life history traits, strategies Hierarchies-dominance hierarchy Communication-autonomic responses, facial expressions, vocalizations, grooming Reproductive strategies o K-selected/R-selected -K-few offspring that are heavily invested in -r-many offspring with little or not investment Sexual selection-type of natural selection that only operates on one sex in a species, can lead to dimorphism with regard to one or more traits Infanticide-male kills females offspring so she can be ready to mate again Parenting Alloparenting-older primates in captivity will take newer, younger ones under their wing
Movies: Life in the Trees In the Wild: Lemurs with John Cleese
Articles: Dance of the Sexes Close Encounters Chimps in the Wild Show Stirrings of Culture Why Were Different Tracking Ebolas Deadly March Among Wild Apes