Propylene glycol, also called 1,2-propanediol or propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound (a

diol or double alcohol) with formula C3H8O2. It is a colorless, nearl odorless, clear, !iscous
li"uid with a faintl sweet taste, hgroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform.
#he compound is sometimes called -propylene glycol to distinguish it from the isomer
propane$%,3$diol (&$proplene glcol).
Structure and properties[edit]
'roplene glcol is a clear, colorless and hgroscopic li"uid. 'roplene glcol contains an
asmmetrical carbon atom, so it e(ists in two enantiomers. #he commercial product is a racemic
mi(ture. 'ure optical isomers can be obtained b hdration of opticall pure proplene o(ide.
)2*
#he free+ing point of water is depressed when mi(ed with proplene glcol owing to the effects
of dissolution of a solute in a sol!ent (free+ing$point depression), in general, glcols are non$
corrosi!e, ha!e !er low !olatilit and !er low to(icit (howe!er, ethlene glcol is !er to(ic
to humans and man animals).
Production[edit]
Industriall, proplene glcol is produced from proplene o(ide
)3*
(for food$grade use), and
global capacit in %--. was -..,... tonnes per ear.
)/*
0ifferent manufacturers use either non$
cataltic high$temperature process at 2.. 1C (3-2 12) to 22. 1C (/28 12), or a cataltic method,
which proceeds at %3. 1C (3.2 12) to %8. 1C (334 12) in the presence of ion e(change resin or a
small amount of sulfuric acid or al5ali.
2inal products contain 2.6 proplene glcol, %.36 of diproplene glcol and small amounts of
other polproplene glcols.
)3*
2urther purification produces finished industrial grade or
78'9:'9;'9<' grade proplene glcol that is tpicall --.36 or greater. 'roplene glcol can
also be con!erted from glcerol, a biodiesel bproduct. #his starting material is usuall reser!ed
for industrial use because of the noticeable odor and taste that accompan the final product.
(S)$'ropanediol ma be snthesi+ed from 0 $mannitol, through the following scheme=
)4*
Applications[edit]
/36 of proplene glcol produced is used as chemical feedstoc5 for the production of
unsaturated polester resins. In this regard, proplene glcol reacts with a mi(ture of unsaturated
maleic anhdride and isophthalic acid to gi!e a copolmer. #his partiall unsaturated polmer
undergoes further crosslin5ing to ield thermoset plastics. >elated to this application, proplene
glcol reacts with proplene o(ide to gi!e oligomers and polmers that are used to produce
polurethanes.
)/*
'roplene glcol is considered generall recogni+ed as safe (?>@8) b the 7.8. 2ood and 0rug
@dministration, and it is used as an humectant (;%32.), sol!ent, and preser!ati!e in food and for
tobacco products, as well as being one of the maAor ingredients of the Be$li"uidB used in
electronic cigarettes along with !egetable glcerin. Capori+ers used for deli!er of
pharmaceuticals or personal care products often include proplene glcol among the ingredients
the are filled with.
)/*
'roplene glcol is used as a sol!ent in man pharmaceuticals, including
oral, inAectable and topical formulations, such as for dia+epam and lora+epam which are
insoluble in water.
)D*
Ei5e ethlene glcol, proplene glcol is able to lower the free+ing point of water, and so it is
used as aircraft de$icing fluid.
)/*)8*
Fater$proplene glcol mi(tures ded pin5 to indicate the
mi(ture is relati!el nonto(ic are sold under the name of >C or marine antifree+e. 'roplene
glcol is fre"uentl used as a substitute for ethlene glcol in low to(icit, en!ironmentall
friendl automoti!e antifree+e (such as 8ierra, 'restone Eow #o(, and #e(aco '?). It is also used
to winteri+e a !acant structure.
)-*
#he eutectic composition9temperature is 4.=/. proplene
glcol=water9$4. 1C.
)%.*)%%*
#he $3. 129$/3 1C commercial product is, howe!er, water rich, a
tpical formulation is /.=4..
)%2*
'roplene glcol is a minor ingredient in the oil dispersant Core(it, which was used in great
"uantities during the 0eepwater Hori+on oil spill.
)%3*)%/*
)%3*
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SODIUM ISU!"I#$
Sodiu% &isul'ite (sodiu% (ydrogen sul'ite) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula
GaH8O3. 8odium bisulfite is a food additi!e with ; number ;222. #his salt of bisulfite can be
prepared b bubbling sulfur dio(ide in a solution of sodium carbonate in water. 8odium bisulfite
in contact with chlorine bleach (a"ueous solution of sodium hpochlorite) will generate heat and
form sodium bisulfate and sodium chloride.
Uses in c(e%istry[edit]
In organic chemistr sodium bisulfite has se!eral uses. It forms a bisulfite adduct with aldehde
groups and with certain cclic 5etones to a sulfonic acid.
)%*
#his reaction has limited snthetic !alue(s) but it is used in purification procedures.
Contaminated aldehdes in a solution precipitate as the bisulfite adduct which can be isolated b
filtration. #he re!erse reaction ta5es place in presence of a base such as sodium bicarbonate or
sodium hdro(ide and the bisulfite is liberated as sulfur dio(ide.
)2*
;(amples of such procedures are described for ben+aldehde,
)3*
2$tetralone,
)/*
citral,
)3*
the ethl
ester of pru!ic acid
)4*
and glo(al.
)D*
In the ring$e(pansion reaction of cclohe(anone with
dia+ald, the bisulfite reaction is reported to be able to differentiate between the primar reaction
product ccloheptanone and the main contaminant cclooctanone.
)8*
#he other main use of sodium bisulfite is as a mild reducing agent in organic snthesis in
particular in purification procedures. It can efficientl remo!e traces or e(cess amounts of
chlorine, bromine, iodine, hpochlorite salts, osmate esters, chromium trio(ide and potassium
permanganate.
@ third use of sodium bisulfite is as a decoloration agent in purification procedures because it can
reduce strongl coloured o(idi+ing agents, conAugated al5enes and carbonl compounds.
8odium bisulfite is also the 5e ingredient in the <ucherer reaction. In this reaction an aromatic
hdro(l group is replaced b an aromatic amine group and !ice !ersa because it is a re!ersible
reaction. #he first step in this reaction is an addition reaction of sodium bisulfite to an aromatic
double bond. #he <ucherer carba+ole snthesis is a related organic reaction.
Industrial uses[edit]
8odium bisulfite is a common reducing agent in the chemical industries. @s it readil reacts with
dissol!ed o(gen=
2 GaH8O3 H O2 I 2 GaH8O/
It is usuall added to large piping sstems to pre!ent o(idati!e corrosion. In biochemical
engineering applications, it is helpful to maintain anaerobic conditions within a reactor. 8odium
bisulfite should not be confused with sodium bisulfate which is used as a pH lowering chemical
for swimming pools.
In wastewater treatment, sodium bisulfite is often added following disinfection with a chlorine
solution to neutrali+e the residual chlorine before discharging the treated effluent.
e(entri%oniu% c(loride
e(entri%oniu% c(loride, also 5nown as docosyltri%et(yla%%oniu% c(loride or #A)-
22*, is an irritating, to(ic (to a"uatic organisms), and slightl flammable ellow wa(li5e organic
compound with chemical formula C H3(C H2)2%G(Cl)(C H3)3, used as an antistatic agent and a
disinfectant. It is commonl found in cosmetics such as conditioners, hair de, and mousse, and
also in detergents. In water treatment, it acts as an algaecide.