53

Lecture Note - 11

Behavior of RC Members: Torsion

Torsion means twisting. The types of torsion in structure are
1. Primary or equilibrium torsion: - Primary or equilibrium torsion is that which is
required to maintain the basic static equilibrium in a statically determinant
structure.
2. Secondary or compatibility torsion: - Secondary or compatibility torsion is that
which is required to maintain compatibility condition in a statically indeterminate
structure.

The torsional stiffness (K
T
) of a member is the torsional moment required to produce a
unit angle of twist.

Thus,
L
GC T
K
T
= =

Where,
Torsional stiffness
T
K
TTorsional moment
Total angle of twist in length L.
( ) +
=
1 2
E
G Elastic shear modulous.
E Modulous of elasticity.
Poissions ratio.
CTorsion constant or polar moment of inertia
3
KDb =
KSt. Venants torsional constant, which varies with (D/b) ratio.
The value of K for various ratios of (D/b) is given in Table: 1









54

Table: 1 Values of K & in torsion of rectangles

= =
D b
T
KDb C
2
max
3
,

Value of

b
D


K
1.0
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
10.0

0.141
0.166
0.196
0.229
0.249
0.263
0.281
0.291
0.312
0.333
0.208
0.219
0.231
0.246
0.258
0.267
0.282
0.291
0.312
0.333
A more convenient expression for C has been derived by Timoshenko as

=
3
63 . 0 1
3
D b
D
b
C

The following approximation can be made when dealing with flanged beam & other
section, which can be assumed to be rectangular.
For analysis, T, L or I sections are divided into component rectangles & the C value is the
combined value of the component rectangles. The division should be such that the value
of C obtained for the whole section, i.e.

=
3
63 . 0 1
3
D b
D
b
C
Should be the largest possible.

Bending & torsional stiffness of RC beam
The magnitude of distribution of moments as torsion to adjoining members is small.



55
This is because:
( ) +
=
1 2
E
G
If, 15 . 0 = then
2.3
E
G =
And 0 = then
2
E
G =
Which shows that G is very low as compared to E.

Again,
For a rectangle D=2b, the value of I is about three times that of C
So, the ratio of stiffness in bending to stiffness in torsion for adjoining members can
therefore be obtained as
9 . 6 : =
L
GC
L
EI
(approx. 7)
Hence the beams are several times more stiff in bending than in torsion

Torsional rigidity of RC members
On the basis of laboratory tests BS8110, Clause 2.4.3 states that for structural analysis or
design , the torsional rigidity may be calculated by assuming G=0.42 times the modulous
of elasticity of concrete & C is equal to half of the St. Venant value calculated for the
plain concrete section.

Torsional stress in flanged section
To determine shear stress of a section, the section is to be divided with largest possible
rectangle as one of its component, then by elastic analysis, the torsion is given by:

=
3
3
n n n
n n n
n
b D K
b D K
T T
By plastic analysis its value is given by

=
3
3
n n
n n
n
b D
b D
T T
The value of the maximum torsional stress by elastic & plastic analysis can be found
from the following equations:
D b
T
2
max

= (Elastic method)

=
3
2
2
b
D b
T
t
(Plastic analysis)
56
Principles of design for torsion by IS 456

The clause 41.1 of IS 456 provides two options for design of torsion in the statically
indeterminate structure.
(i) If torsion can be eliminated by releasing redundant restrains & torsion is not
considered in the analysis of the structure, the structure may be designed for
zero torsion. The normal shear & bending reinforcement will take care of any
cracking if occurs.
(ii) If torsional stiffness is considered while analysis of the structure the member
should be designed for compatibility torsion.

Design philosophy:
Torsional reinforcement is not calculated separately from that of bending & shear.
Instead total longitudinal reinforcement is determined for a fictitious bending moment
which is a function of actual bending moment & torsion. Similarly the web reinforcement
is determined for a fictitious shear which is a function of actual shear & torsion.

Calculation for torsional shear
As per clause 41.3 of IS456
b
T
V V
u
u e
6 . 1 + =
Where,
Equivalent shear
e
V
u
V
u
T
Factored shear force.
Factored torsional moment.
bLeast lateral dimension.

Equivalent nominal shear stress should not exceed maximum shear stress as given in
table 2 (Ref. Table 20 of IS456)

Table 2 Maximum shear stress
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 & above

max c
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0




57
Calculation for equivalent bending moment
As per clause 41.4.2 of IS456
Equivalent BM,
t u e
M M M + =
1

Where,
u
M BM at cross sectional area and
( )
7 . 1
1
b
D
T
M
u
t
+
=
D Overall depth.
b Width
If numerical value of is greater than then longitudinal reinforcement should also
be provided on the flexural compression face as equivalent BM:
t
M
u
M
2 e
M
Where,
u t e
M M M =
2
The amount being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the moment
2 e
M
u
M

Transverse reinforcement
Two legged transverse reinforcement should be provided with cross sectional area given
by
( ) ( )
1 1 1
5 . 2 87 . 0 87 . 0 d f
V
d b f
T
A
y
u
y
u
sv
+ =
1
d
( )


Where,
v
s Spacing of stirrups
y
f Characteristic strength of stirrups steel.
u
T Torsioanal moment
u
V Shear force
1
b Centre to centre distance between corner bar in the direction of the width.
Centre to centre distance between corner bar
However,
y
v c e
sv
f
bs
A
87 . 0








58
Design steps according to IS 456

Step: 1 Determine design moments, shear and torsion , and .
u
M
u
V
u
T

Step: 2 Determine equivalent moment & longitudinal steels. Calculate

( )
7 . 1
1
b
D
T
M
u
t
+
=
(a)
t u e
M M M + =
1
Design tension steel for
1 e
M
(b) If , then
u t
M M >
u t e
M M M =
2

Design steel on compression face for reversal of moment
2 e
M =
Step: 3 Determine the equivalent shear given by the equation
b
T
V V
u
u e
6 . 1 + = .
Step: 4 Find shear stress & check for maximum shear. Determine the shear stress as
bd
V
e
ve
=
Step: 5 Calculate area of shear links from the formula
( )
y
c ve
v
sv
f
b
S
A
87 . 0

=
( )

Step: 6 Check for interaction of shear & torsion given by the relation
( )
1 1 1
5 . 2 87 . 0 87 . 0 d f
V
d b f
T
A
y
u
y
u
sv
+ =
) 4 /
1 1
y x +

Adopt the larger value of step 5 & 6 for shear steel. The spacing should not exceed
1
x
or ( or 300 mm as per clause 26.5.1.7 of IS456.



59
Lecture Note - 12

Analysis and Design T-Beam in Torsion

Example:- (Analysis of T beam in torsion)
A T beam is as shown in Fig 1. if the section is subjected to a factored torsion of 150
kNm. Calculate the torsion carried by two main rectangular portion of the T beam,
assuming
(a) Elastic theory
(b) Plastic theory
120
800
700
350
Fig. 1


Solution:-
(a) Proportioning of torsion by elastic theory

=
3
3
1 1 1
1
KDb
b D K
T T
91 . 2
120
350
= =
b
D
, Thus from table, 26 . 0
1
= K For flange,

Similarly, for web, 30 . 2
350
800
= =
b
D
, 24 . 0
2
= K

3 3 3
2 2 2
3
1 1 1
350 800 24 . 0 120 350 26 . 0 + = + b D K b D K =(1.57+82.32)
4 8
10 mm

kNm T 2 . 147
89 . 83
32 . 82 150
1
=

=
60
kNm T 8 . 2
89 . 83
57 . 1 150
2
=

=
(The major part is carried by the web only)

(b)-Calculation by plastic method
3
2 2
3
1 1
3
1 1
1
b D b D
b D
T T
+
=
Now, =
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2
350 120 800 350 Db D b + = +
( )
8 8
6.05 10 343 10 +
8
10 05 . =349

Thus,

=
05 . 349
343
150
1
T =147.4 kNm.
And 6 . 2
05 . 349
05 . 6
150
2
=

= T kNm


Example:- (Design of beam in torsion by IS 456)

The T beam given in Fig. 1 is subjected to the following factored loads. Bending moment
of 215 kNm, shear of 150 kN, and torsion of 105 kNm. Assuming and
(N/mm
30 =
ck
f
415 =
y
f
2
), design the reinforcements according to IS456. Cover to centre of
steel is 50 mm.

Solution:-
Step 1:
Assume that the torsion is fully taken by web. [ ref. Clause 41.1.1 of IS456]

Step 2: Equivalent bending moment

+ + = + =
b
D T
M M M M
u t u e
1
7 . 1
[ ref. Clause 41.4.2 of IS456]

9 . 202 215
350
800
1
7 . 1
105
215 + =

+ + = =417.9 kNm.

Step 3: Calculation of longitudinal steel
If exceeds , provide compression steel for
t
M
u
M
u t
M M )
61
u

If
t
M M < design for only.
e
M

Thus, 12 . 2
750 350
10 9 . 417
2
6
2
=

=
bd
M
e


, 646 . 0 = p ( )
2
1696 750 350
100
646 . 0
mm A
s
= = [ref. SP 16]
Hence, provide 6 Nos. 20 mm bar.
Thus, percentage provided % 72 . 0
750 350
100 1885
=

=
Step 4: Determine equivalent shear
b
T
V V
e
6 . 1 = =
Using kNm/m units, we obtain
kN V
e
630 480 150
35 . 0
105
6 . 1 150 = + = + =
Step 5: Find shear stress
2
3
/ 4 . 2
750 350
10 630
mm N
bd
V
e
e
=

= =
This is more than 58 . 0 =
c
for 0.72% steel (assuming full extension of steel) and less
than [ref. Table 19 & 20 of IS456]
2
max
/ 5 . 3 mm N =
Hence, it is OK.

Step 6: Design of stirrups
As per Clause 41.4.3 of IS456: Two conditions should be satisfied:
Condition 1
( )
1 1 1
5 . 2
87 . 0
d
V
d b
T
s
f A
v
y sv
+ =
8 3
105 10 150 10
685.7
250 700 2.5 700

= + =

N/mm
Condition 2
( )
( )b
s
f A
c e
v
y sv
=
87 . 0
=( ) mm N / 637 350 58 . 0 4 . 2 =
Hence, the value of
( )
0.87
sv
v
A f
s
y
will be 685.7 N/mm =6.9 kN/cm
Step 7: Design of stirrups
62
Adopting 10 mm bar at 8 cm gives
( )
0.87
7.09
sv y
us
v
A f
V
d s
= =
As per Cl. 26.5.1.7, Spacing should not exceed: x
1
=250 or 5 . 237
4
700 250
4
1 1
=
+
=
+ y x

or 300 mm.

Step 8: Provision of longitudinal steel
Longitudinal steel consists of 6 nos of 20 mmdiameter at bottom & nominal hangers, 12
mm at top. As the depth of beam is more than 750 mm, provide side reinforcement 0.05%
on both faces.
Therefore, ( )
2
140 350 800
100
05 . 0
mm A
s
= =
Hence, provide 2 nos of 10 mm bars. Thus,
2
157mm A
s
=
Spacing = mm 250
3
750
=


Design for Torsion by British Code

Design principle as per BS8110
If a section is subjected to bending moment (M), shear force (V) & torsion (T), it is
necessary to design the transverse & longitudinal steel. It should be separately designed
for SF, BM & torsion
bd
V
v
= Calculate
As per clause 2.4.4 of BS8110 part 1 -1985, the torsional shear stress assuming a plastic
distribution will be:

=
3
2
2
b
D b
T
t

As per BS8110, without torsional reinforcement, the value of
t
should not exceed by
ck tc
f 067 . 0 = or 0.4 N/mm
2
Also, even if the section is fully reinforced for shear and torsion, the maximum value of
shear stress(
t v
) + should not exceed
( ) ck c
f 8 . 0
max
= or 5 N/mm
2



63
The rules for design is given in the following table

Table 3 Design for shear and torsion (BS 8110)
Torsion shear stress Bending shear stress
tc t
<
tc t
>
Less than safe in concrete
(
v c
< )

Greater than safe value in
concrete(
v c
> )
Nominal shear steel, no Designed torsion steel
torsional steel

Designed shear steel, no Designed shear and
torsional steel torsional steel

The area of links for the torsion may be calculated from the relation of:
1 1
(0.87 )
0.8
sv
y
v
A T
f
s x
=
y

( )
1 1
1
1
y x
f
f
s
A
A
y
y
v
sv
s
+ = The area of longitudinal bar for torsion to be provided as:

Maximum spacing allowed for links and longitudinal steels in BS8110
The spacing of links should not exceed or
1
x
2
1
y
or 20 mm to control cracking.
The distance between the longitudinal steels should not exceed 300 mm.

Design steps for Torsion by BS:8110
Step: 1 Find the area of tension steel for M.
Step: 2 Calculate
bd
V
v
=
t
.
Step: 3 Calculate due to torsion.
Step: 4 Design shear & torsion steel as per table 3
Step: 5 Calculate additional longitudinal steel by equation ( )
1 1
1
1
y x
f
f
s
A
A
y
y
v
sv
s
+ =
Where,
1 s
A Total area of longitudinal steel
sv
A Area of two legged stirrups
1 y
f Yield stress of the longitudinal steel
y
f Yield stress of links
1 1
, y x Centre to centre distance of links
64
Place this area as rods around the periphery of the beam.

Example :-(Design of beam in torsion by BS 8110)
The T beam given in Fig. 2 is subjected to the following factored loads. Bending moment
of 215 kNm, shear of 150 kN, and torsion of 105 kNm. Assuming and
(N/mm
30 =
ck
f
415 =
y
f
2
), design the reinforcements according to BS8110. Cover to centre of
steel is 50 mm.
Solution:-
Step1: Calculation of steel
Bending moment capacity assuming the NA at bottom of slab:
( )( ) kNm M 634 120 42 . 0 750 120 700 30 36 . 0
1
= =
As 215 kNm is very much less 634 kNm, NA is inside the slab.
Hence, calculating the steel necessary for 215 kNm, we get
55 . 0
750 750 700
10 215
6
2
=


=
bd
M
U

2
819
100
750 700 156 . 0
mm A
s
=

= 156 . 0 = p ,
Therefore, provide 3-20 (tor).
% 36 . 0
750 350
100 942
=

Thus, percentage of steel on web area =

350
120
800
700
Fig. 2

Step 2: Calculation of steel for shear
Here, the shear force, V=150kNm
57 . 0
750 350
10 150
3
=

= =
bd
V
v

c
for 0.3% steel =0.40N/mm
2
Thus, the steel for shear will be required.
65

Step 3: Calculation of steel for torsion
Here, the torsion moment, T=105 kNm
Assume that torsion is taken fully by the beam part

Therefore,
2
2
6
2
/ 51 . 2
3
350
800 350
10 105 2
3
2
mm N
b
D b
T
t
=

=
Thus,
2
/ 37 . 0 30 067 . 0 067 . 0 mm N f
ck tc t
= = = >
Hence,
t
requires designed reinforcement.
Step 4: Determine ) 87 . 0 (
y
v
sv
f
s
A

Determine ) 87 . 0 (
y
v
sv
f
s
A
separately for (a) shear and (b) torsion
(a) ) 87 . 0 (
y
v
sv
f
s
A
for shear =( )b
c v

( ) mm N / 5 . 59 350 40 . 0 57 . 0 = =
(b) ) 87 . 0 (
y
v
sv
f
s
A
for torsion
1 1
8 . 0 y x
T
=
( ) 280 10 30 2 350
1
= = x
( ) 730 10 30 2 800
1
= = y



mm N f
s
A
y
v
sv
/ 650
730 280 8 . 0
10 105
) 87 . 0 (
6
=


= Thus, for torsion:
So the total value =59.5 +650 =709.5 (design value)

Step 5: Design for shear
Design of shear steel by SP16 (using Fe415 steel)
cm kN in f
s
A
d
V
y
v
sv us
/ ) 87 . 0 ( = ; 09 . 7
1000
10 5 . 709
=

=
From SP 16, Table 62: Use
us
V
d
=8.167. Thus provide 12 (tor) @100 mm c/c.
Step 6: Design of shear steel by formula
96 . 1 80 . 1 165 . 0
87 . 0
650
87 . 0
5 . 59
= + = + =
y y v
sv
f f s
A

Choose 12 mm rods , we get
66
2
226mm A
sv
= for two legs
Therefore, mm s
v
115
96 . 1
226
= =
Step 7: Check spacing for max specified
v
s should not be greater than x
1
=280 mm ;y
1
=730 mm and
1 1
280 730
252 300
4 4
x y
mm or mm
+ +
= =
Hence provide 12 (tor) @115 mm c/c.

Step 8:
Extra longitudinal steel for torsion at corners
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1
1818 730 280 1 80 . 1 mm y x
f
f
s
A
A
y
yv
v
sv
st
= + = +

=
Use 4 bars of 25 mm diameter
Provide one bar at each corner
2
1968mm A
s
=
67
Lecture Note -13

Design for Torsion in Channel Section


Example:- (Torsion in channel section)
A precast edge beam of a building is of a channel section shown in the Fig. below. It is of
span 12 m and is restrained at the ends. Precast floor slabs are placed on the lower flange
as shown. Assuming that the load from the slab is 30 kN per meter length, determine the
twisting moment for which the edge beam should be designed.
Also, determine the torsional steel for the reinforced concrete channel section assuming
. 415 , 25 = =
y ck
f f

w=250
200
1100
t=200
160
30 kN/m
560

Solution:
Analysis:
Step1: Calculation of shear center
Here the value of b =560-250/2 =435 mm and h =1100 +200/2 +200/2 =1300 mm
Thus,
( )
bt
wh
b
e
6
1
1
2
+
= from centre of web
68
mm 134
200 435 6
1300 250
1 2
435
=

=
=
=134-250/2=9 mm from outer edge

Step 2: Position of center of gravity of channel
Taking moment about the outer edge, we get
( ) (
( ) ( )
)
2 200 560 250 1100
280 2 200 560 125 250 1100
+
+
= x = inside mm 195
10 499
10 97095
3
3
=

( )


Step 3: Loads on channel
Factored DL=1.5(0.49925)=18.75kN
Factored load on flange =1.530=45kN
Thus, the total load =63.75kN

Step 4: Design torsional moment per unit length on channel
m kNm/ 83 . 3
1000
9 195
=
+
Due to DL of channel =18.75
( )
m kNm/ 86 . 18
1000
160 250 9
=
+ +
Due to load from slab =45
Total moment =22.69 kNm

Step 5:Maximum torsion
kNm T 136
2
12 69 . 22
=

= Maximum torsion at the end,

Design
Step1: Torsion in main rectangle (web)
( )
3
1 3
T t h
T
t h
=

( )
9 3 3
10 4 . 23 1500 250 = = h t web
flanges ( )
9 3 3
10 0 . 5 310 200 2 = = h t
Therefore, kNm T 112
4 . 28
4 . 23 136
1
=

=

Step 2: Design shear( )
v


69
kN
wl
V 5 . 382
2
12 75 . 63
2
=

= =
2
3
/ 06 . 1
1450 250
10 5 . 382
mm N
bd
V
v
=

= =
Assume
c
for grade M25 concrete =0.40 (Ref: SP16, Table 61)
( )
2
1.06 0.40 0.66 /
v c
N mm = =

Step 3: Torsional shear stress(
t
)
( )
6
2
2
2 2 112 10
2.53 /
250 250 1500 2503
3
t
T
N mm
t
t h

= = =

mm
2
Total shear stress =1.06+2.53=3.59 N/
This is less than
2
max
0.8 4 /
ck
f N mm = = (Ref: BS 8110)
335 . 0 067 . 0
min
= =
ck
t
f
But according to IS 456, this value (
max
) will be 3.1 N/mm
2

Step 4: Design of shear by BS8110
Here,
min t
t
> Hence, design for shear & torsion
Here also,
c v
>
( )
v
y sv
s
f A 87 . 0
for shear =( ) 0.66 250 165 /
v c
V
b N mm
d
= = = Therefore,
( )
v
y sv
s
f A 87 . 0
for torsion =
6
1 1
112 10
543.9 /
0.8 0.8 180 1430
T
N mm
x y

= =



[Note: x
1
=250-(235) =180]; and y
1
=1500-70 =1430]

( )
1000
10 165 9 . 543 +
=
d
V
in kN/cm=7.08kN/cm(708N/mm) Thus,
Therefore,
Providing 12 (Tor) @100 mm c/c(this gives d V
us
=8.16 which is greater than 7.08
kN/cm)
(Ref table 62 of SP16)

Step 5
70
Design shear by IS456
b
T
V V
u
u e
6 . 1 + = =382.5 +
250 . 0
112 6 . 1
=1099 kN
d =1500-50 =1450 mm
Capacity for concrete = bd
c
=
1000
1500 250 4 . 0
=150 kN
1099 150
6.5 /
145
s
V
kN cm
d

= =



Therefore, providing 12 (Tor) @120 mm c/c gives 8 . 6 =
d
V
s


Step 6: Longitudinal steel for torsion by BS8110

According to BS,
( )
1 1
1
y
sv
st
v y
f
A
A x y
s f

= +




50 . 1
415 87 . 0
9 . 543
=

=
v
sv
s
A

st
A =(1.5)(180+1430)=2415 mm
2

Therefore providing 8-20 (Tor) two on each corner [Area =2513 mm
2
]

In addition, provide steel for bending also.
10
12 75 . 63
10
2 2
max

= =
wl
M =918 kNm
2
6
2
) 1450 ( 250
10 918
=
bd
M
=1.75
p=0.532%
100
1450 250 532 . 0
=
s
A =1928 mm
2
Using 7-20 (Tor) (2199 mm
2
)
Use 11-20 (Tor) on tension side (3455 mm
2
) & 4-20 (Tor) on compression side (1256
mm
2
)

Step 7: Longitudinal steel by IS456
71
( )
7 . 1
1
b
D
T
M M
u
u e
+
+ =
=918 +
( )
7 . 1
250
1500
1 112 +
=918 +461 =1379 kNm (
u t
M M < )
6
2 2
1379 10
250(1450)
e
M
bd

= =2.62
p= 0.845% (Ref table 3 of SP16)
Thus,
100
1450 250 845 . 0
=
s
A =3063 mm
2
Using 10-20 (Tor) on tension side (3141 mm
2
)
As compression steel is not required.
u t
M M <

Step 8:
Detail steel according to standard practice

415 87 . 0
10 45
87 . 0
3

=
y
f
m
load
=125 mm
2
/m
st
A required to carry load =
Hence
( )
v
y sv
s
f A 87 . 0
for shear & torsion =708.9 N/mm

1963
415 87 . 0
1000 9 . 708
=

=
sv
A mm
2
/meter length
Total steel required =1963 +125 =2088 mm
2
/meter
Area provide by the stirrups (12 mm @ 100 mm c/c)= 1131 2 =2262 mm
2
/meter
>required (2088 mm
2
)
Hence, O K.
72
Lecture Note 14

Design of Column

Axially loaded compression members
All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load in two
principal directions. Clause 25.4 of IS456 specifies the following minimum eccentricity
for the design of columns:
min
e
30 500
min
D l
e + = , 20 mm. (which ever is more) =
min
e
Where,
l The unsupported length of the column
D The lateral dimension of the column in the direction under consideration.

After determining the eccentricity, the section should be designed for combined axial
load and bending. However, as a simplification, when the value of the minimum
eccentricity calculated as above is less than or equal to 0.05D, clause 39.3 of IS456
permits the design of short axially loaded compression members by the following
equation:

sc y c ck uz
A f A f P 67 . 0 4 . 0 + =
c
A
sc
A
Where,
u
P The axial load (ultimate),
The area of concrete, and
The area of reinforcement.
The above equation can be written as
100
67 . 0
100
4 . 0
g
y
g
g ck u
pA
f
pA
A f P +

=
g
A

Where,
The gross cross-sectional area
p The percentage of reinforcement

Dividing both sides by
g
A
We get,
( )
ck y ck y ck
g
u
f f
p
f
p
f
p
f
A
P
4 . 0 67 . 0
100
4 . 0
100
67 . 0
100
1 4 . 0 + = +

=
73
If the cross section of the column is known
g
u
A
P
can be calculated & reinforcement
percentage can be read from charts 24 to 26 of SP16.In the upper section of these charts
g
u
A
P
is plotted against . The combined use of the upper & lower section would
eliminate the need for design for any calculation. This is particularly useful as aid for
deciding the sizes of columns at the preliminary design stage of multistoried buildings.
g
A

Tension in column
In case of purely axial tension in column, We have,
( )
y u
f
pbD
P 87 . 0
100
=
( )
y
ck ck
u
f
f
p
f
P
87 . 0
100
=
Charts 66 to 75 in SP16 are given for rectangular sections with reinforcement on the two
sides & charts 76 to 85 are for reinforcement on four sides. It is to be noted that these
charts are meant for strength calculations only; they do not take into account crack
control which may be important for tension members.

Compression members subject to biaxial bending
Exact design of members subject to axial load & biaxial bending is extremely laborious.
Therefore the code permits the design of such members by the following equation.
1 1
1.0
n
n
uy
ux
ux uy
M
M
M M

+





uy ux
M M ,
1 1
,
uy ux
M M
n

Where,
The moments about x,y axes
The maximum uniaxial moment capacities with an axial load ,
bending about x,y axes respectively.
u
P
An exponent whose value depends upon where
uz u
P P /

s y c ck uz
A f A f P 75 . 0 45 . 0 + =
uz u
P P /
n

1.0 2 . 0
2.0 8 . 0
74
For intermediate value linear interpolation can be done. Chart 63 of SP16 can be
used for evaluating
uz
P

Slender compression member
D
l
ex
When the slenderness ratio or
b
l
ey
of a compression member exceed 12, it is
considered to be a slender compression member.

Where,
ey ex
l l
,
The effective lengths with respect to the major axis & minor axis
respectively.

When a compression member is slender with respect to the major axis an additional
moment given by the following equation should be taken into account in the design
ax
M

2
2000

=
D
l D P
M
ex u
ax


Similarly, a column slender about minor axis an additional moment should be
considered.
ay
M
2
2000

=
b
l
b P
M
ey
u
ay
ex u ax
e P M =

The expression for the additional moments can be written in the form of eccentricities of
load, as follows:-

Where,
2
2000

=
D
l D
e
ex
ax
2
2000
1

=
D
l
D
e
ex ax


Table 1 of SP16 (page 106) gives different values of slenderness ratio for a given value of
D
e
ax
or
b
e
ay

In accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the code, the additional moment may be reduced
by the multiplying factor k given below:-

75
1

=
b uz
u uz
P P
P P
k
Where,
s y c ck uz
A f A f P 75 . 0 45 . 0 + =

Which may be obtained from chart 63 & and P
b
is the axial load corresponding to the
condition of maximum compressive strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of
0.002 in outermost layer of tension steel. Though this modification is optional according
to the Code, it should always be taken advantage of, since the value of k could be
substantially less than unity. The value of P
b
will depend on arrangement of
reinforcement and the cover ratio d/D, in addition to the grades of concrete and steel.
The values of the coefficients required for evaluating p
b
for various cases are given in
Table 60. The values given in Table 60 are based on the same assumptions as for
members with axial load and uniaxial bending. The expression for k can be written as
follows :
1
1
1

=
uz
b
uz
u
P
P
P
P
k
Chart 65 can be used for finding the ratio of k after calculating the ratios
uz
u
P
P
, and
uz
b
P
P


Design of column for biaxial bending by BS 8110 method

For the design of symmetrically reinforced rectangular column under biaxial bending,
results comparable with those obtained by the Bresler method can be obtained by the
simplified design procedure recommended in clause 3.8.4.5 of BS8110. The principle of
the method is to transform the biaxial bending case, which should withstand an increased
moment about that axis according to the two conditions of the code.

Let the column be subjected to (P, , )
x
M
y
M
Where,
P Axial force
x
M Moment about x-axis
y
M Moment about y-axis
76
Then it can be designed for uniaxial bending of (P, ) or (P, ) depending upon the
following conditions:
/
x
M
/
y
M
Conditions 1:
x
y
x
M
b
M
d
M
,
/
When controls the design and the column is to be designed for P and
, where
/
x
M
y x x
M
b
d
M M
/
/
+ =
Conditions2:
y
y
x
M
b
M
d
M
,
/
<
/
y
M When controls the design and the column is to designed for P and ,
where
/
'
y y
b
x
M M M
d
= +
Here, d Effective depth with respect to major axis and total depth D
/
b Effective depth with respect to minor axis and total depth b

+
2
6
7
1
bd f
P
ck

Coefficient=
77
Lecture Note 15

Example of Column Design

Example Slender Column (with biaxial bending)
Determine the reinforcement required for a column which is restrained against sway, with
the following data:

Size of column 40 x 30 cm
Concrete grade M 30
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm
2
=
ex
l
y
Effective length for bending parallel to larger dimension, 6 m.
Effective length for bending parallel to shorter dimension, l =5.0 m
Unsupported length =7.0m
Factored load =1500kN
Factored moment in the direction of larger dimension =40 kNm at top & 22.5 kNm at
bottom
Factored moment in the direction of shorter dimension =30 kNm at top & 20 kNm at
bottom

Solution:-
The column is bent in double curvature. Therefore reinforcement will be distributed
equally on four sides.
0 . 15
40
100 1 . 6
=

=
D
l
ex
>12
7 . 16
30
100 5
=

=
b
l
ey
>12
Therefore the column is slender about
both the axes.
From Table I,
0 . 15 =
D
l
ex
, 113 . 0 =
D
e
x
For,
For, 7 . 16 =
b
l
ey
, 140 . 0 =
D
e
x

Additional moments:
100
40
113 . 0 1500 = =
x u ux
e P M =67.8 kNm
78
100
30
14 . 0 1500 = =
y u uy
e P M =63.0 kNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with 39.7.1.1 of the Code; but
multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.

For first trial, assuming p=3.0 (with reinforcement equally on all the four sides).

From chart 63
5 . 22 =
g
uz
A
P
N/mm
2
3
2
10
10
1200 5 . 22 =
uz
P =2700 kN
Calculation of :
b
p
40
25 . 5
= Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover d'/D (about xx-axis) =0.13
Chart or Table for d/d=0.15 will be used
d/D(about yy-axis)
30
25 . 5
= =0.17
Chart or Table for d/d=0.20 will be used

From the table 60
bD f
f
p
k k
ck
ck

+
2 1

P
b
(about xx- axis)=
3
2
10
10
40 30 30
30
3
203 . 0 196 . 0

+ =
bx
P
=779 kN
3
2
10
10
30 30 40
30
3
028 . 0 184 . 0

=672 kN P
b
(about yy- axis) =
779 2700
1500 2700

=
bx uz
u uz
x
P P
P P
k =0.625
672 2700
1500 2700

=
by uz
u uz
y
P P
P P
k =0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier, will now be multiplied by the above values of
k.
625 . 0 8 . 67 =
ax
M =42.4 kNm
592 . 0 0 . 63 =
ay
M =37.3 kNm
79
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
after modifying the initial moments as follows (see Note 1 under 39.7.1 of the Code) :
( ) 5 . 22 4 . 0 40 6 . 0 =
ux
M =15.0 kNm
( ) 20 4 . 0 30 6 . 0 =
uy
M =10.0 kNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum
eccentricity consideration (see 24.4 of the Code) and greater value is to be taken as the
initial moment for adding the additional moments.
30
40
500
700
30 500
+ = + =
D l
e
x
=2.73 cm
30
30
500
700
30 500
+ = + =
D l
e
y
=2.4 cm
Both are greater than 2.0cm (20 mm)
y x
e e ,
Moments due to eccentricity:
100
73 . 2
1500 =
ux
M =41.0 kNm >15.0 kNm
100
4 . 2
1500 =
uy
M =36.0 kNm >10.0 kNm
:. Total moments for which the column is to be designed are:
=
ux
M 41.0 +42.4 =83.4 kNm
=
uy
M 36.0 +37.3 =73.3 kNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending.
2
3
10 40 30 30
10 1500


=
bD f
P
ck
u
=0.417
10 . 0
30
0 . 3
= =
ck
f
p

Referring to chart 45(d/D=0.15)
104 . 0
2
=
bD f
M
ck
u

6
3
1
10
10
40 40 30 30 104 . 0 =
ux
M =149.8 kNm
Referring to chart 46(d/D=0.20)
096 . 0
2
=
bD f
M
ck
u

6
3
1
10
10
30 30 40 30 096 . 0 =
uy
M =103.7 kNm
80
56 . 0
8 . 149
4 . 83
1
= =
ux
ux
M
M
; 71 . 0
7 . 103
3 . 73
1
= =
uy
uy
M
M

56 . 0
2700
1500
= =
uz
u
P
P

Referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of
1 ux
ux
M
M
corresponding to the above
value of
1 uy
uy
M
M
and
uz
u
P
P
is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual value of 0.56. the
assumed reinforcement of 0.30 % is therefore satisfactory.
100
40
30 0 . 3
100
= =
pbD
A
s
=3600 mm
2

81
Lecture Note 16

Design of RC Members in Tensions

Elastic Method
Assumption
No crack at working load.
Use the principle of elastic theory and modular ratio.
Sometimes lower working stresses are adopted depending on the exposure
condition.
Both steel & concrete are assumed to be elastic.
Value of modular ratio is taken as 15.
The whole section including the concrete cover to reinforcement is assumed to be
effective in direct tension.
The area of reinforcement is calculated assuming that the whole tension is taken
by steel only.

Allowable stress in steel for direct tension(As per BS:5337:1976)
Type of
stresses
Exposure Permissible stress(N/ mm
2
)

Plain bars Deformed bar
Flexural
tension and
shear

Compression
A
B
C

A to C
85 100
115 130
125 140

125 140

Class A:- Exposed to wetting and drying, such as underside of roof of liquid retaining
structures(Allowed crack width 0.1 mm)

Class B:-Exposed to continuous contact with water e.g. walls of liquid retaining
structures. (Allowed crack width 0.2 mm)

Class C:-Not so exposed , for instance members exposed only to outside air. (Allowed
crack width 0.3 mm)

According to BS5337 (British code) the minimum cover should be 40 mm for surfaces in
contact with water.
82
Design procedure
Step 1:
Calculate area of steel required

s
s
f
T
A =
1
where, Given in table
s
f
TTensile force
Area of steel required.
1 s
A
Provide this area of steel in the direction of T.
1 s
A
Find the size & spacing of bars.
Maximum spacing 300 mm.

Step 2:
Check concrete stress
c
f
Equivalent area of concrete , ( )
1
1
s c e
A m A A + =
Where, =Area of concrete
c
A

e
c
A
T
f = =Concrete stress
Allowable tensile stress in concrete
c
f

Allowable stresses in concrete in direct tension without cracking of concrete.
Concrete Grade Permissible direct tension(N/ mm
2
)

30

25
1.44

1.31

As per IS456, Annex B.2.1.1
Allowable stresses in concrete in direct tension allowing cracking of concrete are as
follows:
Grade of Concrete 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tensile Stress(N/mm
2
)

2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

83

Step 3:-
Area of secondary reinforcement (A
st2
)
The minimum secondary steel to be provided, which should be based on the
concrete area is 0.3% for deformed bars & 0.5% for plain bars,
Thus, ( 3 . 0
100
2
c
st
A
A = ) for deformed bars
( 5 . 0
100
c
A
= ) for plain bars
Step 4:-
Check cover to reinforcement
The rule for minimum cover should be satisfied.
In addition, clear distance between bars should not exceed 300 mm. to limit crack
width in tension members.
The lap length recommended in tension members are given in tension members is
given as follows by British code.
Plain bar (Allowable stress) Deformed bar (Allowable stress) Grade of
concrete 85(A) 115(B) 100(A) 130(B)
25

30
24d

22d
32d

29d
20d

18d
26d

24d


Design of RC Flexural Members in Tensions

Permissible Concrete stress for strength
Compression Tension Grade of
Concrete Direct Bending Average Local
Shear
30
25
8.37
6.95
11.0
9.15
1.0
0.9
1.49
1.36
0.87
0.77

Strength Calculation of Flexural Member (By elastic method) (BS: 5337)

c
s
mf
f
d
x
+
=
1

where, xN.A. depth
d Effective depth
84
MMoment of resistance

=
3 2
1 x
d f b M
c
;

=
3
x
d f
M
A
s
s

Shear stress,
z b
V
C

= , where
3
x
d z =

Permissible concrete tension in bending
( )
bz
v
=
Grade Tension in bending (MPa)
Shear
30
25
2.02
1.84
2.19
1.94

Example: (Only bending)
A column of 300300 mm cross section is carrying a moment of 25 KNm. Using
M30 grade of concrete and 16 mm diameter Fe250steel, find the steel area required.
Assume, cover =40 mm & m=15.

Solution:
Assume exposure condition as class B
=115 N/mm
st
f
2
. =11.0 N/mm
cb
f
2
.
252
2
16
40 300 = = d
ct
f =2.02 N/mm
2
. mm.
N.A. Calculation
c
s
mf
f
d
x
+
=
1
11 15
115
1
252

+
=148.5 mm. =

=
3
x
d f
M
A
s
s
=
6
25 10
148.5
115 252
3

=1073 mm
2
.
Hence provide 6-16 longitudinal bars. Thus, A
s
=
2
6 16
4

=1206 mm
2
.
Thus % of reinforcement provided,
100 100 1206
1.6%
300 252
s
A
p
bd

= = =

Example: (Axial Tension)
85
A RCC column of 400 400 mm is subjected to axial tension of 150KN.Find the
area of steel required using Fe415 & M30 concrete. Use m=15.

Solution:
Assume exposure class as B.
1154
130
10 150
6
1
=

= =
s
st
f
T
A mm
2
Use 6 nos. of 16 1206 mm
2

Check concrete stress
( )
1
1
s c e
A m A A + =
( ) 176884 1206 1 15 400 400 = + = mm
2
85 . 0
176884
10 150
3
=

= =
e
ct
A
T
f MPa
MPa. Hence OK 44 . 1 <
Secondary Steel
2
0.3%
st
A = (min.)
0.3
400 400
100
= =480 mm
2