I CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Frame Work Contains 395 Articles divided into 22 chaters and !2 Sched"les
The #ream$le declares India to $e a Soverei%n& Socialist& Sec"lar
'e"$ic( The ream$le is art o) the Constit"tion o) India(
#ec"liar )eat"re o)
Indian Federalism
In American S*stem& it is )ormed $* an a%reement $et+een a
n"m$er o) soverei%n and indeendent States& s"rrenderin% a
de)ined art o) their a"tonom*(
In Canadian s*stem +here the rovinces o) Unitar* State are
converted )ederal "nion , make them a"tonomo"s(
Federalism rovides man* sa)e%"ards )or states( In India& as the
states are not soverei%n entities $e)ore )ormation o) )ederalism&
the ri%hts are e-ercised $* Union(
In America& even Citi.enshi is also d"al i(e(& $oth state and
central( In India& there is onl* one citi.enshi(
'esid"ar* o+ers are e-ercised $* Union( There)ore& Indian
constit"tion is neither "rel* )ederal nor "rel* "nitar*( It is
com$ination o) $oth(
F"ndamental 'i%hts Article !2 / 0State1 incl"des 2 the 3overnment and arliament o)
India4 the 3overnment and the le%islat"re o) each states4 all local
and other a"thorities +ithin the territor* o) India or "nder the
control o) the 3overnment o) India4
Article !3 5!6 / All la+s +hich are e-istin% rior to the
commencement o) the Constit"tion o) India and +hich are
inconsistent +ith the F"ndamental 'i%hts are invalid(
A'IC78 !3526 / A77 7AWS 9AD8 AFT8' T:8
CO998NC898NT OF T:8 CONSTITUTION AND W:IC:
A'8 INCONSIST8NT WIT: T:8 FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS
A'8 IN;A7ID(
Doctrine o) Severa$ilit* Onl* that art o) la+ +hich is inconsistent +ith )"ndamental
ri%hts are invalid( I) that art o) la+ +hich is invalid cannot $e
searated )rom that art o) la+ +hich is valid& then the entire la+
+ill $e invalid(
Doctrine o) 8clise A77 8<ISTIN3 7AWS W:IC: A'8 INCONSIST8NT WIT:
FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS =8CO98S INO#8'ATI;8 F'O9
T:8 DAT8 OF CO998NC98NT OF CONSTITUTION AND
T:8 SA98 IS NOT D8AD( IF T:8 #'O:I=ITION
='OU3:T A=OUT => T:8 CONSTITUION IS '89O;8D
=> A98ND98NT TO COSNTITUION& T:AT #A'T OF
7AW W:IC: WAS INO#8'ATI;8 =8CO98S ;A7ID(
A'TIC78 !? 8@UA7IT> =8FO'8 7AW / A77 #8'SONS WIT:IN T:8
T8''ITO'> OF INDIA A'8 8@UA7 AND NO S#8CIA7
#'I;I7838 IN FA;OU' OF AN> #8'SON4
8@UA7IT> #'OT8CTION OF 7AWS / 8@UA7
#'OT8CTION S:A77 =8 S8CU'8D TO A77 #8'SONS
WIT:IN T:8 T8''ITO'IA7 AU'ISDICTION OF INDIA IN
8NAO>98NT OF T:8I' 'I3:TS WIT:OUT AN>
DISC'I9INATION4
T8ST FO' ;A7ID
C7ASSIFICATION
IF A C7ASSIFICATION :AS TO =8CO98 ;A7ID UND8'
A'TIC78 !?& T:8 FO77OWIN3 TWO T8STS 9UST =8
SATISFI8D /
C7ASSIFICATION 9UST =8 =AS8D ON INT877I3I78
DIFFF8'8NTIA4
SUC: DIFF8'8NTIA 9UST :A;8 'ATIONA7
'87ATIONS:I# WIT: T:8 O=A8CT SOU3:T TO =8
AC:I8;8D4
:OW8;8'& T:8 STAT8 CAN 9A8 S#8CIA7 #'O;ISIONS
FO' WO98N& C:I7D'8N AND SOCIA77> AND
8DUCATIONA77> =ACBWA'D C7ASS8S OF CITIC8NS&
SC:8DU78S CAST8S AND SC:8DU78S T'I=8S4
A'TIC78 !5 #'O:I=ITS STAT8 F'O9 DISC'9INATIN3 A3AINST
AN> CITIC8N ON T:8 3'OUND ON7> OF&
'87I3IOND'AC8DCAST8DS8<D#7AC8 OF =I'T: O' AN>
OF T:894
NO CITIC8N S:A77 =8 SU=A8CT TO AN> DISA=I7IT>
WIT: '83A'D TO ACC8SS TO S:O#S& #U=7IC
'8STAU'ANTS& :OT87S AND #7AC8S OF #U=7IC
8NT8'TAIN98NT4 US8 OF W877S& TANBS& 'OADS AND
#7AC8S OF #U=7IC '8SO'T& 9AINTAIN8D W:O77> O'
#A'TIA77> OUT OF T:8 STAT8 FUNDS4
A'TIC78 !E 8F"alit* o) oort"nit* in matters relatin% to emlo*ment or
aointment o) o))ice "nder the State( :o+ever& the arliament
can make la+s )or the reservation o) aointments in )avo"r o)
an* $ack+ard classes o) citi.ens(
A'TIC78 !G Unto"cha$ilit* is a$olished and its ractice is )or$idden in an*
)orm(
A'TIC78 !H State shall not con)er an* title other than a militar* or academic
distinction( No citi.en shall accet an* title )rom an* )orei%n state(
A'TIC78 !9 Si- )reedoms are %"aranteed "nder this article 2
- Freedeom o) seech and e-ression4
- Freedom to assem$le eace)"ll* and +itho"t arms4
- Form associations or "nions4
- 9ove )reel* thro"%ho"t the territor* o) India4
- 'eside and settle in an* art o) India4
- #ractise an* ro)ession& or to carr* on an* occ"ation&
trade or $"siness4
#'OT8CTION
A3AINST 8<I#OST
FACTO 7AWS
5A'TIC78 2!6
A #8'SON CAN =8 #UNIS:8D FO' AN> ACT D8C7A'8D
AS AN OFF8NC8 => T:8 7AW IN FO'C8 ON T:8 DAT8
OF T:8 CO99ISSION OF OFF8NC8( A #8'SON CANNOT
=8 #UNIS:8D UND8' A 7AW W:IC: WIT:
'8T'OS#8CTI;8 D8C7A'8S T:AT ACT AS AN OFF8NC8(
#'OT8CTION
A3AINST DOU=78
A8O#A'D> /
NO #8'SON S:A77 =8 #'OS8CUT8D AND #UNIS:8D
FO' T:8 SA98 OFF8NC8 9O'8 T:AN ONC8(
#'OT8CTION
A3AINST S87FI
INC'I9INATION
A #8'SON ACCUS8D OF AN> OFF8NC8 CANNOT =8
CO9#8778D TO =8 A WITN8SS A3AINST :I9S87F(
#'OT8CTION OF
7IF8 AND #8'SONA7
7I=8'T>
NO #8'SON CAN =8 D8#'I;8D OF :IS 7IF8D#8'SONA7
7I=8'T> 8<C8#T IN ACCO'DANC8 WIT: T:8
#'OC8DU'8 8STA=7IS:8D => 7AW
O'DINANC8
9ABIN3 #OW8'
#'8SID8NT / O'DINANC8 9ABIN3 #OW8' IS T:8
783IS7ATI;8 #OW8' CONF8''8D ON T:8 #'8SID8NT
OF INDIA4
W:8N =OT: T:8 :OUS8S A'8 NOT IN S8SSION& ON T:8
AD;IC8 OF COUNCI7 OF 9INIST8'S T:8 #'8SID8NT
CAN ISSU8 O'DINANC8 IF :8 IS SATISFI8D T:AT
T:8'8 IS A N88D FO' SUC: O'DINANC8( T:8
O'DINANC8 :AS TO =8 #7AC8D =8FO'8 T:8
#A'T7IA98NT W:8N IT '8IASS89=78S AND S:A77
AUTO9ATICA77> C8AS8 TO :A;8 8FF8CT AFT8' T:8
8<#I'> OF E W88BS F'O9 T:8 DAT8 OF '8IASS89=7>
IF IT IS NOT A##'O;8DDDISSA##'O;8D4
O'DINANC8
9ABIN3 #OW8'
3O;8'NO'
W:8N =OT: T:8 :OUS8S OF STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 A'8
NOT IN S8SSION& ON T:8 AD;IC8 OF COUNCI7 OF
9INIST8'S T:8 3O;8'NO' CAN ISSU8 O'DINANC8 IF
:8 IS SATISFI8D T:AT T:8'8 IS A N88D FO' SUC:
O'DINANC8( T:8 O'DINANC8 :AS TO =8 #7AC8D
=8FO'8 T:8 STAT8 783IS7AT3U'8 W:8N IT '8I
ASS89=78S AND S:A77 AUTO9ATICA77> C8AS8 TO
:A;8 8FF8CT AFT8' T:8 8<#I'> OF E W88BS F'O9
T:8 DAT8 OF '8IASS89=7> IF IT IS NOT
A##'O;8DDDISSA##'O;8D4
IF A BILL CONTAINING SIMILAR PROVISIONS
REQUIRES PRESIDENTS APPROVAL, THEN HE
CANNOT PROMULGATE ANY ORDINANCE WITHOUT
INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE PRESIDENT;
783IS7ATI;8
#OW8'
T8''ITO'IA7 AU'ISDICTION / #A'7IA98NT 9A> 9AB8
7AWS FO' T:8 W:O78 OF INDIA O' AN> #A'T
T:8'8OF4
STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 9A> 9AB8 7AWS FO' T:8
STAT8 CONC8'N8D(
UNION 7ISTD7IST I / #A'7IA98NT :AS 8<C7USI;8
#OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS WIT: '8S#8CT TO SU=A8CTS
CONTAIN8D IN T:IS 7IST4
STAT8 7ISTD7IST II / T:8 783IS7ATU'8 OF A STAT8 :AS
8<C7USI;8 #OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS(
CONCU''8NT 7ISTD7IST III / =OT: #A'7IA9AN8T AND
STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 :AS #OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS( IN
CAS8 OF CONF7ICTS =8TW88N SUC: 7AWSJT:8 7AW
9AD8 => #A'7IA98NT WI77 #'8;AI7(
WIT: '8S#8CT TO AN> OF T:8 9ATT8'S NOT
INC7UD8D IN AN> OF T:8 7ISTS& #A'7IA98NT :AS
#OW8'S TO 9AB8 7AWS4
#OW8' OF
#A'7IA98NT 9AB8
7AWS ON STAT8
7IST
- IN T:8 NATIONA7 INT8'8ST4
- DU'IN3 A #'OC7A9ATION OF 898'38NC>4
- ='8ABDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONA7 9AC:IN8'>
IN A STAT84
- ON T:8 '8@U8ST OF TWO O' 9O'8 STAT8S4
- FO' 8NFO'CIN3 INT8'NATIONA7 A3'8898NTS4
AUDICIA'> SU#'898 COU'T W:IC: IS T:8 :I3:8ST COU'T IN
T:8 COUNT'> IS AN INSTITUTION C'8AT8D => T:8
CONSTITUTION4 SU#'898 COU'T IS :A;IN3
AU'ISIDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN A77 A##8A7S& =OT:
CI;I7 AND C'I9INA7& F'O9 :I3: COU'TS AND W'IT
#8TITION FO' 8NFO'C8IN3 FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS(
:I3: COU'T / :I3: COU'TS FO' 8AC: STAT8 IS
:A;IN3 A##877AT8 AU'ISDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN A77
A##8A7S& =OT: CI;I7 AND C'I9INA7& F'O9 T:8
SU=O'DINAT8 COU'TS WIT:IN ITS AU'ISIDICTION4
:I3: COU'TS :A;8 W'IT AU'ISDICTION FO'
8NFO'CIN3 FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS AND ALSO FOR
CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES;
SU=O'DINA'8
COU'TS
CI;I7 COU'TS4 C'I9INA7 COU'TS
W'ITS DI'8CTION ISSU8D => T:8 COU'T4
:A=8AS CO'#US W:8N A #8'SON IS D8TAIN8D AND CONFIN8D& T:IS
W'IT IS ISSU8D ASBIN3 T:8 AU':TOIT> ON W:AT
3'OUNDS :8DS:8 :AS =88N A''8ST8D AND
DI'8CT8D T:8 AUT:O'IT> TO #'ODUC8 T:8 #8'SON
D8TAIN8D4
9ANDA9US DI'8CITON ISSU8D TO AN> #8'SON& W:O IS A #U=7IC
AUT:O'IT>& TO DO A #U=7IC DUT> W:IC: :8 IS
'8@UI'8D TO DO4
#'O:I=ITION DI'8CTION ISSU8D TO AN INF8'IO' COU'T
#'8;8NTIN3 IT F'O9 8<8'CISIN3 A AU'ISDICTION
NOT ;8ST8D IN IT(
C8'TIO'A'I A #8'SODAUT:O'IT> :A;IN3 A AU'ISDICTION TO
D8CID8 A 9ATT8' 8<88D8S ITS AUT:'OIT>& T:IS
W'IT IS ISSU8D4
@UO WA''ANTO W:8N A #8'SON 9AB8S A C7AI9 TO AN> #U=7IC
OFFIC8& T:IS W'IT IS ISSU8D TO 8N@UI'> T:8
783A7IT> OF T:8 C7AI9 W:IC: A #8'SON ASS8'TS
AND OUST :I9 IF :8 :AS 9AD8 C7AI9 WIT:OUT AN>
783A7 =ASIS4
2( INT8'#'8TATION OF STATUT8S4
Need , O$Kect o)
interretation
When a la+ is dra)ted& the le%islat"re cannot )oresee all
ossi$le events( When a sit"ation arises and +hich is not
contemlated in the la+ made $* the le%islat"re& the co"rt has
to interret the la+ keein% in mind the intention o) the
le%islat"re4
#rimar* '"le / 7iteral
Constr"ction
Words& hrases and sentences o) a stat"te sho"ld $e
"nderstood in the ordinar* and %rammatical meanin%s( I) s"ch
interretation leads to a$s"rdit* or de)eats the o$Kect o) the
stat"te& then it sho"ld not $e interreted as er this r"le(
8ver* +ord in a la+ sho"ld $e %iven a meanin% and no +ord
in a stat"te sho"ld $e omitted(
The 9ischie) '"le or
:e*don1s '"le
While interretin% a stat"te "nder this r"le )o"r oints to $e
considered 2
What +as the common la+ $e)ore this stat"te4
What +as the mischie)Dde)ect )or +hich the common la+ did
not rovide
What +as the remed* s"%%ested $* the arliament +hile
makin% the stat"te4
The tr"e reasons )or s"ch remed*4
'"le o) 'easona$le
Constr"ction i(e& Ut 'es
9a%is ;alet @"am #areat
INormall*& +ords "sed in stat"te sho"ld $e "sed in ordinar*
meanin%4
Ii) %ivin% ordinar* meanin% does not res"lt in reasona$le
constr"ction& then the +ords m"st $e interreted in manner so
as to %ive a sensi$le meanin% to them keein% in mind o$Kect
o) the stat"te(
'"le o) :armonio"s
Constr"ction
IStat"te m"st $e read as a +hole4
Ione rovision o) the Act sho"ld not $e interreted in a
manner +hich contradicts another rovision o) the Act4
It+o rovisions +hich cannot $e reconciled sho"ld $e
interreted in s"ch a manner so as to %ive e))ect to $oth the
rovisions4
'"le o) eK"sdem %eneris While interretin% a stat"te& %eneral +ords )ollo+in% seci)ic
+ords m"st $e constr"ed to thin%s o) the same kind as those
seci)ied $* seci)ic +ords4
OT:8' 'U78S OF INT8'#'8TATION
8-ressio Unis 8st 8-cl"sio
Alteri"s
8-ress mention o) one thin% imlies the e-cl"sion o) another(
This r"le sho"ld not $e alied +hen it leads to inconsistenc*(
Contemoranea 8-ositio
8st Otima 8t Fortissima in
7a%e
While interretin% a meanin% o) a doc"ment or rovision o)
la+& it sho"ld $e %iven same meanin% to those +ords as it
carried +hen the doc"ment +as made4
Noscit"s a Soiis A +ord kno+n $* its associate +ords( Where there is a %ro"
o) +ords& meanin% o) a +ord sho"ld $e "nderstood $* its
associate +ords4
Strict and 7i$eral
Constr"ction
Strict interretation means a stat"te sho"ld $e interreted
+itho"t addin% or s"$tractin% an* +ords )rom it( 8-amle /
Criminal 7a+s4
7i$eral Constr"ction means +hile interretin% do ever*thin%
+hich +ill lead to advancement o) K"stice4
Internal Aids )or
Interretation
5a6 Title / Title o) a stat"te is ver* imortant to aid to
interretation to ascertain the o$Kect o) the stat"te4
5$6 #ream$le / It is ver* "se)"l tool to ascertain the o$Kect o) the
act +hen there is an am$i%"it* in the stat"te4
5c6 :eadin% and Title Chater /
5d6 9ar%inal Notes4
5e6 Interretation Cla"ses4
5)6 #roviso4
5%6 Ill"stration or 8-lanations /
5h6 Sched"les 4
8-ternal Aids to
Interretation
5a6 #arliament :istor*4
5$6 'e)erence to 'eorts o) Committee /
5c6 Social& #olitical and 8conomic Develoments and Scienti)ic
Invention4
5d6 'e)erence to other Stat"tes4
5e6 Dictionaries4
5)6 Use o) Forei%n Decisions4
TO'TS
De)inition Tort means Civil Wron% and +hich is not $reach o) contract or
$reach o) tr"st(
7ia$ilit* in Tort Ithere m"st $e a +ron%)"l act4
I+ron%)"l act m"st res"lt in ca"sin% le%al dama%e to another4
I+ron%)"l act m"st $e o) s"ch nat"re as to %ive rise to a le%al
remed*4
7e%al Dama%es Damn"m Sine InK"ria 2 Tho"%h there is a dama%e ca"sed& there is
not lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se there is no violation o) a le%al
ri%ht o) the erson s"))erin% the dama%e4 L3lo"cester 3rammer
School CaseM
InK"ria Sine Damno 2 Tho"%h there is not dama%e ca"sed& there is
a lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se there is violation o) a le%al ri%ht
o) the erson(LAsh$* vDs WhiteM
9ens 'ea It means intention( 9ens rea is not essential )or a tort(
Binds o) Tortio"s 7ia$ilit* /
Strict 7ia$ilit* It arises +here dama%e is done $* the escae o) dan%ero"s
s"$stance ket $* an*one "on his land( '*lands vDs Fletcher
7ia$ilit* )or Inevita$le
9istakes
These are instances +here a erson inter)eres +ith the roert* or
re"tation o) another4
;icario"s 7ia$ilit* 'esonsi$ilit* o) a erson )or a tort committed $* another erson4
8-cetions to the Strict
7ia$ilit*
Torts to ersonal Sa)et*
and )reedom
=atter* / Use o) )orce a%ainst an* erson +itho"t his consent and
+itho"t an* la+)"l K"sti)ication4
Assa"lt / An act $* a erson +hich directl* ca"ses the
)earDarehension in the other erson o) an* ossi$le contact +ith
his erson4
False Imrisonment / Imosition o) total restraint )or some eriod
"on the li$ert* o) another +itho"t s"))icient la+)"l K"sti)ication4
9alicio"s #rosec"tion / 0A1 initiates a rosec"tion a%ainst 0=1
+itho"t an* reasona$le ca"se and 0A1 has acted malicio"sl* i(e(&
+ith an imroer motive( As a res"lt 0=1 has s"))ered a dama%e
and the rosec"tion +as decided in )avo"r 0=1( 0A1 has committed
a tort called 9alicio"s #rosec"tion4
A"dicial 'emedies DamaesDComensation4
availa$le in Tort4 InK"nction4 and
Seci)ic 'estit"tion o) #roert*4
8-tra A"dicial 'emedies4 Sel)IDe)ence / In order to rotect himsel) or an* other erson
a%ainst "nla+)"l "se o) )orce& an* erson can "se reasona$le
)orce4
A erson la+)"ll* occ"*in% a roert* can "se reasona$le )orce
to revent the tresass4
The occ"ier o) a land ma* la+)"ll* terminate an* n"isance
inK"rio"s to him4
7I9ITATION ACT& !9E3
Ian* s"it& aeal& alication& i) made $e*ond the rescri$ed
eriod o) limitation& the co"rts +ill $e not roceed +ith s"ch s"its(
This rovision is mandator*(
Doctrine o) S"))icient
Ca"se4
In the case o) alications or aeals& i) the alicant or aellant
sho+s s"))icient case the co"rt can condone the dela* in )ilin% the
alication or aeal(
However, e!"# $% &$!$%' " ()$* +"%%o* ,e +o%o%e-
#ersons "nder 7e%al
disa$ilit*4
I) eriod o) limitation to )ile a case e-ires $e)ore the cession o)
disa$ilit* i(e(& $e)ore the attainment o) maKorit* $* a minor& the
)resh eriod o) limitation starts )rom the date minor attains
maKorit*4
Contin"o"s '"nnin% o)
time4
Time +hen once it has commenced to r"n in an* case +ill not
sto( Not even the s"$seF"ent event can sto the limitation( This
rovision alies onl* to s"its and aeals4
8))ect o)
ackno+led%ement4
I) $e)ore the e-ir* o) eriod o) limitation& the other art* admits
or ackno+led%es lia$ilit*& a )resh eriod o) limitation shall $e
com"ted )rom the time +hent he ackno+led%ement +as si%ned(
I& ."r* ."#/e%* $( /"e ,e&ore *0e e1.$r# o& .er$o !$/$*"*$o%,
" &re(0 .er$o o& !$/$*"*$o% (*"r*( &ro/ *0e "*e o& ()+0 ."r*
."#/e%*-
7imitation and Writ
#etition
The 7imitation Act does not al* to the Writ #roceedin%s "nder
Article 32 or 22E o) the Constit"tion o) India4 :o+ever& the
co"rts do al* the rincile o) limitation and re)"se relie) to the
arties i) there is "nreasona$le dela*4
7AW '87ATIN3 TO T:8 T'ANSF8' OF #'O#8'T>
Trans)er o) #roert*
Act& !HH!
It is la+ relatin% to the trans)er o) roert* $* the act o) arties& i(e(&
it e-cl"des s"ccession( The act is limited to trans)er $et+een livin%
ersons and e-cl"des trans)ers $* WI77(
'"les relatin% to trans)er o) #roert*(
Section G 8ver* erson +ho is cometent to contract and entitled to
trans)era$le roert* is cometent to trans)er s"ch roert*(
Formalities )or trans)er 9ovea$le #roert* can $e trans)erred $* deliver* o) ossession4
Immovea$le #roert* o) val"e o) 's( !NNDI and "+ardcan $e
trans)erred $* a re%istered instr"ment(
Attestation Imortant )ormalit* in connection +ith the e-ec"tion o) trans)er( It
means& to $ear +itness to a )act( It si%ni)ies the )act o)
a"thentication o) si%nat"re o) the erson e-ec"tin% the doc"ment
$* the attestator4
Attestation reF"ires t+o +itnesses and the* m"st see the erson
e-ec"tin% the doc"ment "ttin% his si%nat"re( 8ach +itness m"sh
si%n the doc"ment in resence o) e-ec"tor4
'e%istration It is mandator* in case o) immova$le roert* o) val"e o) 's(
!NNDI or more4
'estraint on Trans)ers
or '"le a%ainst
inaliena$ilit*
When a roert* is trans)erred& the trans)eree sho"ld not $e
restrained a$sol"tel* )rom alienatin% the roert*(
#artial restraints are valid( 8-amle / A condition restrainin%
trans)er o) roert* o"tside )amil*(
'estraint on enKo*ment A restriction on the trans)eree to enKo* the roert* is invalid4
Trans)er )or =ene)it o)
Un$orn #erson
Trans)er o) roert* to "n$orn erson sho"ld $e receded $* a li)e
estate in )avo"r o) a livin% erson and trans)eror m"st trans)er
+hole interest in the roert*4
Conditional Trans)er Trans)er in )avo"r a erson made to deend on )"l)ilment o) a
condition $* the trans)eree( S"ch condition ma* $e rior to trans)er
or ost trans)er(
Doctrine o) 8lection
Sale Trans)er o) o+nershi in immovea$le roert* in e-chan%e )or a
rice aid or romised or artl* aid and artl* romised4
Where the val"e o) the immova$le roert* is 's(!NNDI and
"+ards& the trans)er has to take lace $* a re%istered instr"ment
onl*4
8-chan%e T+o ersons trans)er the o+nershi o) one thin% )or the o+nershi
o) other thin%& +here neither thin% or $oth thin%s $ein% mone*
onl*( I) the val"e o) the immovea$le roert* is 's( !NN and
"+ards& it can $e e-chan%e onl* $* re%istered instr"ment4
3i)t ;ol"ntar* Trans)er o) o+nershi in certain e-istin% movea$le or
immovea$le roert* and the same sho"ld $e made +itho"t
consideration( The Donee m"st accet the %i)t d"rin% the li)etime
o) donor( It can $e made $* re%istered instr"ment in case o) %i)t o)
immovea$le roert*(
7eases
9ort%a%es A mort%a%e is a trans)er o) interest in seci)ic immova$le roert*
)or the "rose o) sec"rin% the a*ment o) mone* advanced or to
$e advanced $* +a* o) loan& e-istin% or )"t"re de$t4
Simle 9ort%a%e Witho"t deliverin% ossession o) the mort%a%ed roert*&
mort%a%er $inds himsel) ersonall* to a* the mort%a%e mone*
and a%rees )or the sale o) the roert* )or a*ment o) mort%a%e
mone* i) he )ails to a*4
9ort%a%e $*
Conditional Sale
The #roert* is sold on a condition that on de)a"lt in a*ment o)
mort%a%e mone* on a certain date& the sale shall $ecome a$sol"te
or on a*ment the sale shall $e void4
Us")r"ct"ar* 9ort%a%e 9ort%a%er delivers ossession o) mort%a%ed roert* and
mort%a%ee retains the same till de$t is reaid( The "s")r"cts are
aroriated $* the mort%a%ee to+ards interest or rincial(
8n%lish 9ort%a%e 9ort%a%er $inds himsel) to rea* the mort%a%ed mone* on certain
date and trans)ers mort%a%ed roert* a$sol"tel* on a condition
that mort%a%ee +ill reItrans)er the same to mort%a%or "on the
a*ment o) mort%a%e mone*(
9ort%a%e $* Deosit o)
Title Deeds
Deliver* o) title deeds +ith an intention to create mort%a%e4
Anamalo"s 9ort%a%e It is a com$ination o) an* o) the a$ove )orms o) mort%a%e or an*
mort%a%e other those set o"t a$ove(
;III T:8 CI;I7 #'OC8DU'8 COD8& !9NH
It consolidates the la+ relatin% to the roced"re o) the Co"rt o) Civil
A"risdiction4
Ca"se o) Action4 8ver* )act that it is necessar* )or a #lainti)) 5erson )ilin% the case6 to
rove to s"ort his ri%ht to the K"d%ment4
A"d%ement Statement %iven $* a K"d%e on the %ro"nds o) a decreeDorder4
Decree
Order Formal e-ression o) an* decision o) a Civil Co"rt +hich is not a decree
is called order4
DecreeI:older The erson in +hose )avo"r a decree has $een assed4
A"d%ementI
De$tor4
The erson a%ainst +hom a decree has $een assed4
;III COD8 OF C'I9INA7 #'OC8DU'8& !9G3
O))ence An* act or omission made "nisha$le $* an* la+ )or the time
$ein% in )orce4
9ens 'ea 9ens 'ea 4 it means %"ilt* mind4 In order to constit"te an
o))ence& mens rea or %"ilt* mind is m"st4 it also means intention4
=aila$le and NonI
=aila$le O))ence
=aila$le O))ence means an o))ence +hich is sho+n as $aila$le in
the I Sched"le to Criminal #roced"re Code or +hich is made
$aila$le an* la+ )or the time $ein% in )orce(
NonI$aila$e o))ence means an o))ence +hich is not $aila$le(
Co%ni.a$le O))ence and
NonICo%ni.a$le O))ence
Co%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer can arrest +itho"t a +arrant4
NonICo%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer has no a"thorit* to arrest
+itho"t a +arrant
Comlaint An alle%ation made orall* or in +ritin% to a ma%istrate re%ardin%
the commission o) an o))ence and the same sho"ld $e made +ith
a vie+ to takin% action "nder Code o) Criminal #roced"re
=ail
InF"ir*
Investi%ation
A"dicial #roceedin%s
#"$lic #rosec"tor
S"mmons and Warrants
Cases