Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis

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7.1 Definition of Buckling Analysis
%u&'lin( anal)sis is a te&hni*ue used to deter+ine buckling loads,&riti&al loads at -hi&h a stru&ture
be&o+es unstable,and buckled mode shapes,the &hara&teristi& shape asso&iated -ith a stru&ture.s
bu&'led response/
7.2 Types of Buckling Analyses
T-o te&hni*ues are available in the 0N1213Multiph)si&s4 0N1213Me&hani&al4 0N12131tru&tural4
and 0N12135inearPlus pro(ra+s for predi&tin( the bu&'lin( load and bu&'lin( +ode shape of a
stru&ture6 nonlinear bu&'lin( anal)sis4 and eigenvalue 7or linear8 bu&'lin( anal)sis/ 1in&e these t-o
+ethods fre*uentl) )ield *uite different results4 let.s exa+ine the differen&es bet-een the+ before
dis&ussin( the details of their i+ple+entation/
7.2.1 Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
Nonlinear buckling analysis is usuall) the +ore a&&urate approa&h and is therefore re&o++ended for
desi(n or evaluation of a&tual stru&tures/ This te&hni*ue e+plo)s a nonlinear stati& anal)sis -ith
(raduall) in&reasin( loads to see' the load level at -hi&h )our stru&ture be&o+es unstable4 as depi&ted
in 9i(ure !,17a8/
:sin( the nonlinear te&hni*ue4 )our +odel &an in&lude features su&h as initial i+perfe&tions4 plasti&
behavior4 (aps4 and lar(e,defle&tion response/ In addition4 usin( defle&tion,&ontrolled loadin(4 )ou
&an even tra&' the post,bu&'led perfor+an&e of )our stru&ture 7-hi&h &an be useful in &ases -here the
stru&ture bu&'les into a stable &onfi(uration4 su&h as ;snap,throu(h; bu&'lin( of a shallo- do+e8/
7.2.2 Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
Eigenvalue buckling analysis predi&ts the theoreti&al bu&'lin( stren(th 7the bifur&ation point8 of an
ideal linear elasti& stru&ture/ 71ee 9i(ure !,17b8/8 This +ethod &orresponds to the textboo' approa&h
to elasti& bu&'lin( anal)sis6 for instan&e4 an ei(envalue bu&'lin( anal)sis of a &olu+n -ill +at&h the
&lassi&al <uler solution/ =o-ever4 i+perfe&tions and nonlinearities prevent +ost real,-orld stru&tures
fro+ a&hievin( their theoreti&al elasti& bu&'lin( stren(th/ Thus4 ei(envalue bu&'lin( anal)sis often
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yields unconservative results, and should generally not be used in actual day-to-day engineering
analyses.
Figure 7-1 (a) Nonlinear load-deflection curve (b) Linear (Eigenvalue) buckling curve
7.3 Commands sed in a !uckling "nal#sis
You use the same set of commands to build a model and perform a buckling analysis that you use to
do any other type of finite element analysis. Likewise, you choose similar options from the graphical
user interface (GU! to build and solve models no matter what type of analysis you are doing.
"ection #.#, $"ample %uckling &nalysis ('ommand or %atch (ethod!,$ shows you the se)uence of
commands you would issue (either manually or while running &*"Y" as a batch +ob! to perform an
e,ample eigenvalue buckling analysis. "ection #.-, $"ample %uckling &nalysis (GU (ethod!,$
shows you how to e,ecute the same sample analysis using menu choices from the &*"Y" GU. (.o
learn how to use the commands and GU selections for building models, read the ANSYS Modeling
and Meshing Guide.!
/or detailed, alphabeti0ed descriptions of the &*"Y" commands, see the ANSYS Commands
Reference.
7.$ %rocedure for Nonlinear !uckling "nal#sis
& nonlinear buckling analysis is a static analysis with large deflections turned on 1NL&E'(,2*3,
e,tended to a point where the structure reaches its limit load or ma,imum load. 2ther nonlinearities
such as plasticity may be included in the analysis. .he procedure for a static analysis is described in
'hapter 4, and nonlinearities are described in 'hapter 5.
7.$.1 "))l#ing Load *ncrements
.he basic approach in a nonlinear buckling analysis is to constantly increment the applied loads until
the solution begins to diverge. %e sure to use a sufficiently fine load increment as your loads approach
the e,pected critical buckling load. f the load increment is too coarse, the buckling load predicted
may not be accurate. .urn on bisection and automatic time stepping 1"+'+,,2*3 to help avoid
this problem.
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7.4.2 Automatic Time Stepping
With automatic time stepping on, the program auomaically seeks out the buckling load. If automatic
time stepping is ON in a static analysis having ramped loading and the solution does not converge at a
given load, the program bisects the load step increment and attempts a new solution at a smaller load.
In a buckling analysis, each such convergence failure is typically accompanied by a "negative pivot"
message indicating that the attempted load equals or eceeds the buckling load. !ou can usually
ignore these messages if the program successfully obtains a converged solution at the net, reduced
load. If stress stiffness is active "SSTIF,ON#, you should run without adaptive descent active
"NROPT,$%&&,,O$$# to ensure that a lower bound to the buckling load is attained. 'he program
normally converges to the limiting load as the process of bisection and re(solution continues to the
point at which the minimum time step increment )specified by DELTIM or NSUBST* is achieved.
'he minimum time step will directly affect the precision of your results.
7.4. Impo!tant
+emember that an unconverged soluion does no necessarily mean ha he srucure has reached is
ma!imum load. It could also be caused by numerical instability, which might be corrected by refining
your modeling technique. 'rack the load(deflection history of your structure,s response to decide
whether an unconverged load step represents actual structural buckling, or whether it reflects some
other problem. -erform a preliminary analysis using the arc(length method "AR"LEN# to predict an
approimate value of buckling load. .ompare this approimate value to the more precise value
calculated using bisection to help determine if the structure has indeed reached its maimum load.
!ou can also use the arc(length method itself to obtain a precise buckling load, but this method
requires you to ad/ust the arc(length radius by trial(and(error in a series of manually directed re(
analyses.
7.4.4 Point# to Remem$e!
0 If the loading on the structure is perfectly in(plane )that is, membrane or aial stresses only*, the
out(of(plane deflections necessary to initiate buckling will not develop, and the analysis will
fail to predict buckling behavior. 'o overcome this problem, apply a small out(of(plane
perturbation, such as a modest temporary force or specified displacement, to begin the buckling
response. )1 preliminary eigenvalue buckling analysis of your structure may be useful as a
predictor of the buckling mode shape, allowing you to choose appropriate locations for
applying perturbations to stimulate the desired buckling response.* 'he imperfection
)perturbation* induced should match the location and si2e of that in the real structure. 'he
failure load is very sensitive to these parameters.
0 In a large(deflection analysis, forces )and displacements* will maintain their original
orientation, but surface loads will "follow" the changing geometry of the structure as it deflects.
'herefore, be sure to apply the proper type of loads.
0 !ou should carry your stability analysis through to the point of identifying the critical load in
order to calculate the structure,s factor of safety with respect to nonlinear buckling. )3erely
establishing the fact that a structure is stable at a given load level is generally insufficient for
most design practice4 you will usually be required to provide a specified safety factor, which
can only be determined by establishing the actual limit load.*
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You can extend your analysis into the post-buckled range by activating the arc-length method
[ARCLEN]. Use this feature to trace the load-deflection curve through regions of "snap-
through" and "snap-back" response.
or most solid elements! you do not need to use stress stiffening in a nonlinear buckling
analysis. "o not use stress stiffening on "discontinuous" elements #nonlinear elements that
experience sudden discontinuous changes in stiffness due to status changes! such as various
contact elements! $%&'"()! etc.* or on elements ad+acent to discontinuous elements.
or those elements that support the consistent tangent stiffness matrix #,-./0! $1-&&(2! and
$1-&&343*! activate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix #5-Y%67#8*93 and
NLGEOM!%:* to enhance the convergence behavior of your nonlinear buckling analyses and
improve the accuracy of your results. 7his element 5-Y%67 must be defined before the first
load step of the solution and cannot be changed once the solution has started.
7.5 Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
.gain! remember that eigenvalue buckling analysis generally yields unconservaive results! and
should usually not be used for design of actual structures. 'f you decide that eigenvalue buckling
analysis is appropriate for your application! follo; this five-step procedure<
3. ,uild the model.
8. %btain the static solution.
2. %btain the eigenvalue buckling solution.
0. -xpand the solution.
). =evie; the results.
7.5. Build !"e Model
'n this step! you specify the +obname and analysis title and then use 6=-6> to define the element
types! element real constants! material properties! and the model geometry. 7hese tasks are common
to most analyses. 7he ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide explains them in detail.
7.5.. Poin!s !o Re#e#$er
%nly linear behavior is valid. :onlinear elements! if any! are treated as linear. 'f you include
contact elements! for example! their stiffnesses are calculated based on their status after the
static prestress run and are never changed.
Young?s modulus #-@* #or stiffness in some form* must be defined. /aterial properties may be
linear! isotropic or orthotropic! and constant or temperature-dependent. :onlinear properties! if
any! are ignored.
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7.5.2 Obtain the Static Solution
7he procedure to obtain a static solution is the same as described in Ahapter 8! ;ith the follo;ing
exceptions<
6restress effects [PSTRES] must be activated. -igenvalue buckling analysis reGuires the stress
stiffness matrix to be calculated.
Unit loads are usually sufficient #that is! actual load values need not be specified*. 7he
eigenvalues calculated by the buckling analysis represent buckling load factors. 7herefore! if a
unit load is specified! the load factors represent the buckling loads. All loads are scaled. #.lso!
the maximum permissible eigenvalue is 3!CCC!CCC-you must use larger applied loads if your
eigenvalue exceeds this limit.*
:ote that eigenvalues represent scaling factors for all loads. 'f certain loads are constant #e.g.!
self-;eight gravity loads* ;hile other loads are variable #e.g.! externally applied loads*! you
need to ensure that the stress stiffness matrix from the constant loads is not factored by the
eigenvalue solution.
%ne strategy that you can use to achieve this end is to iterate on the eigensolution! ad+usting the
variable loads until the eigenvalue becomes 3.C #or nearly 3.C! ;ithin some convergence
tolerance*. "esign optimiHation could be useful in driving this iterative procedure to a final
ans;er.
Aonsider! for example! a pole having a self-;eight I
C
! ;hich supports an externally-applied
load! .. 7o determine the limiting value of . in an eigenvalue buckling solution! you could
solve repetitively! using different values of .! until by iteration you find an eigenvalue
acceptably close to3.C.
Figure 7-2 Adjusting variable loads to ind an eigenvalue o !."
You can apply a non-Hero constraint in the prestressing pass as the static load. 7he eigenvalues
found in the buckling solution ;ill be the load factors applied to these non-Hero constraint
values. 1o;ever! the mode shapes ;ill have a Hero value at these degrees of freedom #and not
the non-Hero value specified*.
.t the end of the solution! leave $%&U7'%: [F#$#S%].
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7.5.3 Obtain the Eigenvalue Buckling Solution
This step requires files Jobname.EMAT and Jobname.ESAV from the static analysis. Also, the
database must contain the model geometry data (issue RESUME if necessary). The folloing tas!s
are in"ol"ed in obtaining the eigen"alue buc!ling solution#
$. Enter the A%S&S solution processor.
'ommand(s)#
/SOLU
()*#
Main Menu>Solution
+. ,efine the analysis type and analysis options. A%S&S offers these options for a buc!ling analysis#
Table 7- !nal"#i# t"$e# an% anal"#i# o$tion#
O$tion &o''an% (U) *ath
%e Analysis !+T,*E
Main Menu>Solution>-!nal"#i# T"$e-+e-
!nal"#i#
Analysis Type# Eigen -uc!ling !+T,*E
Main Menu>Solution>-!nal"#i# T"$e-
+e- !nal"#i#>Eigen Buckling
Eigen"alue E.traction Method BU&O*T Main Menu>Solution>!nal"#i# O$tion#
%o. of Eigen"alues to be E.tracted BU&O*T Main Menu>Solution>!nal"#i# O$tion#
Shift /oint for Eigen"alue
'alculation
BU&O*T Main Menu>Solution>!nal"#i# O$tion#
%o. of 0educed Eigen"ectors to
/rint
BU&O*T Main Menu>Solution>!nal"#i# O$tion#
Each of these options is e.plained in detail belo.
7.5.3. O$tion. +e- !nal"#i# /!+T,*E0
'hoose %e Analysis. 0estarts are not "alid in an eigen"alue buc!ling analysis.
7.5.3.1 O$tion. !nal"#i# T"$e. Eigen Buckling /!+T,*E0
'hoose Eigen -uc!ling analysis type.
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7.5.3.3 Option: Eigenvalue Extraction Method [BUCOPT
Choose one of the following solution methods. The Block Lanczos or subspace iteration methods are
generally recommended for eigenvalue buckling because they use the full system matrices. (If you
choose the reduced method you will need to define master degrees of freedom before initiating the
solution.! "ee "ection #.$.%.# &'ption( )ode *+traction )ethod& in this manual for more
information about these solution methods.
, -educed (.ouseholder! method
, Block Lanczos method
, "ubspace iteration method
7.5.3.! Option: "u#$er o% Eigenvalue& to $e Extracted [BUCOPT
/efaults to one which is usually sufficient for eigenvalue buckling.
7.5.3.5 Option: 'hi%t Point %or Eigenvalue Calculation [BUCOPT
This option represents the point (load factor! about which eigenvalues are calculated. The shift point
is helpful when numerical problems are encountered (due to negative eigenvalues for e+ample!.
/efaults to 0.0.
7.5.3.( Option: "u#$er o% )educed Eigenvector& to Print [BUCOPT
This option is valid only for the reduced method. This option allows you to get a listing of the reduced
eigenvectors (buckled mode shapes! on the printed output file (Jobname.'1T!.
#. "pecify load step options.
The only load step options valid for eigenvalue buckling are e+pansion pass options and output
controls. *+pansion pass options are e+plained ne+t in "ection 2.3.$. 4ou can re5uest buckled
mode shapes from the reduced method to be included in the printed output. 6o other output
control is applicable.
Command(s!(
OUTP)6"'L7LL
81I(
Main Menu*'olution*+,oad 'tep Opt&+Output Ctrl&*'olu Printout
$. "ave a back9up copy of the database to a named file.
Command(s!(
'-.E
81I(
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Utility Menu>File>Save As
5. Start solution calculations.
Command(s):
SOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>-Solve-Current LS
The output from the solution mainly consists of the eigenvalues !hich are printed as part of the
printed output (Jobname."UT). The eigenvalues represent the #uc$ling load factors% if unit
loads !ere applied in the static analysis they are the #uc$ling loads. &o #uc$ling mode shapes
are !ritten to the data#ase or the results file so you cannot postprocess the results yet. To do
this you need to e'pand the solution (e'plained ne't).
Sometimes you may see #oth positive and negative eigenvalues calculated. &egative
eigenvalues indicate that #uc$ling occurs !hen the loads are applied in an opposite sense.
(. )eave the S")UTI"& processor.
Command(s):
FINISH
GUI:
Close the Solution menu.
.!." E#$an% the Solution
If you !ant to revie! the #uc$led mode shape(s) you must e'pand the solution regardless of !hich
eigenvalue e'traction method is used. In the case of the su#space iteration method !hich uses full
system matrices you may thin$ of *e'pansion* to simply mean writing buckled mode shapes to the
results file.
.!.".& 'oints to (emem)er
+ The mode shape file (Jobname.,"-.) from the eigenvalue #uc$ling solution must #e
availa#le.
+ The data#ase must contain the same model for !hich the solution !as calculated.
.!.".* E#$an%in+ the Solution
The procedure to e'pand the mode shapes is e'plained #elo!.
/. 0e1enter S")UTI"&.
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Command(s):
/SOLU
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution
Note1>ou must e'plicitly leave S")UTI"& (using the FINISH command) and re1enter
(/SOLUTION) #efore performing the e'pansion pass.
;. 4ctivate the e'pansion pass and its options. The follo!ing options are re?uired for the e'pansion
pass:
Table 7-2 Expansion pass options
Option Comman !UI "at#
.'pansion 2ass "n:"ff E$"%SS
Main Menu>Solution>-Loa Step Opts-
Expansion"ass>ON
&o. of ,odes to .'pand M$"%N&
Main Menu>Solution>-Loa Step Opts-Expansion"ass>
Expan Moes
Stress Calculations
"n:"ff
M$"%N&
Main Menu>Solution>-Loa Step Opts-Expansion"ass>
Expan Moes
7'(')'* Option+ Expansion "ass ON/OFF ,E$"%SS-
Choose "&.
7'(')') Option+ Numbe. o/ Moes to Expan ,M$"%N&-
-efaults to all modes that !ere e'tracted.
7'(')'( Option+ St.ess Cal0ulations On/O// ,M$"%N&-
*Stresses* in an eigenvalue analysis do not represent actual stresses #ut give you an idea of the
relative stress or force distri#ution for each mode. 6y default no stresses are calculated.
9. Specify load step options.
The only options valid in a #uc$ling e'pansion pass are the follo!ing output controls:
+ Printed Output
Use this option to include any results data on the output file (Jobname."UT).
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Command(s):
OUT"1
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>-Loa Step Opts-Output Ct.l>Solu ".intout
Database and Results File Output
This option controls the data on the results file (Jobname.RST).
Command(s):
OUT1ES
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>-Loa Step Opts-Output Ct.l>&2/1esults File
Note-The FR! field on OUT"1 and OUT1ES can onl" #e $%% or &'&( that is( the data can #e
re)uested for all modes or no modes-"ou cannot *rite information for e+er" other mode( for instance.
,. Start e-pansion pass calculations.
The output consists of e-panded mode shapes and( if re)uested( relati+e stress distri#utions for
each mode.
Command(s):
SOL3E
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>-Sol4e-Cu..ent LS
.. %ea+e the S'%UTI'& processor. /ou can no* re+ie* results in the postprocessor.
Command(s):
FINISH
GUI:
Close t#e Solution menu'
Note-The e-pansion pass has #een presented here as a separate step. /ou can ma0e it part of the
ei1en+alue #uc0lin1 solution #" includin1 the M$"%N& command (Main Menu>Solution>-Loa
Step Opts-Expansion"ass) as one of the anal"sis options.
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7.5.5 Review the Results
Results from a buckling expansion pass are written to the structural results file, Jobname.RST. They
consist of buckling load factors, buckling mode shapes, and relative stress distributions. You can
review them in PST!, the general postprocessor.
Note"To review results in PST!, the database must contain the same model for which the buckling
solution was calculated #issue RESUME if necessary$. %lso, the results file #&obname.RST$ from the
expansion pass must be available.
!. 'ist all buckling load factors.
(ommand#s$)
SET,'*ST
+,*)
Main Menu>General Postproc>Results Summary
-. Read in data for the desired mode to display buckling mode shapes. #.ach mode is stored on the
results file as a separate substep.$
(ommand#s$)
SET,SBSTEP
+,*)
Main Menu>General Postproc>-Rea Results-load step
/. 0isplay the mode shape.
(ommand#s$)
P!"#SP
+,*)
Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Results>"e$orme Shape
1. (ontour the relative stress distributions.
(ommand#s$)
P!%S&! or P!ES&!
+,*)
Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Results>-'ontour Plot-%oal Solution or
Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Results>-'ontour Plot-Element Solution
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See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, PSTRES, D, F, SF,
BUCOPT, EXPASS, MXPAND, OUTRES, SET, PLDISP, and PLNSOL commands.
7.6 Sample Buckli! Aal"#i# $%UI Me&'()*
In this sample problem, you will analyze the buckling of a bar with hinged ends.
7.6.+ P,(-lem De#c,ip&i(
Determine the critical buckling load of an axially loaded long slender bar of length $B B with hinged
ends. !he bar has a cross"sectional height h, and area #. $nly the upper half of the bar is modeled
because of symmetry. !he boundary conditions become free"fixed for the half"symmetry model. #
total of %& master degrees of freedom in the '"direction are selected to characterize the buckling
mode. !he moment of inertia of the bar is calculated as I ( #h
)
*%) ( &.&&+)&,- in
.
.
7.6.. P,(-lem Speci/ica&i(#
!he following material properties are used for this problem/
0 ( -& x %&
1
psi
!he following geometric properties are used for this problem/
$B B ( )&& in
# ( &.)+ in
)
h ( &.+ in
2oading for this problem is/
3 ( % lb.
7.6.0 P,(-lem Ske&c'
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7.6.3.1 Set the Analysis Title
After you enter the ANSYS program, follow these steps to set the title.
1. Choose menu path Utility Menu>File>Change Title.
2. Enter the text "Bu!ling of a Bar with "inge# En#s" an# li! on $%.
7.6.3.2 Define the Element Type
&n this step, you #efine BEA'( as the element type.
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>!ep!"#ess"!>Element Type> A$$%E$it%Delete. )he Element
)ypes #ialog *ox appears.
2. Cli! on A##. )he +i*rary of Element )ypes #ialog *ox appears.
(. &n the sroll *ox on the left, li! on "Strutural Beam" to selet it.
,. &n the sroll *ox on the right, li! on "2- elasti (" to selet it.
.. Cli! on $%, an# then li! on Close in the Element )ypes #ialog *ox.
7.6.3.3 Define the &eal C"nstants an$ Mate!ial !"pe!ties
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>!ep!"#ess"!>&eal C"nstants. )he /eal Constants #ialog *ox
appears.
2. Cli! on A##. )he Element )ype for /eal Constants #ialog *ox appears.
(. Cli! on $%. )he /eal Constants for BEA'( #ialog *ox appears.
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4. Enter .25 for area, 52083e-7 for IZZ, and .5 for height.
5. Click on OK.
. Click on Clo!e in the "eal Con!tant! dialog #o$.
7. Choo!e %en& 'ath Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props> -Constant-Isotropic. (he
I!otro'ic )aterial *ro'ertie! dialog #o$ a''ear!.
8. Click on OK to !'ecif+ %aterial n&%#er ,. (he I!otro'ic )aterial *ro'ertie! dialog #o$ a''ear!.
-. Enter 30e for .o&ng/! %od&l&!, and click on OK.
7.6.3.4 Define Nodes and Elements
,. Choo!e %en& 'ath Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Create> Nodes>In cti!e C". (he
Create 0ode! in 1cti2e Coordinate 3+!te% dialog #o$ a''ear!.
2. Enter , for node n&%#er.
3. Click on 1''l+. 0ode location defa&lt! to 0,0,0.
4. Enter ,, for node n&%#er.
5. Enter 0,,00,0 for the 4,.,Z coordinate!.
. Click on OK. (he t5o node! a''ear in the 103.3 6ra'hic! 5indo5.
7. Choo!e %en& 'ath Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Create> Nodes>#ill $et%een Nds.
(he 7ill #et5een 0d! %en& a''ear!.
8. Click on node ,, then ,,, and click on OK. (he Create 0ode! 8et5een 2 0ode! dialog #o$ a''ear!.
-. Click on OK to acce't the !etting! 9fill #et5een node! , and ,,, and n&%#er of node! to fill -:.
,0. Choo!e %en& 'ath Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Create> Elements>-uto
Num$ered-&'ru Nodes. (he Ele%ent! fro% 0ode! 'icking %en& a''ear!.
,,. Click on node! , and 2, then click on OK.
Note-(he triad, #+ defa&lt, hide! the node n&%#er for node ,. (o t&rn the triad off, choo!e
%en& 'ath (tilit) Menu>PlotCtrls>*indo% Controls> *indo% +ptions and !elect the ;0ot
3ho5n; o'tion for <ocation of triad.
,2. Choo!e %en& 'ath Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Cop)> -Elements-uto Num$ered.
(he Co'+ Ele%! 1&to-0&% 'icking %en& a''ear!.
,3. Click on *ick 1ll. (he Co'+ Ele%! 1&to-0&% dialog #o$ a''ear!.
,4. Enter ,0 for total n&%#er of co'ie! and enter , for node n&%#er incre%ent.
*age ,4 of ,8 3("=C(="1<> Cha'ter 7> 8&ckling 1nal+!i! 9=*,--808,8:
03?07?20,4 htt'>??%o!treal.!k?ht%l?g&ide@55?g-!tr?63("7.ht%
15. Click on OK. The remaining elements appear in the ANSYS Graphics window.
7.6.3., Define t'e -oundar) Conditions
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>-nal)sis &)pe-Ne% nal)sis. The New Analsis
dialog !o" appears.
#. Click OK to accept the de$ault o$ %Static.%
&. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>nal)sis +ptions. The Static or Stead'State Analsis
dialog !o" appears.
(. )n the scroll !o" $or stress sti$$ness or prestress* scroll to %+restress ON% to select it.
5. Click on OK.
,. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>-.oads-ppl)>-"tructural- Displacement>+n
Nodes. The Appl -*.OT on Nodes picking menu appears.
/. Click on node 1* then click on OK. The Appl -*.OT on Nodes dialog !o" appears.
0. Click on %All 1O2% to select it* and click on OK.
3. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>-.oads-ppl)>-"tructural- #orce/Moment>+n
Nodes. The Appl 245 on Nodes picking menu appears.
16. Click on node 11* then click OK. The Appl 245 on Nodes dialog !o" appears.
11. )n the scroll !o" $or 1irection o$ $orce4mom* scroll to %2Y% to select it.
1#. 7nter '1 $or the $orce4moment 8alue* and click on OK. The $orce sm!ol appears in the ANSYS
Graphics window.
7.6.3.6 "ol!e t'e "tatic nal)sis
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>-"ol!e-Current .".
#. Care$ull re8iew the in$ormation in the status window* and click on Close.
&. Click on OK in the Sol8e Current 9oad Step dialog !o" to !egin the solution.
(. Click on Close in the )n$ormation window when the solution is $inished.
7.6.3.7 "ol!e t'e -uc0ling nal)sis
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>"olution>-nal)sis &)pe-Ne% nal)sis.
Note-Click on Close in the :arning window i$ the $ollowing warning appears; Changing the
analsis tpe is onl 8alid within the $irst load step. +ressing OK will cause ou to e"it and re'
enter solution. This will reset the load step count to 1.
+age 15 o$ 10 ST.-CT-.A9; Chapter /; <uckling Analsis =-+13306010>
6&46/4#61( http;44mostreal.sk4html4guide?554g'str4GST./.htm
2. Click the "Eigen Buckling" option on, then click on OK.
3. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Options. The Eigenvalue Buckling Options
dialog box appeas.
!. Click the ""educed" option on, and ente # $o numbe o$ modes to extact.
%. Click on OK.
&. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Load Step Opts- ExpansionPass>Expand Modes.
'. Ente # $o numbe o$ modes to expand, and click on OK.
(. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Master DOFs>-User Selected-Define. The )e$ine
*aste )O+s picking menu appeas.
,. Click on nodes 2-##. Click on OK. The )e$ine *aste )O+s dialog box appeas.
#.. /n the scoll box $o #st degee o$ $eedom, scoll to 01 to select it.
##. Click on OK.
#2. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Solve-Current LS.
#3. Cae$ull2 evie3 the in$omation in the status 3indo3, and click on Close.
#!. Click on OK in the 4olve Cuent 5oad 4tep dialog box to begin the solution.
#%. Click on Close in the /n$omation 3indo3 3hen the solution is $inished.
!"!#!$ %evie& t'e %esults
#. Choose menu path Main Menu>(eneral PostProc>-%ead %esults-First Set.
2. Choose menu path Main Menu>(eneral PostProc>Plot %esults> Defor)ed S'ape. The 6lot
)e$omed 4hape dialog box appeas.
3. Click the ")e$ 7 unde$omed" option on. Click on OK. The de$omed and unde$omed shapes
appea in the 894:4 gaphics 3indo3.
!"!#!* Exit A+S,S
#. /n the 894:4 Toolba, click on ;uit.
2. Choose the save option 2ou 3ant and click on OK.
6age #& o$ #( 4T"0CT0"85< Chapte '< Buckling 8nal2sis =06#,,(.(#(>
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7.7 Sample Buckling Analysis (Command or
Batch Method)
You can perform the example buckling analysis of a bar with hinged ends using the ANSYS
commands shown below instead of GUI choices. Items prefaced by an exclamation point !" are
comments.
/PREP7
/TITLE, BUCKLING OF A BAR WITH HINGED SOLVES
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Beam eeme!"
R,1,#$%,%$&'3E(7,#% ! A)ea,I**, +e,-+"
MP,E.,1,3&E/ ! De0,!e ma"e),a 1)21e)",e3
N,1
N,11,,1&&
FILL
E,1,$
EGEN,1&,1,1
FINISH
/SOLU
ANT4PE,STATIC ! S"a",5 a!a63,3
PSTRES,ON ! Ca57a"e 1)e3")e33 e00e5"3
D,1,ALL ! F,8 36mme")6 e!93
F,11,F4,(1 ! U!," 2a9 a" 0)ee e!9
SOLVE
FINISH
/SOLU
ANT4PE,BUCKLE ! B75:,!- a!a63,3
BUCOPT,REDUC,1 ! U3e H273e+29e) 327",2! me"+29, e8")a5" 1 m29e
M.PAND,1 ! E81a!9 1 m29e 3+a1e
M,$,U.,11,1 ! See5" 1& U. DOF a3 ma3"e)3
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
SET,FIRST
PLDISP,1
FINISH
7.8 Where to Find ther !"amples
Se#eral ANSYS publications$ particularly the ANSYS Verification Manual$ describe additional
buckling analyses.
%he ANSYS Verification Manual consists of test case analyses demonstrating the analysis capabilities
of the ANSYS program. &hile these test cases demonstrate solutions to realistic analysis problems$
the ANSYS Verification Manual does not present them as step'by'step examples with lengthy data
input instructions and printouts. (owe#er$ most ANSYS users who ha#e at least limited finite element
experience should be able to fill in the missing details by re#iewing each test case)s finite element
model and input data with accompanying comments.
*age +, of +- S%.U/%U.A01 /hapter ,1 2uckling Analysis U*+33-4-+-"
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The following list shows you the variety of buckling analysis test cases that the ANSYS Verification
Manual includes:
VM17 Snap-Through Buckling of a inged Shell
VM1!7 Buckling of a Bar with inged "nds #$ine "le%ents&
VM1!' Buckling of a Bar with inged "nds #(rea "le%ents&
)o to the beginning of this chapter
*age 1' of 1' ST+,-T,+($: -hapter 7: Buckling (nalysis #,*1..'/'1'&
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