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Mobile Communications
Chapter 7: Wireless LANs
O Characteristics
O IEEE 802.11
O PHY
O MAC
O Roaming
O .11a, b, g, h, i
O HIPERLAN
O Bluetooth / IEEE 802.15.x
O IEEE 802.16/.20/.21/.22
O RFID
O Comparison
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.2
Mobile Communication Technology according to IEEE
802.11a
Local wireless networks
WLAN 802.11
802.11b
802.11i/e//w
WiFi
802.11h
802.11g
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15
802.15.4
802.15.1
802.15.2
Bluetooth
ZigBee
802.15.4a/b
802.15.5
802.15.3 802.15.3a/b
Wireless distribution networks
WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access)
WiMAX
+ Mobility
802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.3
Characteristics of wireless LANs
Advantages
O very flexible within the reception area
O Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
O (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls)
O more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire - or users pulling
a plug...
Disadvantages
O typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
O many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take
their time (e.g. IEEE 802.11)
O products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it
takes a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.4
Design goals for wireless LANs
O global, seamless operation
O low power for battery use
O no special permissions or licenses needed to use the LAN
O robust transmission technology
O simplified spontaneous cooperation at meetings
O easy to use for everyone, simple management
O protection of investment in wired networks
O security (no one should be able to read my data), privacy (no one should
be able to collect user profiles), safety (low radiation)
O transparency concerning applications and higher layer protocols, but also
location awareness if necessary
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.5
Comparison: infrared vs. radio transmission
Infrared
O uses IR diodes, diffuse light,
multiple reflections (walls,
furniture etc.)
Advantages
O simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
O no licenses needed
O simple shielding possible
Disadvantages
O interference by sunlight, heat
sources etc.
O many things shield or absorb IR
light
O low bandwidth
Example
O IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
interface available everywhere
Radio
O typically using the license free
ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Advantages
O experience from wireless WAN
and mobile phones can be used
O coverage of larger areas
possible (radio can penetrate
walls, furniture etc.)
Disadvantages
O very limited license free
frequency bands
O shielding more difficult,
interference with other electrical
devices
Example
O Many different products
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.6
Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc networks
infrastructure
network
ad-hoc network
AP
AP
AP
wired network
AP: Access Point
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.7
802.11 - Architecture of an infrastructure network
Station (STA)
O terminal with access mechanisms
to the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
Basic Service Set (BSS)
O group of stations using the same
radio frequency
Access Point
O station integrated into the wireless
LAN and the distribution system
Portal
O bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
O interconnection network to form
one logical network (EES:
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
Distribution System
Portal
802.x LAN
Access
Point
802.11 LAN
BSS
2
802.11 LAN
BSS
1
Access
Point
STA
1
STA
2
STA
3
ESS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.8
802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc network
Direct communication within a limited
range
O Station (STA):
terminal with access mechanisms to
the wireless medium
O Independent Basic Service Set
(IBSS):
group of stations using the same
radio frequency
802.11 LAN
IBSS
1
STA
1
STA
3
STA
2
802.11 LAN
IBSS
2
STA
5
STA
4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.9
IEEE standard 802.11
fixed
terminal
mobile terminal
infrastructure
network
access point
application
TCP
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
IP
802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY
application
TCP
802.3 PHY
802.3 MAC
IP
802.11 MAC
802.11 PHY
LLC LLC LLC
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.10
802.11 - Layers and functions
PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
O clear channel assessment signal
(carrier sense)
PMD Physical Medium Dependent
O modulation, coding
PHY Management
O channel selection, MIB
Station Management
O coordination of all management
functions
PMD
PLCP
MAC
LLC
MAC Management
PHY Management
MAC
O access mechanisms, fragmentation,
encryption
MAC Management
O synchronization, roaming, MIB,
power management
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
D
L
C
P
H
Y
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.11
802.11 - Physical layer (classical)
3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR
O data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
O spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s
O min. 2.5 frequency hops/s (USA), two-level GFSK modulation
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
O DBPSK modulation for 1 Mbit/s (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying),
DQPSK for 2 Mbit/s (Differential Quadrature PSK)
O preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with 1 Mbit/s, rest
of transmission 1 or 2 Mbit/s
O chipping sequence: +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1 (Barker code)
O max. radiated power 1 W (USA), 100 mW (EU), min. 1mW
Infrared
O 850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range
O carrier detection, energy detection, synchronization
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.12
FHSS PHY packet format
Synchronization
O synch with 010101... pattern
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
O 0000110010111101 start pattern
PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word)
O length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
PSF (PLCP Signaling Field)
O data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
HEC (Header Error Check)
O CRC with x
16
+x
12
+x
5
+1
bits
80 16 12 4 16 variable
synchronization SFD PLW PSF HEC payload
PLCP preamble PLCP header
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.13
DSSS PHY packet format
Synchronization
O synch., gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
O 1111001110100000
Signal
O data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
Service Length
O future use, 00: 802.11 compliant O length of the payload
HEC (Header Error Check)
O protection of signal, service and length, x
16
+x
12
+x
5
+1
bits
128 16 8 8 16 variable
synchronization SFD signal service HEC payload length
16
PLCP preamble PLCP header
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.14
802.11 - MAC layer I - DFWMAC
Traffic services
O Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
exchange of data packets based on best-effort
support of broadcast and multicast
O Time-Bounded Service (optional)
implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Access methods
O DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
collision avoidance via randomized back-offmechanism
minimum distance between consecutive packets
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
O DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
avoids hidden terminal problem
O DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
access point polls terminals according to a list
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.15
802.11 - MAC layer II
Priorities
O defined through different inter frame spaces
O no guaranteed, hard priorities
O SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
O PIFS (PCF IFS)
medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
O DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
mediumbusy
SIFS
PIFS
DIFS DIFS
next frame contention
t
direct access if
mediumis free DIFS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.16
802.11 - CSMA/CA access method I
t
mediumbusy
DIFS DIFS
next frame
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
direct access if
mediumis free DIFS
slot time
O station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense
based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment)
O if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS),
the station can start sending (IFS depends on service type)
O if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the
station must additionally wait a random back-off time (collision
avoidance, multiple of slot-time)
O if another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of
the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.17
802.11 - competing stations - simple version
t
busy
bo
e
station
1
station
2
station
3
station
4
DIFS
bo
e
bo
e
bo
e
busy
bo
r
bo
r
DIFS
bo
e
bo
e
bo
e
bo
r
DIFS
busy
busy
DIFS
bo
e
busy
bo
e
bo
e
bo
r
bo
r
station
5
busy
mediumnot idle (frame, ack etc.)
elapsed backoff time
bo
r
packet arrival at MAC residual backoff time
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.18
802.11 - CSMA/CA access method II
Sending unicast packets
O station has to wait for DIFS before sending data
O receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for SIFS) if the packet was
received correctly (CRC)
O automatic retransmission of data packets in case of transmission errors
SIFS
DIFS
data
ACK
t
waiting time
data
DIFS
sender
receiver
other
stations
contention
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.19
802.11 - DFWMAC
Sending unicast packets
O station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS
(reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
O acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
O sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
O other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
SIFS
DIFS
data
ACK
t
defer access
data
DIFS
other
stations
receiver
sender
contention
RTS
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.20
Fragmentation
t
SIFS
DIFS
data
ACK
1
other
stations
receiver
frag
1
DIFS
contention
RTS
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
NAV (frag
1
)
NAV (ACK
1
)
SIFS
ACK
2
frag
2
SIFS
sender
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.21
DFWMAC-PCF I
PIFS
stations
NAV
wireless
stations
point
coordinator
D
1
U
1
SIFS
NAV
SIFS
D
2
U
2
SIFS
SIFS
SuperFrame
t
0
mediumbusy
t
1
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.22
DFWMAC-PCF II
t
stations
NAV
wireless
stations
point
coordinator
D
3
NAV
PIFS
D
4
U
4
SIFS
SIFS
CF
end
contention
period
contention free period
t
2
t
3
t
4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.23
802.11 - Frame format
Types
O control frames, management frames, data frames
Sequence numbers
O important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
Addresses
O receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous
O sending time, checksum, frame control, data
Frame
Control
Duration/
ID
Address
1
Address
2
Address
3
Sequence
Control
Address
4
Data CRC
2
2 6 6 6 6 2 4 0-2312
bytes
Protocol
version
Type Subtype
To
DS
More
Frag
Retry
Power
Mgmt
More
Data
WEP
4 1 2 2
From
DS
1
Order
bits 1 1 1 1 1 1
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.24
MAC address format
scenario to DS from
DS
address 1 address 2 address 3 address 4
ad-hoc network 0 0 DA SA BSSID -
infrastructure
network, from AP
0 1 DA BSSID SA -
infrastructure
network, to AP
1 0 BSSID SA DA -
infrastructure
network, within DS
1 1 RA TA DA SA
DS: Distribution System
AP: Access Point
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
BSSID: Basic Service Set Identifier
RA: Receiver Address
TA: Transmitter Address
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.25
Special Frames: ACK, RTS, CTS
Acknowledgement
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Frame
Control
Duration
Receiver
Address
CRC
2
2 6 4
bytes
ACK
Frame
Control
Duration
Receiver
Address
Transmitter
Address
CRC
2
2 6 6 4
bytes
RTS
Frame
Control
Duration
Receiver
Address
CRC
2
2 6 4
bytes
CTS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.26
802.11 - MAC management
Synchronization
O try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN
O timer etc.
Power management
O sleep-mode without missing a message
O periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/Reassociation
O integration into a LAN
O roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points
O scanning, i.e. active search for a network
MIB - Management Information Base
O managing, read, write
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.27
Synchronization using a Beacon (infrastructure)
beacon interval
t
busy
B
busy busy busy
B B B
access
point
medium
B
beacon frame value of the timestamp
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.28
Synchronization using a Beacon (ad-hoc)
beacon interval
t
busy
B
1
busy busy busy
B
1
B
2
B
2
station
1
station
2
medium
B
beacon frame value of the timestamp randomdelay
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.29
Power management
Idea: switch the transceiver off if not needed
States of a station: sleep and awake
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
O stations wake up at the same time
Infrastructure
O Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
list of unicast receivers transmitted by AP
O Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM)
list of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Ad-hoc
O Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)
announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
more complicated - no central AP
collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.30
Power saving with wake-up patterns (infrastructure)
TIM interval
t
busy
D
busy busy busy
T T D
DTIM interval
B B
medium
access
point
T
TIM
D
DTIM
B
broadcast/multicast
station
p
d
d
awake
d
data transmission
to/fromthe station
p
PS poll
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.31
Power saving with wake-up patterns (ad-hoc)
awake
A
transmit ATIM
D
transmit data
t
station
1
B
1
B
1
ATIM
window
B
beacon frame
station
2
B
2
B
2
random delay
A
a
D
d
beacon interval
a d
acknowledge ATIM acknowledge data
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.32
802.11 - Roaming
No or bad connection? Then perform:
Scanning
O scan the environment, i.e., listen into the medium for beacon signals or
send probes into the medium and wait for an answer
Reassociation Request
O station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Reassociation Response
O success: AP has answered, station can now participate
O failure: continue scanning
AP accepts Reassociation Request
O signal the new station to the distribution system
O the distribution system updates its data base (i.e., location information)
O typically, the distribution system now informs the old AP so it can release
resources
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.33
WLAN: IEEE 802.11b
Connection set-up time
O Connectionless/always on
Quality of Service
O Typ. Best effort, no guarantees
(unless polling is used, limited
support in products)
Manageability
O Limited (no automated key
distribution, sym. Encryption)
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
O Advantage: many installed systems,
lot of experience, available
worldwide, free ISM-band, many
vendors, integrated in laptops,
simple system
O Disadvantage: heavy interference
on ISM-band, no service
guarantees, slow relative speed
only
Data rate
O 1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbit/s, depending on
SNR
O User data rate max. approx. 6
Mbit/s
Transmission range
O 300m outdoor, 30m indoor
O Max. data rate ~10m indoor
Frequency
O Free 2.4 GHz ISM-band
Security
O Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
O Many products, many vendors
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.34
IEEE 802.11b PHY frame formats
Long PLCP PPDU format
bits
synchronization SFD signal service HEC payload
PLCP preamble PLCP header
128 16 8 8 16 variable
length
16
1, 2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s 192 s at 1 Mbit/s DBPSK
Short PLCP PPDU format (optional)
bits
short synch. SFD signal service HEC payload
PLCP preamble
(1 Mbit/s, DBPSK)
PLCP header
(2 Mbit/s, DQPSK)
56 16 8 8 16 variable
length
16
2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s 96 s
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.35
Channel selection (non-overlapping)
Europe (ETSI)
channel 1 channel 7 channel 13
2400 2412 2442 2472 2483.5
[MHz]
22 MHz
US (FCC)/Canada (IC)
channel 1 channel 6 channel 11
2400 2412 2437 2462 2483.5
[MHz]
22 MHz
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.36
WLAN: IEEE 802.11a
Data rate
O 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s,
depending on SNR
O User throughput (1500 byte packets): 5.3
(6), 18 (24), 24 (36), 32 (54)
O 6, 12, 24 Mbit/s mandatory
Transmission range
O 100m outdoor, 10m indoor
E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12 m,
36 up to 25 m, 24 up to 30m, 18 up to 40
m, 12 up to 60 m
Frequency
O Free 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, 5.725-5.825
GHz ISM-band
Security
O Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
O Some products, some vendors
Connection set-up time
O Connectionless/always on
Quality of Service
O Typ. best effort, no guarantees (same as
all 802.11 products)
Manageability
O Limited (no automated key distribution,
sym. Encryption)
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
O Advantage: fits into 802.x standards, free
ISM-band, available, simple system,
uses less crowded 5 GHz band
O Disadvantage: stronger shading due to
higher frequency, no QoS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.37
IEEE 802.11a PHY frame format
1 12 1 6 16 variable 6 bits 4 variable
rate service payload reserved length tail parity tail pad
PLCP header
PLCP preamble signal data
12 1 variable symbols
6 Mbit/s 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.38
Operating channels for 802.11a / US U-NII
5150
channel
40 48 52 56 60 64 36 44
5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320
5350
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
149 153 157 161
5725
channel
5745 5765 5785 5805
5825
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.39
OFDM in IEEE 802.11a (and HiperLAN2)
OFDM with 52 used subcarriers (64 in total)
O 48 data + 4 pilot
O (plus 12 virtual subcarriers)
O 312.5 kHz spacing
1 -26 -21 -7 7 21 26 -1
channel center frequency
312.5 kHz
pilot
subcarrier
number
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.40
WLAN: IEEE 802.11 future developments (03/2005)
802.11c: Bridge Support
O Definition of MAC procedures to support bridges as extension to 802.1D
802.11d: Regulatory Domain Update
O Support of additional regulations related to channel selection, hopping sequences
802.11e: MAC Enhancements QoS
O Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to expand support for applications with Quality of
Service requirements, and in the capabilities and efficiency of the protocol
O Definition of a data flow (connection) with parameters like rate, burst, period
O Additional energy saving mechanisms and more efficient retransmission
802.11f: Inter-Access Point Protocol
O Establish an Inter-Access Point Protocol for data exchange via the distribution
system
O Currently unclear to which extend manufacturers will follow this suggestion
802.11g: Data Rates > 20 Mbit/s at 2.4 GHz; 54 Mbit/s, OFDM
O Successful successor of 802.11b, performance loss during mixed operation with 11b
802.11h: Spectrum Managed 802.11a
O Extension for operation of 802.11a in Europe by mechanisms like channel
measurement for dynamic channel selection (DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection)
and power control (TPC, Transmit Power Control)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.41
WLAN: IEEE 802.11 future developments (03/2005)
802.11i: Enhanced Security Mechanisms
O Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to provide improvements in security.
O TKIP enhances the insecure WEP, but remains compatible to older WEP systems
O AES provides a secure encryption method and is based on new hardware
802.11j: Extensions for operations in J apan
O Changes of 802.11a for operation at 5GHz in J apan using only half the channel
width at larger range
802.11k: Methods for channel measurements
O Devices and access points should be able to estimate channel quality in order to be
able to choose a better access point of channel
802.11m: Updates of the 802.11 standards
802.11n: Higher data rates above 100Mbit/s
O Changes of PHY and MAC with the goal of 100Mbit/s at MAC SAP
O MIMO antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Output), up to 600Mbit/s are currently
feasible
O However, still a large overhead due to protocol headers and inefficient mechanisms
802.11p: Inter car communications
O Communication between cars/road side and cars/cars
O Planned for relative speeds of min. 200km/h and ranges over 1000m
O Usage of 5.850-5.925GHz band in North America
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.42
WLAN: IEEE 802.11 future developments (03/2005)
802.11r: Faster Handover between BSS
O Secure, fast handover of a station from one AP to another within an ESS
O Current mechanisms (even newer standards like 802.11i) plus incompatible devices from
different vendors are massive problems for the use of, e.g., VoIP in WLANs
O Handover should be feasible within 50ms in order to support multimedia applications efficiently
802.11s: Mesh Networking
O Design of a self-configuring Wireless Distribution System (WDS) based on 802.11
O Support of point-to-point and broadcast communication across several hops
802.11t: Performance evaluation of 802.11 networks
O Standardization of performance measurement schemes
802.11u: Interworking with additional external networks
802.11v: Network management
O Extensions of current management functions, channel measurements
O Definition of a unified interface
802.11w: Securing of network control
O Classical standards like 802.11, but also 802.11i protect only data frames, not the control frames.
Thus, this standard should extend 802.11i in a way that, e.g., no control frames can be forged.
Note: Not all standardswill end in products, many ideas get stuck at working group level
Info: www.ieee802.org/11/, 802wirelessworld.com, standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.43
ETSI HIPERLAN (historical)
ETSI standard
O European standard, cf. GSM, DECT, ...
O Enhancement of local Networks and interworking with fixed networks
O integration of time-sensitive services from the early beginning
HIPERLAN family
O one standard cannot satisfy all requirements
range, bandwidth, QoS support
commercial constraints
O HIPERLAN 1 standardized since 1996 no products!
physical layer
channel access
control layer
mediumaccess
control layer
physical layer
data link layer
HIPERLAN layers OSI layers
network layer
higher layers
physical layer
mediumaccess
control layer
logical link
control layer
IEEE 802.x layers
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.44
Overview: original HIPERLAN protocol family
HIPERLAN 1 HIPERLAN 2 HIPERLAN 3 HIPERLAN 4
Application wireless LAN access to ATM
fixed networks
wireless local
loop
point-to-point
wireless ATM
connections
Frequency 5.1-5.3GHz 17.2-17.3GHz
Topology decentralized ad-
hoc/infrastructure
cellular,
centralized
point-to-
multipoint
point-to-point
Antenna omni-directional directional
Range 50 m 50-100 m 5000 m 150 m
QoS statistical ATM traffic classes (VBR, CBR, ABR, UBR)
Mobility <10m/s stationary
Interface conventional LAN ATM networks
Data rate 23.5 Mbit/s >20 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
Power
conservation
yes not necessary
HIPERLAN 1 never reached product status,
the other standards have been renamed/modfied !
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.45
HIPERLAN 1 - Characteristics
Data transmission
O point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, connectionless
O 23.5 Mbit/s, 1 W power, 2383 byte max. packet size
Services
O asynchronous and time-bounded services with hierarchical priorities
O compatible with ISO MAC
Topology
O infrastructure or ad-hoc networks
O transmission range can be larger then coverage of a single node
(forwardingintegrated in mobile terminals)
Further mechanisms
O power saving, encryption, checksums
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.46
HIPERLAN 1 - Physical layer
Scope
O modulation, demodulation, bit and frame synchronization
O forward error correction mechanisms
O measurements of signal strength
O channel sensing
Channels
O 3 mandatory and 2 optional channels (with their carrier frequencies)
O mandatory
channel 0: 5.1764680 GHz
channel 1: 5.1999974 GHz
channel 2: 5.2235268 GHz
O optional
channel 3: 5.2470562 GHz
channel 4: 5.2705856 GHz
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.47
HIPERLAN 1 - Physical layer frames
Maintaining a high data-rate (23.5 Mbit/s) is power consuming -
problematic for mobile terminals
O packet header with low bit-rate comprising receiver information
O only receiver(s) address by a packet continue receiving
Frame structure
O LBR (Low Bit-Rate) header with 1.4 Mbit/s
O 450 bit synchronization
O minimum 1, maximum 47 frames with 496 bit each
O for higher velocities of the mobile terminal (> 1.4 m/s) the maximum
number of frames has to be reduced
Modulation
O GMSK for high bit-rate, FSK for LBR header
LBR synchronization data
0
data
1
data
m-1
. . .
HBR
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.48
HIPERLAN 1 - CAC sublayer
Channel Access Control (CAC)
O assure that terminal does not access forbidden channels
O priority scheme, access with EY-NPMA
Priorities
O 5 priority levels for QoS support
O QoS is mapped onto a priority level with the help of the packet
lifetime (set by an application)
if packet lifetime = 0 it makes no sense to forward the packet to the
receiver any longer
standard start value 500ms, maximum 16000ms
if a terminal cannot send the packet due to its current priority, waiting
time is permanently subtracted from lifetime
based on packet lifetime, waiting time in a sender and number of hops to
the receiver, the packet is assigned to one out of five priorities
the priority of waiting packets, therefore, rises automatically
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.49
HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA I
prioritization
EY-NPMA (Elimination Yield Non-preemptive Priority Multiple Access)
O 3 phases: priority resolution, contention resolution, transmission
O finding the highest priority
every priority corresponds to a time-slot to send in the first phase, the
higher the priority the earlier the time-slot to send
higher priorities can not be preempted
if an earlier time-slot for a higher priority remains empty, stations with the
next lower priority might send
after this first phase the highest current priority has been determined
contention transmission transmission
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.50
HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA II
Several terminals can now have the same priority and wish to send
O contention phase
Elimination Burst: all remaining terminals send a burst to eliminate
contenders (11111010100010011100000110010110, high bit- rate)
Elimination Survival Verification: contenders now sense the channel, if the
channel is free they can continue, otherwise they have been eliminated
Yield Listening: contenders again listen in slots with a nonzero probability,
if the terminal senses its slot idle it is free to transmit at the end of the
contention phase
the important part is now to set the parameters for burst duration and
channel sensing (slot-based, exponentially distributed)
O data transmission
the winner can now send its data (however, a small chance of collision
remains)
if the channel was idle for a longer time (min. for a duration of 1700 bit) a
terminal can send at once without using EY-NPMA
O synchronization using the last data transmission
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.51
HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HCPDU/AK-HCPDU
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 HI HDA
HDA HDACS
BLIR =n
1
BL-
IRCS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bit
TI BLI =n
byte
1
PLI =m
HID
2
3 - 6
DA 7 - 12
SA 13 - 18
UD 19 - (52n-m-4)
PAD (52n-m-3) - (52n-4)
CS (52n-3) - 52n
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 HI AID
AID AIDCS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 bit
Acknowledgement HCPDU
LBR
LBR
HI: HBR-part Indicator
HDA: Hashed Destination HCSAP Address
HDACS: HDA CheckSum
BLIR: Block Length Indicator
BLIRCS: BLIR CheckSum
TI: Type Indicator
BLI: Block Length Indicator
HID: HIPERLAN IDentifier
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
UD: User Data (1-2422 byte)
PAD: PADding
CS: CheckSum
AID: Acknowledgement IDentifier
AIDS: AID CheckSum
HBR
Data HCPDU
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.52
HIPERLAN 1 - MAC layer
Compatible to ISO MAC
Supports time-bounded services via a priority scheme
Packet forwarding
O support of directed (point-to-point) forwarding and broadcast forwarding (if
no path information is available)
O support of QoS while forwarding
Encryption mechanisms
O mechanisms integrated, but without key management
Power conservation mechanisms
O mobile terminals can agree upon awake patterns (e.g., periodic wake-ups
to receive data)
O additionally, some nodes in the networks must be able to buffer data for
sleeping terminals and to forward them at the right time (so called stores)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.53
HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HMPDU
LI: Length Indicator
TI: Type Indicator
RL: Residual Lifetime
PSN: Sequence Number
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
ADA: Alias Destination Address
ASA: Alias Source Address
UP: User Priority
ML: MSDU Lifetime
KID: Key Identifier
IV: Initialization Vector
UD: User Data, 12383 byte
SC: Sanity Check (for the
unencrypted PDU)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bit
LI =n
byte
1 - 2
TI =1
RL
3
4 - 5
PSN 6 - 7
DA 8 - 13
SA 14 - 19
ADA 20 - 25
ASA 26 - 31
UP ML
ML
KID
IV
IV
UD
SC
32
33
34
35 - 37
38 - (n-2)
(n-1) - n
n= 402422
Data HMPDU
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.54
Information bases
Route Information Base (RIB) - how to reach a destination
O [destination, next hop, distance]
Neighbor Information Base (NIB) - status of direct neighbors
O [neighbor, status]
Hello Information Base (HIB) - status of destination (via next hop)
O [destination, status, next hop]
Alias Information Base (AIB) - address of nodes outside the net
O [original MSAP address, alias MSAP address]
Source Multipoint Relay Information Base (SMRIB) - current MP status
O [local multipoint forwarder, multipoint relay set]
Topology Information Base (TIB) - current HIPERLAN topology
O [destination, forwarder, sequence]
Duplicate Detection Information Base (DDIB) - remove duplicates
O [source, sequence]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.55
Ad-hoc networks using HIPERLAN 1
neighborhood
(i.e., within radio range)
Information Bases (IB):
RIB: Route
NIB: Neighbor
HIB: Hello
AIB: Alias
SMRIB: Source Multipoint Relay
TIB: Topology
DDIB: Duplicate Detection
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB
DDIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB
DDIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB
DDIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DDIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DDIB
1
2
3 4
5
6
Forwarder
Forwarder
Forwarder
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DDIB
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.56
Some history: Why wireless ATM?
O seamless connection to wired ATM, a integrated services high-
performance network supporting different types a traffic streams
O ATM networks scale well: private and corporate LANs, WAN
O B-ISDN uses ATM as backbone infrastructure and integrates several
different services in one universal system
O mobile phones and mobile communications have an ever increasing
importance in everyday life
O current wireless LANs do not offer adequate support for multimedia
data streams
O merging mobile communication and ATM leads to wireless ATM from a
telecommunication provider point of view
O goal: seamless integration of mobility into B-ISDN
Problem: very high complexity of the system never reached products
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.57
ATM - basic principle
O favored by the telecommunication industry for advanced high-performance
networks, e.g., B-ISDN, as transport mechanism
O statistical (asynchronous, on demand) TDM (ATDM, STDM)
O cell header determines the connection the user data belongs to
O mixing of different cell-rates is possible
different bit-rates, constant or variable, feasible
O interesting for data sources with varying bit-rate:
e.g., guaranteed minimum bit-rate
additionally bursty traffic if allowed by the network
ATM cell:
5 48 [byte]
connection identifier, checksumetc.
cell header user data
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.58
Cell-based transmission
O asynchronous, cell-based transmission as basis for ATM
O continuous cell-stream
O additional cells necessary for operation and maintenance of the network
(OAM cells; Operation and Maintenance)
O OAM cells can be inserted after fixed intervals to create a logical frame
structure
O if a station has no data to send it automatically inserts idle cells that can be
discarded at every intermediate system without further notice
O if no synchronous frame is available for the transport of cells (e.g., SDH or
Sonet) cell boundaries have to be detected separately (e.g., via the
checksum in the cell header)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.59
B-ISDN protocol reference model
3 dimensional reference model
O three vertical planes (columns)
user plane
control plane
management plane
O three hierarchical layers
physical layer
ATM layer
ATM adaptation layer
Out-of-Band-Signaling: user data is
transmitted separately from control
information
physical layer
ATM layer
ATM adaptation layer
higher
layers
higher
layers
control
plane
l
a
y
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
l
a
n
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
user
plane
planes
management plane
layers
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.60
ATM layers
Physical layer, consisting of two sub-layers
O physical medium dependent sub-layer
coding
bit timing
transmission
O transmission convergence sub-layer
HEC (Header Error Correction) sequence generation and verification
transmission frame adaptation, generation, and recovery
cell delineation, cell rate decoupling
ATM layer
O cell multiplexing/demultiplexing
O VPI/VCI translation
O cell header generation and verification
O GFC (Generic Flow Control)
ATM adaptation layer (AAL)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.61
ATM adaptation layer (AAL)
Provides different service classes on top of ATM based on:
O bit rate:
constant bit rate: e.g. traditional telephone line
variable bit rate: e.g. data communication, compressed video
O time constraints between sender and receiver:
with time constraints: e.g. real-time applications, interactive voice and video
without time constraints: e.g. mail, file transfer
O mode of connection:
connection oriented or connectionless
AAL consists of two sub-layers:
O Convergence Sublayer (CS): service dependent adaptation
Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS)
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)
O Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR)
O sub-layers can be empty
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.62
ATM and AAL connections
O ATM layer:
service independent transport of ATM cells
multiplex and demultiplex functionality
O AAL layer: support of different services
physical
layer
ATM
AAL
physical
layer
ATM
AAL
end-system A
end-system B
ATM network
service dependent
AAL connections
service independent
ATM connections
application
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.63
ATM Forum Wireless ATM Working Group
O ATM Forum founded the Wireless ATM Working Group J une 1996
O Task: development of specifications to enable the use of ATM
technology also for wireless networks with a large coverage of
current network scenarios (private and public, local and global)
O compatibility to existing ATM Forum standards important
O it should be possible to easily upgrade existing ATM networks with
mobility functions and radio access
O two sub-groups of work items
Mobile ATM Protocol Extensions
O handover signaling
O location management
O mobile routing
O traffic and QoS Control
O network management
Radio Access Layer (RAL) Protocols
O radio access layer
O wireless media access control
O wireless data link control
O radio resource control
O handover issues
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.64
WATM services
Office environment
O multimedia conferencing, online multimedia database access
Universities, schools, training centers
O distance learning, teaching
Industry
O database connection, surveillance, real-time factory management
Hospitals
O reliable, high-bandwidth network, medical images, remote monitoring
Home
O high-bandwidth interconnect of devices (TV, CD, PC, ...)
Networked vehicles
O trucks, aircraft etc. interconnect, platooning, intelligent roads
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.65
WATM components
WMT (Wireless Mobile ATM Terminal)
RAS (Radio Access System)
EMAS-E (End-user Mobility-supporting ATM Switch - Edge)
EMAS-N (End-user Mobility-supporting ATM Switch - Network)
M-NNI (Network-to-Network Interface with Mobility support)
LS (Location Server)
AUS (Authentication Server)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.66
Reference model
WMT
WMT
EMAS-E
EMAS-N
EMAS-N
M-NNI
RAS
RAS
LS
AUS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.67
User plane protocol layers
WATM
terminal
adapter
MATM
termi-
nal
RAS
EMAS
-E
EMAS
-N
ATM-
Switch
fixed
end
system
radio segment fixed network segment
RAL
ATM
PHY PHY
ATM
PHY
AAL
user
process
ATM
AAL
user process
ATM-
CL
ATM
RAL PHY
ATM-
CL
ATM
PHY PHY
ATM
PHY PHY
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.68
Control plane protocol layers
WATM
terminal
adapter
MATM
termi-
nal
RAS
EMAS
-E
EMAS
-N
ATM-
Switch
fixed
end
system
radio segment fixed network segment
ATM
PHY
SAAL
SIG,
UNI
ATM
RAL PHY
ATM-
CL
ATM
PHY PHY
SAAL
SIG,
M-UNI,
M-PNNI
ATM
PHY PHY
SAAL
SIG,
M-PNNI
ATM
PHY PHY
SAAL
SIG,
PNNI,
UNI
RAL
M-ATM
SAAL
SIG,
M-UNI
ATM-
CL
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.69
Reference model with further access scenarios I
1: wireless ad-hoc ATM network
2: wireless mobile ATM terminals
3: mobile ATM terminals
4: mobile ATM switches
5: fixed ATM terminals
6: fixed wireless ATM terminals
WMT: wireless mobile terminal
WT: wireless terminal
MT: mobile terminal
T: terminal
AP: access point
EMAS: end-user mobility supporting ATM switch (-E: edge, -N: network)
NMAS: network mobility supporting ATM switch
MS: mobile ATM switch
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.70
Reference model with further access scenarios II
RAS
ACT WMT
WMT
NMAS
RAS
RAS
MS
T
EMAS
-E
MT
WT
RAS
EMAS
-N
T
RAS
EMAS
-E WMT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.71
BRAN Broadband Radio Access Networks
Motivation
O deregulation, privatization, new companies, new services
O How to reach the customer?
alternatives: xDSL, cable, satellite, radio
Radio access
O flexible (supports traffic mix, multiplexing for higher efficiency, can be
asymmetrical)
O quick installation
O economic (incremental growth possible)
Market
O private customers (Internet access, tele-xy...)
O small and medium sized business (Internet, MM conferencing, VPN)
Scope of standardization
O access networks, indoor/campus mobility, 25-155 Mbit/s, 50 m-5 km
O coordination with ATM Forum, IETF, ETSI, IEEE, ....
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.72
Broadband network types
Common characteristics
O ATM QoS (CBR, VBR, UBR, ABR)
HIPERLAN/2
O short range (< 200 m), indoor/campus, 25 Mbit/s user data rate
O access to telecommunication systems, multimedia applications, mobility
(<10 m/s)
HIPERACCESS
O wider range (< 5 km), outdoor, 25 Mbit/s user data rate
O fixed radio links to customers (last mile), alternative to xDSL or cable
modem, quick installation
O Several (proprietary) products exist with 155 Mbit/s plus QoS
HIPERLINK currently no activities
O intermediate link, 155 Mbit/s
O connection of HIPERLAN access points or connection between
HIPERACCESS nodes
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.73
BRAN and legacy networks
Independence
O BRAN as access network independent from the fixed network
O Interworking of TCP/IP and ATM under study
Layered model
O Network Convergence Sub-layer as superset of all requirements for IP and
ATM
Coordination
O IETF (TCP/IP)
O ATM forum (ATM)
O ETSI (UMTS)
O CEPT, ITU-R, ...
(radio frequencies)
core network
ATM
core network
IP
network convergence sublayer
BRAN data link control
BRAN PHY-1 BRAN PHY-2
...
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.74
HiperLAN2 (historical)
Official name: BRAN HIPERLAN Type 2
O H/2, HIPERLAN/2 also used
High data rates for users
O More efficient than 802.11a
Connection oriented
QoS support
Dynamic frequency selection
Security support
O Strong encryption/authentication
Mobility support
Network and application independent
O convergence layers for Ethernet, IEEE 1394, ATM, 3G
Power save modes
Plug and Play
No products but several mechanisms have been
Adopted by other standards (e.g. 802.11a)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.75
HiperLAN2 architecture and handover scenarios
2
3
1
AP
APT APC
Core
Network
(Ethernet,
Firewire,
ATM,
UMTS)
APT
APT
APC
AP
MT
4
MT
3
MT
2
MT
1
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.76
Centralized vs. direct mode
MT
1
AP
MT
2
data
AP/CC
control control
MT
1
MT
2
control
MT
1
MT
2
+CC
data
data control
Centralized
Direct
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.77
HiperLAN2 protocol stack
Higher layers
Convergence layer
Data link control -
basic data
transport function
DLC control
SAP
DLC user
SAP
Radio link control sublayer
Physical layer
Radio
resource
control
Assoc.
control
DLC
conn.
control
Error
control
Radio link control
Medium access control
Scope of
HiperLAN2
standards
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.78
Physical layer reference configuration
scrambling FEC coding interleaving
mapping OFDM
PHY bursts
(PPDU)
PDU train from DLC
(PSDU)
radio
transmitter
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.79
Operating channels of HiperLAN2 in Europe
5150
channel
40 48 52 56 60 64 36 44
5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320
5350
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
5470
104 112 116 120 124 128 channel 100 108 132 136 140
5660 5680 5700
5500 5520 5540 5560 5580 5600 5620 5640
5725
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.80
Basic structure of HiperLAN2 MAC frames
MAC frame MAC frame MAC frame MAC frame
2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms
broadcast phase downlink phase uplink phase
random
access phase
. . .
TDD,
500 OFDM
symbols
per frame
variable variable variable
2 406 24 bit
LCH PDU type payload CRC
LCH transfer syntax
2 10 396 24 bit
LCH PDU type
sequence
number
payload CRC
UDCH transfer syntax
(long PDU)
54 byte
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.81
Valid configurations of HiperLAN2 MAC frames
MAC frame MAC frame MAC frame MAC frame
2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms
BCH FCH ACH DL phase DiL phase UL phase RCHs
. . .
broadcast downlink
uplink
random
access
Valid
combinations
of MAC frames
for a single
sector AP
BCH FCH ACH DiL phase UL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH DL phase UL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH UL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH DL phase DiL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH DiL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH DL phase RCHs
BCH FCH ACH RCHs
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.82
Mapping of logical and transport channels
BCCH FCCH RFCH LCCH RBCH DCCH UDCH UBCH UMCH
BCH FCH ACH SCH LCH
downlink
UDCH UBCH UMCH
LCH
DCCH RBCH
SCH
LCCH
direct link
UDCH DCCH LCCH ASCH
SCH LCH RCH
uplink
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.83
Bluetooth
Idea
O Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity
O Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell
phones replacement of IrDA
O Embedded in other devices, goal: 5/device (2005: 40/USB bluetooth)
O Short range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz ISM
O Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate
One of the first modules (Ericsson).
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.84
Bluetooth
History
O 1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), MC-linkproject
O Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald BltandGormsen
[son of Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10
th
century
O 1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG, www.bluetooth.org
O 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund ;-)
O 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released
O 2005: 5 million chips/week
Special Interest Group
O Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba
O Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), Microsoft, Motorola
O > 2500 members
O Common specification and certification of products
(was: )
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.85
History and hi-tech
1999:
Ericsson mobile
communications AB
reste denna sten till
minne av Harald
Bltand, somfick ge
sitt namn t en ny
teknologi fr trdls,
mobil kommunikation.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.86
and the real rune stone
Located in J elling, Denmark,
erected by King Harald Bltand
in memory of his parents.
The stone has three sides one side
showing a picture of Christ.
Inscription:
"Harald king executes these sepulchral
monuments after Gorm, his father and
Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the
whole of Denmark and Norway and turned
the Danes to Christianity."
This could be the originalcolors
of the stone.
Inscription:
auk tani karthi kristna(and
made the Danes Christians)
Btw: Bltand means of dark complexion
(not having a blue tooth)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.87
Characteristics
2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing
O Channel 0: 2402 MHz channel 78: 2480 MHz
O G-FSK modulation, 1-100 mW transmit power
FHSS and TDD
O Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s
O Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master
O Time division duplex for send/receive separation
Voice link SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented)
O FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-
to-point, circuit switched
Data link ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess)
O Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9 kbit/s
symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched
Topology
O Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.88
Piconet
Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc
fashion
One unit acts as master and the others as slaves
for the lifetime of the piconet
Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have
to synchronize
Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern
Participation in a piconet = synchronization to
hopping sequence
Each piconet has one master and up to 7
simultaneous slaves (> 200 could be parked)
M
S
P
SB
S
S
P
P
SB
P=Parked
SB=Standby
M=Master
S=Slave
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J ochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 7.89
Forming a piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
O Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
Addressing
O Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
O Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)
M
S
P
SB
S
S
P
P
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB